192:
312:
266:
97:
274:
282:
262:
frustrating day in the laboratory trying to find an adhesive that would hold the tape securely without affecting its function, he came home with several pieces of magnetic tape and several plastic cards. As he entered his home his wife was ironing clothing. When he explained the source of his frustration – inability to get the tape to "stick" to the plastic so that it would not come off, but without compromising its function – she suggested that he use the iron to melt the stripe on. He tried it and it worked. The heat of the iron was just high enough to bond the tape to the card.
4144:
247:
4124:
2046:
4134:
180:
431:
and sometimes both, in case one track is unreadable. The minimum cardholder account information needed to complete a transaction is present on both tracks. Track 1 has a higher bit density (210 bits per inch vs. 75), is the only track that may contain alphabetic text, and hence is the only track that contains the cardholder's name.
144:, now define the physical properties of such cards, including size, flexibility, location of the magstripe, magnetic characteristics, and data formats. Those standards also specify characteristics for financial cards, including the allocation of card number ranges to different card issuing institutions.
344:
In most magnetic stripe cards, the magnetic stripe is contained in a plastic-like film. The magnetic stripe is located 0.223 inches (5.7 mm) from the edge of the card, and is 0.375 inches (9.5 mm) wide. The magnetic stripe contains three tracks, each 0.110 inches (2.8 mm) wide. Tracks
261:
had the idea of attaching a piece of magnetic tape, the predominant storage medium at the time, to a plastic card base. He tried it, but the result was unsatisfactory. Strips of tape warped easily, and the tape's function was negatively affected by adhesives he used to attach it to the card. After a
170:
which contains digital cards - cards that can be created online without having to have a plastic card in first place, although all of its merchants currently issue both plastic and digital cards. There are several virtual card issuing companies located in different geographical regions, such as Weel
430:
There are up to three tracks on magnetic cards known as tracks 1, 2, and 3. Track 3 is virtually unused by the major worldwide networks , and often is not even physically present on the card by virtue of a narrower magnetic stripe. Point-of-sale card readers almost always read track 1, or track 2,
296:
Initial customers included banks, insurance companies and hospitals, who provided IBM with raw plastic cards preprinted with their logos, along with a list of the contact information and data which was to be encoded and embossed on the cards. Manufacturing involved attaching the magnetic stripe to
937:
Note: Each state has a different selection of information they encode, not all states are the same. Note: Some states, such as Texas, have laws restricting the access and use of electronically readable information encoded on driver's licenses or identification cards under certain circumstances.
345:
one and three are typically recorded at 210 bits per inch (8.27 bits per mm), while track two typically has a recording density of 75 bits per inch (2.95 bits per mm). Each track can either contain 7-bit alphanumeric characters, or 5-bit numeric characters. Track 1 standards were created by the
407:
Magnetic stripe cloning can be detected by the implementation of magnetic card reader heads and firmware that can read a signature of magnetic noise permanently embedded in all magnetic stripes during the card production process. This signature can be used in conjunction with common two-factor
411:
Some types of cards intentionally ignore the ISO standards regarding which kind of data is recorded in each track, and use their own data sequences instead; these include hotel key cards, most subway and bus cards, and some national prepaid calling cards (such as for the country of
1000:
to obtain administrative access from hotel keys, via service staff walking past him. Hecker claims he used administrative keys from POS systems on other systems, effectively providing access to any system with a magnetic stripe reader, providing access to run privileged commands.
559:
This format was developed by the banking industry (ABA). This track is written with a 5-bit scheme (4 data bits + 1 parity), which allows for sixteen possible characters, which are the numbers 0–9, plus the six characters
625:) — it is one character and a validity character calculated from other data on the track. Most reader devices do not make the LRC available for display, but use it to verify the input internally to the device.
195:
Visualization of magnetically stored information on a magnetic stripe card (recorded with CMOS-MagView, dark colors correspond to magnetic north, light colors correspond to magnetic south)
1590:
293:(UPC). This engineering effort resulted in IBM producing the first magnetic striped plastic credit and ID cards used by banks, insurance companies, hospitals and many others.
250:
The first prototype of magnetic stripe card created by IBM in the late 1960s. A stripe of cellophane magnetic tape is fixed to a piece of cardboard with clear adhesive tape
269:
Front side of the first magnetic stripe plastic credit card. Note that the narrow magnetic stripe is on the front of the card. It was later switched to the back side.
100:
Front side of the first
Magnetic Stripe plastic credit card. Note that the narrow magnetic stripe is on the front of the card. It was later switched to the back side.
360:
hardware, which are simply general-purpose computers that have been programmed to perform the required tasks. Examples of cards adhering to these standards include
108:
in
Denmark around 1900 for recording audio. In the 1950s, magnetic recording of digital computer data on plastic tape coated with iron oxide was invented. In 1960,
975:
Cards that contain all three features (magnetic stripe, smart card chip, and RFID chip) are also becoming common as more activities require the use of such cards.
