16482:
new architectural style. The forms and conventions of
Classical architecture were better understood in Syria than in the lands further east, and as a result some of the vocabulary of Umayyad architecture—of column and capital, pointed arch and dome, rib and vault—is familiar to a Western observer. These traditions declined in importance, however, as Muslim builders began to adopt the architectural styles of the newly conquered lands to the east—in Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia and even India. (...) The Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, founded in 749, ruled most of the Islamic lands from capital cities in Iraq during a golden age that lasted at least until the end of the 9th century. New styles of architecture were characterized by forms, techniques and motifs of Iraqi and Iranian origin. Some features of these styles, such as brick vaults and stucco renderings, had already appeared in buildings erected late in the Umayyad period (661–c. 750; see §III above), but they became increasingly widespread as a result of the power and prestige of the Abbasid court. In the Islamic lands around the Mediterranean, Late Antique traditions of stone construction roofed with wood continued, although new techniques and styles were eventually introduced from Iraq.
2026:
2121:
3876:
5100:
7630:
4781:
1775:
1950:
7703:
4879:
1794:
13302:"Islamic Order." Today it is one of the recognized alternatives to "fundamentalist", along with "political Islam" in particular. Current terminology usually distinguishes between "Islam," and "Islamism", referring to the ideology of those who tend to signal openly, in politics, their Muslim religion. the term has often acquired a quasi-criminal connotation close to that of political extremism, religious sectarianism, or bigotry. In Western mainstream media, "Islamists" are those who want to establish, preferably through violent means, an "Islamic state" or impose sharīʿah (Islamic religious law)—goals that are often perceived merely as a series of violations of human rights or the rights of women. In the Muslim world, insiders use the term as a positive reference. In the academic sphere, although it is still debated, the term designates a more complex phenomenon.
4858:
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1865:
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1841:
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1817:
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4515:
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7191:
6545:
5122:
6807:
6507:
7140:
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2003:
4917:
6661:
6009:
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7007:
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6437:
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245:
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2075:
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4240:
2042:
7207:
5848:
5776:
2937:
3648:, involving "support for identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, revitalization of the community." Islamists themselves prefer terms such as "Islamic movement", or "Islamic activism" to "Islamism", objecting to the insinuation that Islamism is anything other than Islam renewed and revived. In public and academic contexts, the term "Islamism" has been criticized as having been given connotations of violence, extremism, and violations of human rights, by the Western mass media, leading to Islamophobia and stereotyping.
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7171:
2105:
4677:
2992:
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2192:
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Muslim-majority Arab country, the youth female literacy rate exceeds that for males. Lower literacy rates are more prevalent in South Asian countries such as in
Afghanistan and Pakistan, but are rapidly increasing. In the Eastern Middle East, Iran has a high level of youth literacy at 98%, but Iraq's youth literacy rate has sharply declined from 85% to 57% during the American-led war and subsequent occupation. Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country in the world, has a 99% youth literacy rate.
5142:
1330:
6564:
2207:
3407:
5754:
5728:
7669:
3057:
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5019:
3226:
3174:
3005:
2654:
1976:
2742:
2576:
5161:
19012:
4203:
3239:
3200:
3109:
3083:
2979:
2729:
2615:
3031:
5864:
5707:
4222:
2872:
3436:
3070:
4586:(10.7). In addition, the average of years of schooling in countries in which Muslims are the majority is 6.0 years of schooling, which lag behind the global average (7.7 years of schooling). In the youngest age (25–34) group surveyed, Young Muslims have the lowest average levels of education of any major religious group, with an average of 6.7 years of schooling, which lag behind the global average (8.6 years of schooling). The study found that
3311:
2833:
2755:
3343:
2846:
2641:
7739:
3148:
2924:
2716:
3261:
3161:
2966:
2898:
2859:
2703:
1263:
68:
6482:
3213:
2807:
2794:
2589:
3695:
3096:
3044:
1654:, were among the influential and distinguished powers in the world. 19th-century colonialism and 20th-century decolonisation have resulted in several independent Muslim-majority states around the world, with vastly differing attitudes towards and political influences granted to, or restricted for, Islam from country to country. These have revolved around the question of Islam's compatibility with other ideological concepts such as
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170:
27:
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3018:
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19001:
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1163:
3921:
3295:
572:
9887:"Many people, including myself, are often guilty of using terms such as 'Muslim countries', or the 'Islamic world', as if Islam has always been there, and always will be. And that is completely unclear. (...) If the current trend continues, at some point a large section of the population may no longer be religious. How 'Islamic' would that still make the 'Islamic world'?
8229:
4723:, this diversity includes diversity in beliefs, interpretations and practices and communities and interests. Knight says perception of Muslim world among non-Muslims is usually supported through introductory literature about Islam, mostly present a version as per scriptural view which would include some
16436:: "As the Arabs did not have an architectural tradition suited to the needs of a great empire, they adopted the building methods of the defeated Sassanian and Byzantine empires. Because they ruled from Syria, Byzantine influence was stronger, although Sassanian elements became increasingly important."
6289:
to the present day. The
Islamic world encompasses a wide geographic area historically ranging from western Africa and Europe to eastern Asia. Certain commonalities are shared by Islamic architectural styles across all these regions, but over time different regions developed their own styles according
4562:
In 2015, the
International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. In Egypt, the largest
1225:
as a movement with power, importance, and cohesion born in Paris, where Turks, Arabs and
Persians congregated. The correspondent's focus was on India: it would take too long to consider the progress made in various parts of the Muslim world. The article considered the position of the Amir, the effect
16481:
Although Syria remained the center of the
Islamic empire for less than 90 years, its role in the development of Islamic architecture was crucial. The region's own ancient civilization, unified and transformed by Hellenization and overlaid with Roman and Christian elements, provided the basis for the
4412:
lived in countries with Muslim majorities (excluding
Nigeria). The Pew Forum study finds that Indonesia (21.1 million) has the largest Christian population in the Muslim world, followed by Egypt, Chad and Kazakhstan. While according to Adly A. Youssef and Martyn Thomas, in 2004, there were around 30
3784:
The overwhelming majority of
Muslims in the world, between 87 and 90%, are Sunni. Shias and other groups make up the rest, about 10–13% of overall Muslim population. The countries with the highest concentration of Shia populations are: Iran – 89%, Azerbaijan – 65%, Iraq – 60%, Bahrain – 60%, Yemen –
3711:
Because the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' are disputed, since no country is homogeneously Muslim, and there is no way to determine at what point a Muslim minority in a country is to be considered 'significant' enough, there is no consensus on how to define the Muslim world geographically.
12248:
The constitution also states there shall be a "just and equitable balance" in the apportionment of cabinet and high-level civil service positions among the major religious groups, a provision amended by the Taif
Agreement, which ended the country's civil war and mandated proportional representation
7573:
while Muslim women's experiences differs a lot by location and personal situations such as family upbringing, class and education; the difference between culture and religions is often ignored by community and state leaders in many of the Muslim majority countries, the key issue in the Muslim world
2250:
In the 20th century, the end of the
European colonial domination has led to creation of a number of nation states with significant Muslim populations. These states drew on Islamic traditions to varying degree and in various ways in organizing their legal, educational and economic systems. The Times
13301:
The term "Islamism/Islamist" has come into increasing use in recent years to denote the views of those Muslims who claim that Islam, or more specifically, the Islamic sharīʿah, provides guidance for all areas of human life, individual and social, and who therefore call for an "Islamic State" or an
16533:: "Thus, it is increasingly being recognized that the mutual Roman–Byzantine architectural heritage of the Mediterranean, which had played an important role in the formation of early Islamic art, continued to mediate the shared histories of European and Islamic art long after the medieval period."
3508:
In its original formulation, Islamism described an ideology seeking to revive Islam to its past assertiveness and glory, purifying it of foreign elements, reasserting its role into "social and political as well as personal life"; and in particular "reordering government and society in accordance
13254:
Islamism is one of many sociopolitical concepts continuously contested in scholarly literature. It is a neologism debated in both Muslim and non-Muslim public and academic contexts. The term "Islamism" at the very least represents a form of social and political activism, grounded in an idea that
2372:. His understanding of the "Muslim world" and its "social order" was that, presented to the Western world as the result of practicing Islamic teachings, would impress "by the beauty and charm of true Islamic ideology". He argued that the values of the Enlightenment and its related precursor, the
16510:
At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the
9064:
THE appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so-called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint, and to my surprise/ignorance, such people exist. Online, I found something called the people's mosque, which makes
7094:; chapters and excerpts from the Qur'an are a common and almost universal text upon which Islamic calligraphy is based. Although artistic depictions of people and animals are not explicitly forbidden by the Qur'an, pictures have traditionally been limited in Islamic books in order to avoid
9551:
6755:
which featured paintings of people and animals, and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives. Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God, an objective achieved by arabesque.
4452:
exist in the non-Arab countries of Iran (9,500) and Turkey (14,500); both, however, are much smaller than they historically have been. Among Arab countries, the largest Jewish community now exists in Morocco with about 2,000 Jews and in Tunisia with about 1,000. The number of
1249:'s citizens are c. 10% Christians), and in absolute numbers, there are sometimes fewer Muslims living in countries in which they make up the majority than in countries in which they form a minority. Hence, the term 'Muslim-majority countries' is often preferred in literature.
1245:, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. Some scholars and commentators have criticised the term 'Muslim/Islamic world' and its derivative terms 'Muslim/Islamic country' as "simplistic" and "binary", since no state has a religiously homogeneous population (e.g.
4757:
2086:
by European powers profoundly affected Muslim-majority societies in Africa, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Colonialism was often advanced by conflict with mercantile initiatives by colonial powers and caused tremendous social upheavals in Muslim-dominated societies.
7114:, it encompasses a diverse array of works created in a wide variety of contexts. The prevalence of calligraphy in Islamic art is not directly related to its non-figural tradition; rather, it reflects the centrality of the notion of writing and written text in Islam.
547:
are roughly equal. China has the third largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries, while Russia has the fifth largest Muslim population. Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in Africa, while Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in Asia.
11972:
2120:
3286:
countries, which are shown in the Government and religion section above in the article. Apart from these, large Muslim populations exist in some countries where Muslims are a minority, and their Muslim communities are larger than many Muslim-majority nations:
2470:
ideals, societies responded in different ways. Some Muslim-majority countries are secular. Azerbaijan became the first secular republic in the Muslim world, between 1918 and 1920, before it was incorporated into the Soviet Union. Turkey has been governed as a
7106:
prohibition by using strands of tiny writing to construct lines and images. Calligraphy was a valued art form, even as a moral good. An ancient Arabic proverb illustrates this point by emphatically stating that "Purity of writing is purity of the soul."
1949:
8061:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (OEIW) deals with all aspects of Islam—the world's second largest and fastest-growing religion—and the societies in which it exists, including their religion, politics, economics, everyday life, culture, and
6201:
in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by
3450:
During much of the 20th century, the Islamic identity and the dominance of Islam on political issues have arguably increased during the early 21st century. The fast-growing interests of the Western world in Islamic regions, international conflicts and
1531:, a successive series of dynasties that synthesized Indian civilization with the wider commercial and cultural networks of Africa and Eurasia, greatly increased demographic and economic growth in India and deterred Mongol incursion into the prosperous
16511:
Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.
