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headlights, LED taillights and brake lights, and offered options such as a wireless security remote fob, LED turn signals in the mirrors, and a front disc brake. The suggested retail price was $ 1,400 to $ 1,900, depending on options. This was roughly one-third the price of an inexpensive new car, and even a youth-oriented marketing campaign that included a super hero comic book (The EV Warriors) failed to generate enough interest. The company filed for bankruptcy in 1996. When the company folded, Electric
Bicycle company was purchased by
31:
289:"SV" stood for "safety vehicle," and Bricklin applied standards ahead of those the US government was requiring in the 1970s, including exceeding US crash protection standards. The SV-1 protected occupants with a tubular steel perimeter frame, roll cage and a chassis capable of withstanding a high velocity impact without deformation. The car didn't include a cigarette lighter or ashtray, as Bricklin viewed smoking while driving as unsafe.
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a 6-speed
Shimano rear derailleur with GripShift handlebar controller. The rider could pedal unaided by the motors, or could activate them with a thumb switch on the handle bar. That smoothly, quietly and quickly took the bike to 15-20 MPH depending on the size of the rider with a range of about 17 miles before it needed a charge.
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undermining the joint venture with Chery, Visionary
Vehicles also sued Gore in Federal Court, in Detroit, Michigan. A Federal jury returned a verdict in favor of V Cars, LLC, finding that KCA Engineering LLC, controlled by Dennis Gore, committed fraud and other offenses and awarded $ 2 million in damages to Visionary Vehicles.
519:
After spending two years and $ 26 million to bring Chery’s manufacturing capabilities up to international standards and to create awareness of Chery, Visionary
Vehicles discovered that Chery was using Visionary Vehicle’s engineering staff to work on a project that involved Chrysler Corporation (which
491:
Beginning in 2002, Bricklin embarked on a three-year journey around the world to find a manufacturing partner to help him create a value brand in the US, examining the United
Kingdom, India, Poland and after seeing their factory and meeting the executive staff, he decided to enter into an Importation
478:
The EV Warrior came in seven colors, resembling a mountain bike with a large box behind the seat that straddled the rear wheel. Inside the box were two 24-volt electric motors powered by two rechargeable sealed 12-volt lead-acid batteries. The bike used advanced technology for the time, with halogen
474:
Bricklin and Currie formed the
Electric Bicycle Company, and produced the first EV Warriors by late 1993. The electric bike was initially built using a custom aluminum mountain bike frame from Zimmark Corporation in Malaysia. Later versions used a Giant frame produced in Taiwan. All versions used
316:
Production began in mid 1974 and continued through late 1975, employing over 1200 people in the Saint John and Minto, New
Brunswick plants. In September 1975, after building 2,854 cars, and General Vehicles having set up over 400 US automobile dealers with 40,000 back orders, the Province refused to
470:
and former
Undersecretary of Defense for Research and Engineering. In Bricklin’s and Currie’s view, an electric bike was a promising first step to winning people over to the idea of electric cars. California had just enacted the Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) regulation in 1990 which mandated 3% of a
292:
The
Bricklin featured a vacuum forming process with color-impregnated acrylic bonded to fiberglass body panels. The car garnered mostly positive coverage from consumer media. In Car & Driver's comparison test, a '75 Bricklin with the Ford engine proved to be nearly a match for a '75 Corvette in
523:
Shortly thereafter, Chery entered into an agreement with
Quantum LLC, a subsidiary company of the Israel Corporation, brought in to help fund Visionary Vehicle’s participation in the joint venture with Chery. The agreement between Chery and Israel Corporation was done without Visionary Vehicle’s
508:
Bricklin hired consultants, advisors and employees with financial and automotive experience, including Allen and company; Atlantic Pacific Capital; Ambassador van den Heuvel, former US Ambassador to the United Nations; Maurice Strong, former United Nations undersecretary; Ron Harbour, of Harbour
531:
Visionary Vehicles subsequently filed suits to recoup losses and collect damages from the failed deal. The lawsuit against Chery Automobile was arbitrated in Hong Kong and Visionary Vehicles received an award, subject to a confidentiality provision. Having discovered Dennis Gore’s role in
502:(now named VCars, LLC) entered into a joint venture in December 2004 to import five different models of cars into North America. Bricklin staffed an Engineering office in Detroit to direct the changes required to meet and exceed safety the homologation requirements in the United States.