603: — three digits. The first digit specifies the interchange rules, the second specifies authorization processing and the third specifies the range of services
711:
191:
1660:"Texas statutes, section 521.126, restricting use of electronically readable information from driver's licenses or personal identification certificates"
1268:
1408:
88:. These virtual cards are used in very high volumes by the mass transit sector, replacing paper-based tickets and the earlier magnetic strip cards.
3309:
1758:
285:
Back of early magnetic striped encoded paper card. The narrow magnetic stripe in the center of the card was applied using a magnetic slurry paint.
117:
4088:
1491:
320:
Creating the international standards for stripe record content, including which information, in what format, and using which defining codes.
3113:
1588:
1891:
564:. (It may seem odd that these particular punctuation symbols were selected, but by using them the set of sixteen characters matches the
3334:
1462:
3466:
3444:
2234:
397:
1373:
1712:
1227:
714:. Not all states and provinces use a magnetic stripe on their driver's licenses. For a list of those that do, see the AAMVA list.
41:
can refer to a physical item, such as a memory card on a camera, or, increasingly since 2017, to the digital content hosted as a
4235:
3108:
346:
308:, but still needed more work. Steps required to convert the magnetic striped media into an industry acceptable device included:
2378:
1171:
207:
attached to a plastic card. A computer device can update the card's content. The magnetic stripe is read by swiping it past a
3580:
1851:
1435:
17:
404:
stored on the card itself. Many video game and amusement centers now use debit card systems based on magnetic stripe cards.
1751:
289:
Incremental improvements from 1969 through 1973 enabled developing and selling implementations of what became known as the
3324:
2568:
1521:, "Credit card automatic currency dispenser"; Thomas Barnes, George Chastain, and Marion Karecki; issued August 22, 1972
311:
4220:
4187:
4077:
1815:
1535:, "Credit card automatic currency dispenser"; Thomas Barnes, George Chastain, and Don Wetzel; issued September 25, 1973
3811:
3725:
3386:
530: — may include Pin Verification Key Indicator (PVKI, 1 character), PIN Verification Value (PVV, 4 characters),
223:
4245:
3657:
2578:
2028:
1047:
Using IoB (Identification over
Bluetooth, an obsolete method which is rarely used) or PoB (Payment over Bluetooth).
1731:
4167:
4157:
4147:
3684:
1884:
1744:
416:) in which the balance is stored and maintained directly on the stripe and not retrieved from a remote database.
31:
1629:
1198:
968:
Hybrid smart cards include a magnetic stripe in addition to the chip—this combination is most commonly found in
4162:
3857:
3847:
3745:
3014:
305:
220:
1726:
4050:
3816:
3078:
2185:
2090:
622:
547:
435:
1297:
84:
can store content from the card issuer; discount offers and news updates can be transmitted wirelessly, via
4210:
4177:
4172:
3781:
2851:
2735:
2533:
2476:
2291:
996:
In the talk, Hecker described the way magnetic strip cards function and utilised spoofing software, and an
531:
350:
1412:
1346:"IBM100 - Click on "View all icons". Click on 8th row from the bottom titled "Magnetic Stripe Technology""
4240:
4225:
4215:
3674:
3566:
2887:
2523:
1254:
329:
Modifying available equipment to enable it to issue and accept stripes and the data associated with them.
4045:
4029:
3571:
3526:
3454:
2908:
2371:
1877:
1659:
1721:
4230:
3159:
2918:
2861:
2634:
2603:
2558:
2511:
1103:
265:
96:
273:
4182:
3963:
3771:
3626:
2994:
2974:
2923:
2274:
2212:
1037:
1029:
710:
The data stored on magnetic stripes on
American and Canadian driver's licenses is specified by the
1495:
408:
authentication schemes utilized in ATM, debit/retail point-of-sale and prepaid card applications.
281:
4024:
3730:
3604:
2659:
845:- 5 digits (If there is no information to put in this field, a field separator is used instead.)
4055:
3826:
3642:
3344:
3019:
2528:
2333:
2262:
2222:
958:
290:
112:
built upon the magnetic tape idea and developed a reliable way of securing magnetic stripes to
550:) — it is one character and a validity character calculated from other data on the track.
4071:
4036:
3662:
3621:
3252:
2984:
2958:
2866:
2654:
2364:
2316:
338:
326:
Developing the manufacturing steps needed to mass-produce the large number of cards required.
1466:
1255:"Digital credit card replacement Coin is almost ready to swipe — the Coin Beta begins today"
3891:
3801:
3755:
3750:
3556:
3354:
3299:
3282:
3125:
3004:
2817:
2649:
2624:
2563:
2424:
2195:
2015:
1809:
1797:
1134:
1114:
652:
6: National interchange only except under bilateral agreement, use IC (chip) where feasible
1606:
506: — 2 to 26 characters, surnames separated by space if necessary, Surname separator: /
8:
4065:
3927:
3862:
3667:
3610:
3576:
2979:
2760:
2725:
2704:
2694:
2664:
2343:
1380:
1041:
385:
62:
50:
4040:
4015:
3915:
3897:
3561:
2943:
2669:
2593:
2538:
2496:
2105:
1900:
1709:
1440:
1232:
1203:
1176:
1083:
1073:
950:
582:
491:
231:
49:, as a digital virtual representation of a physical card. They share a common purpose:
4152:
4099:
3993:
3988:
3852:
3776:
3371:
3339:
3247:
3179:
3164:
3071:
2999:
2953:
2835:
2830:
2750:
2689:
2486:
2338:
2284:
2247:
2132:
2095:
1144:
1119:
1088:
254:
Magnetic storage was known from World War II and computer data storage in the 1950s.