1896:"Why do the Christian nations, which were so weak in the past compared with Muslim nations begin to dominate so many lands in modern times and even defeat the once victorious Ottoman armies?"..."Because they have laws and rules invented by reason."
2097:
The only Muslim-majority regions not to be colonized by the Europeans were Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan. Turkey was one of the first colonial powers of the world with the Ottoman empire ruling several states for over 6 centuries.
2025:
3875:
2368:, the faith is "a complete divorce from jahiliyyah". He complained that American churches served as centers of community social life that were "very hard distinguish from places of fun and amusement". For Qutb, Western society was the modern
360:
which consists of 57 member states had a combined GDP(PPP) of US$ 24 trillion which is equal to about 18% of world's GDP or US$ 30 trillion with 5 OIC observer states which is equal to about 22% of the world's GDP. Some OIC member countries
13255:
public and political life should be guided by a set of Islamic principles. In other words, Islamists are those who believe that Islam has an important role to play in organizing a Muslim-majority society and who seek to implement this belief.
9559:
8938:
The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 15% of the world's Muslim
7629:
16289:. Bengal was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.
1793:
3681:
More than 24.1% of the world's population is Muslim, with an estimated total of approximately 1.9 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The city of
6791:
and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the
5099:
4966:
in 1258. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad,
7582:
are widespread among many conservative Muslims (men and women). Orthodox Muslims often believe that rights and responsibilities of women in Islam are different from that of men and sacrosanct since assigned by the God. According to
7102:, Iraq, from which it takes its name. The style later developed into several varieties, including floral, foliated, plaited or interlaced, bordered, and square kufic. In the ancient world, though, artists would often get around the
3491:
within the context of the state or society. The majority of them are affiliated with Islamic institutions or social mobilization movements, often designated as "al-harakat al-Islamiyyah." Islamists emphasize the implementation of
1840:
8621:
4780:
475:, the largest Muslim-majority country; 31% of Muslims live in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world; 20% in the Middle East–North Africa, where it is the dominant religion; and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa and
5203:. It reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by
4975:
became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient
5897:'s invented the log base systems that are being used today, he also contributed theorems in trigonometry as well as limits. Recent studies show that it is very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists were aware of advanced
6188:
and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented
345:), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for the emergence of this institution owing to the emphasis attached to Islamic teachings. In the modern era, most of the Muslim world came under European
13931:
4835:
3719:
is the world's largest Muslim-minority population in the world (11% of the world's Muslim population). Jones (2005) defines a "large minority" as being between 30% and 50%, which described nine countries in 2000, namely
11976:
9729:
there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the
11862:
4180:
7841:
13610:
Karachi is the largest city in Pakistan, the second-largest city in the world when "city" is defined by official municipal limits, the largest city in the Muslim world, and the world's seventh-largest metropolitan
11188:
9468:
10755:: Article 1 – "The official religion of Persia is Islám, according to the orthodox Já'farí doctrine of the Ithna 'Ashariyya (Church of the Twelve Imáms), which faith 1 the Sháh of Persia must profess and promote."
4727:
and abstracts of history as per authors own point of views, to which even many Muslims might agree, but that necessarily would not reflect Islam as lived on the ground, 'in the experience of real human bodies'.
15631:
4534:
is in second place in the Index of Literacy of World Countries. Some members such as Iran, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in
14369:
Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..
7496:
The ancient Iranian Solar calendar is one of the oldest calendars in the world, as well as the most accurate solar calendar in use today. Since the calendar uses astronomical calculation for determining the
2498:
Some countries have declared Islam as the official state religion. In those countries, the legal code is largely secular. Only personal status matters pertaining to inheritance and marriage are governed by
1816:
12463:
2346:
to allay his fears: "Fight them, and God will chastise them at your hands/And degrade them, and He will help you/Against them, and bring healing to the breasts of a people who believe", referring to the
15327:
10143:
4878:
10245:. (Contributors: Alfred T, Chakabarty D, Dussel E, Eze E, Hsueh V, Kohn M, Bhanu Mehta P, Muthu S, Parekh B, Pitts J, Schutte O, Souza J, Young IM). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Group.
1864:
10799:
9704:
Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of
3715:
In 2010, 73% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the majority, while 27% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority.
10219:
5957:("Book of Concessions"), a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries. Other medical advancements came in the fields of
4857:
1372:, is believed by Muslims to have received the first revelation of the Quran, and began to preach his message. In 622 CE, facing opposition in Mecca, he and his followers migrated to Yathrib (now
4958:, where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic, and to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to
14917:
Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.
13182:
9500:
7702:
12105:
8381:
2144:
3856:
1349:. Al-Idrisi also wrote about the diverse Muslim communities found in various lands. Note: the map is here shown upside-down from the original to match current North/Up, South/Down map design
13353:
9857:
21 ambassadors from Muslim – so-called "Muslim states". How do they dare to call themselves "Muslim"? In what sense is Egypt a "Muslim" country? You can't denominate a country as religious.
15267:
15242:
9047:
8613:
8355:
1774:
298:
spans about 1,400 years and includes a variety of socio-political developments, as well as advances in the arts, science, medicine, philosophy, law, economics and technology during the
15297:
8810:
17471:
8310:
2002:
349:. The nation states that emerged in the post-colonial era have adopted a variety of political and economic models, and they have been affected by secular as well as religious trends.
14420:
6148:
and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early
5805:
11765:
15916:
12265:
3894:
13945:
1399:) continued to lead the Muslim community based on his teachings and guidelines of the Quran. The majority of Muslims consider the first four successors to be 'rightly guided' or
13288:
6632:
6249:" denotes the works of art and architecture produced from the 7th century onwards by people who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally Islamic populations.
14701:
13115:
12436:
6458:
5496:(Avicenna) (980–1037) had more than 450 books attributed to him. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook
3761:
The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects. They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the
2255:
as a movement with power importance and cohesion born in Paris where Turks, Arabs and Persians congregated. The article considered The position of the Amir; the effect of the
11858:
3637:) for combining grassroots Islamization with armed revolution. The term has been applied to non-state reform movements, political parties, militias and revolutionary groups.
396:
As of 2020, 1.8 billion or more than 25% of the world population are Muslims. By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim, 91% in the
16841:
11783:
9324:
8560:
6608:
14027:
Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shias, mostly Twelvers.
12330:
9135:
Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more
9034:
Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims – those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.
8103:
The Islamic world is generally defined contemporaneously as consisting of nation-states whose population contains a majority of Muslims. in the contemporary era, the term
7139:
6081:, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century.
4652:
4502:
4157:
13919:
On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.
9460:
13906:
10596:
6109:
crossing Central Asia passed through Islamic states between China and Europe. The emergence of major economic empires with technological resources after the conquests of
4297:
13541:
8817:"Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."
7466:) and has years of 365 or 366 days. It is sometimes also called the Shamsi calendar and Khorshidi calendar. It is abbreviated as SH, HS or, sometimes as AHSh, while the
4514:
13146:
3513:), Islamist movements have "arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence", redefining "politics and even borders".
9294:
8499:
8411:
7485:. The calendar is named the "Hijri calendar" because that was the year that Mohammed is believed to have left from Mecca to Medina, which event is referred to as the
4942:, economic development and cultural works in most of the Muslim-dominated world flourished. The age is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the
15776:: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.
6544:
4916:
13596:
Global Happiness: A Guide to the Most Contented (and Discontented) Places around the Globe: A Guide to the Most Contented (and Discontented) Places around the Globe
6936:, though there is no evidence that such a set was used in medieval times. Girih patterns have been used to decorate varied materials including stone screens, as at
6932:
explicitly shows girih patterns together with the tilings used to create them. A set of tiles consisting of a dart and a kite shape can be used to create aperiodic
5753:
1748:
and small arms, to create their empires. They existed primarily between the fourteenth and the late seventeenth centuries. During the 17th–18th centuries, when the
18761:
12619:
12376:
8673:
7470:(commonly known in the West as the 'Islamic calendar', although both calendars are Islamic) is usually abbreviated as AH. The solar Hijri calendar predominates in
5775:
16701:
11656:
5847:
4285:
18643:
8643:
5663:
4636:
3777:, Muhammad's father-in-law, to be Muhammad's political but not his religious successor. Shia, on the other hand, believe that Muhammad designated his son-in-law
1975:
14139:
12467:
18011:
14106:
11523:
9582:
8590:
15319:
10151:
6990:
5121:
4486:
2168:
1388:. By the time of his death, Muhammad had become the political and spiritual leader of Medina, Mecca, the surrounding region, and numerous other tribes in the
16340:
Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",
16202:
Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",
13506:
12295:
8848:
8825:
7683:
7006:
4239:
13472:
12489:
11184:
9438:
8461:
7170:
6436:
5347:, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story in
4594:
in educational attainment, since Muslim women have an average of 4.9 years of schooling, compared to an average of 6.4 years of schooling among Muslim men.
8998:
The majority of the world's Islamic population, which is Sunni, accounts for over 85 percent of the Islamic population; the other 10 to 15 percent is Shia.
4464:
In 2010, the Pew Forum study finds that Bangladesh (13.5 million), Indonesia (4 million), Pakistan (3.3 million) and Malaysia (1.7 million) has a sizeable
17182:
14682:
Christian contributions to art, culture, and literature in the Arab-Islamic world; Christian contributions education and social advancement in the region.
11842:
10795:
10184:
8752:
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is an omnipresent decoration in Islamic art, and is usually expressed in the form of Quranic verses. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic
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279:. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs, politics, and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is practiced. In a modern
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million Christians who lived in countries with Muslim majorities, with the largest Christian population number lived in Indonesia, followed by Egypt.
2376:, "denies or suspends God's sovereignty on earth" and argued that strengthening "Islamic character" was needed "to abolish the negative influences of
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now includes not only the traditional heartlands of Islam, but also Europe and North America, both of which have sizeable minority Muslim populations
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12873:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 270–271, 276–278, 280, 283–285, 295, 310–311.
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17211:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press.
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Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996),
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geometry (discovered half a millennium later in the 1970s and 1980s in the West) and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture.
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patriarchal behaviour among Muslims is based in an ideology which jumbles sexual and biological differences with gender dualisms and inequality.
5392:. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the
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was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in
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ideological movements. The advocates of Islamism, also known as "al-Islamiyyun", are dedicated to realizing their ideological interpretation of
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Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 150 million followers who comprise around 10% of all Muslims worldwide...
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Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 97 percent are Sunni and 3 percent Shia.
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5488:." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The
2094:; or affirmed more traditionalist and inclusive cultural ideals; and in rare cases adopted modernity that was ushered by the colonial powers.
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Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority Under Siege: Papers Presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zurich, September 23-25, 2004
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7124:. There are several variations of each, as well as regionally specific styles. Arabic or Persian calligraphy has also been incorporated into
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and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the
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against the United States, scholars considered the ramifications of seeking to understand Muslim experience through the framework of secular
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There are some 30 million Christians who live in countries with Muslim majorities. The largest number live in Indonesia, some 15 million ...
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9099:, and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center.
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The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui
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had exceeded 1.8 million. In Asia, an estimated 625,000 refugees from Rakhine, Myanmar, mostly Muslim, had crossed the border into
2351:, the community of Muslim believers, and invoking the imagery of the early warriors of Islam who lead the faithful from the darkness of
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Mason, Robert (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World".
