3749:
and around the area of
Santiago. 30.4% of Mapuche students never graduate eighth grade and they have high rates of poverty. Most language revitalization efforts have been in rural communities and these efforts have been received in different ways by the Mapuche population: Ortiz says some feel that teaching Mapudungu in schools will set their children behind other Chileans, which reveals that their culture has been devalued by the Chilean government for so long that, unfortunately, some Mapuche people have come to see their language as worthless, too, which is a direct and lasting impact of colonization. Despite the absence of Mapudungun instruction in public schools, there are limited language course offerings at select Chilean universities, such as
3181:) tenses are distinguished. There are a number of aspects: the progressive, resultative and habitual are well established; some forms that seem to mark some subtype of perfect are also found. Other verb morphology includes an evidential marker (reportative-mirative), directionals (cislocative, translocative, andative and ambulative, plus an interruptive and continuous action marker) and modal markers (sudden action, faked action, immediate action, etc.). There is productive noun incorporation, and the case can be made for root compounding morphology.
4207:
1808:
2433:
6624:
7056:
392:
25:
1147:
hypothesis and part of Key's, arguing that a connection between the
Merindonal subgroup mentioned above and the Mapuche language does not exist. Current linguists reject Greenberg's findings due to methodological concerns and opt instead for more conservative methods of classification. Moreover, many linguists do not accept the existence of an Amerindian language family due to the lack of available information needed to confirm it.
1018:
303:
551:). These figures suggest that the total number of active speakers is about 120,000 and that there are slightly more passive speakers of Mapuche in Chile. As of 2013 only 2.4% of urban speakers and 16% of rural speakers use Mapudungun when speaking with children, and only 3.8% of speakers aged 10–19 years in the south of Chile (the language's stronghold) are "highly competent" in the language.
2448:, the system used by Chilean linguists and other people in many publications in the language, the competing Ragileo, Nhewenh and Azumchefi systems all have their supporters, and there is still no consensus among authorities, linguists and Mapuche communities. The same word can look very different in each system, with the word for "conversation or story" being written either
1130:, a linguist from the United States, proposed a system of classification of the many indigenous languages of the Americas in which the Amerindian language family would include the large majority of languages found on the South American continent, which were formerly grouped in distinct families. The only families that fell outside of his framework were the
3822:
texts and an audio CD with text recordings (educational material, a traditional folktale and six contemporary poems). Smeets (1989) and Zúñiga (2000) are for specialists only. Fernández-Garay (2005) introduces both the language and the culture. Catrileo (1995) and the dictionaries by Hernández & Ramos are trilingual (Spanish, English and
Mapudungun).
3177:, etc.), are intransitive or transitive and are conjugated according to person (first, second and third), number (singular, dual and plural), voice (active, agentless passive and reflexive-reciprocal, plus two applicatives) and mood (indicative, imperative and subjunctive). In the indicative, the present (zero) and future (
535:. It is not used as a language of instruction in either country's educational system despite the Chilean government's commitment to provide full access to education in Mapuche areas in southern Chile. There is an ongoing political debate over which alphabet to use as the standard alphabet of written Mapudungun.
398:
396:
393:
3821:
The most comprehensive works to date are the ones by
Augusta (1903, 1916). Salas (1992, 2006) is an introduction for non-specialists, featuring an ethnographic introduction and a valuable text collection as well. Zúñiga (2006) includes a complete grammatical description, a bilingual dictionary, some
1500:
These can be grouped in four dialect groups: north, central, south-central and south. These are further divided into eight sub-groups: I and II (northern), III–IV (central), V-VII (south-central) and VIII (southern). The sub-groups III-VII are more closely related to each other than they are to I-II
1146:
and the Yagán language. To
Greenberg, Araucano isn't an individual language, but rather a subgroup composed of four languages: Araucano, Mapuche, Moluche, and Pehuenche. However, the comparative methods employed by Greenberg are controversial. In 1994, Viegas Barros directly contradicted Greenberg's
3748:
The
Chilean Ministry of Education created the Office of Intercultural Bilingual Education in 1996 in an attempt to include indigenous language in education. By 2004, there were still no programs in public schools in Santiago, despite the fact that 50% of the country’s Mapuche population resides in
1154:
classify
Mapuche as one of the two languages that form that Araucana family along with Huilliche. However, most current linguists maintain a more conservative stance, classifying Mapuche as a language that remains separated from other indigenous languages of South America while its differences and
1008:
Mapudungun was once the main language spoken in central Chile. The sociolinguistic situation of the
Mapuche has changed rapidly. Now, nearly all of Mapuche people are bilingual or monolingual in Spanish. The degree of bilingualism depends on the community, participation in Chilean society, and the
397:
526:
Mapudungun is not an official language of the countries Chile and
Argentina, receiving virtually no government support throughout its history. However, since 2013, Mapuche, along with Spanish, has been granted the status of an official language by the local government of
395:
1512:
The
Mapudungun spoken in the Argentinian provinces of Neuquen and Río Negro is similar to that of the central dialect group in Chile, while the Ranquel (Rankülche) variety spoken in the Argentinian province of La Pampa is closer to the northern dialect group.
4686:
5457:
3797:
The work by Febrés was used as a basic preparation from 1810 for missionary priests going into the regions occupied by the Mapuche people. A corrected version was completed in 1846 and a summary, without a dictionary in 1864.
546:
dialects, and another 100,000 speakers in Argentina as of the year 2000. However, a 2002 study suggests that only 16% of those who identify as Mapuche speak the language (active speakers) and 18% can only understand it
4519:
4230:
962:
for uprooted indigenous peoples, it has been argued that Mapuche, Quechua and Spanish coexisted there, with significant bilingualism, during the 17th century. However the indigenous language that has influenced
1400:
showing the closeness of Mapuche dialect sub-groups based on shared features according to Robert A. Croese. Dialect sub-groups are roughly ordered from their geographical distribution from north to south.
888:, a language closely related to Mapudungun, has been dominant, suggest that Mapudungun displaced Chono there prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the mid-16th century. A theory postulated by chronicler
4761:
1748:
With words that have more than two syllables and have the final two either open or closed, the accent falls on the penultimate syllable. If only one of the two is closed, that one receives the accent.
394:
4808:
1711:
are open (ending in a vowel) or both are closed (ending in a consonant), the accent falls on the final syllable. In the case that only one of the two is open, the accent falls on the open syllable.
5314:
2476:
operating system into Mapudungun. They claimed that Microsoft needed permission to do so and had not sought it. The event can be seen in the light of the greater political struggle concerning the
6850:
4349:
5449:
5132:
Viegas Barros, J. Pedro (1994). La clasificación de las lenguas patagónicas. Revisión de hipótesis del grupo lingüístico “andino meridional” de Joseph H. Greenberg. CINA 15:167:184.
6999:
6989:
1138:. According to this classification, Mapuche would be considered part of the Andean language family, within the Meridional subgroup which also includes the Kawésgar language, the
7111:
8425:
3840:
3962:
3830:
4735:
4220:
889:
5822:
4538:
4785:"La expedición de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: Defensa de Valdivia, rumeros de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la Ciudad de los Césares"
8466:
5330:
4008:
3908:
1060:. The following year, Hamp adopted this same hypothesis. Stark later argued in 1973 that Mapuche descended from a language known as 'Yucha' which is a sister of
4620:
5419:
Monson et al. (2004) Data Collection and Analysis of Mapudungun Morphology for Spelling Correction. Language Technologies Institute Carnegie Mellon University.
4787:[John Narborough expedition to Chile, 1670: Defense of Valdivia, indian rumours, information on prisoners, and the belief in the City of the Césares].
4570:
3740:'the man was seen/someone saw the man'. Therefore, a better translation may be 'it was the woman who saw the man' or 'the woman was the one who saw the man'.
4784:
1675:
Mapudungun has partially predictable, non-contrastive stress and there is no phonemic tone. The stressed syllable is generally the last one if it is closed (
4477:
1052:
The origin of Mapuche is a historically debated topic and hypotheses have changed over time. In a 1970 publication, Stark argued that Mapuche is related to
5671:
5661:
3779:
2585:
Mapudungu uses particles, which is a small group of morphemes that enable the speaker to express how they feel about what they have said. Examples include
5311:
3806:
1000:
complained that Spanish settlers in the islands could not speak Spanish properly, but could speak Veliche, and that this second language was more used.
7092:
3184:"Spanish loan verbs have generally been adapted into Mapudungu in the third person singular form. An example is the Mapudungu verb for "to be able" is
5432:
8413:
7070:
4083:
3850:
5857:
5365:
5077:
4341:
4168:
8420:
4934:
3998:
3942:
3881:
5653:
4970:
8403:
5709:
5112:
4026:
1033:
used here does not reflect an agreed-upon standard. In fact, there are three distinct alphabets currently used to write the Mapuche language.
562:
when speaking Spanish. The language has also influenced the Spanish lexicon within the areas in which it is spoken and has also incorporated
5430:
Indigenous Knowledge and Language: Decolonizing Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in a Mapuche Intercultural Bilingual Education Program in Chile
6322:
4852:
1981:
has been described as a close central vowel with an unstressed mid-central allophone. According to Sadowsky et al., the vowel is close-mid
1115:
from Bolivia and Perú, a connection also made by Loos in 1973. Key also argued that there is a link to two Bolivian language isolates: the
5667:
5657:
5623:
8408:
4716:
4378:
6497:
5154:
7363:
2440:
The Mapuche had no writing system before the Spanish arrived, but the language is now written with the Latin script. Although the
8311:
7870:
6728:
3750:
5643:
970:
In colonial times, many Spanish and Mestizos spoke the Mapuche language. For example, in the 17th century, many soldiers at the
7085:
4711:
4643:"Los mapuche-huilliche del Futahuillimapu septentrional: Expansión colonial, guerras internas y alianzas políticas (1750–1792)"
89:
3766:
The formalization and normalization of Mapudungun was effected by the first Mapudungun grammar published by the Jesuit priest
8258:
7105:
5594:
4898:
4295:
3950:
1854:
61:
6191:
7101:
5850:
5389:
3708:) is appropriate when the agent is topical (the central figure in that particular passage). By contrast, the inverse form (
2516:, and the object tends to follow (A–V–O order); the subject of an intransitive clause tends to follow the verb (V–S order).
2375:
7819:
6125:
5028:"Problematic Use of Greenberg's Linguistic Classification of the Americas in Studies of Native American Genetic Variation"
4514:
5633:
4642:
2260:
2233:
329:
5338:
68:
6953:
5681:
5032:
4481:
2271:
1992:
1863:
7100:
3732:
means something like 'the man was seen by the woman'. However, it is not a passive construction; the passive would be
1111:, some of which are now extinct. However, according to Key, there is a closer relation still between Mapuche and the
8278:
7078:
6573:
5812:
5702:
5529:
5189:
5010:
4611:
4606:
4422:
4095:
4052:
4020:
3982:
3933:
3916:
3899:
3872:
2252:
1984:
1884:
441:
108:
42:
2872:
997:
8430:
8298:
8233:
7683:
6315:
4567:
3700:); the speaker has no choice. When two third persons interact, two different forms are available. The direct form (
2617:, which suggest the information about to be said is in contrast to what was just said. Another complex particle is
2364:
has been traditionally classified as an approximant; however, Sadowsky et al. prefer to classify it as a fricative
2179:
2128:
1949:
4135:
1532:
of lexical elements to the extent that a single word can require a translation that produces a complete sentence.