972:, to make them usable at payment terminals that do not include a smart card reader.
315:
Front and back of a card from the late 1980s used in food vending machines in the UK
183:
An example of the reverse side of a typical credit card: Green circle #1 labels the
4082:
3885:
3877:
3806:
3708:
3636:
3237:
3194:
3189:
3009:
2948:
2789:
2745:
2730:
2699:
2684:
2679:
2419:
2409:
2321:
2306:
2251:
2202:
2164:
2154:
1857:
1821:
1767:
204:
147:
As technological progress emerged in the form of highly capable and always carried
105:
116:, as part of a contract with the US government for a security system. A number of
4060:
3973:
3796:
3735:
3381:
3304:
3174:
2882:
2765:
2755:
2356:
2301:
2229:
2159:
2137:
2110:
1936:
1908:
1803:
1716:
1594:
1567:
1345:
1093:
445:. The information on track 1 on financial cards is contained in several formats:
393:
4109:
3983:
3978:
3939:
3867:
3821:
3740:
3449:
3329:
3103:
3095:
3045:
2777:
2328:
2311:
2296:
1942:
1833:
1779:
1124:
1063:
953:. Some smart cards have metal contacts to electrically connect the card to the
400:), and nearly any application in which monetary value or secure information is
389:
334:
235:
1531:
1517:
365:
297:
the preprinted plastic cards using the hot stamping process developed by IBM.
4204:
3958:
3933:
3903:
3689:
3410:
3349:
3257:
3232:
3147:
2506:
2466:
2441:
1986:
1845:
1785:
1108:
357:
258:
216:
167:
113:
246:
4127:
3921:
3909:
3514:
3509:
3488:
3064:
3040:
2825:
2797:
2740:
2548:
2217:
2207:
2144:
2051:
1058:
969:
425:
381:
141:
133:
129:
125:
121:
4137:
3998:
3968:
3791:
3679:
3403:
3398:
3169:
2892:
2639:
2391:
2387:
2117:
2071:
2023:
1970:
1965:
1839:
1791:
1736:
1331:
1317:
Jerome
Svigals, The long life and imminent death of the mag-stripe card,
1068:
227:
212:
54:
356:
Magstripes following these specifications can typically be read by most
3720:
3713:
3647:
3393:
3214:
3204:
3024:
2856:
2802:
2608:
2436:
2414:
2395:
2279:
2267:
2067:
1924:
1918:
1139:
1078:
1033:
1018:
954:
946:
581:(PAN) — up to 19 characters. Usually, but not always, matches the
490:(PAN) — up to 19 characters. Usually, but not always, matches the
442:
438:
373:
156:
148:
81:
77:
58:
1269:"MTA Looks to Replace MetroCard With System Using 'Contactless Media'"
323:
Field testing the proposed device and standards for market acceptance.
3478:
3471:
3287:
3209:
3199:
2491:
2471:
2446:
2431:
2257:
1869:
377:
369:
208:
152:
1637:
1009:
Identification with a digital card is usually done in several ways:
4094:
3842:
3786:
3551:
3536:
3519:
3364:
3292:
3262:
2807:
2772:
2644:
2629:
2598:
2553:
2543:
2127:
2085:
2080:
1947:
1827:
1332:"Google Pay - Learn What the Google Pay App is & How to Use It"
1129:
743:- one character (generally '^') (absent if city reaches max length)
672:
4: Contact issuer via online means except under bilateral agreement
361:
137:
85:
70:
4104:
3546:
3541:
3483:
3314:
3242:
2913:
2501:
2481:
1098:
1022:
1014:
997:
989:
353:. Track 3 standards were created by the thrift-savings industry.
655:
7: No interchange except under bilateral agreement (closed loop)
3531:
3504:
3461:
3439:
3359:
2674:
2583:
2518:
2190:
2149:
2100:
1992:
1959:
413:
163:
300:
3152:
2709:
2588:
2573:
2062:
1998:
1545:
1025:
i.e.). The unique QR code ensures privacy for every customer.