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Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)
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law. In some places, Muslims implement Islamic law, called sharia in Arabic. The Islamic law exists in a number of variations, called
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13582:... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ...
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17031:[Measuring the year and month for a long time until now in a conversation with Dr. Iraj Malekpour] (in Persian). BBC Persian
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13070:. Translated by Lotan, Yaer. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, United States: University of California Press. pp. 147–148.
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with lines drawn on them: the lines form the pattern. Patterns may be elaborated by the use of two levels of design, as at the 1453
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of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect,
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The only rule of thumb for inclusion which has some support, is that countries need to have a Muslim population of more than 50%.
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to local materials and techniques, local dynasties and patrons, different regional centers of artistic production, and sometimes
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in particular, a major global trading nation in the world, described by the Europeans to be the "richest country to trade with".
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Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.
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7532:. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in common years but 30 days in
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conquered in the seventh and eighth centuries. Later it developed distinct characteristics in the form of buildings and in the
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1487:(746–750) also definitively destroyed the political unity of the Muslims, who have been inhabiting multiple states ever since.
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of 50 Muslim majority countries was US$ 5.7 trillion. As of 2016, they contributed 8% of the world's total. In 2020, the
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Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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5515:, Avicenna, also founded his own Avicennism school of philosophy, which was influential in both Islamic and Christian lands.
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appeared in Latin (1671), English (1708), German, and Dutch. These European-language translations may have later inspired
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currents became heavily involved in democratic politics, while others spawned "the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist
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The Great Divergence was the reason why European colonial powers militarily defeated preexisting Oriental powers like the
463:). Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable
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13023:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 280, 284–285, 295.
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Why Europe has to offer a better deal towards its Muslim communities. A quantitative analysis of open international data
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geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns,
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Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Omajjaden §1. De Spaanse tak". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
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regarding gender issues is that religious texts constructed in highly patriarchal environments and based on biological
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that is the most similar to the Gregorian calendar, being based on the Earth's orbit around the Sun. It begins on the
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Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.
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One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of
3765:. Sunnis believe that the true political successor of Muhammad according to the Sunnah should be selected based on ٍ
2419:
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7395:'In the year of the Hijrah'). In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H from its Arabic form (
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Muslims, who are less known, have their own stronghold in the country of Oman holding about 75% of the population.
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Map of colonial powers throughout the world in the year 1914 (note colonial powers in the pre-modern Muslim world).
611:
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Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "islam. §7. Sektevorming". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
7098:. Although some scholars dispute this, Kufic script was supposedly developed around the end of the 7th century in
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The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227–228
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5630:, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel;
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Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
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7542:, always falls on the March equinox. Nowruz is celebrated by communities in a wide range of countries from the
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8916:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"
8780:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"
4719:
Throughout history, Muslim cultures have been diverse ethnically, linguistically and regionally. According to
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A number of Muslim-majority societies reacted to Western powers with zealotry and thus initiating the rise of
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What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "World Values Survey"
16525:, p. 30, Frameworks of Islamic Art and Architectural History: Concepts, Approaches, and Historiographies
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The Thousand and One Nights; Or, The Arabian Night's Entertainments - David Claypoole Johnston - Google Books
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10619:"93 years pass since establishment of first democratic republic in the east – Azerbaijan Democratic Republic"
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This growth has to do with the relatively young age of the Muslim population as well as high fertility rates.
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1280:
882:
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17053:[Iranian Studies & # 124; Preservation of the Iranian calendar]. Ghiasabadi.com. 3 November 2005
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Blair, Sheila S. (Spring 2003). "The Mirage of Islamic Art: Reflections on the Study of an Unwieldy Field".
13970:
Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population
13968:
13721:"Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library – Religion"
12449:"Benazir Bhutto: Daughter of Tragedy" by Muhammad Najeeb, Hasan Zaidi, Saurabh Shulka and S. Prasannarajan,
11462:
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5064:, originating from 9th-century Iraq. Other centers for innovative ceramic pottery in the Old world included
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are home to the world’s second, fourth, sixth and seventh largest Muslim populations respectively. Sizeable
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the names of the zodiacal signs were used for the months; elsewhere the month names are the same as in the
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is divided almost evenly between Muslims and Christians, with more than 80 million Christians and Muslims.
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5207:. Imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become
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to politically unite the Muslim world. Riḍā was a strong exponent of Islamic vanguardism, the belief that
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Grabar, Oleg (2011). "Art and Culture in the Islamic World". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
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The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 15 percent.
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12437:"The Muslims of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Victims of poverty, ignorance and Christianization"
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itself clear that it's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly, 100 per cent non-judgmental.
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However, Islamic calligraphy is not limited to strictly religious subjects, objects, or spaces. Like all
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17472:(PDF) The political algebra of global value change: General models and implications for the Muslim world
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6739:. Such designs are highly nonrepresentational, as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in
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Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as
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17009:[The most accurate calendar in the world, Khayyam's gift to Iranians] (in Persian). BBC Persian
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Burgat, François, "The Islamic Movement in North Africa", U of Texas Press, 1997, pp. 39–41, 67–71, 309
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Islamic geometric patterns : their historical development and traditional methods of construction
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and post-graduate degrees. The highest of years of schooling among Muslim-majority countries found in
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6800:. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture.
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Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the
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35%, Turkey – 10%, Lebanon – 27%, Syria – 13%, Afghanistan – 10%, Pakistan – 10%, and India – 10%.
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Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pp. 26–38
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7128:, beginning with the post-colonial period in the Middle East, as well as the more recent style of
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has the largest number of non-denominational Muslims, who constitute about 74% of the population.
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The term has been documented as early as 1912 to encompass the influence of perceived pan-Islamic
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17075:[Iranian Studies & # 124; Glory Calendar Timeline]. Ghiasabadi.com. 25 September 2007
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Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pg 26–38
14695:"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"
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between Christians and Muslims in parliament, the cabinet, and other senior government positions.
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6020:), it is considered to be an important device that contributed greatly to the advancement of the
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stated in 2009 that Ibn al-Haytham is 'often referred to as the "world's first true scientist".'
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states. Each of these three empires had considerable military exploits using the newly developed
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Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam
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The very first day of the Solar Hijri calendar was the day of the spring equinox, March 18, 622
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reckoning, 1446 AH runs from 7 July 2024 to approximately 26 June 2025.
6093:, along which Muslim-majority countries traded with each other and with European powers such as
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Islamic philosophers continued making advances in philosophy through to the 17th century, when
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known in his time. Ibn al-Nafis' fiction explained Islamic religious teachings via science and
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and is calculated based on the "year of the Hijrah," and the lunar Hijri calendar is based on
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showed that at the time about 36% of all Muslims had no formal schooling, with only 8% having
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15828:, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (
15710:, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (
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8378:"Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center"
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6743:. Despite this, there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies, notably the
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was also transmitted from China via predominantly Islamic countries, where formulas for pure
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Since then Muslim-majority countries have absorbed refugees from recent conflicts, including
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2511:, which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four
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The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks
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in the Muslim world have declared separation between civil/government affairs and religion.
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16599:
Tonna, Jo (1990). "The Poetics of Arab-Islamic Architecture", Muqarnas BRILL, 7, pp. 182–97
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https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar
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In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi.
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are still valued highly in Islam; hence views emphasizing on men's superiority in unequal
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Trust and the Islamic Advantage: Religious-Based Movements in Turkey and the Muslim World
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13028:
12878:
12546:
Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.
12325:
11210:
10117:
Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics
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further says that equality for Muslim women needs to be achieved through self-criticism.
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with laws prescribed by Islam" (i.e. Sharia). According to at least one observer (author
3279:
1936:
1902:
1851:
1749:
1532:
1186:
1082:
716:
616:
496:
417:
16323:
Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering
16122:
12760:
11423:
10717:
The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam
9347:
3791:
make up a majority of the Muslims in seven countries (and a plurality in three others):
2074:
1415:
beyond the Arabian Peninsula, stretching from northwest India, across Central Asia, the
18972:
18886:
18737:
18673:
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Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005.
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15360:
15096:
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14771:
13941:
13046:
12999:
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12896:
12724:
12582:
11211:"The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh | 2A. The state religion"
10678:
Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community
10425:
9904:
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9113:
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7689:
7456:
7410:
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synthesis and Islamist ideals greatly influenced his disciples like Hasan al-Banna, an
3525:
2877:
2480:
2279:
1981:
1962:
1484:
1408:
1346:
1106:
1063:
1033:
1016:
991:
936:
892:
604:
532:
472:
317:, but disagreements on other matters have led to the appearance of different religious
299:
244:
15174:
15148:
14668:
Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries: Arab Christians in the Levant
14453:
14161:
13932:"Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%"
13215:
6346:
were invented. Common or important types of buildings in Islamic architecture include
4313:
There are sizeable non-Muslim minorities in many Muslim-majority countries, includes,
2411:
187:
18947:
18942:
18847:
18837:
18827:
18510:
18396:
18348:
18191:
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17863:
17853:
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17519:
17509:
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17482:
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15805:
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15473:
15432:
15389:
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14984:
14959:
14906:
14881:
14851:
14775:
14763:
14723:
14671:
14646:
14609:
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14558:
14534:
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14358:
14330:
14284:
14231:
13852:
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13571:
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13071:
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12946:
12921:
12882:
12716:
12677:
12586:
12464:"A Wake-Up Call: Milestones of Islamic History – IslamOnline.net – Art & Culture"
12077:
11681:
10721:
10682:
10652:
10586:
10556:
10504:
10471:
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10407:
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10092:
9981:
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9124:
8975:
8802:
Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.
8260:
8235:
8166:
8092:
8050:
7776:
7588:
7444:
7312:
6748:
6744:
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6128:
Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of
6090:
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4943:
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4823:
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worldwide is between 800,000 and one million, with the vast majority residing in the
3778:
3645:
3537:
2492:
2324:
2287:
2151:
1993:
1928:
1765:
1719:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1651:
1524:
1440:
1420:
1389:
1362:
1147:
1111:
1058:
971:
931:
793:
544:
492:
46:
12728:
11997:
6929:
6697:
are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to
5935:; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who proposed the theory of
5782:
5502:
was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries. He also wrote
4676:
19061:
18977:
18962:
18722:
18427:
18149:
18087:
18077:
18067:
18052:
17858:
17761:
17733:
17621:
17564:
17415:
17390:
17361:
16805:
15982:
15461:
14755:
14276:
14264:
13409:
13024:
12874:
12854:
12849:
12837:
12808:
12803:
12791:
12708:
12667:
12656:"The Totalitarianism of Jihadist Islamism and its Challenge to Europe and to Islam"
12574:
12527:
10644:
10549:
US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View
10399:
9529:
9378:"Middle East :: Azerbaijan — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"
8949:
8821:
8084:
8042:
7949:
7912:
7806:
7796:
7786:
7596:
7506:
7467:
7351:
7280:
7252:
7146:
6861:
6793:
6595:
6424:
6383:
6317:
6286:
6122:
5916:
5734:
5528:
5292:
5244:
5151:
4989:
4922:
4764:
4737:
4144:
3706:
3641:
3574:
3541:
2484:
2451:
2155:
1989:
1889:
1703:
1695:
1663:
1643:
1599:
1496:
1428:
1385:
1354:
1334:
1316:
1242:
956:
951:
902:
887:
872:
781:
660:
540:
508:
480:
429:
295:
284:
16980:
16402:
16400:
15045:
11068:
7842:
List of largest cities in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries
6975:
6772:
scripts, which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques, the sides of
5907:
Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine, including the subjects of
4143:
communities have survived. In addition, new schools of thought and movements like
476:
18903:
18610:
18555:
18355:
18041:
18001:
17952:
17904:
17678:
17569:
17542:
17412:
The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England
17111:"Approaches to the Research of Early Islam: The Hijrah in Western Historiography"
16329:
16265:
16238:
16179:
16032:
15920:
15887:
Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England
15839:
15832:
15773:
15767:
Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan
15766:
15745:
15721:
15714:
15635:
15349:
14603:
14576:
14483:
13840:
11959:
11846:
11344:
10467:
10455:
10403:
10121:
9908:
9794:
9747:
FROM A CORRESPONDENT IN INDIA, Tuesday, 3 September 1912, The Times, Issue: 39994
9181:
9021:
8814:
8007:
7932:
7811:
7801:
7292:
7260:
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7050:
6883:
6207:
5635:
5489:
5485:
5426:
5337:
5212:
5204:
4951:
4947:
4749:
4607:
4571:
4377:
4190:
4022:
3741:
3588:
3584:
3521:
3426:
2179:
2065:
1966:
1528:
1464:
1412:
1320:
1091:
907:
867:
856:
838:
741:
686:
599:
528:
516:
433:
401:
311:
16562:
15942:
A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam
15555:
A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam
15425:
A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam
13267:
William E. Shepard; FranÇois Burgat; James Piscatori; Armando Salvatore (2009).
