Primogeniture - Knowledge

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respects their legislator in peace and their leader in war. He made war according to his own discretion, frequently against his neighbours, and sometimes against his sovereign. The security of a landed estate, therefore, the protection which its owner could afford to those who dwelt on it, depended upon its greatness. To divide it was to ruin it, and to expose every part of it to be oppressed and swallowed up by the incursions of its neighbours. The law of primogeniture, therefore, came to take place, not immediately indeed, but in process of time, in the succession of landed estates, for the same reason that it has generally taken place in that of monarchies, though not always at their first institution.

1638: 1678: 2763: 1805: 2043: 1475:); thirdly, where the late estate holder had no descendants his oldest brother would succeed, and his descendants would likewise enjoy the rule of substitution where he had died. The effect of English primogeniture was to keep estates undivided wherever possible and to disinherit real property from female relations unless only daughters survived in which case the estate thus normally results in division. The principle has applied in history to inheritance of land as well as inherited titles and offices, most notably monarchies, continuing until modified or abolished. 52: 2121: 1999: 3688:). The effect of this rule was to keep the father's land for the support of the son who rendered the required military service. When feudalism declined and the payment of a tax was substituted for military service, the need for primogeniture disappeared. In England the 1540 Act permitted the oldest son to be entirely cut off from inheriting, and in the 17th century military tenure was abolished; primogeniture is, nevertheless, a fading custom of the gentry and farm owners in England and Wales. 3812: 1286: 5923: 3719:, the colonies followed English primogeniture laws. Carole Shammas argues that issues of primogeniture, dower, curtesy, strict family settlements in equity, collateral kin, and unilateral division of real and personal property were fully developed in the colonial courts. The Americans differed little from English policies regarding the status of widow, widower, and lineal descendants. The primogeniture laws were repealed at the time of the 3162: 2638: 1933:, making its passage probable. However, Zapatero's administration ended before an amendment was drafted, and the succeeding governments have not pursued it. The Prince counseled reformers that there was plenty of time before any constitutional amendment would need to be enacted because the expectation was to leave him next in line to succeed his father despite his elder sisters' continued status as 2435: 2541:"in a bedpan." Under any of these considerations, sons, some of whose lives were in times of war likely to be lost in battle, could be expected to produce more heirs. Eldest daughters could find themselves under a situation of duress on remarriage, and the concept of the trophy bride if the husband were slain is one resonant in many cultures especially before the 20th century. 2214:). However, in Scotland, Salic law or any of its variations have never been practised, and all the hereditary titles are inherited through male-preference primogeniture, where in the extinction of a male line, the eldest sister automatically receives the titles, and rules in her own right, not in the right of her son. A famous example of this is 3761:

The order of succession for all noble dignities is determined in accordance with the title of concession and, if there is none, with that traditionally applied in these cases. When the order of succession to the title is not specified in the nobility title creation charter, the following rules apply:

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by the British upper classes: "We give everything to the eldest and the others strive to duplicate it and found empires. While the oldest, having it all, marries for beauty. Which accounts, Mr President, for my good looks". But as Churchill's father was a younger son, there may have been more modesty

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far-fetched so far as it might present a challenge to her ruling husband, if proving relatively able. Times of turbulence were more likely when a queen regnant/female main heir allowed to inherit was married to or remarried to a similar-status foreign leader, as was conventional for high-status women

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followed a similar matrilineal system of descent: the eldest member of the family, whether male or female, became its head and ruler. While male rulers were called Ali Rajah, female rulers were known as Arakkal Beevis. Usually after one king, his nephew through his sister succeeded to the throne, and

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when the last male titleholder dies leaving more than one surviving sister or more than one descendant in the legitimate female line of the original titleholder. In England, Fiefs or titles granted "in tail general" or to "heirs general" follow this system for sons, but daughters are considered equal

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was succeeded by his eldest son but, failing sons, either by daughters or sons of daughters. In most medieval Western European feudal fiefs, females (such as daughters and sisters) were allowed to succeed, brothers failing. But usually the husband of the heiress became the real lord, ruling in right

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period, there arose a trend where the extinction of agnatic lineages forced the consideration of women's claims; nevertheless, the desire for a male heir saw the women themselves excluded from the succession in favor of their sons, so that women could transmit claims but not inherit themselves. Such

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Many English nobility descend by Salic, male primogeniture so have a greater average rate of extinction. For many other titles, if the male line ceases to exist, the title automatically passes to the closest elder sister and her descendants. It could sometimes also pass through a line of descendants

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Since the Middle Ages, the quasi-Salic principle was prevalent for the inheritance of feudal land in the Holy Roman Empire: inheritance was allowed through females when the male line expired. Females themselves did not inherit, but their male issue could. For example, a grandfather without sons was

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In Japan, the Imperial chronologies include eight reigning empresses from ancient times up through the Edo period; however, their successors were most often selected from amongst the males of the paternal Imperial bloodline, which is why some conservative scholars argue that the women's reigns were

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English primogeniture endures mainly in titles of nobility: any first-placed direct male-line descendant (e.g. eldest son's son's son) inherits the title before siblings and similar, this being termed "by right of substitution" for the deceased heir; secondly where children were only daughters they

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tribe, it was widely expected that the late Rain Queen's daughter, Masalanabo, would succeed to the queenship upon turning 18. A ceremony to celebrate her anticipated queenship was officially held in 2018. In May 2021, however, the Royal Council announced that Masalanabo would instead be appointed

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The common definition given is also known as male-line primogeniture, the classical form popular in European jurisdictions among others until into the 20th century. In the absence of male-line offspring, variations were expounded to entitle a daughter or a brother or, in the absence of either, to

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There are various versions of semi-Salic law also, although in all forms women do not succeed by application of the same kind of primogeniture as was in effect among males in the family. Rather, the female who is nearest in kinship to the last male monarch of the family inherits, even if another

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hen land was considered as the means, not of subsistence merely, but of power and protection, it was thought better that it should descend undivided to one. In those disorderly times, every great landlord was a sort of petty prince. His tenants were his subjects. He was their judge, and in some

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in preference to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relative. In most contexts, it means the inheritance of the firstborn son (agnatic primogeniture); it can also mean by the firstborn daughter (matrilineal primogeniture), or firstborn child

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nobility and royal families. Through this system, descent and the inheritance of property were passed from the maternal uncle to nephews or nieces. The right of the child was with the maternal uncle or the mother's family rather than the father or the father's family. Through this bloodline,

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heir, and the presumption that the eldest or even a natural son would inherit was not enshrined. The death of an emperor led to a critical period of uncertainty and crisis. In theory, the Senate was entitled to choose the new emperor, but did so mindful of acclamation by the army or the

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Absolute preference is given to the direct descending line over the collateral and ascending line, and, within the same line, the closest degree takes precedence over the more remote and, within the same degree, the elder over the younger, combined with the principles of firstborn and

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who ruled as the next king). Often, the wife or mother of a childless king were allowed to succeed to the throne as well and allowed to rule as queen regnants in their own right, until their death, after which the throne passed to the next closest relative. An early example of this is

1937:; equal primogeniture was expected to apply first to his children. Felipe succeeded to the throne as Felipe VI upon his father's abdication in 2014, by which time he had two daughters. Felipe VI has no son that would, absent the constitutional amendment, displace Leonor as heir. 3336:

The divergence in the late 19th century of the thrones of Luxembourg and the Netherlands, both subject to semi-Salic law, resulted from the fact that the Luxembourg line of succession went back more generations than did the Dutch line. The Luxembourg succession was set by the

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According to the Spanish Ministry of Justice, the default custom of succession is absolute primogeniture, but the titleholder may designate his or her successor or distribute titles among children, provided that the eldest inherits the highest title unless he waives that

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met at Placentia Bay in August 1941, Roosevelt said he could not understand the British aristocracy's concept of primogeniture, and he intended to divide his estate equally between his five children; Churchill explained that an equal distribution was nicknamed the

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Another variation on agnatic primogeniture is the so-called semi-Salic law, or "agnatic-cognatic primogeniture", which allows women to succeed only at the extinction of all the male descendants in the male line of the particular legislator. Such were the cases of

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and on remaining in favor with the emperor and his council at court. Other than meeting requirements for personal wealth, the qualifications for belonging to the senatorial or equestrian orders varied from generation to generation, and in the later Empire, the

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if and only if she has no living brothers and no deceased brothers who left surviving legitimate descendants. Then, older daughters and their lines come before younger daughters and their lines, thus a daughter inherits before her uncle and his descendants.