705:
649:
5: National interchange only except under bilateral agreement
565:
1681:
701:
7: Goods and services only (no cash), use PIN where feasible
457:, which are reserved for use by ANSI Subcommittee X3B10 and
449:, which is reserved for proprietary use of the card issuer,
179:
3376:
3319:
2169:
2122:
1953:
1930:
1722:
A brief comparison of Mag stripe and RFID technology (2012)
1318:
1273:
962:
461:, which are available for use by individual card issuers:
277:
Back side of the first magnetic stripe plastic credit card
104:
Magnetic recording on steel tape and wire was invented by
3087:
2989:
2004:
1350:
643:
568:
range 0x30 through 0x3f.) The data format is as follows:
109:
1727:
A Brief
History of Reprogrammable Card Technology (2012)
1608:
2010 AAMVA DL/ID Card Design
Standard Ver 1.0, Annex F.6
1111:, the IBM engineer who invented the magnetic stripe card
1682:"Samy Kamkar: MagSpoof - credit card/magstripe spoofer"
3056:
219:, and transportation tickets. They may also contain a
1662:. Texas Legislature Online, State of Texas. June 2015
1172:"How to Carry Your Covid Health Data on a Smartphone"
737:- variable length (seems to max out at 13 characters)
30:"Magnetic strip" redirects here. For other uses, see
2041:
712:
2386:
1732:Magnetic Developer and Magnetic Encoding Standards
695:5: Goods and services only (no cash), PIN required
2901:
1225:
1219:
532:Card Verification Value or Card Verification Code
4202:
3310:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
1486:
1484:
1165:
1163:
1161:
994:Hacking Hotel Keys, and Point Of Sales Systems.
949:are a newer generation of card that contain an
27:Virtual online representation of a plastic card
1411:. 03.ibm.com. January 23, 2003. Archived from
1191:
961:that use a magnetic field or radio frequency (
118:International Organization for Standardization
3072:
2372:
1885:
1752:
1546:"Welcome to MagnePrint®: What is MagnePrint?"
1481:
1403:
1401:
1169:
211:. Magnetic stripe cards are commonly used in
203:is a type of card capable of storing data by
1158:
1494:. 03.ibm.com. April 7, 1964. Archived from
1465:. 03.ibm.com. March 7, 2012. Archived from
1427:
301:Further developments and encoding standards
166:released its own version of a cloud hosted
3079:
3065:
2379:
2365:
1892:
1878:
1766:
1759:
1745:
1398:
1228:"Memory Cards as Kin That Can't Get Along"
706:United States and Canada driver's licenses
698:6: No restrictions, use PIN where feasible
396:, electronic benefit transfer cards (e.g.
159:, the term "digital card" was introduced.
1313:
1311:
855:The following data is stored on track 3:
808:The following data is stored on track 2:
717:The following data is stored on track 1:
597: — four characters in the form YYMM.
518: — four characters in the form YYMM.
337:of the Advanced Systems Division of IBM,
66:
349:. Track 2 standards were created by the
310:
280:
272:
264:
245:
190:
178:
95:
65:. A non-physical digital card, unlike a
1455:
1433:
1409:"IBM Archives: DPD chronology - page 4"
819:Drivers License / Identification Number
562: : ; < = > ?
174:
14:
4203:
1899:
1436:"Who Made That Universal Product Code"
1308:
1226:J. D. Biersdorfer (October 10, 2002).
783:Home Address (house number and street)
434:Track 1 is written with code known as
333:These steps were initially managed by
3445:Center for The Business of Government
3060:
2360:
2258:Commodity theory of money (Metallism)
1873:
1740:
1374:"Article on Forrest Parry, pages 3-4"
615: — one character (generally '?')
591: — one character (generally '=')
575: — one character (generally ';')
540: — one character (generally '?')
512: — one character (generally '^')
500: — one character (generally '^')
478: — one character (generally '%')
306:IBM's development work, begun in 1969
221:radio frequency identification (RFID)
171:in Australia and Privacy in the USA.
4133:
686:2: Goods and services only (no cash)
184:
1032:protocol connection by placing the
941:
241:
24:
2534:European Payments Initiative (EPI)
1434:Kennedy, Pagan (January 4, 2013).
1170:Brian X. Chen (December 1, 2021).
978:
813:ISO Issuer Identifier Number (IIN)
669:2: Contact issuer via online means
642:2: International interchange, use
632:values common in financial cards:
484: — one character (alpha only)
419:
368:(credit and debit cards including
25:
4257:
3114:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
2524:Electronic Payment Services (EPS)
2235:Akkadian standards of measurement
1703:
585:printed on the front of the card.
494:printed on the front of the card.
4143:
4142:
4132:
4123:
4122:
3812:Sabre airline reservation system
3658:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
2044:
767:- one character (generally '$ ')
755:- one character (generally '$ ')
680:0: No restrictions, PIN required
3325:Information Management Software
1921:(W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)
1674:
1652:
1622:
1599:
1582:
1560:
1538:
1524:
1510:
1366:
1199:"Q & A for a digital world"
803:- one character (generally '?')
791:- one character (generally '^')
779:- one character (generally '^')
725:- one character (generally '%')
639:1: International interchange OK
205:storing it on magnetic material
32:Magnetic strip (disambiguation)
4236:Radio-frequency identification
4078:International chess tournament
3858:Globally integrated enterprise
3848:Commercial Processing Workload
3015:Personal identification number
1338:
1324:
1290:
1261:
1247:
13:
1:
3817:Scanning tunneling microscope
2238:
2186:List of historical currencies
2091:Central bank digital currency
1151:
983:
619:Longitudinal redundancy check
544:Longitudinal redundancy check
2852:Card not present transaction
2736:Credit card balance transfer
2292:Standard of deferred payment
992:24, Weston Hecker presented
453:, which is described below,
73:(imitate) any kind of card.
