1316:) emerged. While the roots of this genre lie in the pre-colonial court tradition, compositions from this genre gradually incorporated Western musical instruments (e.g., the piano, guitar, banjo, etc.) and foreign musical influences in terms of melody, tunings, and rhythm (e.g., harmony in thirds, accented rhythm in vocals), which did not adhere to the strict rules of the royal court musical tradition. From the 1920s to the 1940s, the introduction of recording technology created a sizable local market for
174:
917:
2487:
1746:
Burmese musicians use a "technique of interlocked fingering with both hands extending a single melodic line allowed for agogic embellishment, fleeting grace notes in syncopated spirals around a steady underlying beat found in the bell and clapper time keepers." This playing technique is based on the
1344:
has faced challenges with preservation. The oral tradition remains the primary mode of musical transmission. In the 1990s, the
Burmese government, under the Ministry of Information, began to standardise and notate the entire repertoire of classical Burmese music. However, this approach has been
1349:, which cannot capture the flexibility of Burmese rhythm, the two-part style, and a loose floating rhythmic organisation, including free-style embellishments, all of which distinguish traditional Burmese music from other musical traditions in the region (e.g., Thailand, China, India).
1759:, a drum circle. By contrast, Western playing styles feature melody with the right hand, and supporting harmonies with the left hand. The Burmese technique allows for very rapid playing, enabling musicians to layer complex and distinct
1763:, which evoke the expressive techniques used in traditional Burmese singing. The Burmese style is characterised by prominent use of virtuosity and ornamentation, with alternating sections of free and fixed, but flexible, rhythm.
1735:. The instrument was quickly indigenised by Burmese court musicians and uses a novel playing technique adapted to play Mahāgīta compositions. Prominent Burmese pianists often prefix their name with the honorific 'Sandaya' (e.g.,
1011:), is the complete body or corpus of Burmese classical songs. The songs descend from the musical traditions of the Burmese royal court, and form the basis of Burmese classical music today.
2228:
1202:, and are the most numerous in the corpus. These songs have a rhythmic foundation resembling drumbeats, and require the highest level of performance technique and knowledge.
1361:
is generally organised into songs by genre based on varying tuning methods, rhythmic patterns, frequently used melodies, preludes and postludes, as follows:
1015:
songs continue to be played during
Buddhist rituals, weddings, and public festivals, and performers frequently appear on state-run television shows.
1786:
947:
1206:
songs constitute a minor genre, and are characteristically sharp and active, with fast, short rhythms. These songs are always followed by
2570:
2509:
1849:
The oldest extant song anthology was compiled c. 1788 by the Monywe
Sayadaw (1766-1834), and comprises 166 sets of song texts. Several
2434:
1238:
From the 1910s to the 1950s, with the advent of
British colonial rule in Burma, a new genre of traditional music, variously called
296:
1723:
826:
316:
451:
2068:
533:
2317:
1794:
331:
326:
306:
1840:), published in 1923, which was based on the repertoire of the last Burmese court harpist, Dewaeinda Maung Maung Gyi (
1846:). The second edition was edited and recompiled by Ba Cho and republished in 1941, and is now in its sixth reprint.
1321:
2404:
940:
2371:
1575:). The vocal performances are accompanied by a chamber music ensemble, which includes the following instruments:
291:
1090:
songs, which literally means "string," were used as repertoire to teach traditional classical singing and the
321:
1782:
1897:
genre in modern-day
Myanmar has declined significantly with the advent of popular music. Some songs in the
1562:
1230:), composed by a Konbaung princess to persuade her husband to return to her side, was composed after 1838.