2845:, potentially brought lifelong privileges that the next generation could inherit, the principle of inherited rank in general was little used. Rather, Roman aristocracy was based on competition, and a Roman family could not maintain its position in the 3680:. The statute gave power to landowners to "devise" land by the use of a new device, part of any will, including heading "testament". The default setting of such primogeniture applying absent express written words in England was not changed until the 5413: 2982:. The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the University of Paris resolved that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded. This ruling became a key point of contention in the subsequent 2532:

of England did not wait until death and remarried twice on the basis of lack of producing a male heir, on the second occasion beheading his queen "for witchcraft". A small minority of monarchs in many countries have openly made their heir

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and primogeniture competed, and outcomes were at times unpredictable. Proximity meant that an heir closer in degree of kinship to the lord in question was given precedence although that heir was not necessarily the heir by primogeniture.

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would enjoy the fettered use (life use) of an equal amount of the underlying real asset and the substantive free use (such as one-half inheritance) would accrue to their most senior-line male descendant or contingent on her marriage (

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Some countries, however, accepted female rulers early on, so that if the monarch had no sons, the throne would pass to the eldest daughter, or in a few cases, the next closest female relative. Examples of queens in antiquity include

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are inherited through male-preference primogeniture, where in the extinction of a male line, the eldest sister automatically receives the titles, and rules in her own right, not in the right of her son. A famous example of this is

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Research shows that authoritarian regimes that rely on primogeniture for succession were more stable than forms of authoritarian rule with alternative succession arrangements. Scholars have linked primogeniture to a decline in

3684:. In law, primogeniture is the rule of inheritance whereby land descends to the oldest son. Under the feudal system of medieval Europe, primogeniture generally governed the inheritance of land held in military tenure (see 2157:'s sons and their lines of descent all come before the dynast's daughters and their lines. Older sons and their lines come before younger sons and their lines. It accords succession to the throne to a female member of a 3461:, not to his half-sisters, though they were elder, having been born of the father's first marriage, while the earl himself was from second marriage. Full siblings were considered higher in proximity than half-siblings. 1926:

reaffirmed the intention of the government to institute, by amendment of the Spanish constitution, absolute primogeniture. Zapatero's proposal was supported by the leader of the main opposition party, the conservative

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another collateral relative, in a specified order (e.g., male-preference primogeniture, Salic primogeniture, semi-Salic primogeniture). Variations have tempered the traditional, sole-beneficiary, right (such as French

3723:. Thomas Jefferson took the lead in repealing the law in Virginia, where nearly three-fourths of Tidewater land and perhaps a majority of western lands were entailed. Canada had the same law but repealed it in 1851. 3377:

succeeded by his grandson, the son of his daughter, although the daughter still lived. Likewise, an uncle without sons of his own was succeeded by his nephew, a son of his sister, even if the sister still lived.

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co-heirs to each other, which can result in abeyance. In the medieval period, actual practice varied with local custom. While women could inherit manors, power was usually exercised by their husbands (

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to be a potential heir to the territories of every branch of the dynasty. Insofar as the succession is concerned, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is the successor state to the Principality of (Orange-)

1906:, a plan to legislate changes to absolute primogeniture. This came into effect with the necessary legislation on 26 March 2015. Other monarchies have considered changing to absolute primogeniture: 2488:

The preference for males in most systems of primogeniture (and in other mechanisms of hereditary succession) comes mostly from the perceived nature of the tasks and role of the monarch: a monarch/

2229:. In many of these kingdoms, adoption was allowed from a relative if a monarch did not have children, and the adopted child could succeed to the throne at the death of the monarch. (For example, 4419: 3794:, in which the Earl's eldest daughter cannot inherit her father's estate as entrusted, unless all of the adult beneficiaries amend the trust (a legal position established in the 1841 case 2333:

primogeniture. Since 1800, the Balobedu Royal Council has appointed only female descendants to the queenship. The position has been unoccupied and stewarded by a regent since the death of

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inherited the British crown under male-preference primogeniture but, because of semi-Salic law, was not the heir to that of Hanover, which passed to William's eldest surviving brother,

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surnames, titles, properties, and everything of the child are inherited from his uncle or mother. Almost all the monarchs in Kerala practised this system, including the monarchs of the

2992:, which asserted that no female or her descendants could inherit the throne, as a governing rule for the French succession. Although Salic law excludes female lines, it also mandates 4448:"you: Eleazor the Priest and Joshua son of Nun. And you shall also take a chieftain from each tribe through whom the land shall be apportioned. These are the names of the men... 2185:(effective March 26, 2015) changed it to absolute primogeniture (to the eldest legitimate child, regardless of sex). This rule change was simultaneously adopted by the other 4827: 4138: 3691:

An ancient and alternative way in which women succeeded to power, especially without displacing the direct male line descendants of the first monarchs, was consortium or

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of land-owning feudal lords be kept as large and as united as possible to maintain social stability as well as the wealth, power and social standing of their families.

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In much of Europe younger sons of the nobility had no prospect of inheriting by death any property, and commonly sought careers in the Church, in military service (see

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primogeniture, is a system that excludes any female from inheritance of a monarch's principal possessions. Generally known in western Europe as an application of the "

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female of the dynasty is senior by primogeniture. Among sisters (and the lines of descendants issuing from them), the elder are preferred to the younger. In reckoning

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is a form of primogeniture in which sex is irrelevant for inheritance; the oldest surviving child without regard to sex inherits the throne. Mathematically this is a

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also deviated from traditional primogeniture in the late 20th or early 21st century by restricting succession to the crown to relatives within a specified degree of

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to the last holder, as abeyant holders, until they become parents or ancestors to a male descendant who is first born to 'settle the abeyance'. Some senior agnatic

5754: 2403:(1956), this form of inheritance is no longer recognised by law. Regardless, the pretender to the Travancore throne is still determined by matrilinear succession. 537: 4207:

Baccelli, Francois; Haji-Mirsadeghi, Mir-Omid; Khezeli, Ali (2018). "Eternal family trees and dynamics on unimodular random graphs". In Sobieczky, Florian (ed.).

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as to property results in faster division of land. However, primogeniture, in forcing landless people to seek wealth outside the family estate to maintain their

4298: 3295:, the court ruled "Women cannot transmit a right which they do not possess", reinforcing agnatic primogeniture. This dispute was among the factors behind the 2827:

governed much of Europe, and the laws pertaining to inheritance made no distinction between the oldest or youngest, male or female, if the decedent died

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succeeded to the throne of Kashmir in 980 CE until her death in 1003 CE. She had previously ruled as regent from 958 to 980 for her son and grandsons.

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Acharya, Avidit; Lee, Alexander (1 November 2019). "Path Dependence in European Development: Medieval Politics, Conflict, and State Building".

2578:. This lessens family pressures to sell property, such as if two (or more) children inherit a house and cannot afford to buy out the other(s). 2337:, the most recent Rain Queen, in 2005. The Balobedu Royal Council has not published information concerning its succession norms, but among the 2890:. Thus, neither an emperor nor his heir had an inherent "right" to rule, and did so through military power and the Senate's symbolic consent. 3991:

Kokkonen, Andrej; Sundell, Anders (May 2014). "Delivering Stability—Primogeniture and Autocratic Survival in European Monarchies 1000–1800".

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but has no place in the line of succession. In the absence of nephews, nieces could also succeed to the kingdom, as in the case of Queen

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A variation of this form of primogeniture allowed the sons of female dynasts to inherit, but not women themselves, an example being the

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originally had a monopoly on the authority to sanction marriage. Its teachings forbid polygamy and state divorce is an impossibility

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and to titles of nobility in Spain, and no person may be given preference in the normal order of succession for reasons of gender.