11931:
10144:"Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort"
8198:
7752:
7407:). In English, years prior to the Hijra are denoted as BH ("Before the Hijra").
5060:, dating to around the 8th century. Another contribution was the development of
3625:
social and political activism. Other Islamists (Al-Turabi) are proponents of a "
484:
19036:
19015:
18742:
18595:
18437:
18139:
16397:
15039:"Science-Matrix: 30 Years in Science – Secular Movements in Knowledge Creation"
14759:
11952:
11094:
10176:
10111:
7744:
7560:
7440:
7381:
7304:
7284:
7231:
7227:
7181:
7121:
6937:
6933:
6768:
6752:
6343:
6181:
6013:
5981:
5928:
5890:
5832:
5600:
5585:
5577:
5239:
5091:
5023:
4985:
4977:
4864:
4846:
4820:
4802:
4685:
4473:
4429:
4350:
4230:
4148:
4006:
3716:
3555:
3439:
2692:
2688:
2245:
2231:
2159:
2012:
1955:
1932:
1871:
1800:
1780:
1733:
1729:
1679:
1639:
1631:
1603:
1579:
1563:
1492:
1444:
1179:
1051:
1038:
996:
941:
555:
524:
520:
504:
488:
322:
17523:
17256:
16637:
16439:
12982:
Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations
12943:
Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations
12712:
12672:
12655:
12578:
9836:
6903:
dates from around 1000 CE, and the artform flourished until the 15th century.
5372:
Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), deals with various science fiction elements such as
1329:
483:). Muslims are the overwhelming majority in Central Asia, the majority in the
19030:
18918:
18755:
18605:
18144:
18107:
18082:
17967:
17226:
16884:
16744:
16088:
15937:
15420:
14995:
Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.
14862:
Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.
14767:
12720:
12681:
12073:
Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
10316:
7875:
7498:
7448:
7129:
6639:
6615:
6450:
6395:
6222:
6211:
6203:
6194:
5943:
remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century.
5356:
5344:
5231:
5208:
5045:
4997:
4421:
4002:
3729:
3663:
3655:
3626:
3503:
3452:
3062:
2955:
2565:
2508:
2472:
2335:
2183:
1916:
1753:
1737:
1691:
1611:
1536:
1231:
1116:
1021:
981:
500:
425:
17496:
17344:
17317:
17283:
15913:
14531:
The World's Christians: Who they are, Where they are, and How they got there
13771:
12696:
12532:
12515:
12069:
9439:"The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring"
4440:
since the rise of Islam. Today, Jews residing in Muslim countries have been
4033:
faith, although Druzes do not identify as Muslims. Twelver Shiism developed
2568:
have adopted Islam as the ideological foundation of state and constitution.
19005:
18930:
18590:
18442:
18320:
17940:
17928:
17642:
16037:
15882:
15785:
15071:"Nearly 40% of Muslim world's population unable read or write: IINA Report"
15008:
14746:
Ojo, Matthews A. (July 1995). "The Charismatic Movement in Nigeria Today".
14487:
10074:
9709:
7975:
7821:
7758:
7730:
7575:
6879:
6694:
6468:
6387:
5958:
5901:
5894:
5854:
5431:
5421:
5385:
5359:
plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.
5283:
5272:
5263:
5167:
4981:
4745:
4696:, Muslim-majority countries hosted 18 million refugees by the end of 2010.
4437:
4314:
4246:
3932:
3832:
3630:
3608:
3567:
3499:
3231:
3179:
3010:
2659:
2252:
2091:
1985:
1958:
1920:
1671:
1575:
1476:
1222:
1167:
1123:
592:
581:
16724:
15979:
The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān
14605:
Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future
14224:
McCloud, Aminah Beverly; Hibbard, Scott W.; Saud, Laith (2 January 2013).
11650:"United Arab Emirates's Constitution of 1971 with Amendments through 2009"
6085:
was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of
6016:
is believed to have been invented in the medieval era (of what is now the
3566:, advocated Sunni internationalism through revolutionary restoration of a
1357:
as a religion and social institution begins with its inception around 610
18567:
18057:
17996:
17923:
17810:
16655:(Reprinted with corrections ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
14981:
Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses
14848:
Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses
14791:"Ahead of Rosh Hashanah, figures show 14.7 million Jews around the globe"
14394:
14385:
14306:
10365:
9461:"India invited as 'Guest of Honour' to OIC meet, Sushma Swaraj to attend"
7983:
7871:
7766:
7584:
7525:
7521:
7514:
7509:); though they both count from the Hijrah. The solar Hijri calendar uses
7475:
7291:
in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to determine the proper days of
7288:
7239:
7111:
7070:
7046:
6926:, and historic pattern books may have been intended for use in this way.
6919:
6912:
6896:
6242:
6226:
6161:
6145:
6133:
6118:
6086:
6047:
5997:
5647:
5592:
5565:
5545:
5381:
5373:
5366:
5340:
5323:
5113:
5109:
5053:
5018:
4611:
4540:
4433:
4400:, and they have had a significant impact contributing the culture of the
4334:
4330:
3924:
3867:
3733:
3651:
3634:
3563:
3529:
3517:
3412:
3380:
2581:
2512:
2504:
2361:
2083:
2069:
1940:
1924:
1823:
1667:
1659:
1571:
1480:
1472:
1456:
1238:
919:
877:
801:
456:
448:
362:
346:
280:
17072:
14930:"Zoroastrianism i. History to the Arab Conquest – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
14506:
The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East
14327:
The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives
12185:
8888:
8079:
Afsaruddin, Asma (2016). "Islamic World". In McNeill, William H. (ed.).
7903:
exact dates depend on which variant of the Islamic calendar is followed.
7409:
Since 7 July 2024 CE, the current Islamic year is 1446 AH. In the
6907:
patterns can be created in a variety of ways, including the traditional
18860:
17957:
17932:
17402:
17295:
17029:"پيمانه کردن سال و ماه از ديرباز تا کنون در گفتگو با دکتر ايرج ملک پور"
14447:
10947:"Brunei Darussalam's Constitution of 1959 with Amendments through 2006"
8948:. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from
7979:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7771:
7709:
7510:
7482:
7471:
7463:
7355:
7303:. In almost all countries where the predominant religion is Islam, the
7279:), or Arabic calendar also known in English as the Muslim calendar and
7125:
7042:
6718:
6282:
6190:
6177:
6173:
6157:
6137:
6129:
6078:
6062:
5912:
5790:
5738:
5553:
5523:
5477:
5377:
5303:
5279:
4849:
4708:
4583:
4575:
4531:
4409:
4092:
4061:
3975:
3944:
3847:
3836:
3820:
3816:
3796:
3622:
3244:
3205:
3114:
3088:
3036:
2984:
2734:
2620:
2532:
2524:
2467:
2353:
1615:
1552:
1548:
1488:
1460:
1455:. Meanwhile, the Muslim community tore itself apart into the rivalling
1432:
1358:
1287: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1212:
924:
452:
374:
252:
17373:
14819:"VI- November 30: Commemorating the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands"
10651:. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–70.
10622:
7550:. Currently the Solar Hijri calendar is officially used only in Iran.
4767: receiving a richly decorated robe of honor from the caliph
4547:
and other parts of Africa. Several Muslim-majority countries, such as
3435:
2310:
in 1924, have sometimes been seen as the result of Western influence.
18575:
18006:
17821:
17574:
12984:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91.
12945:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91.
12163:
10552:
10496:
10391:
9048:"Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims"
8871:
Sunni Islam accounts for over 85% of the world's Muslim population...
7533:
7489:. This year is generally considered by Muslims as the first year of
7452:
7343:
7161:
7091:
6886:
6797:
6730:
6714:
6643:
6442:
6428:
6325:
6185:
6169:
6153:
6141:
6106:
6102:
6051:
5985:
5973:
5953:
5812:
5764:
5717:
5627:
5389:
5258:
5193:. The concept had been influenced by a pre-Islamic Persian prototype
5048:
was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate
5001:
4900:
4870:
4794:
4643:
4346:
4342:
4227:
4120:
4100:
4038:
4026:
3998:
3804:
3748:. As of 2024, however, Nigeria has become a Muslim-majority country.
3698:
3618:
3596:
3570:
3075:
2540:
2488:
2318:
2283:
1875:
1847:
1827:
1768:, India became the world's largest economy, valued 25% of world GDP.
1757:
1556:
1416:
1338:
1217:
823:
535:
partially due to their high birth rate, according to the same study,
491:
has the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries.
330:
17394:
17110:
17087:
16608:
Grabar, Oleg (2006), "Islamic art and beyond". Ashgate. Vol 2, p. 87
15268:"OIC to hold conference on refugees in Muslim world in Turkmenistan"
9491:"Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population"
8726:
8280:
6144:
in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-
5968:
Some most famous scientists from the medieval Islamic world include
2422:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1262:
405:
198:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
67:
18908:
18414:
18272:
18224:
18018:
17972:
17936:
17661:
17365:
16465:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".
16450:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFEttinghausenGrabarJenkins-Madina2001 (
15465:
14956:
Muslims in Global Politics: Identities, Interests, and Human Rights
14491:
14312:
13233:
12409:"Russia Will be One-Third Muslim in 15 Years, Chief Mufti Predicts"
7965:; also called in some English sources as the Iranian Solar calendar
7636:
7547:
7520:
Each of the twelve months of the Hijri calendar corresponds with a
7359:
7095:
6705:
that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one
6698:
6647:
6623:
6550:
6535:
6516:
6379:
6338:
6274:
6066:
5989:
5962:
5927:) which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural,
5493:
5473:
5466:
5369:
5253:
5224:
5186:
5182:
5069:
5061:
5037:
5028:
4790:
4768:
4469:
4361:
4338:
4326:
4322:
4212:
4171:
4046:
4014:
3986:
3940:
3774:
3745:
3725:
3694:
3484:
3480:
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3469:
3348:
3316:
2851:
2838:
2760:
2646:
2327:
2321:
2299:
1784:
1741:
1635:
1619:
1583:
1544:
1540:
1539:. Notable major empires dominated by Muslims, such as those of the
1424:
1400:
1365:
1133:
1101:
815:
749:
539:
has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who
382:
314:
13068:
The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis 1700–1948
12098:"Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state"
10421:
10334:
9980:, First published 1973, Reprint 2006, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata,
7836:
7738:
6922:
shrine. Square repeating units of known patterns can be copied as
6911:; the construction of a grid of polygons; and the use of a set of
18923:
18529:
18217:
18097:
17989:
17982:
17977:
17719:
17575:
Indian Ocean in World History, A free online educational resource
17352:
Madden, Edward H. (1975). "Some Characteristics of Islamic Art".