7:
3685:Canada Head Office Building
3675:Cambridge Scientific Center
3567:Science Research Associates
3335:Mainframe operating systems
1715:September 28, 2014, at the
1051:
1021:to the identifying host (a
10:
4262:
3746:Virtual Universe Community
3467:International subsidiaries
3387:Service Automation Manager
1568:"ID Security Technologies"
1298:"AES Historical Committee"
554:
534:(CVV or CVC, 3 characters)
464:
423:
91:
29:
4221:Customer loyalty programs
4118:
4007:
3949:
3876:
3835:
3764:
3698:
3594:
3497:
3432:
3423:
3275:
3225:
3140:
3133:
3124:
3094:
3033:
2967:
2936:
2875:
2862:Controlled payment number
2844:
2816:
2788:
2718:
2617:
2457:
2402:
2178:
2061:
2039:
2014:
1979:
1907:
1775:
1593:December 2, 2010, at the
1104:MetroCard (New York City)
965:) for proximity reading.
689:3: ATM only, PIN required
3772:Automated teller machine
3726:The Great Mind Challenge
3109:Mergers and acquisitions
2995:Hardware security module
2975:Automated teller machine
2761:Current/checking account
2275:Quantity theory of money
2096:Chattel/movable property
1004:
524: — three characters
347:airlines industry (IATA)
4246:20th-century inventions
3731:Linux Technology Center
3086:
1710:Magnetic Stripe Formats
609: — as in track one
238:or electronic payment.
4056:Dynamic infrastructure
4021:Big Blue sports teams
3827:Universal Product Code
3020:Secure cryptoprocessor
2334:Complementary currency
2263:Credit theory of money
2223:Depository institution
1611:, Aamva.org, June 2010
831:Expiration Date (YYMM)
579:Primary account number
488:Primary account number
351:banking industry (ABA)
316:
291:Universal Product Code
286:
278:
270:
251:
196:
188:
101:
4188:Vacuum tube computers
4072:IBM and the Holocaust
4037:Common Public License
3922:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
3705:Academy of Technology
3160:Power microprocessors
2985:Credit card imprinter
2959:Credit card hijacking
2317:Digital gold currency
1630:"AAMVA - IIN and RID"
1532:U.S. patent 3,761,682
1518:U.S. patent 3,685,690
1492:"IBM100 - System 360"
851:- one character ('?')
837:Birth date (YYYYMMDD)
827: - generally '='
341:, from 1966 to 1975.
339:Los Gatos, California
314:
284:
276:
268:
249:
209:magnetic reading head
194:
182:
99:
18:Magnetic stripe cards
3802:Magnetic stripe card
3751:World Community Grid
3627:Toronto Software Lab
3283:Carbon Design System
3238:Cell microprocessors
3005:Magnetic stripe card
2196:Coincidence of wants
2016:Representative money
1640:on September 1, 2017
1135:Security engineering
1115:Photo identification
201:magnetic stripe card
175:Magnetic stripe card
67:magnetic stripe card
4211:American inventions
4066:GUIDE International
3928:Samuel J. Palmisano
3787:Electronic keypunch
3611:One Atlantic Center
3581:Weather Underground
3577:The Weather Company
2980:Contactless payment
2726:Payment card number
2344:Time-based currency
1415:on October 23, 2009
1386:on October 27, 2011
1042:host card emulation
51:identity management
4241:1960 introductions
4226:Identity documents
4216:Banking technology
4168:Personal computers
4158:Midrange computers
4148:Navigational boxes
4041:IBM Public License
4016:A Boy and His Atom
3974:Michelle J. Howard
3916:John Fellows Akers
3898:T. Vincent Learson
3605:1250 René-Lévesque
3345:Planning Analytics
2944:Card security code
2902:Interbank networks
2539:Forbrugsforeningen
2213:Clearinghouse bank
1901:Medium of exchange
1441:The New York Times
1354:. February 3, 2011
1321:, June 2012, p. 71
1257:. August 22, 2014.
1233:The New York Times
1207:. November 8, 2007
1204:The New York Times
1177:The New York Times
1084:Credit card number
1074:Common Access Card
1017:on the customer's
951:integrated circuit
683:1: No restrictions
607:Discretionary data
583:credit card number
528:Discretionary data
492:credit card number
317:
287:
279:
271:
252:
228:transponder device
197:
189:
102:
4198:
4197:
4163:Operating systems
4025:American football
3994:Joseph R. Swedish
3989:Martha E. Pollack
3892:Thomas Watson Jr.