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Agnatic primogeniture or patrilineal primogeniture is inheritance according to seniority of birth among the sons of a monarch or

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government proposed adopting absolute primogeniture, but the monarchy was abolished in 2008 before the change could be effected.

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A woman's right and obligation to inherit property in the absence of a male heir in the family was recorded in the case of the

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was a rare example of a queen who succeeded her father even when her brothers were alive. She was the reigning queen of the

5972: 5542: 4868: 2246:, who ascended the throne of Kashmir in 980 CE after the death of her grandson and ruled until 1003 CE. Another example is 1314: 4751:

Brewer, Holly (1997). "Entailing Aristocracy in Colonial Virginia: 'Ancient Feudal Restraints' and Revolutionary Reform".

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was passed in 1540, a will could control only personal property. Real estate (land) passed to the eldest male descendant

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were younger sons who had to make their fortune in war. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, many younger sons of

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Some monarchies have (at least in principle) no element of heredity in their laws of succession at all and monarchs are

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which pitted the Salic and female-line heirs of the ruling dynasty against one another for possession of the crown.

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who was the queen regnant from 1810 to 1813. Since Indian Independence and the passing of several acts such as the

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decreed a reform of the succession to noble titles from male-preference primogeniture to absolute primogeniture.

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for their family security and diplomacy. Such a situation was a major source of civil wars; one example is the

1452: 900: 493: 2962:. After this it was declared that women could not inherit the French throne. Then in 1328, after the death of 2868:("esteem") that attended on senatorial or equestrian rank was refined further with additional titles, such as 2387: 2225:

A similar system was practised in many of the kingdoms of the Indian subcontinent from the Middle Ages to the

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Common in feudal Europe outside of Germany was land inheritance based on male-preference primogeniture: A

2492:(the latter means in Latin, chieftain) most usually was, first and foremost, a military leader, as in the 2318:

is a form of succession in which the eldest female child inherits the throne, to the exclusion of males.

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ruling that "Women do not succeed the kingdom of France". In 1328 it was further elaborated to solve the

3077: 1960: 1440: 962: 4525: 3365:, whereas Luxembourg still had an agnatic heir from a distant branch of the dynasty left to succeed; ex- 2996:, rather than primogeniture. This rule developed among successions in France in the later Middle Ages. 2519:

and any rivalry of a new queen consort by her personal and companions' physical strength was within the

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A bill to reform hereditary peerage inheritance law was tabled in 2013 for absolute primogeniture. The

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Social norms pointing to kings further flow from making clear, first-generation survivors, so to avoid

2298: 1879: 1134: 957: 766: 646: 7225: 3419:. John was only one generation of consanguinity removed from the late duke instead of two for Charles. 3411:, son of a younger daughter, on basis of blood proximity, being a nearer cousin of the dead duke than 315: 7503: 7190: 7125: 7115: 7100: 6435: 6382: 6292: 5365: 4514: 4503: 4449: 4420:"Prince Lekukela Modjadji ascends to Balobedu royal family throne - instead of his sister Masalanabo" 3617: 3568:

succeeded to the combined thrones of León, Castile and Galicia in 1109 after the death of her father

3542: 2796:, i. e. a small amount of lentil stew. This passage demonstrates that primogeniture was known in the 1929: 1867: 1863: 1538: 1139: 994: 740: 400: 7325: 4209:

Unimodularity in Randomly Generated Graphs: AMS Special Session, October 8–9, 2016, Denver, Colorado

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who had left Britain and Ireland fortuneless due to primogeniture. These were key ancestors of the

2453: 2174: 1436: 1307: 483: 433: 240: 2194: 582: 6823: 6515: 6498: 6488: 6463: 6307: 6033: 5408: 5375: 5155: 4611: 3536: 3244:) forbade any inheritance of a crown through the female line. This rule was adopted to solve the 3223: 3176: 3136: 2808: 2659: 2557:(661–721) on the throne (but only because she was a Princess of the Imperial family, daughter of 2148: 1911: 1423:, eliminate the preference for males over females (absolute male-preference primogeniture). Most 1387: 856: 463: 131: 7573: 7543: 7458: 7305: 7017: 6950: 6818: 6767: 6699: 6599: 6589: 6387: 6322: 6129: 6058: 5852: 5735: 5481: 5450: 5266: 5170: 5148: 4388: 3785: 3754: 2310: 2290: 2254:

in 1819 CE after the death of her husband and ruled until 1837 CE. Other famous queens include

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In England all land passed to any widow strictly for life, then by primogeniture. Until the

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succeeded to the throne of the Kingdom of Aragon in 1137 after the abdication of her father

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merely by hereditary succession or title to land. Although the eldest son typically carried

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Smith, Adam (1776), Penn State Electronic Classics edition, republished 2005, pp. 312–313.

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Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2000). "The constitutional economics of autocratic succession".

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Male-preference primogeniture (in the past called cognatic primogeniture) provides that a

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Masters and Commanders: The Military Geniuses who Led the West to Victory in World War II

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Later, when lands were strictly divided among noble families and tended to remain fixed,

3443: 3284: 3130: 3024: 3004: 2967: 2538: 2537:; stories abound of others as newborns brought to the expectant queen consort such as to 2508: 2445: 2412: 2170: 2042: 1495: 1432: 1428: 1300: 1232: 690: 677: 664: 188: 3788:

was socially dubbed the "Downton law/bill" in reference to the British television drama

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between husband and wife or other relatives. The most notable are the Egyptian cases of

3015:. Other states adopted Salic primogeniture as well, including Belgium, Sweden, Denmark ( 2120: 390: 340: 7437: 7260: 7255: 7220: 7200: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7140: 7135: 7080: 6987: 6833: 6704: 6594: 6574: 6530: 6473: 6468: 6445: 6412: 6402: 6392: 6274: 5858: 5182: 4979: 4768: 4733: 4589: 4581: 4357: 4248: 4212: 4189: 4112: 4069: 4026: 3940: 3838: 3796: 3653: 3599: 3561: 3557: 3532: 3465:

However, primogeniture increasingly won legal cases over proximity in later centuries.

3454: 3435: 3416: 3395: 3354: 3338: 3292: 3261: 3257: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3069: 3032: 3012: 3000: 2979: 2975: 2959: 2951: 2709: 2655: 2575: 2546: 2512: 2457: 2416: 2396: 2367: 2271: 2238: 2186: 2166: 2103: 1915: 1899: 1871: 1847: 1761: 1713: 1621: 1526: 1448: 1444: 1252: 1129: 1070: 999: 797: 784: 758: 415: 260: 126: 4662: 4539: 3553: 3117:

declared "women do not succeed to the throne of France". In 1328, Philip's successor,

2950:". This rule developed among successions in France in the later Middle Ages. In 1316, 7463: 7453: 7416: 7290: 7275: 7150: 7120: 7090: 7085: 7060: 6997: 6992: 6982: 6853: 6802: 6689: 6684: 6407: 6043: 6028: 5927: 5651: 5636: 5256: 5122: 5072: 5067: 4807: 4689: 4593: 4549:

Smith, Adam (1776), Penn State Electronic Classics edition, republished 2006, p. 312.

4289:"Royal equality act will end succession of firstborn male – rather than older sister" 4252: 4230: 4193: 4181: 4116: 4104: 4087:

Kokkonen, Andrej; Sundell, Anders (11 June 2019). "Leader Succession and Civil War".

4061: 4018: 3971: 3944: 3932: 3863: 3856: 3843: 3727: 3704: 3657: 3603: 3585: 3408: 3357:

in 1815 as belonging exclusively to the descendants of Prince William VI, who became

3302:

Conflict between the Salic law and the male-preferred system was also the genesis of

3253: 3057: 3036: 2983: 2955: 2285:

Male-preference primogeniture is currently practised in succession to the thrones of

2079: 1792: 1776: 1744: 1728: 1696: 1662: 1630: 1612: 1590: 1522: 1483: 1257: 1242: 1161: 851: 722: 669: 651: 597: 577: 562: 552: 385: 370: 320: 300: 168: 116: 111: 89: 84: 36: 4716:

Shammas, Carole (1987). "English inheritance law and its transfer to the colonies".