1099:: specifically Kawésgar language and Yagán language which were both spoken by nomadic canoer communities from the
75:
8461:
8243:
7141:
6948:
5843:
2158:
1877:
319:
6994:
4290:. Translated by Vergara C., Luis; Merino, María Eugenia; Garbarini, Carmen; Barne, William. Pehuén. p. 13.
7587:
46:
4568:
Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change
3864:
8471:
8352:
8253:
8248:
8063:
7672:
6860:
6606:
6048:
6043:
5957:
4117:
2383:
2135:
1037:
There is no consensus among experts regarding the relation between Mapuche and other indigenous languages of
57:
7976:
6058:
5180:
Croese, Robert A. (1985). "21. Mapuche Dialect Survey". In Manelis Klein, Harriet; Stark, Louisa R. (eds.).
538:
In 1982, it was estimated that there were 202,000 Mapuche speakers in Chile, including those that speak the
8283:
8263:
7029:
7019:
7014:
6840:
5695:
5429:
4073:
3350:
2621:
which is used when the speaker expects to get a positive reaction from what they are saying. One particle,
2219:
2172:
1957:
1891:
289:
248:
8198:
5479:
4314:
Heggarty, P.; Beresford-Jones, D. (2013). "Andes: linguistic history.". In Ness, I.; P., Bellwood (eds.).
2414:
2406:
2391:
2372:
as that is the predominant variant in their sample. Other possible variants include a lateral approximant
2361:
2355:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2320:
2313:
2302:
2291:
2283:
1978:
1967:
1963:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1419:
620:
614:
608:
595:
583:
8456:
8238:
7722:
6923:
6845:
6688:
6308:
6260:
6198:
1410:
Robert A. Croese divides Mapudungun into eight dialectal sub-groups (I-VIII). Sub-group I is centered in
5363:
8387:
8273:
8223:
7787:
7382:
6135:
6112:
5817:
5718:
4087:
2410:
2367:
2226:
2165:
2121:
2105:
1131:
548:
6963:
8451:
8228:
8213:
8114:
8029:
7792:
7572:
7469:
6063:
5002:
4478:"Nacion.cl - Notukawün ñi wirintukugeam ta mapunzugun (Mapunzugun: La pugna por el alfabeto mapuche)"
4259:
2395:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2334:
2332:
2324:
1990:
1982:
1955:
1947:
1939:
4943:
4712:"Migraciones locales y asentamiento indígena en las estancias españolas de Chile central, 1580–1650"
4206:
3782:(1765, Lima) composed of a grammar and dictionary. In 1776 three volumes in Latin were published in
8188:
8183:
7738:
7024:
6968:
6933:
6928:
6068:
5726:
5410:(Baker, Mark C. On the Loci of Agreement: Inversion Constructions in Mapudungu. Rutgers University)
4961:
2397:
2351:, aspiration is even rarer. For stops, voicing is not a distinctive feature, as well as aspiration.
2113:
1525:
with noun incorporation and root composition. Broadly speaking this means that words are formed by
747:. The influence of Puquine is thought to be the reason for the existence of Mapuche-Aymara-Quechua
5537:
Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas (ECPI), 2004–2005 – Primeros resultados provisionales
5092:
994:
8218:
6527:
6276:
5521:
4264:
2326:
2144:
1941:
1907:
35:
7201:
7034:
5543:
Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun",
4843:
8372:
8332:
8208:
8203:
8193:
8178:
7716:
7488:
7402:
7367:
6958:
6943:
6893:
6100:
5866:
5789:
5734:
5614:
containing audio recordings and phonetic transcriptions of 37 regional varieties of Mapudungun.
4455:
Hurtado Cubillos, Luz Marcela (2009). "La expresión de impersonalidad en el español de Chile".
3974:
3970:
2501:
2190:
2029:
1522:
1112:
213:
7644:
7424:
6095:
3922:
Mapudungun: El habla mapuche. Introducción a la lengua mapuche, con notas comparativas y un CD
82:
8382:
8362:
8347:
8306:
8268:
8053:
8005:
7890:
7617:
7547:
7484:
7039:
7009:
6888:
6855:
6566:
6476:
5779:
5769:
5754:
5071:
4272:
4162:
2306:
2295:
2198:
2073:
2057:
2019:
1502:
1046:
971:
839:
linguistic influence may have arrived with a migratory wave arising from the collapse of the
7829:
7303:
7168:
5611:
4370:
4221:"Galvarino es la primera comuna de Chile en establecer el mapudungún como su idioma oficial"
4013:
Ranquel-español/español-ranquel. Diccionario de una variedad mapuche de la Pampa (Argentina)
1501:
and VIII. Croese finds these relationships as consistent, but not proof, with the theory of
978:
881:
8357:
8337:
8139:
8073:
7878:
7727:
6748:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6120:
5986:
5784:
5759:
5739:
5648:
4919:
4410:
4136:
Sadowsky, Scott and Painequeo, Héctor and Salamanca, Gastón and Avelino, Heriberto (2013).
4104:
3925:
3891:
3860:
3692:
When a third person interacts with a first or second person, the forms are direct (without
3354:
2084:
1061:
496:
179:
7934:
7450:
7310:
6870:
6613:
6429:
1120:
1095:
The research carried out by Mary R. Key in 1978 considered Mapuche to be related to other
628:
may connect the two words. There are thus several ways to write the name of the language:
8:
8377:
8342:
8316:
7834:
7809:
7702:
7638:
7594:
7543:
7533:
7376:
7228:
7004:
6913:
6898:
6601:
6248:
6225:
5800:
5764:
5744:
5491:
4994:
4579:
2427:
2152:
2065:
2034:
1030:
820:
804:
788:
772:
756:
7186:
6233:
6053:
5143:
2512:
construction is common. The subject (agent) of a transitive clause tends to precede the
1443:
8130:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8068:
8010:
7922:
7895:
7797:
7780:
7651:
7627:
7582:
7565:
7528:
7523:
7338:
7221:
7181:
7130:
6703:
6596:
6452:
6424:
6331:
6082:
6035:
5968:
5940:
5749:
5570:
5054:
5027:
4936:
Diccionario etnolingüíntico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos
4563:
4225:
3791:
3022:
2579:
2287:
2091:
2024:
1765:
1654:
1579:
1506:
1486:
1423:
1143:
1096:
990:
885:
847:
571:
519:, the name given to the Mapuche by the Spaniards; the Mapuche avoid it as a remnant of
500:
7948:
7345:
7324:
7191:
6020:
6008:
5995:
4969:. Los Angeles, United States: Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Society.
4839:
2483:
Some (who?) would consider this censorship of language to indicate that Mapuche is an
281:
8367:
8288:
8015:
7988:
7901:
7850:
7766:
7732:
7706:
7678:
7663:
7599:
7289:
7150:
6903:
6698:
6683:
6492:
6446:
6025:
5880:
5774:
5590:
5562:
5525:
5254:
5252:
5185:
5059:
5006:
4894:
4674:
4473:
4418:
4291:
4091:
4048:
4016:
3978:
3946:
3929:
3912:
3895:
3868:
2509:
2473:
2242:
2204:
2039:
1474:
1151:
1135:
1065:
916:
901:
532:
7955:
7505:
7498:
7236:
7214:
7207:
6404:
6156:
6130:
4803:
4730:
4533:
4510:
4122:
4069:
3993:
Diccionario lingüístico-etnográfico de la lengua mapuche. Mapudungun-español-English
3988:
325:
8119:
8086:
8023:
7969:
7928:
7908:
7824:
7773:
7759:
7752:
7745:
7689:
7605:
7518:
7512:
7388:
7262:
7257:
7196:
7157:
7060:
6973:
6824:
6794:
6779:
6713:
6708:
6678:
6673:
6559:
6522:
6502:
6387:
6367:
6213:
6090:
6014:
5976:
5945:
5933:
5925:
5906:
5896:
5552:
5104:
5049:
5041:
4798:
4725:
4528:
4253:
4149:
3767:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2014:
1974:
when they occur after voiceless consonants, sometimes even after voiced consonants.
1139:
1127:
1116:
1104:
1085:
1077:
1042:
905:
866:
828:
812:
796:
780:
764:
740:
567:
528:
455:
412:
204:
7463:
7395:
7331:
7317:
7296:
5654:
Audio recordings of short songs in Mapudungun with transcriptions and translations
5271:
5269:
5267:
5249:
5237:
5225:
5215:
5213:
4438:
4436:
4434:
3511:
The 'transitive' forms are the following (only singular forms are provided here):
2644:
can refer to time, place, cause or comparison. "An example of this is the sentence
1923:⟩. Although other sources may follow the traditional transcription ⟨
1439:
897:
8145:
8079:
7915:
7859:
7633:
7577:
7430:
7282:
7275:
7268:
6938:
6880:
6723:
6459:
6377:
6372:
6345:
6186:
6161:
6151:
6002:
5586:
5436:
5369:
5318:
4574:
2488:
2051:
2044:
1411:
1092:, respectively. This hypothesis was later rejected by Campbell in the same year.
1080:) languages, which are spoken by those who currently inhabit the islands of Lake
1053:
1026:
964:
870:
840:
725:
555:
171:
7555:
7551:
7176:
5381:
2432:
1938:
are centralized close-mid . The open vowel is realized as a raised open central
1807:
1049:
while researchers await more definitive evidence linking it to other languages.
294:
8173:
8152:
8035:
7998:
7962:
7456:
7442:
7418:
7411:
6804:
6668:
6542:
6435:
6418:
6291:
6208:
5293:
5281:
5264:
5210:
5198:
4431:
2876:
2319:
The plosives may be aspirated. It is often the case with the main allophone of
2099:
877:
520:
152:
5557:
5450:"La construcción de una identidad híbrida en los escritos de Manuel Manquilef"
4653:
4566:; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007)
4154:
4137:
8445:
7941:
7884:
7844:
6411:
5687:
5566:
4780:
4517:[Akins Quechua words in the Mapuche vocabulary of Luis de Valdivia].
4194:
4080:
Manual de aprendizaje del idioma mapuche: Aspectos morfológicos y sintácticos
1836:
1529:
1470:
1466:
1038:
955:
836:
559:
5108:
4759:
Hernández Salles, Arturo (1981). "Influencia del mapuche en el castellano".
4342:"Chile agrees to official status for Mapudungun language at the local level"
4322:
3150:
Most complex verb formations in Mapudungun are constructed with five or six
7352:
6441:
6238:
5063:
4559:
1100:
1073:
893:
309:
Orange: rural Mapuche; Dark: urban Mapuche; White: non-Mapuche inhabitants
3803:
Breve Metodo della Lingua Araucana y Dizionario Italo-Araucano e Viceversa
3513:
3367:
3205:
2904:
265:
6865:
6814:
6743:
5835:
5677:
4829:
Byron, John. El naufragio de la fragata "Wager". 1955. Santiago: Zig-zag.