286:
261:
1781:) includes a selection of 169 songs, standardised and published in three volumes between 1954 and 1961 by
933:
896:
886:
901:
891:
866:
528:
2565:
1113:, have variously been dated to the late Toungoo period (1531-1752). The "Three Barge Songs" include "
1793:
as the official anthology for teaching
Burmese classical music. This anthology is also used for the
2285:"တေးရေးပညာရှင်ကြီးများ၏ နှောင်းခေတ်ကာလပေါ်တေးများ အတွဲ (၆)၊ (၇)၊ (၈) စာပေဗိမာန်တွင် ဝယ်ယူရရှိနိုင်"
636:
346:
2201:
861:
599:
389:
2229:"Myanmar's Nation-Building Cultural Policy : Traditional Music and Political Legitimacy"
754:
673:
665:
641:
562:
281:
194:
2342:
1854:
1177:
626:
421:
356:
254:
1951:) by Waing Lamin Aung, both of which are commonly played at traditional Burmese weddings.
582:
8:
1916:
604:
567:
554:
426:
239:
2108:
2039:
311:
244:
184:
164:
2099:
Lu, Hsin-chun Tasaw (2009). "The
Burmese Classical Music Tradition: An Introduction".
2248:
2074:
2064:
1740:
1736:
1103:
1036:
759:
214:
2177:
1927:
songs has also been adapted in more modern compositions, such as "Auspicious Song" (
2240:
1973:
1938:
1850:
1760:
1728:
1718:
1694:
1346:
1199:
1166:
1075:
1004:
966:
831:
773:
749:
741:
705:
687:
631:
523:
478:
399:
364:
266:
155:
143:
2126:
2000:
1099:
856:
836:
538:
465:
411:
249:
224:
199:
2462:
1727:), was introduced to the Burmese musical repertoire during the mid-19th century
2534:
1214:
songs traditionally performed at equestrian, martial arts, and archery events.
1083:
921:
618:
572:
483:
431:
276:
229:
204:
2266:
1027:
evolved into a single style from Pyu, Mon, and Burman musical traditions. The
173:
2559:
2252:
2078:
2030:
Garfias, Robert (2004). "Review of
Mahagitá: Harp and Vocal Music of Burma".
1920:
974:
473:
416:
301:
234:
219:
209:
2435:"Solitude and Sandaya: The Strange History of Pianos in Burma—The Appendix"
2267:"ခေတ်ဟောင်းတေး / နှောင်းခေတ်ကာလပေါ်တေးအတွဲ တေးသီချင်းစာအုပ်များ ဝယ်ယူနိုင်"
1589:
727:
651:
498:
369:
2058:
1819:
1098:
genre are the "Three Barge Songs," which describe a king's passage up the
2405:"The Strange, The Familiar: Foreign Musical Instruments in Myanmar/Burma"
1867:) with 1,062 song titles under 27 genres, both compiled at the behest of
1220:
songs, which are plaintive songs, date to the 1800s; the earliest song, "
1162:
1134:
592:
488:
271:
2112:
2043:
1547:
songs are sung by a vocalist who controls the metric cycle by playing a
722:
1868:
1732:
1044:
87:
82:
2244:
2535:"ဂန္ထဝင်ဂီတဖြင့်ပရိသတ်ကို သိမ်းပိုက်ခဲ့သူ (သို့မဟုတ်) တွံတေးသိန်းတန်"
1755:
1332:
publishes multi-volume written compilation of songs from this genre.
503:
791:
587:
2060:
Burma's pop music industry : creators, distributors, censors
1749:
1595:
801:
796:
717:
108:
2063:. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press. pp. 2–4.