14401:
14398:
14134:
12565:
Berman, Sheri (2003). "Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society".
9705:
9583:"A Religious Forecast For 2050: Atheism Is Down, Islam Is Rising"
9151:"10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050"
8259:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 829–834.
7660:
7620:
7564:
7543:
7502:
7332:
7296:
6953:
6945:
6923:
6784:
6710:
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6472:
6371:
6351:
6333:
6165:
6149:
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5581:
5552:. European scholars and writers influenced by this novel include
5351:, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in
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4798:
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3994:
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3828:
3792:
3770:
3737:
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3683:
3659:
3592:
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3545:
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became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim-majority country.
3266:
3166:
3153:
2971:
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2903:
2864:
2747:
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first documented the term "Muslim world" in 1912 when describing
2135:
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1623:
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455:(10–13%). However, other denominations exist in pockets, such as
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15788:. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968
12558:
12212:"Uzbekistan's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2011"
12128:"Tajikistan's Constitution of 1994 with Amendments through 2003"
11005:"Mauritania's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2012"
6882:
and handicraft objects, consisting of angled lines that form an
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287:, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. The term
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18421:
18380:
18341:
18258:
18171:
18092:
17947:
17893:
17888:
17655:
17579:
16689:
16103:
Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture
16002:
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981),
15786:
Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi
14407:
14381:
13786:"The population of Shia: How many Shia are there in the world?"
13130:
12754:
12752:
12750:
10526:"Special Reports – The Salafist Movement: Al Qaeda's New Front"
8118:
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The development of Islamic calligraphy is strongly tied to the
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6941:
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4508:
Bangladesh has the largest Hindu population in the Muslim world
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Central and prominent figures in 20th-century Islamism include
3494:
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1381:
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986:
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765:
733:
725:
710:
704:
588:
390:
366:
342:
338:
17565:
Asabiyya: Re-Interpreting Value Change in Globalized Societies
16868:
Watt, W. Montgomery. "Hidjra". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;
14477:
Alevi-Islam Religious Services – The message of İzzettin Doğan
13183:"How credible is the claim of the failure of political Islam?"
12920:. New York: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. p. 141.
6796:
mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the
1380:
for the city under his leadership. This migration, called the
18696:
18521:
18475:
18463:
18265:
18251:
18210:
17883:
17740:
17726:
17647:
17610:
16973:
15290:"UN Calls Syrian Refugee Crisis Worst Since Rwandan Genocide"
13568:
Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics
12783:
11578:"Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia"
11229:"Comoros's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2009"
10071:
Islamic and European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order
9604:"Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group"
9079:"Indiana Blood Center cancels 'Muslims for Life' blood drive"
8348:"Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group"
7640:
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2278:
had an instrumental role in ending and replacing it with the
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sense, the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' refer to
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16458:
16372:
15824:
Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher",
15706:
Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher",
13833:
12747:
11928:
Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
11827:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: The Gambia"
11700:
11261:
Djibouti's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010
7517:, and dates from the presumed actual "day of the Hijrah".
5951:) contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his
5815:'s astronomical works, explains the different phases of the
5518:
Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on
5508:, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia.
4520:
Turkey has the largest Jewish population in the Muslim world
18362:
18334:
18284:
18231:
18176:
17747:
14388:
12816:
12549:
11910:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Indonesia"
11392:"Libya's Constitution of 2011 with Amendments through 2012"
11121:"Yemen's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2001"
8307:"Muslim countries make thin contribution to global economy"
7846:
7675:
7436:
7320:
7300:
7235:
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that is most widely used among Muslims. The other one is a
7226:
Two calendars are used all over the Muslim world. One is a
7099:
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6446:
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4552:
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to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of
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3762:
3644:) has argued for a broader notion of Islamism as a form of
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2175:
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665:
460:
386:
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16644:
16487:
16305:, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science,
16101:
S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge",
13161:
12509:
12507:
12152:
11851:
11037:"Oman's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2011"
8083:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Berkshire Publishing Group.
5853:"Cubic equations and intersections of conic sections", of
5536:
in 1671, developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa,
4938:" has been attributed to a period in history during which
16419:
15829:
15711:
13089:
13087:
12634:
12244:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lebanon"
8231:
Handbook of Empirical Research on Islam and Economic Life
7603:
in terms of respect for Muslim women's lives and rights.
7380:. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH (
7197:
6721:
can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.
5175:
The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is
1595:
16669:
14355:
The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East
14130:"Suicide bombs kill 39 near Shi'ite mosques in Pakistan"
14040:"Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008"
13307:
13225:
12262:"What is each country's second-largest religious group?"
9634:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
9261:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
9155:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
8808:
Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide
8496:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
7982:), this calendar is no longer used by the government of
6899:
knotwork patterns from the second century. The earliest
16650:
16611:
12842:
Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)
12796:
Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)
12504:
11604:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Syria"
5664:
Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world
4771: in 1000. Miniature from the Rashid al-Din's
3957:) reflecting different methodologies of jurisprudence (
3843:
also has a large number of non-denominational Muslims.
3701:
is currently the most populous Muslim-majority country.
17479:
Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction
16956:"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2025"
16931:"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2024"
16467:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
15638:. Books.google.com.pk. Retrieved on 23 September 2013.
14305:
Mezhepler Tarihi ve Terimleri Sözlüğü (The History of
13084:
11069:"The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan"
5872:'s rocket flight depicted in a 17th-century engraving.
4841:
Mir Sayyid Ali, a scholar writing a commentary on the
4408:
estimates indicate that in 2010, more than 64 million
3931:
The first centuries of Islam gave rise to three major
3781:
as his true political as well as religious successor.
3583:) who steered the efforts for religious education and
16:
Muslim-majority countries, states, districts, or towns
12838:"Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism"
12792:"Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism"
12348:"Muslim Population in India - Total Muslims in India"
12070:
Timothy J. Demy Ph.D., Jeffrey M. Shaw Ph.D. (2019).
10582:
Religion, the Enlightenment, and the New Global Order
10302:
10300:
10298:
10089:
Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance
8826:
Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
7960:
7926:
7639:– West African religious leaders and teachers of the
7116:
Islamic calligraphy developed from two major styles:
4559:
have a high rate of citable scientific publications.
4372:
The Muslim world is home to some of the world's most
4303:
People move close to the Muslim food corner in China.
17133:"Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar"
16861:
16794:"Reading Mosques: Meaning and Architecture in Islam"
16527:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFloodNecipoğlu2017 (
15320:"Rohingya widows find safe haven in Bangladesh camp"
14205:'s Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012
13019:
Matthiesen, Toby (2023). "10: The Muslim Response".
12607:
11203:
8697:"Number of Muslims ahead of Catholics, says Vatican"
7943:
7720:
7538:
The ancient Iranian New Year's Day, which is called
7274:
6713:". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such
3455:
have changed the influence of Islam on the world in
1582:
which dominated the centers of Islamic knowledge of
17481:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
17458:(1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York.
17439:(1st ed.). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
17209:
Global communication without universal civilization
14833:"Jewish Population Rises to 15.2 million Worldwide"
12848:(3). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 38–40.
12802:(3). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 23–28.
11520:"BASIC LAW - OF THE PALESTINIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY"
10388:
Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East
10234:
10077:, Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA), 1993.
5835:
was one of the most famous inventions of Al-Jazari.
5686:
Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world
1535:and enthroned one of the few female Muslim rulers,
1527:conquered Delhi in 1206 and began the reign of the
291:is an alternative often used for the latter sense.
92:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
17241:(2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
16653:The art and architecture of Islam : 1250–1800
16555:
15353:
14903:Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics
14223:
14103:"Early Warning Signs of Shia Genocide in Pakistan"
13268:
13112:"What most people get wrong about political Islam"
11732:
11351:, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 24 August 2012
10459:
10295:
9685:
9115:Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy
9112:
5769:Surgical instruments illustrations. (11th century)
5642:, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of
4380:—including three of its five great patriarchates (
2483:replaced a monarchial semi-secular regime with an
358:Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
17051:"پژوهشهای ایرانی | پاسداشت گاهشماری ایرانی"
15524:. Taylor & Francis. 1 March 2011. p. 9.
13260:
13180:
10377:
10375:
9841:Christopher Hitchens and Tim Rutten in discussion
9757:Carpenter, Scott; Cagaptay, Soner (2 June 2009).
9756:
8165:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 11–14.
7474:whereas the lunar Hijri calendar predominates in
4703:. In July 2013, the UN stated that the number of
4468:minorities. Malaysia (5 million) has the largest
4064:were initially divided into five major branches:
3686:has the largest Muslim population in the world.
2266:A significant change in the Muslim world was the
19028:
17237:; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2003).
16464:
16218:Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.
15909:
15907:
14958:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 73.
14717:
13593:
11924:"The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
11153:"Of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria"
10462:The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11
9143:
8346:Lipka, Michael; Hackett, Conrad (6 April 2017).
7212:Modern Islamic calligraphy representing various
6895:decoration is believed to have been inspired by
6711:In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful
6038:List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world
4476:are the oldest remaining religious community in
1395:After Muhammad died in 632, his successors (the
17098:. London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. pp. 51–52.
16867:
15691:
14805:"Global Jewish population reaches 14.7 million"
13778:
13231:
11456:"Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008"
11185:"Constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain (2002)"
10265:
9871:"Ook na 1400 jaar kan de islam heus verdwijnen"
9868:
8119:Scott Carpenter, Soner Cagaptay (2 June 2009).
7986:, after its switch to the Lunar Hijri calendar.
7339:) but the religious calendar is the Hijri one.
5044:Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of
4376:, and some of the most important cities of the
3909:
17508:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
17073:"پژوهشهای ایرانی | گاهشماری تقویم جلالی"
16774:. Sebastopol, CA: Solipsist Press. pp. 17–37.
16722:
16698:"Arabic calligraphy as a typographic exercise"
16586:
16584:
16545:, Ch.s "Architecture", "Ornament and pattern".
16522:
16446:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
16430:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPetersen1996 (
15878:
15876:
15656:
14386:Abu’l-Qāsim Sulaiman ibn Ahmad ibn at-Tabarānī
14128:Hussain, Javed; Ahmad, Jibran (26 July 2013).
12915:
12701:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions
12660:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions
10885:
10883:
10881:
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10877:
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10841:
10839:
10837:
10665:
10551:(Reprint ed.). London and New York City:
10372:
10171:
10169:
9740:
9738:
9679:
9095:Ball State Student Sadie Sial identifies as a
8974:. Praeger Security International. p. 15.