4675:"The Polynesian-Mapuche connection: Soft and Hard Evidence and New Ideas"
3772:
Arte y Gramatica General de la Lengva que Corre en Todo el Reyno de Chile
2441:
1848:
1831:
1812:
1494:
1057:
1009:
individual's choice towards the traditional or modern/urban way of life.
959:
859:
744:
6243:
5574:
3809:
in 1888. It was destroyed in a fire at the Convento de San Francisco in
6908:
6799:
6638:
6623:
5518:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
5026:
Bolnick, Deborah, Beth Shook, Lyle Campbell & Ives Goddard (2004).
4789:
4199:
3783:
2505:
1899:
1841:
1497:
to the south and is not mutually intelligible with the other dialects.
1490:
1482:
986:
6753:
2871:. Numbers are extremely regular in formation, which is comparable to
1442:
dialect sub-group IV is spoken. Sub-group V is spoken at the coast of
6784:
6648:
6643:
6300:
6181:
5617:
2469:
1871:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1397:
1108:
982:
563:
543:
539:
508:
274:
258:
240:
141:
6738:
5627:
2358:
as apical postalveolar, either an affricate or an aspirated plosive.
1970:). Utterance-final unstressed vowels are generally devoiced or even
1455:
24:
6809:
6769:
6733:
6203:
5360:
Guerra idiomática entre los indígenas mapuches de Chile y Microsoft
5045:
4963:
The History and Distribution of the Indigenous Languages of Bolivia
4607:"Ensayo sobre los indios Chonos e interpretación de sus toponimías"
3810:
3151:
2477:
1708:
1526:
1407:
1081:
993:
because they considered it "more beautiful". Around the same time,
751:. The following Pre-Incan cognates have been identified by Moulian
379:
337:
6918:
3857:
El mapuche o araucano. Fonología, gramática y antología de cuentos
3847:
El mapuche o araucano. Fonología, gramática y antología de cuentos
1478:
1427:
873:
at the time of the arrival of the Spanish in the 1530s and 1540s.
6819:
6789:
6582:
5638:
5542:
5299:
5287:
5275:
5258:
5243:
5231:
5219:
5204:
4838:
4442:
4328:
2625:, refers to the subject of the sentence, and an example would be
2613:(exclamation). There are also more complicated particles such as
1971:
1816:
1089:
1022:
949:
922:
have been described". Among these are the Mapuche/Rapa Nui words
919:
909:
748:
512:
361:
333:
4047:(2ª edición). Santiago de Chile: Editorial Centro Gráfico Ltda.
2522:
are grouped in two classes, animate and inanimate. For example,
2480:
that should become the standard alphabet of the Mapuche people.
1069:
487:'speak, speech', meaning 'the speech of the land'; also spelled
6774:
3081:, which does not seem to add anything specific to the meaning:
2641:
1462:
1461:
Temuco is the epicenter of the Mapuche territory today. Around
1447:
222:
5184:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 784–801.
4515:"Afines quechua en el vocabulario mapuche de Luis de Valdivia"
3195:
The indicative present paradigm for an intransitive verb like
6718:
6693:
6663:
6653:
6253:
2484:
1997:
when unstressed, patterning phonetically with the mid-series.
1691:'thunder'), and the one before last if the last one is open (
1415:
1017:
504:
430:
427:
383:
302:
226:
217:
208:
137:
5639:
Mapudungun-Spanish Dictionary from the U. Católica de Temuco
6658:
4045:
Diccionario Mapuche: Mapudungun/Español, Español/Mapudungun
3073:'your (more than 2)'. They are often found with a particle
2519:
2513:
433:
418:
6551:
336:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4417:. Santiago: Centro de Estudios Públicos. pp. 43–47.
5439:. Canadian Journal of Indigenous Education, 32, 93–114.)
5182:
South American Indian Languages: Retrospect and Prospect
5103:(2). Transactions of the Philological Society: 213–244.
743:
influenced Mapuche language long before the rise of the
5482:[Introduction to mapuche language and culture]
5312:"LOS DIFERENTES GRAFEMARIOS Y ALFABETOS DEL MAPUDUNGUN"
4851:(in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Olimpho. p. 277.
4313:
3357:) can be seen from the forms of a transitive verb like
3157:
Verbs can be finite or non-finite (non-finite endings:
1962:. Unstressed vowels are more close (though unstressed
1707:'head'). In two-syllable words, for example, when both
311:
Surfaces of circles are adjusted to 40 inhabitants/km.
5362:. El Mundo / Gideon Long (Reuters), 28 November 2006
4884:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4842:; Montiel Vera, Dante; Grace Hall, Catherine (1991).
4508:
2380:
and, in post-nuclear position, a voiceless fricative
442:
5672:
Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
4586:
4285:
4038:
Mapuche: lengua y cultura. Mapudungun-español-inglés
3716:) is appropriate when the patient is topical. Thus,
1485:. The last "dialect" sub-group is VIII which is the
424:
307:
Core region of Mapuche population 2002 by counties.
5670:containing audio recordings of Mapudungun from the
5668:
Argentinian Languages Collection of Lucía Golluscio
5480:"EH2518 Introducción a la lengua y cultura Mapuche"
3969:, Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Universitaria, 1916 (
3365:'see'. The 'intransitive' forms are the following:
2745:
Mesa-mew müle-y ti mamüllü ñi müle-n mi tukupu-a-l.
2554:) can be used as a definite animate article, as in
1919:
Sadowsky et al. transcribe the vowels with ⟨
1473:the sub-group VI is spoken. Group VII is spoken in
421:
415:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5535:Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2005)
4869:
4703:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4252:
3743:
915:According to Ramírez "more than a dozen Mapuche –
904:times as consequence of a push from more northern
865:As result of Inca rule, there was some Mapudungun–
846:There is a more recent lexical influence from the
5545:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
5331:"Chilean Mapuches in language row with Microsoft"
5153:(15th ed.). SIL Publications. p. 1272.
4251:
4142:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4101:EH2518 Introducción a la lengua y cultura Mapuche
2472:when the latter completed a translation of their
2339:is less frequently aspirated, as is the alveolar
8443:
5509:Aprueban alfabeto mapuche único (Oct 19, 1999).
4758:
4709:
4454:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3679:
3663:
3647:
3633:
3622:
3606:
3595:
3584:
3568:
3557:
3546:
3498:
3487:
3476:
3460:
3449:
3438:
3422:
3411:
3400:
3359:
3336:
3325:
3314:
3298:
3287:
3276:
3260:
3249:
3238:
3197:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2468:In late 2006, Mapuche leaders threatened to sue
2436:Graffiti in Mapudungun meaning "Uprise Meeting".
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
482:
476:
466:
460:
8467:Indigenous languages of the South American Cone
4495:
4031:Diccionario ilustrado mapudungun-español-inglés
3928:, Santiago: Centro de Estudios Públicos, 2006.
2762:‘On the table is the wood that you should use.’
2720:
471:'people', meaning 'the people of the land') or
5717:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4286:Hernández S., Arturo; Ramos P., Nelly (1997).
4059:
3945:. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008.
3884:, Ph.D. dissertation, Leiden University, 1989.
3843:, Padre Las Casas, Chile: San Francisco, 1962.
2669:
950:Spanish–Mapuche bilingualism in colonial times
7086:
6567:
6316:
5851:
5703:
5175:
5173:
5171:
2629:which translates to what that (pointed out)?
606:. The language is called either the "speech (
5824:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
5076:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4318:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 401–409.
4309:
4307:
4167:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3776:Arte de la Lengua General del Reyno de Chile
3188:and the Spanish translation for "he can" is
2632:"An inflection can be added to a noun with -
2530:is a plural indicator for animate nouns and
1012:
989:, many Spaniards preferred to use the local
977:During the 17th and 18th centuries, most of
4754:
4752:
4663:
1966:are still somewhat more open than stressed
1603:
558:who also speak Mapudungun tend to use more
7093:
7079:
6982:
6574:
6560:
6323:
6309:
5865:
5858:
5844:
5710:
5696:
5168:
4916:El Bilinguismo En El Mundo Hispanohablante
4604:
4316:The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration
4015:, Leiden: CNWS (Leiden University), 2001.
1642:trari- mansun- pa- rke- la- (y)- a- y- ngu
1636:
301:
7102:Indigenous language families and isolates
5556:
5053:
4993:
4802:
4779:
4729:
4532:
4520:Revista de lingüística teórica y aplicada
4304:
4153:
2753:
2748:table-LOC be-IND/3S.SBJ the wood POSS be-
2735:
2724:
2699:
2582:. Subjects and objects use the same case.
1591:
967:the most is Quechua rather than Mapuche.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
5097:Transactions of the Philological Society
4749:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
2431:
1806:
1155:similarities to them are being studied.
1068:, which hail from the northern coast of
1016:
390:
7167:
5025:
4913:
4652:(in Spanish) (2): 29–76. Archived from
4640:
3905:Parlons Mapuche: La langue des Araucans
3751:Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
3349:What some authors have described as an
2767:Numbers from 1 to 10 are as follows: 1
2665:
1625:
330:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
8444:
6330:
5580:
5539:. Buenos Aires: INDEC. ISSN 0327-7968.
5179:
5141:
4888:
4592:
4541:from the original on December 10, 2019
4409:
4233:from the original on 22 September 2015
4173:, with supplementary sound recordings.
4066:Mapudunguyu 1. Curso de lengua mapuche
908:, who in turn were being displaced by
7440:
7074:
6555:
6304:
5839:
5691:
5392:from the original on December 5, 2020
5090:
4932:
4926:
4392:
4190:
4188:
4003:Diccionario comentado mapuche-español
3724:means 'the man saw the woman', while
3516:
3370:
3208:
2907:
2654:
2444:used in this article is based on the
1661:'Those two won't yoke the oxen here!'
582:Depending on the alphabet, the sound
454:
5374:
5142:Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005).
5093:"How hard is it to match CVC-roots?"
4762:Documentos Lingüísticos y Literarios
4673:Ramírez-Aliaga, José-Miguel (2010).
4273:participating institution membership
3801:A work based on Febrés' book is the
2463:
1614:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
5658:Mapuche Collection of Magnus Course
5460:from the original on April 15, 2021
5382:"WALS Online – Language Mapudungun"
4959:
4043:Muñoz Urrutia, Rafael, ed. (2006).
3353:(similar to the ones described for
3025:are related to the personal forms:
2757:
2749:
2739:
2710:
2538:as the plural for inanimate nouns.
1649:
1567:
1426:. Sub-group III is centered around
869:bilingualism among the Mapuches of
13:
6954:Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia
5682:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
5624:Mapudungun Swadesh vocabulary list
5620:(from the World Loanword Database)
5151:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
5144:"Ethnologue report for Araucanian"
5033:American Journal of Human Genetics
4457:Cuadernos de lingüística hispánica
4185:
4128:
4036:Arturo Hernández and Nelly Ramos,
1003:
618:)" or the "speech of the people (
14:
8483:
6851:Federación Mapuche de Estudiantes
5605:
4845:Los chono y los veliche de Chiloé
4612:Anales de la Universidad de Chile
3675:
2508:of Mapudungun is flexible, but a
2312:Utterance-final coronal laterals
2309:and occurs only in some dialects.