1502:
anthology, the songs are grouped into 4 categories are known as
1031:
also incorporates musical traditions of conquered kingdoms; the
786:
646:
577:
493:
404:
118:
2510:"မင်္ဂလာပွဲထွက်တဲ့အချိန်မှာ အခါတော်ပေး သီချင်းဖွင့်မယ်ဆိုရင်"
1710:
1091:
806:
781:
394:
123:
103:
77:
2284:
1901:
corpus remain staples for various traditional ceremonies. A
1882:
1853:
anthologies exist, including an 1849 anthology compiled by
1548:
1329:
1070:
songs are considered to constitute the oldest parts of the
710:
128:
44:
2318:"Written and Oral Transmission of Burmese Classical Songs"
1609:
1161:
songs honor the Buddha or the king as a protector of the
113:
72:
1915:) is used as a wedding processional song in traditional
1753:, a bamboo xylophone, and the two-hand technique of the
1074:
repertoire, serving as the main court music before the
1516:). Each category has a specific tuning method, namely
1808:
anthology is based on an earlier anthology, entitled
1687:
1504:
1208:
1186:
1155:
1064:
1731:, first as a gift by the Italian ambassador to King
1905:
2557:
1693:are historically recent additions dating to the
1180:was the most prominent composer of songs in the
1787:National University of Arts and Culture, Yangon
1035:songs are modeled on the musical style of the
1946:
1928:
1906:
1876:
1862:
1841:
1813:
1776:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1626:
1614:
1600:
1583:
1566:
1552:
1511:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1295:
1269:
1243:
1225:
1142:
1128:
1118:
941:
56:
31:
1825:
1301:
1275:
1249:
982:
2056:
1335:
948:
934:
2178:"Transmission of Burmese Classical Music"
1233:
2504:
2502:
2005:University of Maryland, Baltimore County
1328:music transcriptions in 1999. State-run
16:Complete body of Burmese classical songs
2460:
2432:
2226:
2127:"Kit Young: Conference on the Mahagita"
2029:
1961:Mahagita: Harp and Vocal Music of Burma
1050:
2558:
2456:
2454:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2336:
2334:
2499:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2167:
1923:" in Western weddings). The style of
1147:), played when the barge makes port.
1123:) played as the barge is towed out; "
2463:"The Burmese Piano Music of U Ko Ko"
2372:"Traditional artists face the music"
2340:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2202:"Burmese Folk and Traditional Music"
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1795:National Performing Arts Competition
1043:songs are based on the songs of the
2485:
2451:
2421:
2389:
2353:
2331:
2325:The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies
1888:
307:State Peace and Development Council
13:
2571:Classical and art music traditions
2302:
2098:
1700:
1528:. The remaining 2 tuning methods,
14:
2582:
2402:
2211:
2144:
2085:
2018:
1986:
1864:သီချင်းခေါင်းစဉ်ပုဒ်ရေးမှတ်စုတော်
1771:The national anthology, known as
997:), also rendered into Burmese as
2433:Webster, Jonathan (2013-07-13).
2207:. Ethnic Folkways Library. 1953.
1859:Thachin Gaungzin Potye Hmatsudaw
915:
172:
2527:
2479:
2277:
1198:songs were popular in the late
2461:Garfias, Robert (1995-11-05).
2343:"မဟာဂီတကမ္ဘာသို့ အလည်တစ်ခေါက်"
2259:
2194:
2119:
2050:
1871:, and an 1881 anthology named
1766:
1352:
1324:completed the first volume of
1:
2227:Douglas, Gavin (2007-01-11).
1979:
1954:
1913:Ataing Mathi Mingala Awba Bwe
1170:
1107:
2316:Inoue, Sayuri (2014-12-01).
2176:Ching, Tan Li (2008-07-29).
2057:MacLachlan, Heather (2011).
1857:and another 1870 anthology,
1801:) held annually in October.