4073: 4030: 2776:

The earliest account of primogeniture to be known widely in modern times is that of

2550: 1557:) replace a ruler, thus making it less desirable to cause the death of the monarch. 1554: 7479: 7443: 7361: 7185: 6955: 6900: 6863: 6838: 6828: 6762: 6714: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6614: 6609: 6302: 6048: 5828: 5820: 5748: 5445: 5385: 5138: 5024: 5014: 4999: 4969: 4760: 4725: 4573: 4222: 4173: 4096: 4053: 4008: 4000: 3963: 3924: 3673: 3524: 3493: 3439: 3249: 3145: 3093: 3084: 3065: 2986:. Over the following century, French jurists adopted a clause from the 6th century 2887: 2842: 2833: 2729: 2617: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2219: 2190: 1534: 1333: 1269: 1168: 1117: 602: 517: 213: 183: 136: 3353:, in 1813. Succession to the new Kingdom of the Netherlands was recognised by the 7356: 7105: 7075: 7070: 6930: 6920: 6885: 6875: 6858: 6694: 6649: 6564: 6282: 6257: 6104: 5871: 5693: 5683: 5659: 5596: 5462: 5418: 5319: 5019: 5004: 4669: 4546: 4468: 4240: 3967: 3902: 3528: 3391:), though on her death the title would not remain with him but pass to her heir. 3342: 3061: 2899: 2793: 2733: 2558: 2504: 2493: 2350: 2334: 2279: 2075: 1964: 1903: 1290: 861: 789: 753: 685: 592: 587: 532: 405: 380: 325: 4562:(1983). "Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status". 4487:

de Tocqueville, Alexis (1835). "3-The Social Condition of the Anglo-Americans".

1998: 7498: 7280: 7265: 7230: 6970: 6965: 6848: 6782: 6654: 6312: 6287: 6192: 6109: 6063: 5776: 5547: 5530: 5467: 5440: 5423: 5112: 5045: 5009: 4989: 4226: 3370: 3318: 2854: 2590: 2554: 2525: 2392: 2330: 2178: 1553:, as clear rules of succession reduce the number of people who could (absent a 1530: 1511: 1487: 1099: 1021: 527: 285: 208: 163: 4004: 3928: 1478:

Other forms of inheritance in monarchies have existed or continue. Currently,

7562: 7145: 6910: 6905: 6327: 6185: 6144: 6124: 5866: 5833: 5631: 5611: 5562: 5219: 5160: 5077: 4974: 4559: 4185: 4108: 4100: 4065: 4057: 4022: 3936: 3875: 3790: 3241: 3105: 3073: 2903: 2878: 2870: 2613: 2534: 2275: 2267: 2099: 2071: 2023: 1952: 1503: 1464: 1217: 1112: 1092: 1082: 895: 420: 410: 350: 310: 305: 146: 6674: 4653:. (John Wiley & Sons, 2009, originally published 1988 in German.) p. 16. 3291:(the son of Charles' sister Isabella). While Edward had a stronger claim by 7235: 6757: 6719: 6619: 6202: 5838: 5814: 5781: 5762: 5743: 5698: 5671: 5664: 5646: 5584: 5360: 5314: 5309: 5212: 5197: 5040: 4293: 3700: 3631: 3582:

succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem in 1131 after the death of her father.

3346: 3040: 2838: 2820: 2801: 2597: 2255: 2087: 1472: 1420: 1395: 1077: 952: 917: 701: 522: 395: 360: 218: 4177: 3894:"primogeniture, n.". OED Online. September 2019. Oxford University Press. 3133:

took the throne and added another rule to illegitimize Edward, that being

1011: 7467: 6976: 6772: 6664: 6659: 6579: 6170: 6154: 5806: 5606: 5491: 5380: 5355: 5343: 5324: 5207: 5187: 5097: 4994: 3847: 3800:). A Lords' Committee was chosen for Committee Stage, which rejected it. 3665: 3638:

succeeded to the combined thrones of Denmark, Norway and Sweden in 1387.

3513: 3497: 3387: 2797: 2770: 2713: 2379: 2210: 2204: 1979: 1951:, it has been debated whether or not to adopt absolute primogeniture, as 1934: 1491: 1391: 1247: 1212: 984: 942: 888: 846: 816: 641: 375: 255: 156: 3895: 3450:

reverted the situation in favor of the Bruce, due to political exigency.

3394:

In more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of

3076:

which has included women in inheritance since the 16th century, and the

2154: 1285: 7022: 6960: 6879: 6119: 6084: 5899: 5786: 5403: 4984: 4772: 3817: 3696: 3481: 3322: 3148:

succession to the throne of Spain that was applied in 1947–1978.

2922:, explains the origin of primogeniture in Europe in the following way: 2913: 2609: 2529: 2322: 2091: 1895: 1104: 1055: 979: 473: 295: 223: 74: 4737: 4682:

Ebtehaj, Fatemeh; Herring, Jonathan; Richards, Martin (29 July 2011).

4608:

The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium

4585: 4352: 4013: 3083:

However, in Scotland, Salic law has never been practised, and all the

2881:

indicated their choice of successor, usually a close family member or

2744:

and Asian cultures, religious officials and customs either sanctioned

2545:

temporary and that male-only succession tradition must be maintained.

910: 7381: 7371: 6940: 6247: 6134: 5800: 5601: 5552: 5535: 5473: 5455: 5229: 5143: 3692: 3661: 3517: 3485: 3473: 3307: 3237: 3044: 2988: 2978:, Edward was closest related as eldest son of the sister of Charles, 2947: 2937: 2828: 2824: 2717: 2516: 2500: 2424: 2420: 2375: 2107: 2031: 1858:

No monarchy implemented this form of primogeniture before 1980, when

1237: 1222: 1173: 1124: 1033: 989: 969: 937: 881: 871: 826: 821: 443: 250: 233: 203: 4764: 4606:

Hopkins, Keith (2000). "The Political Economy of the Roman Empire".

3811: 3161: 2666:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1902:

which have a common monarch—Elizabeth II at that date—announced the

7518: 7401: 7391: 7210: 6709: 5981: 5688: 5621: 5557: 5370: 5348: 5244: 5192: 4950: 4820: 4729: 4577: 4217: 3851: 3431: 2745: 2705: 2605: 2520: 2326: 2198: 2189:

that have the same monarch as their head of state. With respect to

2165:

It was practised in the succession to the once-separate thrones of

1956: 1572: 1550: 1499: 1416: 1207: 1151: 1016: 876: 245: 178: 43: 4320: 3664:'s death in 1553, who in turn was herself succeeded by her sister 3125:, claimed the throne not for herself, but through her to her son, 2197:

in the United Kingdom, but usually these baronies by writ go into

2110:

defines who among female relatives is "nearest" to the last male.

7411: 7366: 7341: 6895: 6604: 6222: 6175: 6114: 6038: 5992: 5641: 5435: 5428: 5293: 5089: 3869: 3771: 3505: 3489: 3314: 3303: 3019:) and all of the eastern European monarchies except Greece, i.e. 2943: 2907: 2858: 2601: 2586: 2338: 2230: 2158: 2027: 1987: 1891: 1887: 1264: 1156: 1065: 947: 905: 866: 335: 193: 173: 141: 69: 7493: 7406: 6669: 6569: 6212: 6068: 5616: 5568: 5337: 3685: 3643: 3531:

was the Byzantine Empress regnant from 797 till 802 CE. Later,

3229: 2757: 2489: 2286: 2083: 1983: 1975: 1883: 1859: 1460: 1195: 228: 4321:"Live Latest News Headlines | newkerala.com News Channel" 4206: 2919:

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

2788:, who was born second. Esau was entitled to the "birthright" ( 1372: 5950: 5705: 5301: 4899:"Equality (Titles) Bill [HL] 2013-14 – UK Parliament" 3546: 3509: 3427: 2785: 2777: 2741: 2561:), remain the sole exceptions to this conventional argument. 2294: 2243: 2094:

until absolute primogeniture was introduced on 20 June 2011.