2270:
2259:
2251:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2189:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2143:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2090:
2083:
2072:
2064:
2056:
1934:are near-close , whereas the mid-
1906:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1862:
1853:
1414:, Sub-group II is the dialect of
858:'thousand'), associated with the
515:people. It was formerly known as
7055:
7054:
6622:
6397:Extinct and endangered languages
4933:Fabre, Alain (2005). "Mapuche".
4811:from the original on 16 May 2020
4205:
3859:, by Adalberto Salas, edited by
2394:may be realized with frication:
2316:may be devoiced and fricated: .
1653:
1645:
1578:
1548:
411:
23:
5502:
5472:
5442:
5422:
5413:
5404:
5353:
5323:
5305:
5157:from the original on 2007-02-13
5135:
5126:
5115:from the original on 2021-10-05
5084:
5019:
4987:
4976:from the original on 2021-10-05
4953:
4907:
4858:from the original on 2020-11-28
4832:
4823:
4804:10.4067/S0718-22442017000200011
4773:
4738:from the original on 2020-06-23
4731:10.4067/S0717-71942016000100004
4710:Contreras Cruces, Hugo (2016).
4692:from the original on 2023-06-23
4634:
4623:from the original on 2020-08-06
4598:
4553:
4534:10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004
4467:
4448:
4381:from the original on 2022-11-30
4352:from the original on 2023-10-22
3995:, Santiago: Andrés Bello, 1995.
3956:
3894:, Munich: Lincom Europa, 2000.
3816:
3744:Language revitalization efforts
3659:
3092:Interrogative pronouns include
2673:
34:needs additional citations for
5589:, Chile: Ediciones Akhilleus.
4371:"Mapudungun - Memoria Chilena"
4363:
4334:
4279:
4245:
4213:
3911:. Editions L'Harmattan, 2005,
3761:
3643:
2421:
2343:. When it comes to the dental
1:
6861:Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche
5612:Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun
4229:(in Spanish). 7 August 2013.
4178:
4118:List of Mapudungun placenames
2494:
2001:
1989:when stressed and near-close
1045:, or more conservatively, an
974:had some command of Mapuche.
954:As the 16th and 17th century
730:
6841:Consejo de Todas las Tierras
4942:(in Spanish). Archived from
4650:Revista de Historia Indígena
4415:Mapudungun. El habla mapuche
4140:. Illustrations of the IPA.
4074:Universidad Austral de Chile
4005:, Bahía Blanca: Yepun, 1960.
3788:Chilidúgú sive Res Chilenses
2405:Among the velar consonants,
1946:, making it sound closer to
1665:
7:
6949:Desert Campaign (1833–1834)
6924:Araucanization of Patagonia
6846:Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco
6581:
6498:Chile–Paraguay–Uruguay Sign
6361:Living Indigenous languages
5719:Languages of South America
5634:Spanish-Mapudungun glossary
5428:(Ortiz, Patricio R. (2009)
4111:
4060:Mapudungun language courses
3865:Centro de Estudios Públicos
3841:Ernesto Wilhelm de Moesbach
2883:
2007:Mapuche consonant phonemes
1658:- NEG- (E)- FUT- IND- {3DU}
1158:
10:
8488:
7820:Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan
6192:Argentinien-schwyzertütsch
5644:Mapuche-Spanish dictionary
5618:Mapudungun Vocabulary List
4960:Key, Mary Ritchie (1978).
4605:Ibar Bruce, Jorge (1960).
4088:Universidad de la Frontera
4040:, Santiago: Pehuén, 2005.
3827:Gramática mapuche bilingüe
3756:
3728:chi wentru peeyew chi domo
2570:for 'the men'. The number
2446:Alfabeto Mapuche Unificado
2425:
1670:
1516:
1150:Other authorities such as
1041:and it is classified as a
723:
719:
8396:
8325:
8297:
8166:
8128:
8052:
7986:
7869:
7808:
7701:
7661:
7615:
7542:
7482:
7362:
7250:
7140:
7120:
7052:
6879:
6833:
6762:
6631:
6620:
6589:
6536:
6485:
6469:
6396:
6360:
6338:
6285:
6269:
6224:
6174:
6144:
6111:
6081:
6034:
5985:
5967:
5956:
5924:
5915:
5889:
5873:
5798:
5725:
5558:10.1017/S0025100312000369
5003:Stanford University Press
4914:Montrul, Silvina (2013).
4641:Alcamán, Eugenio (1997).
4288:Mapuche: Lengua y Cultura
4260:Oxford English Dictionary
4155:10.1017/S0025100312000369
4033:, Santiago: Pehuén, 1997.
3774:). More important is the
3631:
3620:
3617:
3536:
3518:
3390:
3372:
3228:
3210:
2927:
2909:
2331:). Its fronted allophone
2197:
2151:
2098:
2050:
2011:
1802:
1422:and the middle and lower
1371:
1331:
1318:
1305:
1298:
1276:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1218:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1064:and a predecessor of the
1013:Classification and origin
375:
367:
357:
348:
316:
300:
288:
272:
256:
238:
233:
200:Official language in
198:
193:
168:
158:
147:
133:
128:
123:
6126:Eastern Bolivian Guaraní
5581:Téllez, Eduardo (2008).
4999:Language in the Americas
4513:; Landeo, Pablo (2015).
3720:chi wentru pefi chi domo
3144:
2347:as well as the bilabial
1540:Trarimansunparkelayayngu
503:spoken in south-central
6964:Occupation of Araucanía
6277:Argentine Sign Language
5583:Los Diaguitas: Estudios
5522:Oxford University Press
5511:El Mercurio de Santiago
5109:10.1111/1467-968X.00049
4918:(in Spanish). Hoboken:
4781:Urbina C., María Ximena
4375:Memoria Chilena: Portal
4265:Oxford University Press
3853:, Madrid: MAPFRE, 1992.
3790:) by the German Jesuit
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3680:
3664:
3648:
3634:
3623:
3607:
3596:
3585:
3569:
3558:
3547:
3499:
3488:
3477:
3461:
3450:
3439:
3423:
3412:
3401:
3360:
3337:
3326:
3315:
3299:
3288:
3277:
3261:
3250:
3239:
3203:'enter' is as follows:
3198:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3033:'my; his, her; their',
3028:
3015:, 'they (more than 2)'
3011:
3003:
2995:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2413:. Before front vowels,
1930:In stressed syllables,
1702:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1025:written in Mapuche and
824:
808:
792:
776:
760:
577:
483:
477:
467:
461:
8462:Languages of Argentina
8421:Unclassified languages
6959:Conquest of the Desert
6944:Camino de los chilenos
5867:Languages of Argentina
5516:Campbell, Lyle (1997)
5300:Sadowsky et al. (2013)
5288:Sadowsky et al. (2013)
5276:Sadowsky et al. (2013)
5259:Sadowsky et al. (2013)
5244:Sadowsky et al. (2013)
5232:Sadowsky et al. (2013)
5220:Sadowsky et al. (2013)
5205:Sadowsky et al. (2013)
4889:Smeets, Ineke (2008).
4443:Sadowsky et al. (2013)
4329:Sadowsky et al. (2013)
2986:, 'you (more than 2)'
2502:agglutinative language
2437:
2354:Some speakers realize
1820:
1523:polysynthetic language
1430:. In the areas around
1132:Eskimo–Aleut languages
1113:Pano-Tacanan languages
1084:and peoples living in
1034:
998:Narciso de Santa María
876:The discovery of many
832:
816:
800:
784:
768:
739:(2015) argue that the
403:
318:This article contains
7991:, Bolivia, and Chile)
7812:(west-central Brazil)
6856:Mapuche football team
6477:Chilean Sign Language
6059:Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
5628:Swadesh-list appendix
4920:John Wiley & Sons
4893:. Mouton de Gruyter.
4025:Arturo Hernández and
3963:Félix José de Augusta
3831:Félix José de Augusta
3049:'our (more than 2)';
2957:, 'we (more than 2)'
2435:
1817:Sadowsky et al. (2013
1810:
1503:origin of the Mapuche
1047:unclassified language
1020:
972:Valdivian Fort System
402:A Mapudungun speaker.
401:
8472:Araucanian languages
6834:Extant organizations
6064:Wichí Lhamtés Nocten
4995:Greenberg, Joseph H.
4949:on 12 February 2007.
4891:A Grammar of Mapuche
4105:Universidad de Chile
3967:Diccionario araucano
3939:A Grammar of Mapuche
3670:( ← pe-e-i-0-0-mew)
3613:( ← pe-e-i-m-i-mew)
3355:Algonquian languages
1815:of Mapudungun, from
1062:Proto-Mayan language
862:, and from Spanish.
452:Mapuche and Spanish:
43:improve this article
8414:Marañón River basin
8279:Tequiraca–Canichana
8259:Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
6899:Battle of the Maule
6704:Rüxafe (silverwork)
6069:Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz
5649:Freelang Dictionary
5626:(from Wiktionary's
5492:University of Chile
5454:artesycultura.uc.cl
5111:. 97 (2), 213–244.
5091:Ringe, Don (1999).
4840:Cárdenas A., Renato
4564:Pino Quivira, Mario
4263:(Online ed.).
4009:Ana Fernández Garay
3909:Ana Fernández-Garay
3696:) or inverse (with
3023:Possessive pronouns
2578:'one' serves as an
2428:Mapudungun alphabet
2008:
1825:
1798:'Mapuche language'.
1166:Dialect sub-groups
1072:, and Uru-Chipaya (
1031:Mapudungun alphabet
985:, and according to
560:impersonal pronouns
521:Spanish colonialism
497:Araucanian language
164:260,000 (2007)
16:Araucanian language
8457:Languages of Chile
8234:Esmeralda–Yaruroan
8167:Proposed groupings
7121:Language families
6332:Languages of Chile
6175:Minority languages
5890:Regional languages
5874:Official languages
5435:2024-05-26 at the
5368:2012-09-12 at the
5317:2013-12-10 at the
4583:81 (2007): 949–960
4573:2017-08-11 at the
4509:Moulian, Rodrígo;
3833:, Santiago, 1903.
3792:Bernhard Havestadt
2867:(kiñe) pataka mari
2580:indefinite article
2438:
2301:The dental series
2006:
1823:
1821:
1766:Huilliche language
1507:Ricardo E. Latcham
1487:Huilliche language
1144:Tehuelche language
1121:Yuracaré languages
1097:languages of Chile
1035:
991:Huilliche language
981:'s population was
979:Chiloé Archipelago
882:Chiloé Archipelago
848:Quechuan languages
604:⟨ng⟩
588:⟨ch⟩
531:, one of the many
456:[maˈputʃe]
404:
58:"Mapuche language"
8439:
8438:
8409:Extinct languages
8162:
8161:
7478:
7477:
7246:
7245:
7115:
7068:
7067:
7048:
7047:
7025:Las Canoas (1793)
6871:Weichán Auka Mapu
6549:
6548:
6543:extinct languages
6486:Language families
6430:Kawésqar/Alacaluf
6298:
6297:
6292:extinct languages
6226:Regional dialects
6170:
6169:
6077:
6076:
6049:Iyojwa'ja Chorote
6044:Iyo'wujwa Chorote
5833:
5832:
5805:other territories
5596:978-956-8762-00-1
5488:ucampus.uchile.cl
5261:, pp. 88–89.