1747:two-mallet technique of the
1153:songs honor the king, while
262:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
7:
1967:
1820:
1783:Burmese Ministry of Culture
1688:
1539:
1505:
1209:
1187:
1156:
1065:
897:National Library of Myanmar
887:National Museum (Naypyidaw)
317:2011–2015 political reforms
10:
2587:
2233:Senri Ethnological Reports
1165:. Both genres date to the
1094:. The oldest songs of the
1018:
902:National Theatre of Yangon
1947:
1929:
1908:အတိုင်းမသိမင်္ဂလာသြဘာဘွဲ့
1907:
1881:), compiled by U Yauk in
1877:
1863:
1842:
1814:
1777:
1722:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1627:
1615:
1601:
1584:
1567:
1553:
1512:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1296:
1270:
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1226:
1143:
1129:
1119:
1008:
978:
970:
142:
137:
96:
65:
57:
51:
40:
32:
26:
21:
2516:(in Burmese). 2019-02-02
1806:Naingngandaw Mu Mahagita
1791:Naingngandaw Mu Mahagita
1773:Naingngandaw Mu Mahagita
1078:. The earliest genre of
892:National Museum (Yangon)
2289:Ministry of Information
1347:Western notation system
1336:Modern-day preservation
1322:Ministry of Information
1082:songs date to the late
390:Twelve Auspicious Rites
2486:အမာ, လူထုဒေါ် (1989).
2182:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg
1893:The popularity of the
1843:ဒေဝဣန္ဒာမောင်မောင်ကြီး
1697:(mid-to-late 1800s).
1653:) - double-headed drum
1234:Colonial era evolution
1873:Mahagita Myedani Kyan
563:Burmese folk religion
534:Traditional festivals
2101:Fontes Artis Musicae
1855:Myawaddy Mingyi U Sa
1641:) - bell and clapper
1619:) - double-reed oboe
1178:Myawaddy Mingyi U Sa
1051:Pre-colonial origins
827:World Heritage Sites
255:First Toungoo Empire
2347:Myanmar News Agency
1919:(analogous to the "
1835:purifying the songs
1778:နိုင်ငံတော်မူမဟာဂီတ
1536:, are now extinct.
690:and performing arts
287:Japanese occupation
240:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
97:Typical instruments
1222:Sein Chu Kya Naung
1137:is underway; and "
922:Myanmar portal
297:Socialist Republic
245:Kingdom of Mrauk U
165:Culture of Myanmar
2539:The Myanmar Times
2376:The Myanmar Times
2245:10.15021/00001520
2070:978-1-58046-737-7
2007:. 30 October 1995
1878:မဟာဂီတမြေဓနီကျမ်း
1741:Sandayar Chit Swe
1737:Sandayar Hla Htut
1037:Ayutthaya kingdom
958:
957:
215:Myinsaing Kingdom
149:
148:
47:for 'great songs'
2578:
2566:Music of Myanmar
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2549:
2547:
2546:
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2521:
2506:
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2496:
2494:
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2419:
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2400:
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2313:
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2281:
2275:
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2263:
2257:
2256:
2224:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2173:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2096:
2083:
2082:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2027:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
1997:
1974:Music of Myanmar
1950:
1949:
1939:Twante Thein Tan
1932:
1931:
1917:Burmese weddings
1910:
1909:
1889:Modern-day usage
1880:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1851:Konbaung dynasty
1845:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1780:
1779:
1729:Konbaung dynasty
1726:
1695:Konbaung dynasty
1691:
1676:
1675:
1664:
1663:
1652:
1651:
1640:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1618:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1587:
1586:
1570:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1534:chauk thwe nyunt
1515:
1514:
1508:
1493:
1492:
1481:
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1229:
1228:
1227:စိန်ခြူးကြာညောင်
1212:
1200:Konbaung dynasty
1190:
1175:
1172:
1167:Konbaung dynasty
1159:
1146:
1145:
1133:) played as the
1132:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1115:Phaung Ngin Kyo,
1112:
1109:
1076:Konbaung dynasty
1068:
1010:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
980:
972:
950:
943:
936:
920:
919:
918:
832:Shwedagon Pagoda
637:Contemporary art
524:Burmese calendar
479:Burmese fritters
365:Burmese language
267:Konbaung dynasty
176:
167:
151:
150:
144:Music of Myanmar
66:Cultural origins
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35:
34:
19:
18:
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2320:
2314:
2303:
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2283:
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2278:
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2260:
2235:(in Japanese).