1948: 1941: 1569: 1456: 1369: 1200: 1190: 290: 151: 3624:

succeeded to Scotland in 1542 after the death of her father

3109:

a system was called "quasi-Salic". In 1317, to illegitimize

7376: 6217: 6207: 6197: 6180: 4919: 3457:(in the beginning of 14th century) went to full sisters of 3381: 2893: 2781: 2509:

mothers faced high risk in enduring such regular childbirth

2354: 2113: 1378: 1360: 1351: 1345: 1028: 3958:

Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2004). "Autocratic Succession".

3321:

since 1714, were separated in 1837 upon the death of King

1967:(the younger brother of Naruhito, and next in line to the 1357: 5678: 3141:– one cannot transmit a right that one does not possess. 1366: 5755:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

3616:

inherited Scotland on the death of her grandfather King

3050: 2082:, i.e. most German monarchies. This was also the law of 2608:

in the Colonies. Many of the early Virginians who were

4681: 3743: 3660:

succeeded to the Kingdom of England after her brother

3539:

were co-monarchs of the Byzantine empire from 1042 CE.

3442:

argued his claim based on primogeniture. The arbiter,

3228:

A case of agnatic primogeniture is exemplified in the

3080:, which has done so since its establishment in 1702. 2958:, was debarred from the throne in favor of her uncle, 2898:

The law of primogeniture in Europe has its origins in

4131:"Tracking the "Arab Spring": Why the Modest Harvest?" 2503:. Lacking advanced healthcare and resource-conscious 2030:

succession is also referred to as application of the

1363: 1336: 3807: 3446:, decided in favor of primogeniture. But later, the 3096:, who was the Countess of Carrick in her own right. 2593:

for an already suitably educated, disinherited son.