5246:, pp. 92–93.
5234:, pp. 92–94.
5066:. 75(3): 519–523.
4922:Inc. p. 249.
4900:978-3-11-019558-3
4474:La Nacion (Chile)
4297:978-956-16-0769-9
4271:(Subscription or
4203:(24th ed., 2021)
3951:978-3-11-019558-3
3878:A Mapuche grammar
3807:Octaviano de Niza
3736:chi wentru pengey
3690:
3689:
3654:( ← pe-fi-i-0-0)
3640:( ← pe-fi-i-m-i)
3509:
3508:
3347:
3346:
3019:
3018:
2891:personal pronouns
2464:Microsoft lawsuit
2280:
2279:
1921:ɪ, ɘ, ʊ, ë, ö, ɐ̝
1916:
1915:
1475:Valdivia Province
1405:
1404:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1287:
1286:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1152:SIL International
1136:Na-Dene languages
1066:Chimuan languages
890:José Pérez García
717:
716:
626:⟨n⟩
600:⟨g⟩
592:⟨c⟩
533:Communes of Chile
507:and west-central
399:
389:
388:
353:
344:
343:
326:rendering support
322:phonetic symbols.
119:
118:
111:
93:
8479:
8452:Mapuche language
8431:Linguistic areas
8299:Linguistic areas
7841:? Mura–Matanawí
7588:Andoque–Urequena
7438:
7437:
7165:
7164:
7138:
7137:
7109:
7095:
7088:
7081:
7072:
7071:
7058:
7057:
6980:
6979:
6974:Mapuche conflict
6904:Spanish invasion
6626:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6553:
6552:
6368:Ayacucho Quechua
6325:
6318:
6311:
6302:
6301:
6214:Patagonian Welsh
6091:Southern Quechua
5965:
5964:
5922:
5921:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5837:
5836:
5825:
5813:Falkland Islands
5727:Sovereign states
5712:
5705:
5698:
5689:
5688:
5600:
5577:
5560:
5496:
5495:
5485:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5446:
5440:
5426:
5420:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5378:
5372:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5337:. Archived from
5327:
5321:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5262:
5256:
5247:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5177:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5148:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5075:
5067:
5057:
5023:
5017:
5016:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4975:
4968:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4941:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4886:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4857:
4850:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4806:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4756:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4733:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4679:Rapa Nui Journal
4670:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4647:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4560:Dillehay, Tom D.
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4536:
4506:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4480:. Archived from
4471:
4465:
4464:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4429:
4428:
4411:Zúñiga, Fernando
4407:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4268:
4256:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4192:
4172:
4166:
4158:
4157:
3768:Luis de Valdivia
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3686:( ← pe-w-i-0-0)
3683:
3677:
3667:
3661:
3651:
3645:
3637:
3626:
3610:
3602:( ← pe-w-i-m-u)
3599:
3588:
3575:( ← pe-e-n-mew)
3572:
3561:
3550:
3514:
3502:
3491:
3480:
3464:
3453:
3442:
3426:
3415:
3404:
3368:
3363:
3343:( ← kon-i-ng-n)
3340:
3332:( ← kon-i-ng-u)
3329:
3318:
3302:
3291:
3280:
3264:
3253:
3242:
3206:
3201:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2905:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2737:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2701:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2656:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2417:are fronted to .
2416:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2315:
2305:is phonetically
2304:
2293:
2285:
2274:
2263:
2255:
2245:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2207:
2193:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2147:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2094:
2087:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1925:i, ɨ, u, e, o, a
1922:
1910:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1866:
1857:
1826:
1822:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1627:
1616:
1605:
1593:
1582:
1569:
1550:
1444:Araucanía Region
1301:
1300:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1140:Puelche language
1128:Joseph Greenberg
1105:Chonan languages
1086:Oruro Department
1043:language isolate
871:Aconcagua Valley
867:Imperial Quechua
843:around 1000 CE.
741:Puquina language
631:
630:
627:
622:
616:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
549:passive speakers
486:
480:
470:
464:
458:
453:
446:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
400:
351:
346:
345:
305:
284:
268:
261:
252:
251:
243:
174:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
8487:
8486:
8482:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8477:
8476:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8435:
8392:
8321:
8293:
8254:Mataco–Guaicuru
8249:Katembri–Taruma
8214:Macro-Puinavean
8199:Macro-Otomákoan
8158:
8124:
8064:Mataco–Guaicuru
8048:
7982:
7865:
7804:
7697:
7673:Sechura–Catacao
7662:Pacific coast (
7657:
7616:Pacific coast (
7611:
7538:
7474:
7436:
7358:
7242:
7163:
7136:
7122:
7116:
7114:classification)
7108:
7099:
7069:
7064:
7044:
6978:
6939:Guerra a muerte
6875:
6829:
6758:
6627:
6618:
6585:
6580:
6550:
6545:
6532:
6481:
6465:
6392:
6378:Chilean Quechua
6356:
6334:
6329:
6299:
6294:
6281:
6265:
6220:
6166:
6140:
6107:
6073:
6030:
5981:
5959:
5952:
5917:
5911:
5885:
5869:
5864:
5834:
5829:
5823:
5806:
5804:
5794:
5721:
5716:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5437:Wayback Machine
5427:
5423:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5393:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5370:Wayback Machine
5358:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5319:Wayback Machine
5310:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5286:
5282:
5274:
5265:
5257:
5250:
5242:
5238:
5230:
5226:
5218:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5178:
5169:
5160:
5158:
5146:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5118:
5116:
5089:
5085:
5069:
5068:
5024:
5020:
5013:
4992:
4988:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4946:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4887:
4870:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4814:
4812:
4778:
4774:
4757:
4750:
4741:
4739:
4708:
4704:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4626:
4624:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4575:Wayback Machine
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4511:Catrileo, María
4507:
4496:
4487:
4485:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4453:
4449:
4441:
4432:
4425:
4408:
4393:
4384:
4382:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4355:
4353:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4193:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4160:
4159:
4131:
4129:Further reading
4114:
4084:Bryan Harmelink
4062:
3959:
3926:Fernando Zúñiga
3892:Fernando Zúñiga
3861:Fernando Zúñiga
3851:Adalberto Salas
3819:
3805:by the Italian
3764:
3759:
3746:
3685:
3669:
3653:
3639:
3628:
3612:
3601:
3590:
3574:
3563:
3552:
3539:
3521:
3505:( ← pe-i-ng-n)
3504:
3494:( ← pe-i-ng-u)
3493:
3482:
3466:
3455:
3444:
3428:
3417:
3406:
3393:
3375:
3342:
3331:
3321:( ← kon-i-0-0)
3320:
3305:( ← kon-i-m-n)
3304:
3294:( ← kon-i-m-u)
3293:
3283:( ← kon-i-m-i)
3282:
3267:( ← kon-i-i-n)
3266:
3256:( ← kon-i-i-u)
3255:
3244:
3231:
3213:
3147:
2930:
2912:
2889:There are, for
2886:
2764:
2743:
2728:
2714:
2703:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2658:
2497:
2489:secret language
2466:
2460:, for example.
2430:
2424:
2241:
2203:
2004:
1977:Traditionally,
1824:Vowel phonemes
1805:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1640:
1630:
1619:
1608:
1596:
1585:
1572:
1561:
1553:
1542:
1537:
1519:
1412:Arauco Province
1392:
1383:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1288:
1239:
1230:
1161:
1054:Mayan languages
1027:Chilean Spanish
1015:
1006:
1004:Further decline
965:Chilean Spanish
958:was becoming a
952:
892:holds that the
841:Tiwanaku Empire
733:
728:
726:Mapuche history
722:
625:
612:) of the land (
603:
599:
591:
587:
580:
556:Chilean Spanish
451:
444:
414:
410:
391:
350:
324:Without proper
312:
280:
264:
257:
247:
246:
239:
221:
214:Padre Las Casas
212:
201:
194:Official status
189:
175:
172:Language family
170:
161:
160:Native speakers
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8485:
8475:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8437:
8436:
8434:
8433:
8428:
8426:Classification
8423:
8418:
8417:
8416:
8406:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8329:
8327:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8319:
8314:
8312:Mamoré–Guaporé
8309:
8303:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8291:
8286:
8284:Wamo–Chapakura
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8264:Moseten–Chonan
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8189:Macro-Chibchan
8186:
8184:Macro-Arawakan
8181:
8176:
8170:
8168:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8156:
8149:
8142:
8136:
8134:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8091:
8090:
8083:
8076:
8071:
8059:
8057:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8046:
8039:
8032:
8027:
8020:
8019:
8018:
8013:
8002:
7994:
7992:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7952:
7945:
7938:
7931:
7926:
7919:
7912:
7905:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7881:
7875:
7873:
7871:Mamoré–Guaporé
7867:
7866:
7864:
7863:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7847:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7815:
7813:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7784:
7777:
7770:
7763:
7756:
7749:
7742:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7712:
7710:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7686:
7675:
7669:
7667:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7648:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7623:
7621:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7569:
7561:
7559:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7509:
7502:
7494:
7492:
7480:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7467:
7460:
7453:
7447:
7445:
7435:
7434:
7427:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7399:
7392:
7379:
7373:
7371:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7307:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7265:
7260:
7254:
7252:
7251:Eastern Brazil
7248:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7211:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7173:
7171:
7162:
7161:
7154:
7146:
7144:
7135:
7134:
7126:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7098:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7075:
7066:
7065:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7040:Coz Coz (1907)
7037:
7032:
7030:Tapihue (1825)
7027:
7022:
7020:Negrete (1793)
7017:
7015:Negrete (1726)
7012:
7010:Malloco (1671)
7007:
7002:
7000:Quillín (1647)
6997:
6995:Quillín (1641)
6992:
6990:Paicaví (1612)
6986:
6984:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6885:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6766:
6764:
6763:Related groups
6760:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6586:
6579:
6578:
6571:
6564:
6556:
6547:
6546:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6473:
6471:
6470:Sign languages
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6415:
6408:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6348:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6335:
6328:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6305:
6296:
6295:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6270:Sign languages
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6184:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6117:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6101:South Bolivian
6098:
6087:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6011:
6006:
5999:
5991:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5973:
5971:
5962:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5938:
5930:
5928:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5863:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5840:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5731:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5715:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5675:
5665:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5621:
5615:
5607:
5606:External links
5604:
5602:
5601:
5595:
5585:(in Spanish).
5578:
5540:
5533:
5514:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5490:(in Spanish).
5471:
5441:
5421:
5412:
5403:
5373:
5352:
5335:uk.reuters.com
5322:
5304:
5292:
5280:
5263:
5248:
5236:
5224:
5209:
5197:
5190:
5167:
5134:
5125:
5083:
5046:10.1086/423452
5040:(3): 519–523.