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2200:
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2195:
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2032:Ethnomusicology
2028:
2019:
2010:
2008:
2001:"The Maha Gita"
1999:
1998:
1987:
1982:
1970:
1957:
1891:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1797:(also known as
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1707:
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1345:limited by the
1338:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
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1284:
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1278:
1261:
1258:
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1236:
1173:
1144:ဖောင်စိုက်ကြိုး
1139:Phaung Saik Kyo
1110:
1100:Irrawaddy River
1053:
1021:
994:
991:
988:
985:
954:
916:
914:
907:
906:
882:
881:
872:
871:
867:National anthem
852:
851:
842:
841:
837:Mandalay Palace
822:
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250:Toungoo dynasty
225:Sagaing Kingdom
200:Pyu city-states
188:
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92:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2574:
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2568:
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2526:
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2489:မြန်မာ့ မဟာဂီတ
2478:
2450:
2420:
2388:
2352:
2330:
2301:
2276:
2258:
2210:
2193:
2143:
2118:
2107:(3): 254–271.
2084:
2069:
2049:
2038:(1): 151–152.
2017:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1937:) composed by
1890:
1887:
1810:Gitawithawdani
1768:
1765:
1761:ornamentations
1706:
1699:
1679:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1620:
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1130:ဖောင်လားကြိုး
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1125:Phaung La Kyo
1120:ဖောင်ငင်ကြိုး
1116:
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2543:. Retrieved
2541:. 2020-01-15
2538:
2529:
2518:. Retrieved
2513:
2488:
2481:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:
2442:. Retrieved
2439:The Appendix
2438:
2412:. Retrieved
2409:Asia Society
2408:
2403:Young, Kit.
2380:. Retrieved
2378:. 2015-04-10
2375:
2346:
2327:(32): 41–55.
2324:
2293:. Retrieved
2291:(in Burmese)
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2236:
2232:
2196:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:
2135:. Retrieved
2133:. 2017-01-01
2130:
2121:
2104:
2100:
2059:
2052:
2035:
2031:
2009:. Retrieved
2004:
1960:
1942:
1934:
1924:
1912:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1872:
1858:
1848:
1818:; from Pali
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1590:Burmese harp
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1572:
1558:
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1529:
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1497:
1486:Talaing than
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1012:
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961:
960:
959:
862:Coat of arms
728:Copy Thachin
698:
652:Glass mosaic
627:Architecture
600:Christianity
499:Burmese tofu
370:Mon language
282:British rule
138:Other topics
55:Thachingyi (
1935:Mingala Tei
1815:ဂီတဝိသောဓနီ
1767:Anthologies
1419:လေးထွေသံကပ်
1353:Collections
1320:music. The
1271:နှောင်းခေတ်
1266:hnaung khit
1174: 1738
1135:royal barge
1111: 1370
1009:သီချင်းကြီး
992:great songs
593:Phongyibyan
494:Burmese tea
272:Shan States
58:သီချင်းကြီး
52:Other names
27:Native name
2560:Categories
2545:2020-05-05
2520:2020-05-04
2472:2023-03-23
2444:2023-03-23
2414:2023-03-23
2382:2020-05-04
2341:ကျော်ထက်.
2295:2020-05-09
2187:2018-09-14
2137:2018-09-14
2011:2018-09-13
1980:References
1955:Recordings
1948:အခါတော်ပေး
1943:Akadaw Pei
1930:မင်္ဂလာတေး
1869:Mindon Min
1733:Mindon Min
1665:) - fiddle
1467:လွမ်းချင်း
1390:Thachingan
1326:khit haung
1318:khit haung
1245:ခေတ်ဟောင်း
1240:khit haung
1188:thachingan
1157:thachingan
1066:thachingan
1045:Mon people
1000:Thachingyi
755:Television
674:Literature
666:Literature
383:Traditions
195:Prehistory
88:Ayutthayan
2253:1340-6787
2239:: 27–41.