2222:, who was the Countess of Carrick in her own right. 2193:, it is usually the rule everywhere in Scotland and 1560: 1342: 1339: 3770:Men and women have an equal right of succession to 3646:throne in 1632 after the death of her father, King 3287:(the son of Charles' uncle Charles of Valois) over 3003:'s conquests, Salic law was adopted, including the 2853:in some form, he was expected to construct his own 1878:. Several monarchies have since followed suit: the 1386:) is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn 1354: 1348: 4535: 4533: 3369:, who became reigning Grand Duke, thus ending the 3957: 3914: 2792:בְּכוֹרָה), but he sold the right to Jacob for a 2037: 1808:Absolute cognatic primogeniture diagram. Legend: 7560: 2767:Esau Sells His Birthright for Pottage of Lentils 2046:Agnatic-cognatic primogeniture diagram. Legend: 1866:to adopt it in royal succession. This displaced 4530: 4086: 3990: 2716:and, in his view, thus, quickened the shift to 2124:Male-preference primogeniture diagram. Legend: 4486: 4389:"The Restoration of South Africa's Rain Queen" 3606:succeeded to the throne of Navarre in 1274 CE. 27:Inheritance by the eldest, usually male, child 5966: 4935: 4891: 2970:, became king, notwithstanding the claims of 2704:observes that abolition of primogeniture and 2349:In Kerala, southern India, a custom known as 1914:on 31 October 2005 to the then heir apparent 1533:from among Imperial magnates, while kings of 1308: 3415:, grandson of the elder daughter and son of 3264:(daughter of Louis and sister of John), the 2456:. There might be a discussion about this on 2304: 1898:in 2011. In 2011, the governments of the 16 3710: 3190:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3134: 3068:titles. Notable English exceptions are the 2583:purchase of commissions in the British Army 2078:, as well as most realms within the former 1463:(male-preference primogeniture) along with 5973: 5959: 4942: 4928: 4640:. p. 90, calls them "status-appellations". 4043: 3740:than mock-vanity than Roosevelt realised. 3260:(brother of Louis and uncle of John) over 2513:about 10% of women could not have children 1315: 1301: 4860: 4625:The Political Economy of the Roman Empire 4417: 4216: 4012: 3831:List of monarchies by order of succession 3210:Learn how and when to remove this message 2682:Learn how and when to remove this message 2574:Primogeniture by definition prevents the 2476:Learn how and when to remove this message 2237:who ruled as king and he in turn adopted 1799: 1529:was chosen by a small number of powerful 4787:The Oxford Companion to Canadian History 2894:Reemergence in medieval and modern times 2831:. Although admission to the two highest 2761: 2553:(680–748), who succeeded her mother the 2119: 2114:Male-preference (cognatic) primogeniture 2041: 1997: 1993: 1803: 1756: 1708: 1676: 1636: 1564: 4798: 4715: 4348: 4346: 2604:aristocrats chose to leave England for 2406: 2329:nation has been cited as an example of 2002:Agnatic primogeniture diagram. Legend: 14: 7561: 6008:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 4866: 4750: 4688:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 206. 4558: 4461:"Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl" 4399:from the original on 21 September 2018 4386: 3351:William VI of Nassau, Prince of Orange 3151: 3121:, also died sonless; Charles' sister, 2569: 1480:succession to the Saudi Arabian throne 746:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil 6238: 5954: 4923: 4651:Politics and Society in Imperial Rome 4482: 4480: 4159: 3896:https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/151368 3317:and Great Britain, which had been in 3277:dispute over the legitimate successor 3246:dispute over the legitimate successor 3051:British and French titles of nobility 2585:), or in government. Some wills made 4869:"Ladies Who Could Soon be a Leaping" 4867:Graham, Georgia (29 December 2013). 4343: 4286: 3341:, which declared each prince of the 3188:adding citations to reliable sources 3155: 2712:accelerated the death of the landed 2631: 2627: 2511:. Also in pre-20th century medicine 2428: 4141:from the original on 7 January 2020 3962:. Vol. 103. pp. 358–362. 3835:Contrasting systems of succession: 3744:Reform of noble title primogeniture 3373:of the Netherlands and Luxembourg. 1752: Male-preference primogeniture 1704: Male-preference primogeniture 1670: Male-preference primogeniture 678:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy 24: 6003:List of current sovereign monarchs 4477: 4301:from the original on 8 August 2017 4287:Watt, Nicholas (28 October 2011). 3682:Administration of Estates Act 1925 3252:, the short-lived son of deceased 3099: 1874:, in favor of his elder daughter, 25: 7605: 4718:American Journal of Legal History 4418:Makhafola, Getrude (9 May 2021). 4387:Allsop, Jon (21 September 2018). 4331:from the original on 4 March 2016 3993:American Political Science Review 3960:The Encyclopedia of Public Choice 3779: 3407:in 1361 was resolved in favor of 3359:King William I of the Netherlands 3349:, which was given in exchange to 3039:. During this era, Spain (in the 1561:Order of succession in monarchies 1427:have eliminated this, including: 6521:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5922: 5921: 4879:from the original on 29 May 2018 3810: 3331:Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover 3160: 2636: 2433: 2183:Succession to the Crown Act 2013 2074:until 1833 and the dominions of 1959:. However, the birth in 2006 of 1539:elected directly by the nobility 1332: 1284: 647:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire 50: 5998:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 4850: 4806:. London: Penguin. p. 53. 4792: 4779: 4744: 4709: 4675: 4656: 4643: 4630: 4617: 4600: 4552: 4519: 4508: 4497: 4454: 4442: 4430:from the original on 9 May 2021 4411: 4380: 4364: 4313: 4280: 4264: 3634:(Denmark, Norway and Sweden) - 777:Spanish transition to democracy 454:Les Six livres de la République 5980: 5487:Right of way (property access) 4200: 4153: 4123: 4080: 4037: 3984: 3951: 3908: 3888: 3642:, later succeeded to the sole 2954:, the only surviving child of 2038:Agnatic-cognatic primogeniture 1409: 494:Democracy: The God That Failed 13: 1: 4828:"Nobility and Grandee Titles" 4089:Comparative Political Studies 4046:Comparative Political Studies 3881: 3580:Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem 3090:Marjorie, Countess of Carrick 2366:who were the monarchs of the 2216:Marjorie, Countess of Carrick 2140:Diagonal: cannot be displaced 2062:Diagonal: cannot be displaced 2015:Diagonal: cannot be displaced 1922:, the Spanish Prime Minister 1886:in 1990 (not retroactively), 1824:Diagonal: cannot be displaced 1622:Male-preference primogeniture 772:Birth of the Italian Republic 6013:List of monarchy referendums 4949: 4166:Frühmittelalterliche Studien 3968:10.1007/978-0-306-47828-4_39 3060:are granted from the outset 2931: 2814: 2723: 2612:owners were younger sons of 2564: 2227:Indian independence movement 1990:to the most recent monarch. 1924:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 1769: Absolute primogeniture 1721: Absolute primogeniture 1649: Absolute primogeniture 1394:the parent's entire or main 7: 5793:Two Treatises of Government 4832:Spanish Ministry of Justice 3905:(accessed 26 October 2019). 3803: 3339:Nassau House Treaty of 1783 3299:, which broke out in 1337. 3072:, which is merged with the 2874:, that were not inherited. 2751: 2662:the claims made and adding 1971:) has suspended the debate. 1785: Agnatic primogeniture 1737: Agnatic primogeniture 1689: Agnatic primogeniture 1655: Agnatic primogeniture 731:Austro-Hungarian Compromise 657:Birth of the Dutch Republic 10: 7610: 4753:William and Mary Quarterly 3703:, and the monarchs of the 3640:Christina, Queen of Sweden 3221: 2935: 2857:based on competence as an 2784:, who was born first, and 2755: 2410: 2308: 2146: 1916:Felipe, Prince of Asturias 1853: 1714:Southeast Asian monarchies 1399:(absolute primogeniture). 767:Siamese revolution of 1932 7425: 7334: 7048: 6811: 6745: 6557: 6548: 6444: 6426: 6358: 6273: 6231: 6163: 6077: 6021: 5988: 5917: 5714: 5516: 5396: 5289: 5282: 5131: 5088: 5033: 4957: 4005:10.1017/S000305541400015X 3901:26 September 2020 at the 3618:Alexander III of Scotland 2960:Philip, Count of Poitiers 2316:Matrilineal primogeniture 2305:Matrilineal primogeniture 1779:and agnatic primogeniture 1762:Middle Eastern monarchies 1731:and agnatic primogeniture 1467:(agnatic primogeniture). 1402:Its opposite analogue is 741:5 October 1910 Revolution 637:Birth of the Roman Empire 6150:Self-proclaimed monarchy 5845:The Great Transformation 5203:Labor theory of property 4565:Journal of Roman Studies 4101:10.1177/0010414019852712 4058:10.1177/0010414019830716 3748: 3711:United States and Canada 3614:Margaret, Maid of Norway 2859:administrator or general 2622:United States of America 2175:Kingdom of Great Britain 1419:) or, in the West since 484:Considerations on France 6418:Vatican City (Holy See) 5414:Forest-dwelling (India) 5376:restraint on alienation 5156:Common good (economics) 4785:Gerald Hallowell, ed., 4612:Oxford University Press 3929:10.1023/A:1005078532251 3279:of Philip V's brother, 3266:Estates-General of 1317 3224:List of female monarchs 3137:nemo dat quod non habet 2968:Philip, Count of Valois 2966:, his paternal cousin, 2809:Daughters of Zelophehad 2391:his own son receives a 2297:(before 1700 and since 2149:List of female monarchs 1912:Infanta Leonor of Spain 1482:uses a form of lateral 1100:Emperor system of Japan 6700:Islands of Refreshment 6130:Legitimacy (political) 5853:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 5627:Primitive accumulation 5482:Right of way (transit) 5267:Tragedy of the commons 5149:fictitious commodities 4903:services.parliament.uk 4685:Birth Rites and Rights 4227:10.1090/conm/719/14471 4160:Bagge, Sverre (2019). 3786:Equality (Titles) Bill 3777: 3755:Juan Carlos I of Spain 3135: 3078:Dukedom of Marlborough 2929: 2906:necessitated that the 2773: 2769:, a 1728 engraving by 2576:subdivision of estates 2311:Matrilineal succession 2282:from 1236 to 1240 CE. 2244:Queen Didda of Kashmir 2144: 2066: 2019: 1828: 1800:Absolute primogeniture 1796: 1754: 1706: 1672: 1634: 1582:Absolute primogeniture 975:Enlightened absolutism 6511:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6100:Criticism of monarchy 6090:Abolition of monarchy 5906:The Wealth of Nations 5886:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 5878:The Ethics of Liberty 4668:13 April 2010 at the 4545:13 April 2010 at the 4178:10.1515/fmst-2019-005 3759: 3732:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3717:British North America 3636:Margaret I of Denmark 3552:Combined Kingdoms of 3488:, pharaohs of Egypt, 3470:agnatic primogeniture 3455:Earldom of Gloucester 3413:Charles II of Navarre 3405:Burgundian succession 3289:Edward III of England 3009:Kingdom of Westphalia 2972:Edward III of England 2924: 2765: 2702:Alexis de Tocqueville 2535:an illegitimate child 2384:Kingdom of Valluvanad 2360:Kingdom of Travancore 2353:was practiced by the 2181:until 2015, when the 2123: 2045: 2001: 1994:Agnatic primogeniture 1955:is the only child of 1807: 1760: 1712: 1680: 1640: 1604:Agnatic primogeniture 1595:agnatic primogeniture 1568: 1455:. The exceptions are 80:Divine right of kings 6343:United Arab Emirates 5769:Progress and Poverty 5103:Common-pool resource 4490:Democracy in America 4467:7 April 2010 at the 4135:Journal of Democracy 4052:(13–14): 2171–2206. 