8523:"The moment American Muslims were waiting for"
6065:and farming, using new technology such as the
5915:: such as in the 15th-century Persian work by
5606:Other influential Muslim philosophers include
4530:The literacy rate in the Muslim world varies.
4394:Christians have made significant contributions
2270:(1908–1922), to which the Ottoman officer and
17595:
17007:"دقیق ترین تقویم جهان، هدیه خیام به ایرانیان"
16695:
16651:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995).
16547:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBloomBlair2009 (
16411:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBloomBlair2009 (
16303:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering
16232:Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources
16154:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
15904:
15801:The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature
15521:Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics
14748:International Bulletin of Missionary Research
13368:
13238:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
13197:
13103:
12644:. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill. (1996). p. 40
12520:The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
10835:
10833:
10831:
10829:
10827:
10825:
10823:
10821:
10819:
10817:
10671:
9796:Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism
9661:"The world's fastest-growing religion is ..."
9408:"The Many Languages of Islam in the Caucasus"
8857:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
8005:
6296:Early Islamic architecture was influenced by
4291:People pray together in the mosque in Russia.
3633:society through exercise of state power, or (
3403:
3371:
1187:
16677:Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
16469:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74, 78.
15512:
14581:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164.
14574:
14508:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. XLVIII.
14439:
14269:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
14227:An Introduction to Islam in the 21st Century
14127:
13832:"Pew Forum on Religious & Public life".
13275:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
13109:
12980:B. Hass, Ernst (2000). "2: Iran and Egypt".
12599:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
12377:"China's hi-tech war on its Muslim minority"
10384:"Transnational Islamist Terrorism: Al Qaeda"
10311:. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.).
9725:"The Future of the Global Muslim Population"
9514:
9241:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8345:
8039:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
8006:Waldman, Marilyn R.; Zeghal, Malika (2009).
7827:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
7402:
7396:
7370:and established the first Muslim community (
7082:
5741:era) colored illustrations of human anatomy.
5199:(Thousand Fables) that relied on particular
3621:" strategy to re-Islamizing society through
3554:Muhammad Rashid Riḍā, a fervent opponent of
2268:defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
1799:Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during
1515:achieved their greatest success in terms of
1471:that has never been resolved. The following
310:and believe in the prophetic mission of the
16798:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
16581:
16173:Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs
16073:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 9, 39.
16018:
15873:
15230:
15228:
15226:
15224:
15222:
14953:
14352:
13671:. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life.
13457:
13424:
13394:
12280:
12007:
10681:. Cambridge University Press. p. 129.
10166:
10091:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62–63.
9899:
9897:
9895:
9830:
9828:
9735:
9309:
9279:
9179:
6312:architecture and all other lands which the
5312:, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel
5276:was also a popular mythical Persian story.
3540:(founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran),
2466:As the Muslim world came into contact with
533:fastest-growing major religion in the world
333:being established across three continents (
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
17602:
17588:
17290:
16542:
16406:
16270:History of Science and Technology in Islam
16248:
16243:History of Science and Technology in Islam
16120:
14722:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 85.
14357:. Michigan University Press. p. 114.
14324:
13899:"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"
13642:"Comparison Chart of Sunni and Shia Islam"
13499:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
13469:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
13436:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
13406:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
13346:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
13018:
12868:
12292:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
11916:
10814:
10643:
10637:
10353:
10141:
10042:"The Islamic Gunpowder Empires, 1300–1650"
9996:
9788:
9786:
9784:
9526:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
9321:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
9291:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
9183:South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today
8670:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
8640:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
8587:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
8557:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
8408:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
8078:
8037:Esposito, John L., ed. (2009). "Preface".
6996:The subdivision rule used to generate the
6693:No Islamic visual images or depictions of
5290:. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel
4863:Portrait of a painter during the reign of
3387:
3339:
3307:
2554:
2213:Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1896–1899
1935:and many smaller states in the pre-modern
1908:Rational basis for the Politics of Nations
1234:action in Persia, and "Afghan Ambitions".
1194:
1180:
16198:
16196:
15241:. Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011.
15236:"Religion and Education Around the World"
14978:
14874:Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009).
14873:
14845:
14718:A. Youssef, Adly; Thomas, Martyn (2006).
13528:
13526:
13524:
13334:
12853:
12807:
12671:
12531:
12516:"Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism"
12063:
11354:
10720:. Springer Science & Business Media.
10649:The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917–1921
10621:. Azerbaijan Press Agency. Archived from
10585:. Columbia University Press. p. 12.
10574:
10572:
10381:
10268:"The Impact of Imperialism on the Region"
10266:Payind, Alam; McClimans, Melinda (2016).
9580:
8967:
8614:"Muslim Population in Oceania: 1950-2020"
7245:
6449:city of India was constructed during the
6229:'s Kingdom, through the conquests of the
5678:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
4888:miniature of Shah Abu'l Ma‘ali, a scholar
4525:
3431:Liberalism and progressivism within Islam
3273:
2438:Learn how and when to remove this message
1303:Learn how and when to remove this message
232:Learn how and when to remove this message
214:Learn how and when to remove this message
152:Learn how and when to remove this message
16872:; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
16425:
15647:
15452:(1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks".
15382:Knight, Michael Muhammad (24 May 2016).
15348:
15219:
14640:
14528:
14199:The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity
13751:
13666:
13532:
13471:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
12835:
12789:
12513:
12294:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
11362:"International Religious Freedom Report"
10578:
10490:
9892:
9837:"Hitchens '07: Danish Muhammad Cartoons"
9834:
9825:
9630:"Main Factors Driving Population Growth"
9323:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
9293:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
8771:
8672:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
8642:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
8589:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
8559:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
8410:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
8036:
6046:In technology, the Muslim world adopted
6007:
5674:Psychology in the medieval Islamic world
5461:
5266:, is a mythical and heroic retelling of
5017:
4675:
4355:
3919:
3693:
3434:
3355:
2073:
1419:, North Africa, southern Italy, and the
1328:
243:
17409:
17354:Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
17324:
17268:. Beltsville, Md.: Amana Publications.
16312:
16095:
15579:
15414:
14900:
14807:. The Jerusalem Post. 9 September 2018.
14643:Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East
14503:
14421:"Alevi İslam Din Hizmetleri Başkanlığı"
14374:
14189:
14187:
14185:
14183:
13993:
13487:
12979:
12940:
10979:"Islamic Republic of Iran Constitution"
10546:
10523:
10359:
10306:
10206:
10204:
10202:
10018:. Northern Virginia Community College.
9781:
9213:"How South Asia Will Save Global Islam"
9180:Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013).
9110:
9104:
9076:
9070:
9045:
9039:
9011:
8694:
8611:
8575:
8396:
8254:
8154:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8146:
8081:Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History
7417:
6471:and local ethnic style architecture in
5682:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
4950:(786–809) with the inauguration of the
4193:festival at the tomb of the prophet in
4170:drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in
3323:
3291:
1503:, whose reigns under the leadership of
1376:), where he was invited to establish a
19029:
17476:
17453:
17432:
17351:
17263:
17206:
17168:
17166:
17164:
17162:
17160:
17158:
17093:
16834:
16617:
16493:
16378:
16193:
15936:
15818:
15797:
15551:
15381:
15355:"'Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth"
14665:
14601:
14533:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 423.
14452:. Edinburgh University Press. p.
14142:from the original on 24 September 2015
14032:
13966:
13669:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population"
13521:
13136:
13118:from the original on 29 September 2022
12758:
12564:
12318:"MAPPING THE GLOBAL MUSLIM POPULATION"
11885:"Indonesia Risks Factors in Terrorism"
11688:from the original on 24 September 2015
10901:from the original on 27 September 2017
10776:from the original on 10 September 2021
10714:Ebaugh, Helen Rose (1 December 2009).
10713:
10569:
10454:
10086:
9862:
9358:from the original on 16 September 2018
9211:Diplomat, Akhilesh Pillalamarri, The.
9012:Benakis, Theodoros (13 January 2014).
8658:
8628:
8545:
8227:
8074:
8072:
8070:
7024:
6113:(Tamerlane) and the resurgence of the
5917:Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas
4279:Muslim beggars stalk a car in Nigeria.
1243:countries in which Islam is widespread
285:countries in which Islam is widespread
275:community, which is also known as the
18782:
18550:
18166:
17583:
17503:
17380:
17239:Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250
17108:
16816:from the original on 24 November 2023
16791:
16729:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.
16071:Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy
16068:
15765:Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl.
15442:
15402:from the original on 22 February 2021
15248:from the original on 22 December 2016
15207:from the original on 6 September 2018
15181:from the original on 6 September 2018
15129:from the original on 6 September 2018
15103:from the original on 6 September 2018
15077:from the original on 22 December 2015
15073:. International Islamic News Agency.
14788:
13981:from the original on 14 December 2015
13909:from the original on 23 December 2016
13733:from the original on 23 November 2011
13509:from the original on 20 November 2011
13408:. Pew Research Center. Archived from
13382:from the original on 23 February 2021
13181:Rashid Ghannouchi (31 October 2013).
13065:
12771:from the original on 23 December 2015
12616:"AP Stylebook revises 'Islamist' use"
12613:
12374:
12298:from the original on 20 November 2011
12264:. Pew Research Center. 22 June 2015.
12108:from the original on 6 September 2020
12051:from the original on 19 December 2019
11191:from the original on 23 February 2017
11101:from the original on 26 December 2011
10985:from the original on 25 February 2008
10927:from the original on 23 February 2017
10579:Owen, John M.; Owen, J. Judd (2010).
10341:from the original on 27 December 2021
10187:from the original on 13 February 2014
9792:
9717:
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9581:Whitehead, Nadia (25 December 2015).
9528:. Pew Research Center. Archived from
9005:
8928:from the original on 25 December 2018
8792:from the original on 25 December 2018
8707:from the original on 2 September 2013
8520:
8287:from the original on 16 December 2017
8228:Hassan, M. Kabir (30 December 2016).
8158:
7423:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
7251:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
7030:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
6909:straightedge and compass construction
6847:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
6709:of the Quran begins with the phrase "
6258:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
6077:fruit were brought to Europe through
5670:Physics in the medieval Islamic world
5355:, developing into the earliest known
5014:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world
3577:should be guided by clerical elites (
3468:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
18551:
18167:
17327:Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam
17298:(15 March 1999). "Arabian fantasy".
17185:from the original on 25 January 2022
16792:Erzen, Jale Nejdet (February 2011).
16704:from the original on 11 October 2018
16006:, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.
15925:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15448:
15375:
15330:from the original on 4 November 2018
15044:. Science-matrix.com. Archived from
15019:from the original on 31 October 2017
15009:"Scimago Journal & Country Rank"
14608:. Clarendon Press. pp. 38, 55.