5018:
5011:
4986:
4952:
4925:
4906:
4899:
4868:
4831:
4822:
4793:(in Spanish).
4772:
4765:(in Spanish).
4748:
4720:(in Spanish).
4702:
4662:
4659:on 2013-12-28.
4633:
4597:
4585:
4552:
4523:(in Spanish).
4494:
4466:
4459:(in Spanish).
4447:
4430:
4423:
4391:
4377:(in Spanish).
4362:
4348:. 2014-06-30.
4333:
4321:
4303:
4296:
4278:
4244:
4212:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4123:María Catrileo
4120:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4077:
4070:María Catrileo
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4041:
4034:
4023:
4006:
3996:
3989:María Catrileo
3986:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3936:
3919:
3902:
3885:
3875:
3854:
3844:
3837:Idioma mapuche
3834:
3818:
3815:
3778:by the Jesuit
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3745:
3742:
3688:
3687:
3672:
3671:
3656:
3655:
3641:
3630:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3603:
3592:
3591:( ← pe-e-i-u)
3581:
3577:
3576:
3565:
3554:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3507:
3506:
3495:
3484:
3483:( ← pe-i-0-0)
3473:
3469:
3468:
3467:( ← pe-i-m-n)
3457:
3456:( ← pe-i-m-u)
3446:
3445:( ← pe-i-m-i)
3435:
3431:
3430:
3429:( ← pe-i-i-n)
3419:
3418:( ← pe-i-i-u)
3408:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3351:inverse system
3345:
3344:
3333:
3322:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3284:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3257:
3246:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3155:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3090:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2999:, 'he/she/it'
2992:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2729:
2715:
2704:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2659:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2630:
2583:
2562:'the man' and
2517:
2500:Mapuche is an
2496:
2493:
2465:
2462:
2426:Main article:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2403:
2389:
2359:
2352:
2317:
2310:
2299:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2109:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1975:
1928:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1631:
1620:
1609:
1597:
1586:
1573:
1562:
1554:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1518:
1515:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1103:and also with
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
951:
948:
878:Chono toponyms
819:) and mother (
732:
729:
721:
718:
715:
714:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
691:
687:
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
645:
644:
641:
638:
635:
579:
576:
387:
386:
377:
373:
372:
369:
365:
364:
359:
355:
354:
342:
341:
328:, you may see
314:
313:
306:
298:
297:
292:
286:
285:
278:
270:
269:
262:
254:
253:
244:
236:
235:
234:Language codes
231:
230:
202:
199:
196:
195:
191:
190:
188:
187:
178:
176:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
149:
145:
144:
135:
134:Native to
131:
130:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8484:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8388:French Guiana
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8324:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8296:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8244:Je–Tupi–Carib
8242:
8240:
8239:Hibito–Cholon
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8219:Macro-Warpean
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8155:
8154:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8127:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8051:
8045:
8044:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8007:
8003:
8001:
8000:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7953:
7951:
7950:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7924:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7913:
7911:
7910:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7872:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7852:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7807:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7785:
7783:
7782:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7723:Hibito–Cholon
7721:
7719:
7718:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7692:
7691:
7687:
7685:
7684:Cañari–Puruhá
7682:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7614:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7501:
7500:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7486:
7481:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7404:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7142:Je–Tupi–Carib
7139:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7112:Campbell 2012
7107:
7106:South America
7103:
7096:
7091:
7089:
7084:
7082:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7063:
7062:
7051:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7035:Toltén (1869)
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6969:1881 uprising
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6934:1766 uprising
6932:
6930:
6929:1723 uprising
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6894:Inca invasion
6892:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6625:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6572:
6570:
6565:
6563:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6544:
6540:
6535:
6529:
6528:Indo-European
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:Lingua franca
6337:
6333:
6326:
6321:
6319:
6314:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6293:
6289:
6284:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5861:
5856:
5854:
5849:
5847:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5826:
5821:
5819:
5818:French Guiana
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5802:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5708:
5706:
5701:
5699:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5598:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5530:0-19-509427-1
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5493:
5489:
5481:
5475:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5425:
5416:
5407:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5356:
5341:on 5 May 2016
5340:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5308:
5302:, p. 90.
5301:
5296:
5290:, p. 89.
5289:
5284:
5278:, p. 91.
5277:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5260:
5255:
5253:
5245:
5240:
5233:
5228:
5222:, p. 92.
5221:
5216:
5214:
5207:, p. 87.
5206:
5201:
5193:
5191:0-292-77592-X
5187:
5183:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5129:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5079:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5022:
5014:
5012:0-8047-1315-4
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4972:
4965:
4964:
4956:
4945:
4938:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4902:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4854:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4826:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4755:
4753:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4724:(1): 87–110.
4723:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4706:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4667:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4595:, p. 43.
4594:
4593:Téllez (2008)
4589:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4484:on 2012-08-03
4483:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4445:, p. 88.
4444:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4426:
4424:956-7015-40-6
4420:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4330:
4325:
4317:
4310:
4308:
4299:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4255:
4248:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4226:Radio Bío-Bío
4222:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4170:
4164:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:956-236-077-6
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4054:
4053:956-8287-99-X
4050:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4021:90-5789-058-5
4018:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3999:Esteban Erize
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3983:956-7210-17-9
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:956-7015-40-6
3931:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:2-7475-9237-5
3914:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:3-89586-976-7
3897:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:956-7015-41-4
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3780:Andrés Fabrés
3777:
3773:
3769:
3754:
3752:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3629:( ← pe-fi-n)
3627:
3625:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3515:
3512:
3503:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3007:, 'they (2)'
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:"chem anchi?"
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2605:(amazement),
2604:
2601:(certainty),
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2566:chi pu wentru
2561:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2510:topic–comment
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2429:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2360:
2353:
2336:
2328:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2300:
2297:
2289:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2010:
1994:
1986:
1976:
1973:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1929:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1530:agglutination
1528:
1524:
1521:Mapuche is a
1514:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:Allipén River
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:Bío Bío River
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:South America
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1010:
1001:
999:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
968:
966:
961:
957:
956:Central Chile
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:Chiloé Island
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
727:
712:
709:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
692:
689:
688:
684:
681:
678:
675:
674:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
636:
633:
632:
629:
623:
617:
611:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
479:
474:
469:
463:
457:
449:
448:
438:
408:
385:
381:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:
360:
356:
347:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
321:
315:
310:
304:
299:
296:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
277:
276:
271:
267:
263:
260:
255:
250:
245:
242:
237:
232:
228:
224:
219:
215:
210:
206:
203:
197:
192:
186:
183:
182:
181:
177:
173:
167:
163:
157:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
8274:Saparo–Yawan
8224:Arutani–Sape
8209:Macro-Panoan
8204:Macro-Paesan
8194:Macro-Jibaro
8179:Macro-Andean
8151:
8144:
8115:Lule–Vilelan
8085:
8078:
8042:
8041:
8034:
8022:
7997:
7975:
7968:
7961:
7954:
7947:
7940:
7933:
7921:
7914:
7907:
7900:
7883:
7858:
7849:
7788:Saparo–Yawan
7779:
7772:
7765:
7758:
7751:
7744:
7737:
7717:Pano–Tacanan
7715:
7688:
7650:
7643:
7626:
7620:and Ecuador)
7604:
7564:
7511:
7504:
7497:
7462:
7455:
7429:
7417:
7410:
7401:
7394:
7387:
7383:Arutani–Sape
7351:
7344:
7337:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7281:
7274:
7267:
7235:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7156:
7149:
7129:
7123:and isolates
7059:
7005:Boroa (1651)
6538:
6458:
6451:
6442:Ona/Selk'nam
6434:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6382:
6350:
6287:
6136:Mbyá Guaraní
6113:Tupi–Guarani
6013:
6001:
5994:
5946:
5934:
5901:
5801:Dependencies
5582:
5551:(1): 87–96,
5548:
5544:
5536:
5520:. New York:
5517:
5510:
5503:Bibliography
5487:
5474:
5462:. Retrieved
5453:
5444:
5424:
5415:
5406:
5394:. Retrieved
5385:
5376:
5359:
5355:
5343:. Retrieved
5339:the original
5334:
5325:
5307:
5295:
5283:
5239:
5227:
5200:
5181:
5159:. Retrieved
5150:
5137:
5128:
5117:. Retrieved
5100:
5096:
5086:
5072:cite journal
5037:
5031:
5021:
5001:. Stanford:
4998:
4989:
4978:. Retrieved
4962:
4955:
4944:the original
4935:
4928:
4915:
4909:
4890:
4860:. Retrieved
4844:
4834:
4825:
4813:. Retrieved
4797:(2): 11–36.
4794:
4788:
4775:
4766:
4760:
4740:. Retrieved
4721:
4715:
4705:
4694:. Retrieved
4685:(1): 29–33.
4682:
4678:
4654:the original
4649:
4636:
4625:. Retrieved
4616:
4610:
4600:
4588:
4578:
4555:
4543:. Retrieved
4527:(2): 73–96.
4524:
4518:
4486:. Retrieved
4482:the original
4469:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4414:
4383:. Retrieved
4374:
4365:
4354:. Retrieved
4345:
4336:
4324:
4315:
4287:
4281:
4258:
4247:
4237:21 September
4235:. Retrieved
4224:
4215:
4198:
4163:cite journal
4148:(1): 87–96.
4145:
4141:
4138:"Mapudungun"
4100:
4079:
4072:, Valdivia:
4065:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4012:
4002:
3992:
3975:Tomo segundo
3971:Tomo primero
3966:
3957:Dictionaries
3943:Ineke Smeets
3938:
3921:
3904:
3887:
3882:Ineke Smeets
3877:
3863:, Santiago:
3856:
3846:
3836:
3826:
3820:
3817:Modern works
3802:
3800:
3796:
3787:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3747:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3691:
3678:
3662:
3646:
3632:
3621:
3605:
3594:
3583:
3567:
3564:( ← pe-e-n)
3556:
3553:( ← pe-w-n)
3545:
3510:
3497:
3486:
3475:
3459:
3448:
3437:
3421:
3410:
3399:
3358:
3348:
3335:
3324:
3313:
3297:
3286:
3275:
3259:
3248:
3237:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3133:
3128:chum(ngechi)
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3065:'your (2)',
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
2978:, 'you (2)'
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2761:
2752:2S.POSS use-
2747:
2744:
2733:
2730:
2719:
2716:
2708:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2663:
2660:
2652:
2649:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:(surprise),
2590:
2586:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2482:
2467:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2030:Postalveolar
1813:monophthongs
1793:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1660:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1613:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1590:
1587:
1577:
1574:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1520:
1511:
1505:proposed by
1499:
1489:spoken from
1460:
1406:
1372:
1332:
1319:
1306:
1277:
1264:
1219:
1206:
1149:
1125:
1101:Zona Austral
1094:
1051:
1036:
1007:
976:
969:
953:
943:
939:
938:(black) and
935:
931:
927:
923:
914:
902:Pre-Hispanic
875:
864:
855:
851:
845:
787:), warlock (
752:
736:
734:
640:Mapu with n
619:
613:
607:
581:
554:Speakers of
553:
537:
525:
516:
492:
488:
472:
406:
405:
317:
308:
273:
184:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
8269:Quechumaran
8229:Bora–Witoto
8129:Far South (
8030:Uru–Chipaya
8006:Quechumaran
7891:Nambikwaran
7573:Bora–Witoto
7470:Ticuna–Yuri
6983:Parliaments
6866:Wallmapuwen
6744:We Tripantu
6249:Rioplatense
6121:Ava Guarani
6096:Santiagueño
4815:27 December
4545:January 13,
4027:Nelly Ramos
3762:Older works
3245:( ← kon-n)
3041:'our (2)',
2949:, 'we (2)'
2731:tukupu-a-l.