3622:Mary, Queen of Scots 3590:Petronilla of Aragon 3576:Kingdom of Jerusalem 3422:In dispute over the 3367:Duke Adolf of Nassau 3281:Charles IV of France 3184:improve this section 3119:Charles IV of France 3113:'s claim on France, 2994:partible inheritance 2989:Pactus Legis Salicae 2697:Democracy in America 2596:Many of the Spanish 2446:confusing or unclear 2407:Preference for males 2401:Hindu Succession Act 1969:Chrysanthemum Throne 1868:King Carl XVI Gustaf 1844:lineal primogeniture 1516:succession practices 1425:monarchies in Europe 1404:partible inheritance 718:Unification of Italy 707:Second French Empire 7594:Order of succession 7589:Hereditary monarchy 7539:Trinidad and Tobago 7426:Commonwealth realms 7311:United Baltic Duchy 6454:Antigua and Barbuda 6446:Commonwealth realms 6140:Order of succession 5892:The Social Contract 5580:population transfer 5497:prior-appropriation 5176:homestead principle 4649:Winterling, Aloys. 3826:Order of succession 3721:American Revolution 3678:by operation of law 3626:James V of Scotland 3610:Kingdom of Scotland 3594:Ramiro II of Aragon 3444:Edward I of England 3424:Scottish succession 3285:Philip VI of France 3240:(attributed to the 3152:Historical examples 3131:Philip VI of France 2837:(orders), i.e. the 2570:Arguments in favour 2539:James II of England 2454:clarify the section 2413:Death in childbirth 2187:Commonwealth realms 2171:Kingdom of Scotland 1900:Commonwealth realms 1642:European monarchies 1496:Kingdom of Scotland 1291:Politics portal 691:First French Empire 665:Glorious Revolution 5872:Murray N. Rothbard 5183:Free-rider problem 4375:Kvinnlig tronföljd 4358:Nordisk familjebok 4275:Kvinnlig tronföljd 4259:Example 3.7, p. 93 3839:Proximity of blood 3797:Saunders v Vautier 3654:Kingdom of England 3600:Kingdom of Navarre 3543:Kingdom of Kashmir 3436:proximity of blood 3396:proximity of blood 3355:Congress of Vienna 3297:Hundred Years' War 3293:proximity of blood 3262:Joan II of Navarre 3258:Philip V of France 3123:Isabella of France 3115:Philip V of France 3111:Joan II of Navarre 3070:Duchy of Lancaster 3013:Kingdom of Holland 3001:Napoleon Bonaparte 2976:proximity of blood 2774: 2710:standard of living 2647:possibly contains 2547:Japanese empresses 2417:female infertility 2397:Gowri Lakshmi Bayi 2382:as well as in the 2370:, monarchs of the 2368:Kingdom of Calicut 2272:Gowri Lakshmi Bayi 2167:Kingdom of England 2145: 2104:proximity of blood 2067: 2020: 1940:In July 2006, the 1910:With the birth of 1872:Prince Carl Philip 1848:depth-first search 1829: 1797: 1755: 1707: 1682:African monarchies 1673: 1635: 1527:Holy Roman Emperor 1508:lateral succession 1130:List of monarchies 931:Related ideologies 798:Nepalese Civil War 785:Iranian Revolution 759:Russian Revolution 754:Chinese Revolution 736:German unification 18:Male primogeniture 7579:Real property law 7556: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7241:Piedmont-Sardinia 6993:Sip Song Chau Tai 6803:Thirteen Colonies 6544: 6543: 5948: 5947: 5859:What Is Property? 5652:human trafficking 5637:Regulatory taking 5512: 5511: 5257:Right to property 4813:978-0-141-02926-9 4695:978-1-84731-670-7 4236:978-1-4704-3914-9 3977:978-0-306-47828-4 3864:Issue (genealogy) 3857:Elective monarchy 3844:Agnatic seniority 3728:Winston Churchill 3705:Ptolemaic Dynasty 3658:Mary I of England 3604:Joan I of Navarre 3586:Kingdom of Aragon 3448:Independence Wars 3426:, 1290–1292, the 3254:Louis X of France 3220: 3219: 3212: 3085:hereditary titles 3041:Carlist conflicts 2984:Hundred Years War 2956:Louis X of France 2851:his father's name 2692: 2691: 2684: 2649:original research 2628:Arguments against 2486: 2485: 2478: 2372:Kingdom of Cochin 2208:) or their sons ( 2191:hereditary titles 2080:Holy Roman Empire 1876:Princess Victoria 1864:Act of Succession 1793:Agnatic seniority 1631:Agnatic seniority 1484:agnatic seniority 1325: 1324: 723:Meiji Restoration 670:French Revolution 652:Tsarist autocracy 613:Popescu-Tăriceanu 112:Abdication system 90:Royal prerogative 85:Mandate of Heaven 16:(Redirected from 7601: 7480:Irish Free State 7246:Poland–Lithuania 6555: 6554: 6506:Papua New Guinea 6236: 6235: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5952: 5951: 5925: 5924: 5829:John Stuart Mill 5749:Friedrich Engels 5730:Frédéric Bastiat 5723: 5575:Forced migration 5543:Collectivization 5287: 5286: 5166:First possession 5139:Bundle of rights 4944: 4937: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4838:on 3 August 2009 4834:. Archived from 4824: 4818: 4817: 4796: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4679: 4673: 4660: 4654: 4647: 4641: 4634: 4628: 4621: 4615: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4556: 4550: 4537: 4528: 4526:Genesis 25:31–34 4523: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4484: 4475: 4474:. 27 March 2007. 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4384: 4378: 4368: 4362: 4361:, vol. 30 (1920) 4350: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4284: 4278: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4220: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4095:(3–4): 434–468. 4084: 4078: 4077: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4016: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3912: 3906: 3892: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3674:Statute of Wills 3620:in 1286. Later, 3537:Empress Theodora 3525:Byzantine Empire 3363:Queen Wilhelmina 3274: 3250:John I of France 3215: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3164: 3156: 3140: 3094:Robert the Bruce 2999:In the lands of 2888:Praetorian Guard 2730:Christian Europe 2687: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2664:inline citations 2640: 2639: 2632: 2618:Founding Fathers 2481: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2437: 2436: 2429: 2264:Ahilyabai Holkar 2260:Keladi Chennamma 2220:Robert the Bruce 2195:baronies by writ 1957:Emperor Naruhito 1920:Princess Letizia 1790: 1784: 1774: 1768: 1751: 1742: 1736: 1726: 1720: 1703: 1694: 1688: 1669: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1628: 1619: 1610: 1601: 1588: 1579: 1535:Poland-Lithuania 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1317: 1310: 1303: 1289: 1288: 1169:Philosopher king 499: 489: 479: 469: 459: 449: 439: 401:Kuehnelt-Leddihn 137:Crowned republic 122:Chinese Legalist 61:Central concepts 54: 32: 31: 21: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7548: 7473:princely states 7421: 7357:Kingdom of Fiji 7330: 7076:Austria-Hungary 7044: 6807: 6741: 6540: 6526:Solomon Islands 6440: 6422: 6354: 6269: 6227: 6159: 6105:Democratization 6073: 6017: 5984: 5979: 5949: 5944: 5913: 5717: 5716: 5710: 5660:husband-selling 5597:Illegal logging 5592:Illegal fishing 5521: 5508: 5419:Freedom to roam 5392: 5305:(agrarian land) 5278: 5235:Property rights 5127: 5084: 5046:Estate (landed) 5029: 4953: 4948: 4918: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4800:Roberts, Andrew 4797: 4793: 4784: 4780: 4765:10.2307/2953276 4749: 4745: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4680: 4676: 4670:Wayback Machine 4661: 4657: 4648: 4644: 4638:Empire and City 4635: 4631: 4622: 4618: 4605: 4601: 4557: 4553: 4547:Wayback Machine 4538: 4531: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4498: 4485: 4478: 4469:Wayback Machine 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4381: 4369: 4365: 4351: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4285: 4281: 4269: 4265: 4237: 4205: 4201: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4085: 4081: 4042: 4038: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3956: 3952: 3913: 3909: 3903:Wayback Machine 3893: 3889: 3884: 3816: 3809: 3806: 3782: 3767:representation. 3751: 3746: 3713: 3648:Gustav II Adolf 3529:Irene of Athens 3502:Assyrian empire 3430:family pleaded 3343:House of Nassau 3283:, in favour of 3268: 3226: 3216: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3181: 3165: 3154: 3102: 3100:Quasi-Salic law 3053: 2940: 2934: 2900:Medieval Europe 2896: 2817: 2811:in Numbers 27. 2794:mess of pottage 2760: 2754: 2734:Catholic Church 2726: 2688: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2653: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2572: 2567: 2559:Prince Kusakabe 2505:family planning 2494:Book of Numbers 2482: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2451: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2409: 2388:Arakkal kingdom 2378:, the kings of 2374:as well as the 2351:Marumakkathayam 2335:Makobo Modjadji 2313: 2307: 2280:Delhi Sultanate 2252:Nawab of Bhopal 2250:who became the 2177:, and then the 2151: 2143: 2137:Black: deceased 2128:Grey: incumbent 2116: 2090:of 1797 and of 2076:Austria-Hungary 2065: 2059:Black: deceased 2050:Grey: incumbent 2040: 2018: 2012:Black: deceased 2006:Grey: incumbent 1996: 1965:Prince Akishino 1961:Prince Hisahito 1930:Partido Popular 1904:Perth Agreement 1870:'s infant son, 1856: 1840:(full) cognatic 1827: 1821:Black: deceased 1812:Grey: incumbent 1802: 1795: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1764:by succession: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1716:by succession: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1684:by succession: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1644:by succession: 1633: 1626: 1624: 1617: 1615: 1608: 1606: 1599: 1597: 1586: 1584: 1577: 1575:by succession: 1563: 1531:prince electors 1510:) or the later 1412: 1377: 1335: 1331: 1321: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1050: 1042: 1041: 1040: 932: 924: 923: 922: 841: 833: 832: 831: 811: 803: 802: 794: 790:Modern Cambodia 763: 727: 711: 695: 686:Trienio Liberal 674: 632: 624: 623: 622: 512: 504: 503: 502: 497: 487: 477: 467: 457: 447: 437: 275: 267: 266: 265: 241:Self-proclaimed 106: 98: 97: 94: 62: 37:Politics series 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7607: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7477: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7231:Ottoman Empire 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7191:Kartli-Kakheti 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7042: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6873: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6600:Central Africa 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6561: 6559: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6536:United Kingdom 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6450: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6279: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6193:Prince regnant 6190: 6189: 6188: 6178: 6173: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6110:Decolonization 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6064:Personal union 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6034:Constitutional 6031: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5978: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5869: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5784: 5779: 5777:Garrett Hardin 5774: 5773: 5772: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5726: 5724: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5654: 5649: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5572: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5548:Eminent domain 5545: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5531:Bioprospecting 5527: 5525: 5523:redistribution 5514: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5465: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5341: 5334: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5307: 5299: 5290: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5232: 5227: 5225:Natural rights 5222: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5070: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4916: 4915: 4890: 4859: 4849: 4819: 4812: 4791: 4789:(2004), p 502. 