2079:774293885
1789:uses the
1756:pat waing
1713:, called
1677:) - piano
1526:myinzaing
1491:တလိုင်းသံ
1479:မြင်းခင်း
1395:သီချင်းခံ
820:Monuments
517:Festivals
504:Satuditha
445:Mythology
422:Tattooing
357:Languages
332:Civil war
322:2021 coup
41:Etymology
2113:23512133
2044:30046252
1968:See also
1925:Mahāgīta
1899:Mahāgīta
1895:Mahāgīta
1799:Sokayeti
1563:clappers
1545:Mahāgīta
1540:Ensemble
1518:hnyinlon
1462:Lwangyin
1443:ယိုးဒယား
1431:နတ်ချင်း
1407:ပတ်ပျိုး
1359:Mahāgīta
1342:Mahāgīta
1311:current
1292:kala paw
1285:late era
1192:genres.
1072:Mahāgīta
1029:Mahāgīta
1025:Mahāgīta
1013:Mahāgīta
979:Mahāgīta
962:Mahāgīta
792:Chinlone
723:Yoke thé
699:Mahāgīta
632:Ceramics
605:Hinduism
568:Buddhism
555:Religion
452:Folklore
427:Weddings
400:Clothing
327:Protests
156:a series
154:Part of
22:Mahāgīta
1941:, and "
1829:
1750:pattala
1724:စန္ဒရား
1719:Burmese
1715:sandaya
1703:Sandaya
1701:Piano (
1689:sandaya
1674:စန္ဒရား
1669:Sandaya
1616:နှဲကြီး
1602:ပတ္တလား
1596:Pattala
1513:အပိုင်း
1498:In the
1474:Myingin
1426:Natchin
1305:
1297:ကာလပေါ်
1290:), and
1279:
1259:old era
1253:
1210:myingin
1104:Tagaung
1041:Talaing
1019:History
1005:Burmese
986:
973:; from
967:Burmese
850:Symbols
802:Banshay
797:Lethwei
718:Anyeint
466:Cuisine
412:Kinship
185:History
109:pattala
78:Burmese
2251:
2111:
2077:
2067:
2042:
1963:(2003)
1785:. The
1631:) and
1585:စောင်း
1561:) and
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1524:, and
1506:apaing
1455:ဘောလယ်
1438:Yodaya
1402:Patpyo
1196:Patpyo
1163:Sāsana
1062:, and
1033:Yodaya
971:မဟာဂီတ
787:Thaing
760:Cinema
647:Kalaga
578:Kyaung
432:Zodiac
405:Acheik
347:People
158:on the
119:fiddle
33:မဟာဂီတ
2514:Marry
2493:(PDF)
2321:(PDF)
2205:(PDF)
2131:WAING
2109:JSTOR
2040:JSTOR
1711:piano
1683:tayaw
1657:Tayaw
1580:Saung
1450:Bawle
1371:ကြိုး
1218:Bawle
1092:saung
1086:era.
807:Bando
782:Naban
774:Sport
750:Radio
742:Media
706:Dance
688:Music
588:Okāsa
417:Names
395:Anade
129:drums
124:piano
104:Saung
2467:UMBC
2271:MRTV
2249:ISSN
2075:OCLC
2065:ISBN
1883:Pyay
1826:lit.
1804:The
1739:and
1709:The
1685:and
1681:The
1662:တယော
1628:စည်း
1588:) -
1549:bell
1532:and
1383:ဘွဲ့
1357:The
1340:The
1330:MRTV
1302:lit.
1276:lit.
1250:lit.
1184:and
1141:," (
1127:," (
1023:The
983:lit.
975:Pali
857:Flag
711:Yein
45:Pali
2241:doi
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1903:bwe
1743:).
1650:ဗုံ
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1638:ဝါး
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1568:ဝါး
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1366:Kyo
1264:),
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1151:Bwe
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1106:in
1102:to
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1088:Kyo
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1060:bwe
1056:Kyo
619:Art
114:hne
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73:Pyu
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