293:
every performance category—and the Bricklin's power-operated gullwing doors maxed out the "coefficient of cool" metric. Car and Driver concluded that despite some build quality and ergonomic deficiencies, and a price disadvantage, the Bricklin was "a tangible threat to the Corvette."
236:
mini-car, which got up to 60 miles to a gallon of gas and did not require federalizing in the United States because it weighed under 1,000 pounds. He was able to secure an exclusive contract with Fuji Heavy Industries to import Subaru cars and trucks into the United States, forming
527:
Bricklin told Reuters, "We found out what was really going on behind our back at the end of '06 and we have been trying to get justice ever since. Dennis Gore, former Visionary Cars executive, used proprietary information to help Chery launch a joint venture with Quantum LLC.
454:
In the 1990s, Bricklin turned his attention to producing environmentally-friendly vehicles. He studied battery technology and formed an electric vehicle company. Bricklin electric vehicles were the wave of the future, a notion that appeared to be ahead of its time.
445:
magazine surveyed 1,000 Yugo buyers and published the report in June 1987. 78% described workmanship as good to excellent, 25% giving an unqualified excellent, 5% said poor. 42.4% said they would buy a Yugo again and 36% said maybe they would buy again.
433:
The effects of the United Nations sanctions on Yugoslavia forced Zastava to withdraw the car from every export market. After embargoes stifled production, NATO bombed the company's automotive facilities in 1999, instead of its munitions division.
160:
to Jewish parents, young Malcolm had one of his first jobs stretching hides in his family's furrier shop. He grew up in Orlando, Florida. Bricklin said that as a child, he never liked to eat; "stopping to eat meant I had to stop playing."
509:
Consultants, international automobile factory evaluators; Marianne McInerney, former President of the International Automotive Dealers Association; and Per Arnberg, President of Fram Shipowning, LTD, an international shipping company.
255:
Less than six months after the company formed, it became a public company and has been from 1968. Subaru of America became the only import car company that was publicly traded, making small fortunes for Bricklin and COO Harvey Lamm.
312:
supported the Province’s involvement in the Bricklin venture as a way of establishing a manufacturing base that could provide steady, high paying jobs and attract interest in the Province through the publicity the car provided.
471:
vehicle manufacturer's products would have to be zero emission (electric) by the year 2000. An electric bike that could be sold through dealerships seemed like a perfect way to address the requirements of that mandate.
241:. Despite the car's ill fit for American roads and traffic, Bricklin was described as "one of the first auto industry mavericks to recognize that thrifty, inexpensive Japanese cars could be big in the United States."
382:
Bricklin and his engineers suggested some 600 changes for the U.S. market, including a 1.1-liter 4-cylinder engine, improvements in the anti-pollution system, comfort adjustments, safety devices, and special
178:
At the height of his success, he owned a desert ranch in Scottsdale, Ariz., and a 5,000-acre home in the Colorado Rockies with an indoor shooting range, a riverfront swimming pool, helipad, and pet camel.
105:(born March 9, 1939) is an American businessman, widely known for an unorthodox career spanning more than six decades with numerous prominent failures and successes — primarily manufacturing or importing
390:
Bricklin had his own people at the plant to monitor the effort, stressing high quality. A team of British quality experts sent a cadre to Kragujevac to study the factory and recommend improvements.
364:– now Serbia. Zastava had produced cars since 1953 under a license from the Italian company Fiat. In 1984, the entire Yugoslav car industry produced 236,000 cars, 58,000 of which were exported.
852:
229:, to arrange for the purchase and importation of their scooters — at a time when Fuji was just getting out of manufacturing scooters and was concentrating on their automotive business.