14445:
14297:
14281:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
14263:Rabb, Intisar A. (2009). "Fiqh". In
14262:
14244:from the original on 25 January 2022
14180:
13960:
13924:
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13701:from the original on 16 October 2021
13675:from the original on 24 October 2012
13565:
13291:from the original on 4 February 2017
12826:, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 120
12694:
12653:
12224:from the original on 27 January 2017
11865:from the original on 5 November 2013
11662:from the original on 29 October 2016
11630:from the original on 27 January 2017
11584:from the original on 27 January 2017
11558:from the original on 27 January 2017
11526:from the original on 30 October 2021
11500:from the original on 27 January 2017
11404:from the original on 27 January 2017
11372:from the original on 8 November 2019
11133:from the original on 27 January 2017
11049:from the original on 27 January 2017
10734:from the original on 25 January 2022
10695:from the original on 17 January 2018
10599:from the original on 25 January 2022
10362:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
10240:
10222:from the original on 23 January 2019
10199:
10175:
9910:Islam and the Integration of Society
9903:
9640:from the original on 1 December 2020
9503:from the original on 14 January 2019
9388:from the original on 27 January 2021
9267:from the original on 28 January 2017
9210:
8878:
8832:from the original on 12 October 2014
8624:from the original on 2 October 2023.
8502:from the original on 10 October 2017
8384:from the original on 5 February 2023
8370:
8143:
8089:10.1093/acref/9780190622718.001.0001
8047:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
8018:from the original on 2 February 2017
7870:This notation is similar to that of
7176:Islamic calligraphy represented for
6285:and religious styles from the early
4731:
4392:). Scholars and intellectuals agree
4083:Among these numerous branches, only
3502:political unity and the creation of
2387:
1713:
1285:adding citations to reliable sources
1256:
487:, and widespread in Southeast Asia.
163:
90:adding citations to reliable sources
61:
20:
17155:
16849:from the original on 1 January 2019
16845:. No. November/December 2005.
16622:. New York: Springer. p. 579.
15750:Electronic Theses and Dissertations
15648:Marzolph (2007). "Arabian Nights".
14835:. Jewish agency. 15 September 2021.
14745:
14707:from the original on 1 August 2019.
13967:Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009).
13861:Library of Congress Country Studies
13356:from the original on 10 August 2017
13318:. foreignpolicy.com. Archived from
13313:
13277:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13171:, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 21
12492:from the original on 25 August 2023
12336:from the original on 26 March 2023.
12140:from the original on 2 January 2017
11740:"United States Department of State"
10307:Cuthell, David Cameron Jr. (2009).
10048:. Pearson Education. Archived from
10003:. Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company.
9869:Gert Jan Geling (12 January 2017).
9686:Lippman, Thomas W. (7 April 2008).
9574:
9345:
9257:"Middle East-North Africa Overview"
8358:from the original on 23 August 2017
8313:from the original on 13 August 2018
8067:
8041:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7953:
7936:
7916:
7832:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
7708:Muslim girls walking for school in
7403:
7397:
7264:
7083:
6865:
6532:Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque
5309:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
4428:live in Arab and Muslim countries.
3900:Friday prayer for Sunni Muslims in
3831:(42%). They are found primarily in
3617:Al-Banna and Maududi called for a "
2383:
2239:
1939:, and initiated a period known as '
1883:
1614:in the Indian subcontinent (India,
13:
17555:, Canada (archived 15 April 2004).
17266:How Islam Created the Modern World
16569:from the original on 14 March 2007
16129:from the original on 26 April 2015
16121:Al-Khalili, Jim (4 January 2009).
14622:from the original on 10 March 2021
14195:"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"
14109:from the original on 1 August 2017
14083:from the original on 1 August 2017
13648:from the original on 29 April 2011
13547:from the original on 23 March 2018
13475:from the original on 5 August 2013
13244:from the original on 25 March 2022
13149:from the original on 26 March 2023
13137:Nugent, Elizabeth (23 June 2014).
13029:10.1093/oso/9780190689469.001.0001
12879:10.1093/oso/9780190689469.001.0001
12735:from the original on 6 August 2023
12466:. 17 February 2011. Archived from
12192:from the original on 14 April 2015
11962:, Republic of Kosovo constitution,
10921:"Constitution of Afghanistan 2004"
10802:from the original on 9 August 2014
10753:1906 Constitution of Imperial Iran
10524:Livesey, Bruce (25 January 2005).
10313:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
10000:The Sultanate Of Delhi 711–1526 AD
9997:Srivastava, Ashirvadi Lal (1929).
9931:from the original on 6 August 2020
9847:from the original on 22 April 2016
9813:from the original on 25 April 2016
9769:from the original on 26 March 2017
9471:from the original on 16 March 2020
9287:"Region: Middle East-North Africa"
9223:from the original on 27 March 2019
8988:from the original on 3 August 2020
8971:Iran, Israel and the United States
8618:Pacific Data Hub Microdata Library
8533:from the original on 12 March 2017
8404:"Region: Middle East-North Africa"
8339:
8333:"Who will stand up for Palestine?"
8131:from the original on 26 March 2017
7696:, West Sumatra) reciting Al-Qur'an
6332:. New architectural elements like
4461:(primarily in Syria and Lebanon).
4448:, with the largest communities of
4308:
4267:Children read Qur'an in Indonesia.
2292:Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate
2048:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
1870:Cannons and guns belonging to the
1345:in 1154, one of the most advanced
14:
19093:
17531:
17172:
16837:"The Beginning of Hijri calendar"
15798:Claeys, Gregory (5 August 2010).
15300:from the original on 27 July 2013
15155:from the original on 10 July 2018
14168:from the original on 5 March 2016
14045:United States Department of State
14006:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
13944:on Pakistan. 2010. Archived from
13876:from the original on 17 July 2005
13792:from the original on 29 July 2016
13446:from the original on 25 July 2013
12918:Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945
12916:Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2005).
12759:Wright, Robin (10 January 2015).
12268:from the original on 22 June 2015
12019:United States Department of State
11912:. U.S. Department of State. 2022.
11744:United States Department of State
10959:from the original on 25 June 2016
10536:from the original on 28 June 2011
10436:from the original on 12 July 2021
10181:"The 6 killer apps of prosperity"
10013:
9436:
9418:from the original on 21 July 2020
9354:. Vol. 2. pp. 161–164.
9327:from the original on 28 July 2013
9297:from the original on 25 July 2013
8899:from the original on 20 July 2019
8676:from the original on 7 April 2013
8646:from the original on 7 April 2013
8593:from the original on 9 March 2013
8563:from the original on 9 March 2013
8414:from the original on 9 March 2013
8179:from the original on 20 June 2020
7601:hermeneutics of feminism in Islam
2949:
2679:
2559:
2304:separated religion from the state
2082:Beginning with the 15th century,
36:This article has multiple issues.
19011:
19010:
18999:
18530:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
17778:Timeline of the history of Islam
17609:
17125:
17102:
17065:
17043:
17021:
16999:
16948:
16923:
16891:
16828:
16810:10.1111/j.1540-6245.2010.01453.x
16785:
16764:
16751:
16716:
16602:
16593:
16516:
16365:"Islamic Art and Architecture",
16359:
16350:
16334:
16292:
16275:
16221:
16212:
16184:
16165:
16141:
16114:
16062:
16053:
16044:
16009:
15996:
15971:
15962:
15930:
15849:
15791:
15779:
15759:
15731:
15700:
15677:Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers
15665:
15641:
15622:
15613:
15604:
15595:
15545:
15496:
15480:
15342:
15312:
15282:
15260:
15193:
15167:
15141:
15115:
15089:
15063:
15031:
15000:
14972:
14947:
14922:
14894:
14867:
14839:
14825:
14811:
14797:
14782:
14739:
14711:
14687:
14659:
14634:
14595:
14568:
14547:
14522:
14497:
14470:
14413:
14346:
14318:
14309:and its terminology dictionary),
14256:
14217:
14154:
14121:
14095:
14069:
14052:from the original on 30 May 2019
13845:
13826:
13804:
13745:
13713:
13687:
13660:
13634:
13616:
13594:Adrian Cybriwsky, Roman (2015).
13587:
13559:
13174:
13059:
13012:
12973:
12934:
12909:
12862:
12829:
12695:Bale, Jeffrey M. (1 June 2009).
12688:
12647:
12622:from the original on 3 June 2023
12540:
12474:
12456:
12443:
12429:
12415:
12401:
12387:
12368:
12354:
12340:
12310:
12254:
12246:. US Department of State. 2019.
12236:
12204:
12178:
12120:
12090:
12033:
11983:
11965:
11946:
11902:
11877:
11833:
11819:
11794:
11776:
11758:
11674:
11642:
11618:"Tunisia's Constitution of 2014"
11610:
11596:
11570:
11538:
11512:
11488:"Morocco's Constitution of 2011"
11480:
11448:
11436:from the original on 14 May 2011
11416:
11384:
11331:
11307:
11275:
11253:
11221:
11075:from the original on 9 July 2011
10891:"Islamic Countries Of The World"
10309:"Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal)"
10022:from the original on 26 May 2011
9690:. U.S. News & World Report.
9667:from the original on 15 May 2020
8733:from the original on 25 May 2013
8434:"The Global Religious Landscape"
7968:
7906:
7897:
7864:
7751:
7737:
7723:
7701:
7682:
7667:
7648:
7628:
7612:
7376:), an event commemorated as the
7362:and his followers migrated from
7205:
7189:
7169:
7154:
7138:
7005:
6989:
6974:
6958:Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan
6829:
6817:
6805:
6659:
6631:
6607:
6587:
6562:
6543:
6524:
6505:
6480:
6457:
6435:
6417:
6292:different religious affiliations
5862:
5846:
5824:
5804:
5774:
5752:
5726:
5705:
5159:
5140:
5120:
5098:
4915:
4893:
4877:
4856:
4834:
4809:
4779:
4756:
4651:
4635:
4619:
4599:
4513:
4501:
4485:
4472:population in the Muslim world.
4296:
4284:
4272:
4260:
4238:
4220:
4201:
4179:
4156:
3893:
3874:
3855:
3405:
3389:
3373:
3368:: 14–20 million Muslims (10–14%)
3357:
3341:
3325:
3309:
3293:
3259:
3237:
3224:
3211:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3107:
3094:
3081:
3068:
3055:
3042:
3029:
3016:
3003:
2990:
2977:
2964:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2896:
2883:
2870:
2857:
2844:
2831:
2818:
2805:
2792:
2779:
2766:
2753:
2740:
2727:
2714:
2701:
2665:
2652:
2639:
2626:
2613:
2600:
2587:
2574:
2392:
2219:
2205:
2190:
2167:
2143:
2119:
2103:
2040:
2024:
2011:, an armed conflict between the
2001:
1974:
1965:after being defeated during the
1948:
1863:
1839:
1815:
1792:
1773:
1261:
1161:
570:
168:
66:
25:
18871:List of ex-Muslim organisations
17175:"On Erdogan and Muslim mothers"
17139:. 26 March 2022. Archived from
16498:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 36–37.
15388:. Penguin. pp. Chapter 1.
15274:. 24 April 2012. Archived from
15006:
14789:Staff, Toi (8 September 2018).
14557:. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press.
14555:Islamic Science and Engineering
14393:Al-Bākūrat’ūs Sūlaiman’īyyah –
13236:. In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.).
13110:Hamid, Shadi (1 October 2015).
12375:Byler, Darren (11 April 2019).
11953:Republic of Kosovo constitution
11295:from the original on 4 May 2017
11263:(Constitution, Article 1). 1992
11241:from the original on 4 May 2017
11177:
11165:from the original on 4 May 2017
11145:
11113:
11087:
11061:
11029:
11017:from the original on 4 May 2017
10997:
10971:
10939:
10913:
10788:
10766:"Islam: Governing Under Sharia"
10758:
10746:
10707:
10611:
10532:. WGBH educational foundation.