3853:Customer engineer
3777:Cynefin framework
3663:Hakozaki Facility
3622:Rome Software Lab
3590:
3589:
3419:
3418:
3372:Rational Software
3271:
3270:
3253:Personal Computer
3248:Midrange computer
3054:
3053:
3000:Interbank network
2954:Credit card fraud
2932:
2931:
2836:Universal default
2831:Introductory rate
2751:Revolving account
2354:
2353:
2339:Sectoral currency
2285:Market monetarism
2248:Code of Hammurabi
2037:
2036:
2029:Gold certificates
1867:
1866:
1145:Stored-value card
1120:Physical security
1089:Identity document
959:contactless cards
957:; there are also
797:- variable length
785:- variable length
773:- variable length
761:- variable length
749:- variable length
729:State or Province
386:driver's licenses
16:(Redirected from
4253:
4231:Magnetic devices
4146:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4126:
4125:
3886:Thomas J. Watson
3807:Relational model
3756:Think conference
3637:330 North Wabash
3557:Microelectronics
3430:
3429:
3355:Quantum Platform
3300:Cognos Analytics
3138:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3010:Payment terminal
2949:Chargeback fraud
2899:
2898:
2746:Installment loan
2731:Card association
2680:Rail Travel Card
2410:American Express
2381:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2322:Virtual currency
2307:Digital currency
2243:
2240:
2203:Bureau de change
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
1980:Domestic animals
1977:
1976:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1768:Magnetic storage
1761:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1636:. Archived from
1626:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1603:
1597:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1548:. Magneprint.com
1542:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1498:on April 3, 2012
1488:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1469:on April 3, 2012
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1379:. Archived from
1378:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1278:. April 13, 2016
1265:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1167:
942:Other card types
926:Error Correction
731:- two characters
563:
394:membership cards
242:Magnetic storage
234:mostly used for
162:On May 26, 2011
106:Valdemar Poulsen
63:driver's license
21:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4114:
4100:SHARE computing
4061:GlobalFoundries
4003:
3951:
3945:
3872:
3831:
3822:Financial swaps
3797:Hard disk drive
3760:
3694:
3668:Yamato Facility
3586:
3493:
3425:
3415:
3382:Tivoli Software
3267:
3221:
3120:
3090:
3085:
3055:
3050:
3029:
2963:
2928:
2897:
2871:
2840:
2812:
2784:
2766:Savings account
2756:Deposit account
2714:
2685:Revolution Card
2613:
2460:specialty cards
2459:
2453:
2398:
2385:
2355:
2350:
2302:Unit of account
2241:
2174:
2160:Promissory note
2138:Deposit account
2111:Cheque clearing
2065:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2033:
2010:
1975:
1943:Precious metals
1910:
1903:
1898:
1868:
1863:
1771:
1765:
1717:Wayback Machine
1706:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1595:Wayback Machine
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1309:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1168:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1094:ID card printer
1054:
1007:
986:
981:
979:Vulnerabilities
944:
935:
843:DL/ID# overflow
825:Field Separator
806:
789:Field Separator
777:Field Separator
765:Field Separator
753:Field Separator
741:Field Separator
708:
595:Expiration date
561:
557:
516:Expiration date
510:Field Separator
498:Field Separator
482:Format code="B"
467:
428:
422:
420:Financial cards
390:telephone cards
303:
259:an IBM engineer
244:
185:magnetic stripe
177:
94:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4259:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4140:
4130:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4083:Lucifer cipher
4080:
4075:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3999:Peter R. Voser
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:Andrew Liveris
3981:
3979:Arvind Krishna
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3940:Arvind Krishna
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3741:Smarter Planet
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3633:IBM Buildings
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3618:Software Labs
3616:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3607:, Montreal, QC
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3572:Service Bureau
3569:
3564:
3562:Product Center
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3527:Ambra Computer
3524:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3330:Lotus Software
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3144:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3046:Acquiring bank
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2329:Local currency
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:Cryptocurrency
2304:
2299:
2297:Store of value
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2252:§100; §122–125
2245:
2242: 2150 BC
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2007:(Tibet, China)
2002:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1950:(cotton cloth)
1945:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1705:
1704:External links
1702:
1699:
1698:
1673:
1651:
1621:
1598:
1581:
1559:
1537:
1523:
1509:
1480:
1463:"IBM100 - UPC"
1454:
1426:
1397:
1365:
1337:
1323:
1307:
1289:
1260:
1246:
1218:
1190:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1125:Proximity card
1122:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:Access control
1061:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1040:Reader (using
1026:
1006:
1003:
985:
982:
980:
977:
943:
940:
934:
933:
928:
923:
921:Reserved Space
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
857:
853:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
805:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
723:Start Sentinel
719:
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
674:
673:
670:
667:
660:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
646:where feasible
640:
627:
626:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
576:
573:Start sentinel
556:
553:
552:
551:
541:
535:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
485:
479:
476:Start sentinel
466:
463:
424:Main article:
421:
418:
335:Jerome Svigals
331:
330:
327:
324:
321:
302:
299:
243:
240:
236:access control
217:identity cards
176:
173:
93:
90:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4258:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4139:
4131:
4129:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Thomas Buberl
3957:
3956:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3934:Ginni Rometty
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:Frank T. Cary
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3690:IBM Rochester
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:, Chicago, IL
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:, Atlanta, GA
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3582:
3578:
3575:
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3405:
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3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:Mashup Center
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
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3301:
3298:
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3259:
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3231:
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3208:
3206:
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3201:
3198:
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3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Power Systems
3163:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
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3123:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
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3101:
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3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
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2991:
2988:
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2801:
2799:
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2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Carte Blanche
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:Defunct cards
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
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2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:; c. 1750 BC)
2253:
2249:
2246:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
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2216:
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2209:
2206:
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2201:
2197:
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2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
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2148:
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2119:
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2109:
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2053:
2042:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:Water buffalo
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1956:(Roman world)
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1927:(Mesoamerica)
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
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1872:
1859:
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1733:
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1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1661:
1655:
1639:
1635:
1634:www.aamva.org
1631:
1625:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1569:
1563:
1547:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1519:
1513:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1319:IEEE Spectrum
1314:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:Forrest Parry
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:Displaying a
1012:
1011:
1010:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
976:
973:
971:
970:payment cards
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
939:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
856:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
810:
809:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
720:
718:
715:
713:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
678:
677:
671:
668:
665:
664:
663:
662:Second digit
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:
631:
624:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
580:
577:
574:
571:
570:
569:
567:
549:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:
432:
427:
417:
415:
409:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:loyalty cards
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:point-of-sale
354:
352:
348:
342:
340:
336:
328:
325:
322:
319:
318:
313:
309:
307:
298:
294:
292:
283:
275:
267:
263:
260:
255:
248:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
193:
186:
181:
172:
169:
168:Google Wallet
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:plastic cards
111:
107:
98:
89:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4087:
4070:
4051:Deep Thought
4014:
3942:(since 2020)
3910:John R. Opel
3868:Think slogan
3709:Deep Thunder
3515:Kaleida Labs
3510:AIM alliance
3195:Q System Two
3190:Q System One
3041:Issuing bank
2826:Grace period
2798:Cash advance
2741:Credit limit
2549:Hyundai Card
2458:Regional and
2218:Savings bank
2208:Central bank
2145:Legal tender
2052:Money portal
1798:Ferrite core
1689:. Retrieved
1685:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:the original
1633:
1624:
1613:, retrieved
1607:
1601:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1562:
1552:November 29,
1550:. Retrieved
1540:
1526:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:the original
1471:. Retrieved
1467:the original
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1439:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:the original
1390:November 29,
1388:. Retrieved
1381:the original
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
1326:
1301:
1292:
1282:November 30,
1280:. Retrieved
1276:NBC New York
1272:
1263:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1231:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1202:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1175:
1059:Access badge
1028:Engaging an
1008:
993:
987:
974:
967:
945:
936:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
886:Endorsements
885:
881:Restrictions
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
854:
849:End Sentinel
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
807:
801:End Sentinel
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
709:
692:4: Cash only
676:Third digit
675:
661:
635:First digit
634:
630:Service code
629:
628:
618:
613:End sentinel
612:
606:
601:Service code
600:
594:
588:
578:
572:
558:
543:
538:End sentinel
537:
527:
522:Service code
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
487:
481:
475:
469:
468:
458:
454:
450:
446:
433:
429:
426:ISO/IEC 7813
410:
406:
401:
355:
343:
332:
304:
295:
288:
256:
253:
213:credit cards
200:
198:
161:
157:smartwatches
146:
142:ISO/IEC 4909
134:ISO/IEC 7813
130:ISO/IEC 7812
126:ISO/IEC 7811
122:ISO/IEC 7810
103:
75:
46:
43:virtual card
42:
39:digital card
38:
36:
4183:Typewriters
4089:Mathematica
4030:Rugby union
3969:Alex Gorsky
3936:(2012–2020)
3930:(2002–2011)
3924:(1993–2002)
3918:(1985–1993)
3912:(1981–1985)
3906:(1973–1981)
3900:(1971–1973)
3894:(1956–1971)
3888:(1914–1956)
3836:Terminology
3792:Floppy disk
3736:SkillsBuild
3699:Initiatives
3680:IBM Hursley
3654:Facilities
3305:Connections
3175:FlashSystem
2893:Card scheme
2876:Interchange
2640:Carte Bleue
2512:Diners Club
2403:Major cards
2396:debit cards
2170:Safekeeping
2024:Bimetallism
1939:(W. Africa)
1840:Floppy disk
1810:Stripe card
1691:December 2,
1574:October 25,
1502:October 25,
1473:October 25,
1447:October 25,
1419:October 25,
1358:February 3,
1302:www.aes.org
1069:Campus card
947:Smart cards
871:Postal Code
866:Security V#
861:Template V#
821:- 13 digits
771:Middle Name
398:food stamps
149:smartphones
120:standards,
55:credit card
4205:Categories
4178:System/370
4173:System/360
3964:David Farr
3863:e-business
3765:Inventions
3714:Develothon
3595:Facilities
3455:Promontory
3450:Consulting
3025:Smart card
2968:Technology
2857:Chargeback
2803:Charge-off
2665:Everything
2415:Mastercard
2280:Monetarism
2268:Chartalism
2165:Redemption
2155:Possession
2118:Clay token
1971:Trade bead
1925:Cocoa bean
1909:Commodity
1239:August 29,
1211:August 29,
1183:August 29,
1152:References
1140:Smart card
1079:Credential
1034:smartphone
1019:smartphone
984:DEF CON 24
906:Hair Color
839:- 8 digits
833:- 4 digits
815:- 6 digits
759:First Name
378:gift cards
374:MasterCard
366:bank cards
82:smartwatch
78:smartphone
59:debit card
47:cloud card
4046:Deep Blue
3952:directors
3411:WebSphere
3350:PureQuery
3258:Selectric
3233:Blue Gene
3148:Mainframe
2888:Surcharge
2492:Cabcharge
2472:AzeriCard
1989:(SE Asia)
1919:Axe-money
1858:Racetrack
1822:Thin film
1804:Hard disk
1615:August 9,
1036:near the
911:Eye Color
747:Last Name
666:0: Normal
644:IC (chip)
589:Separator
470:Format B:
441:plus odd
362:ATM cards
232:microchip
230:and/or a
153:handhelds
37:The term
4128:Category
4095:IBM Plex
3950:Board of
3843:Big Blue
3643:Honolulu
3552:Merative
3537:EduQuest
3520:Taligent
3489:Research
3426:entities
3424:Business
3365:OpenQASM
3293:Cloudant
3263:ThinkPad
3186:Quantum
3134:Hardware
3126:Products
2937:Security
2818:Interest
2808:Debt-lag
2773:ATM card
2719:Accounts
2660:Eurocard
2645:Chipknip
2630:Bankcard
2599:UnionPay
2554:Isracard
2544:Girocard
2507:Discover
2487:BCA Card
2477:Bancomat
2442:Electron
2128:Currency
2106:Clearing
2086:Banknote
2081:Bailment
2001:(Arabia)
1962:(barley)
1948:Quachtli
1713:Archived
1666:April 4,
1644:July 19,
1591:Archived
1130:Security
1052:See also
1044:method).
931:Security
257:In 1969
138:ISO 8583
86:Internet
4138:Commons
4105:ScicomP
3648:Seattle
3601:Towers
3547:Lexmark
3542:Kyndryl
3484:Red Hat
3433:Current
3404:Granite
3399:Watsonx
3315:Fortran
3243:PowerPC
3170:Storage
3141:Current
3104:History
3096:History
3034:Banking
2914:Interac
2867:Dispute
2845:Payment
2655:enRoute
2502:Dankort
2482:BC Card
2425:Maestro
2179:General
2133:Deposit
2123:Coinage
1995:(Hindu)
1937:Manilla
1848:(~1970)
1836:(~1968)
1834:Twistor
1686:samy.pl
1570:. AAMVA
1099:Keycard
1023:cashier
1015:QR code
998:Arduino
990:DEF CON
988:During
795:Unknown
658:9: Test
555:Track 2
465:Track 1
92:History
71:emulate
4110:Unions
3721:Fellow
3532:Cognos
3505:AdStar
3498:Former
3462:Kenexa
3440:Apptio
3394:Watson
3360:Qiskit
3226:Former
3215:Condor
3205:Osprey
3180:DS8000
2909:Cirrus
2705:Proton
2695:Switch
2675:Mondex
2650:Choice
2625:Access
2584:PayPak
2519:EFTPOS
2392:charge
2388:Credit
2191:Barter
2150:Notary
2101:Cheque
1966:Shells
1960:Shekel
1933:(rice)
1860:(2008)
1854:(1995)
1846:Bubble
1842:(1969)
1830:(1962)
1824:(1962)
1818:(1956)
1812:(1956)
1806:(1956)
1800:(1949)
1794:(1932)
1788:(1928)
1782:(1898)
955:reader
901:Weight
896:Height
443:parity
439:SIXBIT
414:Cyprus
164:Google
140:, and
69:, can
4008:Other
3479:Press
3472:India
3288:Cloud
3276:Other
3210:Heron
3200:Eagle
3153:IBM Z
2919:Pulse
2710:V Pay
2670:Laser
2609:Verve
2589:RuPay
2574:Meeza
2437:Debit
2420:Debit
2072:Token
2063:Money
1999:Camel
1911:money
1770:media
1384:(PDF)
1377:(PDF)
1005:Usage
876:Class
566:ASCII
4153:FOSS
3878:CEOs
3782:DRAM
3377:SPSS
3320:ILOG
2924:Plus
2790:Debt
2778:Fees
2690:Solo
2604:UATP
2594:Troy
2579:NETS
2569:MEPS
2467:ArCa
2447:Cash
2432:Visa
2394:and
2230:Mint
2068:Fiat
1954:Salt
1931:Koku
1852:MRAM
1828:CRAM
1816:MICR
1792:Drum
1786:Tape
1780:Wire
1693:2016
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1646:2017
1617:2010
1576:2015
1554:2011
1504:2015
1475:2015
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1421:2015
1392:2011
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1284:2016
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1241:2022
1213:2022
1185:2022
963:RFID
735:City
504:Name
372:and
370:Visa
226:, a
155:and
3088:IBM
2990:EMV
2883:Fee
2700:PIN
2564:Mir
2559:JCB
2529:Elo
2005:Yak
1993:Cow
1351:IBM
1038:NFC
1030:NFC
916:ID#
891:Sex
623:LRC
548:LRC
459:N-Z
455:C-M
436:DEC
402:not
376:),
224:tag
110:IBM
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