1903:
403:
At first, five models of Yugo were marketed in the United States for model year 1987: the basic entry-level $ 3,990-($ 9,363.69 in 2020) GV (for "Great Value"), the GVC with a glass
203:
and open seven days a week, Bricklin left behind his interest in 1960 after dozens of lawsuits and judgments stemming from the chain, — shortly before the chain's bankruptcy.
221:, Bricklin moved back to Philadelphia. When he was exploring establishing a network of gas stations that would rent scooters, he went to Japan to meet with the manufacturer of the
483:
who renamed the company EV Global. That company no longer exists. Currie later founded Currie Cruisers and co-founded Real Spirit USA, to further develop the electric bicycles.
1601:
516:, who put $ 200,000,000 in escrow to help bring Chery to the U.S. He also retained New York marketing and public relations firms that generated worldwide exposure for Chery.
1468:
1783:
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In 1971, Bricklin created a franchise named FasTrack, combining RV sales with shopping center parking lot race courses, where the public could drive one of 900 unsold
148:(2004). In 2017, at age 78, he promoted a plan to transform high-end car dealers into high-end art dealers, after becoming interested in the business aspect of art.
2127:
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1930:
1684:
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1487:
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The Yugo was the fastest-selling car ever in the US from Europe, 163,000 in three years, and was the least expensive new car sold in the United States.
1924:
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1871:
2142:
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http://autoweek.com/article/car-news/bricklin-gets-bankroll-visionary-vehicles-founder-gets-200-million-help-bring-chery-sthash.pNlh0JhD.dpuf
420:
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1962:
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for lead-free gasoline. In addition to the main Kragujevac complex, about 200 smaller Yugoslav factories manufactured parts for the cars.
1126:
971:
953:
467:
539:, but due to Bricklin owning the Chery trademark in North America, the name 'Chirey' is used for the Mexican market instead of Chery.
2147:
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described him as "brash, bombastic, and pathologically prone to betting the farm on pie-in-the-sky automotive endeavors." In 2017,
441:'s worst car of the millennium. Defenders argued that Yugo's reputation suffered when owners failed to perform basic maintenance.
1212:
1773:
V Cars, LLC v. KCA Engineering, LLC, United States District Court for The Eastern District of Michigan, Case No. 2:11-cv-12805.
427:
1613:
715:
668:
642:
2162:
1297:
1793:
2117:
2107:
344:, IAI was told that Cadillac didn't want a $ 14,000 Pininfarina being sold next to its $ 55,000 Pininfarina-manufactured
1729:
561:
said Bricklin "goes nonstop. He’s testosterone unleashed, a brilliant negotiator and an incredible character." In 2013,
165:"The things that people see as failures are often the steps to success. I got my fame and power from the failure of the
2137:
1191:
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725:
717:
The Way We Will Be 50 Years from Today: 60 of the World's Greatest Minds Share Their Vision of the Next Half Century
2013:
1955:
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1036:
375:, and Global Motors executives met with Zastava. Bricklin agreed to import the Zastava Koral, marketing it as the
1702:
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Bricklin built his father's Orlando, Florida building supply business into a franchised chain at age 19. Named
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to the United States, ultimately starting over thirty companies throughout the course of his business career.
764:
282:
Bricklin subsequently founded his own car company, General Vehicle, manufacturing the Bricklin SV-1 two-seat
884:
437:
The Yugo was subject to derision by critics who pointed to its use of older Fiat technology. It was voted
2050:
1948:
1506:"Bricklin gets a Bankroll: Visionary Vehicles founder gets $ 200 million to help bring Chery to the U.S."
1431:
1342:
1322:
618:
1985:
802:
669:"Malcolm Bricklin's latest venture involves three-wheeled EVs, space pod simulators and high-end art"
1573:
1072:
909:
778:
579:, said Bricklin is "like one of those toy clowns that when you punch it, it bounces right back up."
458:
After trying to get electric cars off the ground for a time, Bricklin formed a partnership with Dr.
1532:
496:, which is located in the Anhui Province of China and owned by the Provincial Anhui Government.