2442:orthography
2422:Orthography
2307:interdental
2296:labiodental
2199:Approximant
1420:Los Ángeles
1058:Mesoamerica
960:melting pot
896:settled in
860:Inca Empire
854:'hundred',
745:Inca Empire
682:Mapunsdugun
668:Mapundungun
654:Mapunzugun
586:is spelled
499:related to
481:'land' and
465:'land' and
332:instead of
8446:Categories
8140:Qawasqaran
8074:Guaicuruan
8043:Mapudungun
7879:Chapacuran
7793:Peba–Yagua
7728:Cahuapanan
7645:Yurumanguí
7229:Chiquitano
7202:Maxakalian
7110:(based on
6909:Arauco War
6800:Promaucaes
6639:Aillarehue
6607:Placenames
6602:Mapudungun
6518:Alacalufan
6513:Araucanian
6508:Polynesian
6383:Mapudungun
6353:(formerly)
6351:Mapudungun
5987:Guaicuruan
5916:Indigenous
5678:Mapudungun
5345:15 January
5161:2021-11-09
5119:2021-11-09
4980:2021-11-09
4862:2020-01-18
4790:Magallania
4742:2020-01-18
4696:2023-06-22
4627:2019-09-06
4488:2009-11-26
4385:2023-01-01
4356:2023-07-26
4346:Nationalia
4275:required.)
4200:Ethnologue
4179:References
4103:, Santago
4086:, Temuco:
3888:Mapudungun
3784:Westphalia
3407:( ← pe-n)
3132:'how' and
2897:and three
2609:(wonder),
2597:(regret),
2558:chi wentru
2506:word order
2495:Morphology
2411:labialized
2303:/n̪,t̪,l̪/
2290:, whereas
2002:Consonants
1788:'thousand'
1491:Lago Ranco
1483:Curarrehue
1446:including
987:John Byron
946:(little).
906:Huilliches
821:Mapudungun
805:Mapudungun
789:Mapudungun
773:Mapudungun
757:Mapudungun
731:Prehistory
724:See also:
710:Mapunzüŋun
696:Mapunzugun
679:Mapusdugun
671:Chedungun
665:Mapudungun
651:Mapuzugun
566:from both
517:Araucanian
473:Mapudungun
371:Mapudungun
295:Mapudungun
180:Araucanian
151:1,718,000
129:Mapudungun
69:newspapers
8404:Languages
8373:Venezuela
8333:Argentina
8326:Countries
8317:Amazonian
7929:Mosetenan
7923:Canichana
7835:Katukinan
7830:Harákmbut
7781:Tequiraca
7652:Esmeralda
7639:Barbacoan
7595:Guajiboan
7534:Jirajaran
7489:Venezuela
7425:Otomacoan
7377:Yanomaman
7368:Venezuela
7304:Pankararú
7222:Rikbaktsá
6825:Tehuelche
6795:Pehuenche
6785:Mapochoes
6780:Huilliche
6684:Mythology
6649:Chemamull
6644:Butalmapu
6614:Tsesungún
6597:Huilliche
6541:indicate
6453:Tehuelche
6425:Huilliche
6290:indicate
6182:Cocoliche
5941:Tehuelche
5918:languages
5790:Venezuela
5735:Argentina
5656:from the
5567:0025-1003
5386:wals.info
4619:: 61–70.
4580:Antiquity
4254:"Mapuche"
3867:, 2006.
3813:in 1928.
3770:in 1606 (
3380:Singular
3218:Singular
3152:morphemes
3136:chumngelu
3124:'where',
2917:Singular
2859:küla mari
2589:(doubt),
2470:Microsoft
2153:Fricative
2035:Retroflex
1927:⟩.
1811:Stressed
1709:syllables
1699:'house',
1666:Phonology
1495:Río Bueno
1452:Budi Lake
1436:Melipeuco
1432:Lonquimay
1398:Cladogram
1126:In 1987,
1109:Patagonia
1074:Uruquilla
983:bilingual
886:Huilliche
803:), salt (
771:), moon (
713:Chezüŋun
707:Mapuzüŋun
704:Wirizüŋun
699:Chezugun
693:Mapuzugun
690:Azümchefe
685:Cesdugun
643:Che-/Ce-
634:Alphabet
564:loanwords
544:Huilliche
540:Pehuenche
529:Galvarino
509:Argentina
501:Huilliche
493:Mapudungu
489:Mapuzugun
275:Glottolog
259:ISO 639-3
241:ISO 639-2
205:Galvarino
148:Ethnicity
142:Argentina
99:July 2012
8383:Suriname
8363:Paraguay
8348:Colombia
8110:Huarpean
8105:Charruan
8100:Zamucoan
8095:Mascoyan
8069:Matacoan
8011:Quechuan
7935:Yuracaré
7902:Cayubaba
7896:Bororoan
7851:Matanawí
7798:Zaparoan
7767:Taushiro
7739:Candoshi
7733:Jivaroan
7628:Chibchan
7618:Colombia
7583:Witotoan
7566:Tucanoan
7548:Colombia
7529:Timotean
7524:Tiniguan
7485:Colombia
7311:Tarairiú
7290:Katembri
7258:Karirian
7197:Krenakan
7182:Jabutian
7169:Macro-Jê
7131:Arawakan
7061:Category
6810:Picunche
6770:Boroanos
6749:Wenufoye
6734:Weichafe
6714:Textiles
6709:Religion
6689:Polygamy
6679:Military
6674:Medicine
6590:Language
6523:Quechuan
6447:Rapa Nui
6261:Tucumano
6244:Portuñol
6234:Cordobés
6204:Lunfardo
6199:Ligurian
6083:Quechuan
6036:Matacoan
6026:Toba Qom
5969:Charruan
5960:Guaicuru
5780:Suriname
5770:Paraguay
5755:Colombia
5587:Santiago
5575:26351939
5458:Archived
5433:Archived
5390:Archived
5366:Archived
5315:Archived
5155:Archived
5147:(Online)
5113:Archived
5064:15284953
5015:. 456 p.
4997:(1987).
4971:Archived
4853:Archived
4809:Archived
4783:(2017).
4769:: 34–44.
4736:Archived
4717:Historia
4687:Archived
4621:Archived
4571:Archived
4539:Archived
4463:: 31–42.
4413:(2006).
4379:Archived
4350:Archived
4231:Archived
4112:See also
4090:, 1996.
3973: ;
3811:Valdivia
3338:koningün
3190:"puede."
3186:"pwede,"
3116:'when',
3108:'what',
3057:'your',
3012:feyengün
2970:, 'you'
2893:, three
2884:Pronouns
2851:epu mari
2650:Mesa-mew
2478:alphabet
2288:bilabial
2025:Alveolar
1954:than to
1683:'game',
1655:SURPRISE
1646:SURROUND
1580:SURPRISE
1549:SURROUND
1527:morpheme
1408:Linguist
1159:Dialects
1082:Titicaca
1021:Chilean
995:Governor
920:cognates
917:Rapa Nui
910:Mapuches
884:, where
856:warangka
835:). This
749:cognates
735:Moulian
657:Cezugun
648:Ragileo
495:) is an
380:Wallmapu
368:Language
338:Help:IPA
282:mapu1245
8358:Ecuador
8338:Bolivia
8289:Amerind
8087:Payaguá
8056:–Pampas
8024:Puquina
8016:Aymaran
7987:Andes (
7970:Irantxe
7909:Itonama
7774:Urarina
7760:Waorani
7753:Munichi
7746:Omurano
7690:Mochica
7679:Chimuan
7634:Chocoan
7606:Puinave
7600:Nadahup
7513:Andaquí
7483:Andes (
7451:Sáliban
7389:Arutani
7364:Orinoco
7151:Cariban
6914:Slavery
6881:History
6820:Ranquel
6805:Puelche
6790:Moluche
6754:Wünelfe
6632:Culture
6583:Mapuche
6539:Italics
6493:Aymaran
6388:Quechua
6346:Spanish
6288:Italics
6054:Nivaclé
6015:Payaguá
5977:Balomar
5958:Mataco–
5947:Teushen
5935:Puelche
5907:Quechua
5902:Mapuche
5897:Guarani
5881:Spanish
5785:Uruguay
5760:Ecuador
5740:Bolivia
5464:Oct 12,
5396:Oct 12,
5055:1182033
4195:Mapuche
4107:, 2020.
4076:, 2002.
3757:Studies
3608:peeymew
3580:Second
3538:Patient
3529:Second
3500:peyngün
3434:Second
3386:Plural
3327:koningu
3300:konimün
3272:Second
3262:koniyiñ
3224:Plural
3100:'who',
3089:'your'.
3004:feyengu
2962:Second
2923:Plural
2899:numbers
2895:persons
2873:Chinese
2688:mamüllü
2640:. This
2474:Windows
2458:ngütram
2415:/ŋ,k,ɣ/
2243:lateral
2205:central
2040:Palatal
1837:Central
1752:Example
1715:Example
1687:tralkán
1671:Prosody
1556:mansun-
1517:Grammar
1117:Mosetén
1090:Bolivia
1078:Chipaya
1023:proverb
930:(axe),
829:Quechua
813:Quechua
797:Quechua
781:Quechua
765:Quechua
755:: sun (
720:History
676:Nhewenh
662:Unified
624:)". An
609:d/zuŋun
572:Quechua
568:Spanish
513:Mapuche
511:by the
459:; from
407:Mapuche
376:Country
362:Mapuche
334:Unicode
185:Mapuche
153:Mapuche
124:Mapuche
83:scholar
8378:Guyana
8343:Brazil
8146:Yaghan
8120:Chonan
8080:Guachí
7949:Aikanã
7916:Movima
7860:Trumai
7825:Arawan
7810:Amazon
7703:Amazon
7556:Vaupés
7552:Japurá
7544:Amazon
7519:Paezan
7431:Yaruro
7339:Xukurú
7283:Baenan
7276:Gamela
7269:Taruma
7263:Purían
7192:Karajá
7187:Kamakã
7158:Tupian
6889:Origin
6775:Cuncos
6739:Werkén
6460:Yaghan
6412:Chango
6373:Aymara
6187:German
6162:Vilela
6152:Aymara
6145:Others
6021:Pilagá
6009:Mocoví
6003:Guachi
5996:Abipón
5926:Chonan
5765:Guyana
5745:Brazil
5593:
5573:
5565:
5528:
5188:
5062:
5052:
5009:
4897:
4421:
4294:
4094:
4051:
4019:
3981:
3949:
3932:
3915:
3898:
3871:
3712:peenew
3665:peeyew
3635:pefimi
3618:Third
3597:pewimu
3570:peenew
3542:First
3532:Third
3526:First
3489:peyngu
3472:Third
3462:peymün
3396:First
3392:Person
3374:Number
3310:Third
3289:konimu
3278:konimi
3251:koniyu
3234:First
3230:Person
3212:Number
3140:'why'.