4778: 4759:(2): 307–346. 4743: 4730:10.2307/845880 4724:(2): 145–163. 4708: 4694: 4674: 4655: 4642: 4629: 4616: 4599: 4578:10.2307/300073 4560:Millar, Fergus 4551: 4529: 4518: 4507: 4496: 4476: 4453: 4441: 4410: 4379: 4363: 4342: 4312: 4279: 4263: 4235: 4199: 4172:(1): 151–189. 4152: 4122: 4079: 4036: 3999:(2): 438–453. 3983: 3976: 3950: 3923:(1/2): 63–84. 3907: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3841: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3805: 3802: 3781: 3780:United Kingdom 3778: 3776: 3775: 3768: 3753:In 2006, King 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3712: 3709: 3670: 3669: 3651: 3629: 3607: 3597: 3583: 3573: 3550: 3540: 3463: 3462: 3451: 3420: 3371:personal union 3319:personal union 3313:The crowns of 3218: 3217: 3168: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3101: 3098: 3052: 3049: 2942:Also known as 2936:Main article: 2933: 2930: 2916:, in his book 2895: 2892: 2879:Roman emperors 2816: 2813: 2756:Main article: 2753: 2750: 2725: 2722: 2690: 2689: 2644: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2591:monastic order 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2555:Empress Gemmei 2551:Empress Genshō 2526:Spanish Armada 2521:chivalric norm 2484: 2483: 2441: 2439: 2432: 2408: 2405: 2393:courtesy title 2306: 2303: 2179:United Kingdom 2173:, then in the 2142: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2134:Circle: female 2132: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2112: 2106:the dynasty's 2064: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2056:Circle: female 2054: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2036: 2024:head of family 2017: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1992: 1973: 1972: 1945: 1938: 1855: 1852: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1818:Circle: female 1816: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1798: 1787: 1781: 1771: 1765: 1748: 1739: 1733: 1723: 1717: 1700: 1691: 1685: 1666: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1625: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1585: 1576: 1562: 1559: 1512:Ottoman Empire 1453:United Kingdom 1411: 1408: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1312: 1305: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1049:Related topics 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1002: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 966: 965: 963:Traditionalist 960: 950: 945: 940: 934: 933: 930: 929: 926: 925: 921: 920: 915: 914: 913: 908: 903: 893: 892: 891: 886: 885: 884: 879: 874: 864: 859: 857:Great Officers 854: 843: 842: 840:Administration 839: 838: 835: 834: 830: 829: 824: 819: 813: 812: 809: 808: 805: 804: 801: 800: 795: 793: 792: 787: 781: 779: 774: 769: 764: 762: 761: 756: 750: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 726: 725: 720: 714: 712: 710: 709: 704: 698: 696: 694: 693: 688: 682: 680: 675: 673: 672: 667: 661: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 621: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 501: 500: 490: 480: 470: 460: 450: 440: 424: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 346:Crétineau-Joly 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 264: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 237: 236: 226: 221: 216: 211: 209:Personal union 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 164:Dynastic union 161: 160: 159: 149: 144: 139: 134: 132:Constitutional 129: 124: 119: 114: 108: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 96: 95: 93: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 66: 63: 60: 59: 56: 55: 47: 46: 40: 39: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7606: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7574:Legal history 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7352:Easter Island 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6891:Jabal Shammar 6889: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6383:Liechtenstein 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6186:Queen regnant 6184: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6145:Republicanism 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6125:Head of state 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059:Non-sovereign 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5971: 5969: 5964: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926:Categories: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5867:David Ricardo 5865: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5834:Elinor Ostrom 5832: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5713: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5632:Privatization 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612:Legal plunder 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5563:Expropriation 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5298: 5297:(watercourse) 5296: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240:primogeniture 5238: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5220:Legal plunder 5218: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5171:appropriation 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5161:Excludability 5159: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4878: 4874: 4873:The Telegraph 4870: 4863: 4853: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4815: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4788: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4678: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4659: 4652: 4646: 4639: 4633: 4626: 4620: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4515:Genesis 25:26 4511: 4505: 4504:Genesis 25:25 4500: 4492: 4491: 4483: 4481: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4450:Numbers 34:17 4445: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4393:Atlas Obscura 4390: 4383: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4330: 4326: 4325:newkerala.com 4322: 4316: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4168:(in German). 4167: 4163: 4156: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3917:Public Choice 3911: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3876:Royal bastard 3874: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3791:Downton Abbey 3787: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3741: 3738: 3737:Spanish Curse 3733: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504:, as well as 3503: 3499: 3495: 3492:, Empress of 3491: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3472:(the same as 3471: 3466: 3460: 3459:the dead earl 3456: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3385:of his wife ( 3383: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3310:in Portugal. 3309: 3306:in Spain and 3305: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3256:in favour of 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242:Salian Franks 3239: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3214: 3211: 3203: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3169:This section 3167: 3163: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3106:High Medieval 3097: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3074:British Crown 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3005:French Empire 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2904:feudal system 2901: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2871:vir illustris 2867: 2866: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2800:prior to the 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2686: 2683: 2675: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2645:This section 2643: 2634: 2633: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614:landed gentry 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598:Conquistadors 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2480: 2477: 2469: 2459: 2458:the talk page 2455: 2449: 2447: 2442:This section 2440: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2276:Razia Sultana 2273: 2269: 2268:Velu Nachiyar 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2100:consanguinity 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072:Bourbon Spain 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953:Princess Aiko 1950: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1794: 1778: 1763: 1759: 1746: 1730: 1715: 1711: 1698: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1664: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1623: 1614: 1605: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:Mongol Empire 1501: 1497: 1494:), the early 1493: 1489: 1486:, as did the 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1466: 1465:Liechtenstein 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1407: 1405: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1383: 1329: 1328:Primogeniture 1318: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1218:Regnal number 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1145:Non-sovereign 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1046: 1045: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 964: 961: 959: 958:Authoritarian 956: 955: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 935: 928: 927: 919: 916: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 901:Crown Council 899: 898: 897: 896:Privy council 894: 890: 887: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 869: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 849: 848: 845: 844: 837: 836: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 814: 807: 806: 799: 796: 791: 788: 786: 783: 782: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 713: 708: 705: 703: 700: 699: 697: 692: 689: 687: 684: 683: 681: 679: 676: 671: 668: 666: 663: 662: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 628: 627: 619: 618:Zourabichvili 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 508: 507: 496: 495: 491: 486: 485: 481: 476: 475: 471: 466: 465: 461: 456: 455: 451: 446: 445: 441: 436: 435: 431: 430: 429: 428: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 331:Chateaubriand 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 282: 281: 271: 270: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 235: 232: 231: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 199:Non-sovereign 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 158: 155: 154: 153: 150: 148: 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Retrieved 4902: 4893: 4881:. Retrieved 4872: 4862: 4852: 4840:. Retrieved 4836:the original 4831: 4822: 4803: 4794: 4786: 4781: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4699:. Retrieved 4684: 4677: 4658: 4650: 4645: 4637: 4632: 4624: 4619: 4607: 4602: 4569: 4563: 4554: 4521: 4510: 4499: 4489: 4471: 4456: 4444: 4432:. Retrieved 4423: 4413: 4403:26 September 4401:. Retrieved 4392: 4382: 4374: 4366: 4356: 4335:26 September 4333:. Retrieved 4324: 4315: 4303:. Retrieved 4294:The Guardian 4292: 4282: 4274: 4266: 4208: 4202: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4143:. 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