2045:
1913:
2035:
1432:"Amazon.com: The Entrepreneur: Malcolm Bricklin, Paul Lambert, Tony Ciminera, Jonathan Bricklin"
700:
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1258:
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which sought to address its unemployment, nearing 25% in the mid-’70s. New Brunswick Premier
1543:
1363:"Bricklin returns to U.S. with electric bicycle | News & Analysis content from WardsAuto"
623:
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Bricklin has six sons. As of 2017, he has been divorced three times, amicably, and lives in
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8:
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Seeking to import a simple, low cost car to the U.S. market, Bricklin was introduced to
345:
1971:
1718:, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Michigan, Southern Division, No. 08-cv-13113
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as the EV Warrior (1982), and contracted to import and distribute vehicles made by the
2071:
2006:
1757:"Bricklin's V Cars wins $ 2 million settlement in fraud suit against former employee"
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The company was profitable, but when Cadillac subsequently made a joint venture with
238:
212:
113:
1469:"Malcolm Bricklin Hires Asian Import Expert Dennis Gore for Visionary Vehicles Team"
866:
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said Bricklin has "a mind that works like a machine gun." Keith Crain, publisher of
423:, and a centre high mount stop lamp. The Cabrio convertible was introduced in 1988.
30:
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and upholstery upgrades, and the sportier GVX with the 1300 cc engine, five-speed
2157:
1784:"Auto entrepreneur Bricklin wins $ 2 million settlement for fraud | Reuters"
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provide further financial assistance and forced the company into receivership.
283:
1908:
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Bricklin sold his interest in Yugo in 1988 for $ 20 million. On May 30, 1992
348:— and gave IAI six months before they cancelled production of the cars.
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and standard equipment including a plush interior, ground-effects package,
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hatchback from the then-Yugoslavia (1985−92), manufactured and marketed an
112:
After franchising his father's hardware stores at age 19, Bricklin founded
58:
54:
2030:
1808:"Chinese Car Brands Are Coming to the US, Still—with EVs Built in Mexico"
480:
416:
341:
222:
1232:"THE WORLD; A Defunct Car, Like Its Homeland, Was the Sum of Its Parts"
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1940:
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121:
1685:"Malcolm Bricklin Sues Chrysler's Chinese Partner, Chery Automobile"
1488:"Former AIADA President Marianne McInerney Joins Visionary Vehicles"
569:
438:
1703:"Auto entrepreneur Bricklin wins $ 2 million settlement for fraud"
972:"Chevrolet Corvette Stingray vs. Bricklin SV-1 - Comparison Tests"
1934:
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Times, Jeff Gerth and Special To the New York (24 January 1989).
505:
He established a dealer network in the United States and Canada.
404:
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2001:
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536:
301:
1127:"Foreign Policy; Rightist Conservatives Keep Eye on Kissinger"
643:"Bricklin's automotive odyssey is ending happier all the time"
1419:
1323:"Bricklin Back in the Race, Now Peddling an Electric Bicycle"
493:
371:, former U.S. Under-Secretary of State and Yugo board member
145:
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said Bricklin is "often likened to an automotive version of
849:"Floridians Leave Stamp On Auto History - Orlando Sentinel"
619:"Catching Up With: Malcolm Bricklin, Automotive Impresario"
376:
320:
88:
His self-named automobile company, importer of foreign cars
268:, modified by Bruce Myers. The venture ultimately failed.
1591:
https://www.linkedin.com/pub/marianne-mcinerney/4/b3b/3b4
337:, renaming them the Bertone and the Pininfarina Azzurra.
524:
knowledge or approval, and excluded Visionary Vehicles.
1834:"Doubts Rising About a Venture to Import Chinese Cars"
1466:
1298:"USC - Viterbi School of Engineering - Malcolm Currie"
393:
The first shipment of the Yugos arrived via ship from
512:
Working with Atlantic Pacific Capital, he brought in
244:
The first Subarus to enter the US were the 1968-1969
116:
in 1968, founded General Vehicles to manufacture the
1872:"Malcolm Bricklin Gets Heated in 'The Entrepreneur'"
867:"Subaru history in the USA: the models, the changes"
430:
were imposed, severing Yugoslavia from world trade.