3112:chumül
2991:Third
2954:iñchiñ
2946:iñchiw
2941:, 'I'
2933:First
2929:Person
2911:Number
2863:, 110
2706:müle-n
2661:müle-y
2653:table-
2642:suffix
2603:chemay
2599:llemay
2504:. The
2454:gytram
2314:/l̪,l/
2020:Dental
2015:Labial
1972:elided
1803:Vowels
1744:'moon'
1703:lóngko
1648:- ox-
1545:trari-
1471:Gorbea
1467:Freire
1463:Temuco
1456:Toltén
1448:Queule
1142:, the
1029:. The
894:Cuncos
852:pataka
801:kawchu
777:küllen
753:et al.
737:et al.
637:Mapu-
594:, and
484:dungun
475:(from
358:People
352:"land"
223:Temuco
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
8397:Lists
8353:Chile
8307:Chaco
8153:Chono
8131:Chile
8054:Chaco
8036:Kunza
7999:Culle
7977:Arara
7963:Kwazá
7956:Kanoê
7845:Muran
7578:Boran
7558:area)
7506:Camsá
7499:Cofán
7457:Betoi
7419:Guamo
7412:Warao
7325:Wamoé
7237:Guató
7215:Ofayé
7208:Jaikó
6919:Malón
6729:Wampu
6724:Ulmen
6694:Rehue
6669:Machi
6664:Lonko
6654:Kalku
6436:Kunza
6419:Chono
6405:Cacán
6254:Vesre
6209:Welsh
6157:Chané
6131:Kaiwá
5750:Chile
5662:AILLA
5571:JSTOR
5484:(PDF)
4974:(PDF)
4967:(PDF)
4947:(PDF)
4940:(PDF)
4856:(PDF)
4849:(PDF)
4690:(PDF)
4657:(PDF)
4646:(PDF)
4269:
4082:, by
4068:, by
3941:, by
3924:, by
3907:, by
3890:, by
3880:, by
3849:, by
3839:, by
3829:, by
3624:pefiñ
3586:peeyu
3548:pewün
3520:Agent
3451:peymu
3440:peymi
3383:Dual
3240:konün
3221:Dual
3199:konün
3179:-(y)a
3167:-etew
3145:Verbs
2983:eymün
2938:iñche
2920:Dual
2877:Wolof
2855:, 30
2847:; 20
2839:, 10
2835:aylla
2819:regle
2803:kechu
2623:anchi
2607:chiam
2520:Nouns
2485:argot
2456:, or
2450:gvxam
2400:]
2396:[
2386:]
2382:[
2378:]
2374:[
2370:]
2366:[
2337:]
2333:[
2329:]
2325:[
2284:/m,p/
2052:Nasal
2045:Velar
1995:]
1991:[
1987:]
1983:[
1968:/ɪ,ʊ/
1964:/e,o/
1960:]
1956:[
1952:]
1948:[
1944:]
1940:[
1936:/e,o/
1932:/ɪ,ʊ/
1849:Close
1832:Front
1778:'boy'
1772:pichi
1735:'cat'
1679:awkán
1479:Pucón
1477:plus
1428:Purén
1416:Angol
1373:VIII
837:areal
825:ñuque
817:cachi
809:chadi
793:kalku
785:killa
505:Chile
384:Chile
227:Chile
218:Chile
209:Chile
138:Chile
90:JSTOR
76:books
8368:Peru
8174:Duho
7989:Peru
7942:Leco
7885:Mure
7707:Peru
7664:Peru
7487:and
7464:Hodï
7443:Duho
7403:Máku
7396:Sapé
7346:Yaté
7332:Xokó
7318:Tuxá
7297:Natú
6815:Poya
6719:Toki
6699:Ruka
6659:Kuel
6503:Chon
6239:Cuyo
5775:Peru
5591:ISBN
5563:ISSN
5526:ISBN
5466:2020
5398:2020
5347:2022
5186:ISBN
5078:link
5060:PMID
5007:ISBN
4895:ISBN
4817:2019
4547:2019
4419:ISBN
4292:ISBN
4239:2015
4169:link
4092:ISBN
4049:ISBN
4017:ISBN
3979:ISBN
3947:ISBN
3930:ISBN
3913:ISBN
3896:ISBN
3869:ISBN
3704:pefi
3681:pewi
3676:REFL
3649:pefi
3559:peen
3424:peiñ
3413:peyu
3316:koni
3120:chew
3104:chem
3096:iney
3085:tami
2975:eymu
2967:eymi
2875:and
2843:mari
2831:, 9
2827:pura
2823:, 8
2815:, 7
2811:kayu
2807:, 6
2799:, 5
2795:meli
2791:, 4
2787:küla
2783:, 3
2775:, 2
2771:kiñe
2758:NOML
2754:NRLD
2750:NOML
2740:NOML
2736:NRLD
2734:use-
2725:POSS
2711:NOML
2700:POSS
2691:wood
2636:or -
2619:may,
2611:amfe
2574:kiñe
2546:(or
2534:yuka
2514:verb
2356:/ʈʂ/
2345:/t̪/
2286:are
2100:Stop
1900:Open
1842:Back
1819::92)
1792:mapu
1784:rang
1726:'we'
1723:chiñ
1695:rúka
1599:(y)-
1575:rke-
1493:and
1481:and
1469:and
1454:and
1438:and
1333:VII
1265:III
1134:and
1119:and
1076:and
1070:Perú
940:piti
932:kuri
928:toki
924:toki
833:ñuñu
769:inti
761:antü
615:mapu
584:/tʃ/
578:Name
570:and
542:and
491:and
478:mapu
462:mapu
447:-che
349:mapu
62:news
7353:Otí
7104:of
5803:and
5660:at
5553:doi
5105:doi
5050:PMC
5042:doi
4799:doi
4726:doi
4617:117
4529:doi
4197:at
4150:doi
3977:)
3660:INV
3644:DIR
3478:pey
3402:pen
3361:pen
3175:-am
3171:-lu
3163:-el
3069:mün
2996:fey
2779:epu
2709:be-
2683:the
2674:SBJ
2666:IND
2664:be-
2655:LOC
2634:mew
2615:kay
2595:nga
2587:chi
2542:Chi
2487:or
2409:is
2407:/w/
2392:/j/
2362:/ɻ/
2349:/p/
2341:/t/
2321:/k/
2294:is
2292:/f/
1979:/ɘ/
1872:Mid
1796:gun
1794:dun
1776:tru
1774:wen
1762:che
1760:lli
1741:yeṉ
1731:nar
1650:CIS
1637:3DU
1633:ngu
1626:IND
1615:FUT
1592:NEG
1588:la-
1568:CIS
1564:pa-
1559:ox-
1536:ex:
1320:VI
1278:IV
1220:II
1107:of
1088:in
1056:of
944:iti
936:uri
900:in
880:in
621:tʃe
602:or
598:as
596:/ŋ/
590:or
468:che
445:POO
443:mə-
320:IPA
290:ELP
266:arn
249:arn
45:by
8448::
8062:?
8004:?
7818:?
7786:?
7677:?
7571:?
7550:,
7441:?
7381:?
7234:?
7177:Jê
5569:,
5561:,
5549:43
5547:,
5524:.
5486:.
5456:.
5452:.
5388:.
5384:.
5333:.
5266:^
5251:^
5212:^
5170:^
5149:.
5101:97
5099:.
5095:.
5074:}}
5070:{{
5058:.
5048:.
5038:75
5036:.
5030:.
5005:.
4871:^
4807:.
4795:45
4751:^
4734:.
4722:49
4714:.
4683:24
4681:.
4677:.
4665:^
4648:.
4615:.
4609:.
4577:.
4562:;
4537:.
4525:53
4497:^
4461:13
4433:^
4394:^
4373:.
4344:.
4306:^
4257:.
4223:.
4187:^
4165:}}
4161:{{
4146:43
4144:.
4029:,
4011:,
4001:,
3991:,
3965:,
3794:.
3753:.
3698:-e
3694:-e
3173:,
3169:,
3165:,
3161:,
3159:-n
3077:ta
3061:mu
3053:mi
3045:iñ
3037:yu
3029:ñi
2721:2S
2717:mi
2696:ñi
2680:ti
2670:3S
2638:mu
2591:am
2550:ti
2526:pu
2491:.
2452:,
2256:)
2253:l̪
2136:ʈʂ
2129:tʃ
2117:)
2114:t̪
2069:)
2066:n̪
1993:ɨ̞
1786:ka
1782:wa
1758:wi
1739:kü
1733:ki
1721:iñ
1652:-
1622:y-
1611:a-
1606:)-
1509:.
1465:,
1458:.
1450:,
1434:,
1418:,
1307:V
1207:I
1123:.
912:.
831::
827:,
823::
815::
811:,
807::
799::
795:,
791::
783::
779:,
775::
767::
763:,
759::
574:.
523:.
450:,
431:tʃ
428:uː
140:,
8133:)
7709:)
7705:(
7666:)
7554:–
7546:(
7491:)
7370:)
7366:(
7094:e
7087:t
7080:v
6575:e
6568:t
6561:v
6324:e
6317:t
6310:v
5859:e
5852:t
5845:v
5711:e
5704:t
5697:v
5684:)
5680:(
5674:.
5664:.
5630:)
5599:.
5555::
5532:.
5513:.
5494:.
5468:.
5400:.
5349:.
5194:.
5164:.
5122:.
5107::
5080:)
5044::
4983:.
4903:.
4865:.
4819:.
4801::
4767:7
4745:.
4728::
4699:.
4630:.
4549:.
4531::
4491:.
4427:.
4388:.
4359:.
4331:.
4300:.
4267:.
4241:.
4171:)
4152::
4055:.
3985:*
3786:(
3154:.
2901::
2879:.
2756:-
2738:-
2723:.
2672:.
2668:/
2402:.
2398:ʝ
2388:.
2384:ʂ
2376:ɭ
2368:ʐ
2335:c
2327:k
2323:(
2298:.
2272:ʎ
2261:l
2250:(
2234:w
2227:j
2220:ɻ
2191:ɣ
2180:ʃ
2173:s
2166:θ
2159:f
2145:k
2122:t
2111:(
2106:p
2092:ŋ
2085:ɲ
2074:n
2063:(
2058:m
1985:ɘ
1958:ä
1950:ɜ
1942:ɐ
1908:ɐ
1892:o
1885:ɘ
1878:e
1864:ʊ
1855:ɪ
1768:'
1764:'
1628:-
1617:-
1604:E
1602:(
1594:-
1583:-
1570:-
1551:-
942:/
934:/
926:/
850:(
547:(
437:/
434:i
425:p
422:ˈ
419:ə
416:m
413:/
409:(
382:·
340:.
229:)
225:(
220:)
216:(
211:)
207:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