1914:
Man behind the Yugo to lead new import wave in 2007
779:"A Small Start for Something Big - 1969 Subaru 360"
286:sports car — informally called the Bricklin.
1909:Malcolm Bricklin Subaru, Bricklin, Fiat, Yugo cars
1485:
325:After Fiat left the U.S. market, Bricklin created
1274:
1272:
2084:
1385:"Real Spirit USA - An Innovative Products Group"
1184:
217:In the mid-1960s, after he sold his interest in
954:"Chevrolet Corvette Stingray vs. Bricklin SV-1"
923:
921:
919:
714:Bricklin, Malcolm (2008). Wallace, Mike (ed.).
1317:
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407:, the nearly identical GVL and GVS with minor
2128:American founders of automobile manufacturers
1956:
1850:
1647:"Bricklin starts media push for Chinese cars"
1207:
1205:
1172:"The Yugo: Small Car, Small Price, Big Goals"
1106:"THE YUGO: SMALL CAR, SMALL PRICE, BIG GOALS"
128:(1982), imported and marketed under the name
1904:BusinessWeek Bricklin is Back with a Plug-in
916:
701:"Would You Buy a Chinese Car from this Man?"
640:
462:. Currie is the former Chairman and CEO of
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1669:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1312:
1192:"Malcolm Bricklin: What I'd do Differently"
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1963:
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1467:Visionary Vehicles LLC (8 February 2005).
1280:"Electric Bicycles: Their Time Never Came"
1202:
1093:Car and Driver July 2009 Steven Cole Smith
885:"Are Subarus the best cars money can buy?"
825:
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1931:Malcolm Bricklin on electric hybrid plans
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1259:"What's the Worst Car of the Millennium?"
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1716:V Cars LLC v. Chery Automobile Co et al.
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327:International Automobile Importers (IAI)
321:International Automobile Importers (IAI)
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747:. The Columbus Dispatch. June 19, 2015.
655:
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1970:
1916:, a January 2005 cover story from the
739:
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535:In 2022 Chery started selling cars in
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1944:
1229:
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1055:"Cars of Futures Past – Bricklin SV1"
1037:"Cars of Futures Past – Bricklin SV1"
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397:in Baltimore, Maryland in July 1985.
186:with his wife, artist Sania Teymeny.
2143:Businesspeople from Orlando, Florida
2113:21st-century American businesspeople
2103:20th-century American businesspeople
1844:
1825:
1083:
449:
232:At the meeting, Bricklin saw Fuji’s
2123:American businesspeople in shipping
763:Richard Truett (October 20, 1988).
734:
707:
520:ultimately failed to materialize).
194:
13:
1863:
1853:"A Malcolm Bricklin Deal, on Film"
1727:
1486:Visionary Vehicles (15 May 2006).
1073:"Fiat is out... Pininfarina is in"
720:. Thomas Nelson. pp. 99–102.
679:
14:
2174:
1885:
1792:. August 21, 2013. Archived from
1645:February 2005, John N. Frank 14.
765:"Bricklin: Dreamer Of Big Dreams"
120:(1974–76), imported and marketed
2148:Businesspeople from Philadelphia
2133:American retail company founders
2014:Subaru Industrial Power Products
1891:
1230:Cohen, Roger (18 October 1992).
855:from the original on 2014-08-11.
617:Todd Lassa (September 3, 2017).
557:." In 2009, noted documentarian
296:Intended for the US market, the
271:
16:American businessman (born 1939)
1851:Jim Motavalli (June 19, 2009).
1800:
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667:Richard Truett (May 15, 2017).
641:Randy Wyrick (August 2, 2013).
1870:Basem Wasef (August 6, 2013).
1343:"Archives - Los Angeles Times"
1219:. Hearst Magazines. June 1987.
795:
771:
1:
1034:Kurt Ernst December 26, 2014
604:
151:
2163:University of Florida alumni
1925:Bricklin Chery call it quits
1832:Danny Hakim (June 7, 2005).
7:
2051:Subaru Industrial EX engine
1937:interview from January 2007
582:
259:
10:
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2118:21st-century American Jews
2108:20th-century American Jews
1556:"Welcome to the Frontpage"
542:
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210:
2138:Automotive businesspeople
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2023:
1994:
1986:Nakajima Aircraft Company
1978:
1927:, from The Car Connection
1015:"Car Lust: Bricklin SV-1"
929:"About The Bricklin SV-1"
699:Darren Dahl (July 2005).
367:Bricklin, senior advisor
206:
189:
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84:
76:
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37:
28:
21:
1533:Atlantic-Pacific Capital
494:Chery Automobile Company
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428:United Nations sanctions
2046:List of Subaru vehicles
2036:List of Subaru aircraft
904:Cite magazine requires
156:Born March 9, 1939, in
114:Subaru of America, Inc.
2041:List of Subaru engines
1628:"Chery coming to USA?"
1614:"Tapscott's Copy Desk"
1407:cheryinternational.com
1077:PininfarinaAzzurra.com
1030:Cars of Futures Past-
329:in 1982 to import the
176:
1730:"Brickbats For Chery"
1544:William vanden Heuvel
1456:. September 19, 2005.
1403:"Chery International"
362:Kragujevac Yugoslavia
300:were manufactured in
227:Fuji Heavy Industries
211:Further information:
163:
126:Fiat 124 Sport Spider
71:University of Florida
1900:at Wikimedia Commons
831:"Auto Entrepreneur;"
651:. Eagle County, Col.
373:Lawrence Eagleburger
1522:Allen & Company
1286:. 16 February 2009.
1213:"Popular Mechanics"
1059:Hemmings Motor News
1041:Hemmings Motor News
767:. Orlando Sentinel.
413:manual transmission
358:Zastava Automobiles
352:Yugo, Global Motors
304:in the province of
103:Malcolm N. Bricklin
23:Malcolm N. Bricklin
1972:Subaru Corporation
1857:The New York Times
1838:The New York Times
1634:. 22 January 2009.
1632:chinacarforums.com
1284:Brad Rourke's Blog
1132:The New York Times
599:Visionary Vehicles
550:The New York Times
500:Visionary Vehicles
360:, manufactured in
2080:
2079:
2072:Chikuhei Nakajima
2007:Subaru of America
1896:Media related to
1855:. Wheels (blog).
1560:mauricestrong.net
1389:realspiritusa.com
1348:Los Angeles Times
1328:Los Angeles Times
745:"Malcom Bricklin"
450:Electric vehicles
443:Popular Mechanics
239:Subaru of America
213:Subaru of America
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310:Richard Hatfield
250:Subaru FF-1 Star
201:Handyman America
195:Handyman America
184:Monroe, New York
138:electric bicycle
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1761:Automotive News
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589:Bricklin EVX/LS
585:
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559:Morgan Spurlock
545:
492:Agreement with
489:
464:Hughes Aircraft
452:
395:Bar, Montenegro
369:Henry Kissinger
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960:. May 1975.
871:cars101.com
481:Lee Iacocca
385:carburetors
342:Pininfarina
266:Subaru 360s
107:automobiles
80:Businessman
2087:Categories
1818:2023-10-15
1705:. Reuters.
1656:2024-05-02
1450:"Car Town"
1436:amazon.com
1217:google.com
1025:2015-06-29
993:"Car Lust"
978:2015-10-03
974:. May 1975
813:2024-04-03
803:"Hemmings"
788:2015-10-03
648:Vail Daily
624:Automobile
605:References
246:Subaru 360
234:Subaru 360
152:Background
77:Occupation
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547:In 2005,
331:Fiat X1/9
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570:Autoweek
468:GM Delco
439:Car Talk
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537:Mexico
302:Canada
207:Subaru
190:Career
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