10517:
10484:
10448:
10259:
10135:
10105:
10080:
10064:
10046:Civilization Past & Present
10034:
10007:
9990:
9970:
9961:
9952:
9943:
9799:. WH Allen. p. XXII–XIII.
9750:
9694:from the original on 5 May 2019
9652:
9622:
9596:
9544:
9483:
9453:
9430:
9400:
9370:
9339:
9249:
9204:
9173:
9161:from the original on 4 May 2017
8745:
8719:
8688:
8605:
8514:
8484:
8462:"Oxford Islamic Studies Online"
8454:
8443:. December 2012. Archived from
8426:
8325:
8299:
8209:from the original on 3 May 2020
8162:Islam, the State and Population
7792:Index of Islam-related articles
7149:, 7th century. (Surah 7: 86–87)
7015:pattern that can be drawn with
6252:
6132:, and early industrial uses of
5620:Aristotelian natural philosophy
5448:Contemporary Islamic philosophy
5416:. Translations of Ibn Tufail's
5322:. Both of these narratives had
5072:(from 1100 to around 1600) and
4245:Most of the inhabitants of the
3947:. Each sect developed distinct
3769:(consultation), as was done at
3670:
2313:In the 21st century, after the
1443:attempted two failed sieges of
1272:needs additional citations for
471:. About 13% of Muslims live in
443:Most Muslims are of one of two
77:needs additional citations for
44:or discuss these issues on the
17096:Chronology of Prophetic Events
17094:Shaikh, Fazlur Rehman (2001).
16696:Julia Kaestle (10 July 2010).
16565:. Encyclopedia of the Orient.
15948:. pp. 245, 250, 256–257.
15804:. Cambridge University Press.
15679:: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy
14877:The Rebirth of the Middle East
13754:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
13402:"Muslim Population by Country"
13314:Roy, Olivier (16 April 2012).
13139:"What do we mean by Islamist?"
13093:
12855:10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226
12809:10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226
12697:"Islamism and Totalitarianism"
12186:"Constitution of Turkmenistan"
11546:"Qatar's Constitution of 2003"
11283:"Egypt's Constitution of 2014"
10501:Johns Hopkins University Press
10087:Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014).
9835:Hitchens, Christopher (2007).
9659:Burke, Daniel (4 April 2015).
9522:"Muslim Population by Country"
9119:. Simon and Schuster. p.
9050:. The Sentinel. Archived from
8893:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
8695:Kington, Tom (31 March 2008).
8521:Burke, Daniel (29 July 2016).
8273:
8257:A History of Islamic Societies
8248:
8221:
8191:
8112:
8030:
7999:
7299:and the annual season for the
6701:. Muslims describe God by the
5318:as a response to Ibn Tufail's
4045:, and other movements such as
3666:of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).
3599:schoolteacher who founded the
3352:: 19.4 million Muslims (35.2%)
3336:: 25–40 million Muslims (2–3%)
3320:: 34.7 million Muslims (31.3%)
2261:Anglo-Russian action in Persia
2059:
1826:under the command of Islamist
1384:, marks the first year of the
1206:
1:
16879:. Brill Academic Publishers.
16726:Books : a living history
16381:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
15844:Encyclopedia of Islamic World
15833:Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher
15726:Encyclopedia of Islamic World
15715:Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher
15652:. Vol. I. Leiden: Brill.
14954:Monshipouri, Mahmood (2011).
14578:The Legend of the Middle Ages
14380:"Muhammad ibn Āliyy’ūl Cillī
14077:"The Trouble With Madrassahs"
13533:Analysis (19 December 2011).
13273:. In John L. Esposito (ed.).
13169:The Future of Political Islam
12824:The Future of Political Islam
12761:"A Short History of Islamism"
12654:Tibi, Bassam (1 March 2007).
12614:Byers, Dylan (5 April 2013).
11802:"Gambia (The) 1996(rev.2004)"
11708:"Article 7.1 of Constitution"
9348:"CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography"
7852:
7593:liberal progressive movements
7342:This calendar enumerates the
7196:Islamic calligraphy praising
7049:, in the languages which use
6386:, commercial buildings (e.g.
6050:from China. The knowledge of
6003:
5599:and developed the concept of
5441:
5382:end of the world and doomsday
5189:, Persian, and later Arabian
5079:
4590:have a significant amount of
4424:estimated that around 27,000
4374:ancient Christian communities
4151:later emerged independently.
3966:The major Sunni madhhabs are
3416:: 8–9 million Muslims (9–10%)
3304:: 200 million Muslims (14.6%)
2691:have endorsed Islam as their
2342:, reportedly quoted from the
1726:Age of the Islamic Gunpowders
18856:Apostasy in Islam by country
18733:Liberalism and progressivism
16190:Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38
15737:Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "
15552:Saliba, George (July 1995).
14446:Halm, Heinz (21 July 2004).
14353:De McLaurin, Ronald (1979).
13535:"Global religious landscape"
11766:"Article 31 of Constitution"
10770:Council on Foreign Relations
10404:10.1017/CBO9780511977367.003
10382:Dalacoura, Katerina (2012).
10364:. London and New York City:
10243:Colonialism and Its Legacies
10241:Levy, Jacob T., ed. (2011).
9913:. Psychology Press. p.
9317:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa"
8553:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa"
8466:www.oxfordislamicstudies.com
7993:
7623:wedding ceremony in a mosque
7435:is the official calendar of
7073:calligraphy. It is known in
7041:is the artistic practice of
6724:
6682:
6042:Arab Agricultural Revolution
4494:largest Christian population
4402:Middle East and North Africa
4189:dignitaries celebrating the
3916:Islamic schools and branches
3910:Islamic schools and branches
3689:
2174:The Christian reconquest of
1919:, starting from the wealthy
1724:Scholars often use the term
1700:liberalism and progressivism
1491:' rule was succeeded by the
1355:history of the Islamic faith
465:Islamic schools and branches
283:sense, these terms refer to
7:
17300:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
16842:Saudi Aramco World Magazine
16496:Islam: Art and Architecture
15968:Russell (1994), pp. 224–62,
15862:, p. 202, Rowman Altamira,
13937:Central Intelligence Agency
13853:"Country Profile: Pakistan"
13756:. Oxford University Press.
13667:ANALYSIS (7 October 2009).
13570:. Oxford University Press.
13495:"Muslim-Majority Countries"
13240:. Oxford University Press.
13214:. p. 5. Archived from
12288:"Muslim-Majority Countries"
12160:"Article 2 of Constitution"
11973:"Article 1 of Constitution"
11859:"Article 1 of Constitution"
11784:"Article 1 of Constitution"
11095:"Basic Law of Saudi Arabia"
10547:Geltzer, Joshua A. (2011).
9978:History of Mediaeval Bengal
9046:Longton, Gary Gurr (2014).
8234:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
7961:
7944:
7927:
7716:
7275:
7221:
6966:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
6741:pre-Islamic pagan religions
5657:
5622:and Aristotle's concept of
5532:, translated into Latin as
5526:. His philosophical novel,
5454:Logic in Islamic philosophy
5178:One Thousand and One Nights
5007:
4671:
4442:reduced to a small fraction
4025:. It also gave rise to the
3751:
3462:
3420:
2418:the claims made and adding
1325:Timeline of Islamic history
745:("Stories of the Prophets")
296:history of the Muslim world
194:the claims made and adding
10:
19098:
18783:
17551:an online tutorial at the
17477:Turner, Howard R. (1997).
17200:
16772:Five Essays on Islamic Art
16761:. 85: 152–184 – via JSTOR.
16675:Chapman, Caroline (2012).
16523:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017
16015:Russell (1994), pp. 224–39
14979:L. Elazar, Daniel (2020).
14905:. Routledge. p. 109.
14846:L. Elazar, Daniel (2020).
14760:10.1177/239693939501900306
14645:. Routledge. p. 173.
14529:Jacobsen, Douglas (2011).
14490:Cad. No: 290, Yenibosna /
13212:International Crisis Group
13096:Failure of Political Islam
11991:"Preamble of Constitution"
11424:"Constitution of Malaysia"
10396:Cambridge University Press
9020:. Brussels. Archived from
9014:"Islamophoobia in Europe!"
8612:Kettani, Houssain (2010).
7558:
7505:(known in the West as the
7422:
7250:
7147:an early Qur'an manuscript
7029:
6876:Islamic geometric patterns
6846:
6728:
6686:
6257:
6035:
5781:A self-trimming lamp from
5667:
5661:
5636:Illuminationist philosophy
5451:
5445:
5089:
5083:
5011:
4925:studying together, from a
4845:, during the reign of the
4735:
4714:
4646:lining up for class, 2009.
3913:
3789:Non-denominational Muslims
3704:
3674:
3467:
3444:prime minister of Pakistan
3424:
3400:: 10 million Muslims (15%)
3384:: 12 million Muslims (42%)
2458:Political aspects of Islam
2455:
2449:
2317:(2001) coordinated by the
2308:abolition of the Caliphate
2263:; and "Afghan Ambitions".
2243:
2198:French conquest of Algeria
2112:French conquest of Algeria
2063:
1887:
1717:
1519:and number of converts to
1439:, however. The succeeding
1314:
1252:
469:non-denominational Muslims
329:, which culminated in the
18994:
18879:
18846:
18796:
18792:
18778:
18705:
18672:
18644:Geography and cartography
18619:
18566:
18562:
18546:
18372:
18294:
18241:
18190:
18186:
18162:
18032:
17914:
17874:
17757:
17709:
17633:
17629:
17618:
17549:The Islamic World to 1600
17538:What is the Muslim world?
17325:Kraemer, Joel L. (1992).
16590:Madden (1975), pp. 423–30
16367:The Columbia Encyclopedia
16356:Ettinghausen (2003), p. 3
15946:New York University Press
15826:Symposium on Ibn al Nafis
15814:– via Google Books.
15708:Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis
15429:New York University Press
15201:"Indonesia Literacy rate"
14901:C. Held, Colbert (2008).
14329:. Routledge. p. 33.
14325:J. Stewart, Dona (2008).
14252:– via Google Books.
14230:. John Wiley & Sons.
13598:. ABC-CLIO. p. 179.
12869:Matthiesen, Toby (2023).
12713:10.1080/14690760903371313
12673:10.1080/14690760601121630
12581:(inactive 24 July 2024).
12579:10.1017/S1537592703000197
12076:. ABC-CLIO. p. 180.
11845:13 September 2004 at the
11840:Article 1 of Constitution
10742:– via Google Books.
9137:nondenominational Muslims
9111:Pollack, Kenneth (2014).
9097:non-denominational Muslim
8968:Roshandel, Jalil (2011).
8753:"Field Listing Religions"
8729:. IslamicPopulation.com.
8244:– via Google Books.
7817:Islam and other religions
7295:and rituals, such as the
7055:alphabets derived from it
7017:compass and straight edge
6964:; and in wood, as at the
6140:. The industrial uses of
5343:living in seclusion on a
4233:ruled in Yemen until 1962
4215:valley in Algerian Sahara
3717:India's Muslim population
3479:refers to a broad set of
3251:
1566:(15th-16th centuries) of
1505:Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji
393:are not Muslim-majority.
352:As of 2013, the combined
306:look for guidance to the
289:Muslim-majority countries
18953:Islamic view of miracles
17559:Is There a Muslim World?
17109:Marom, Roy (Fall 2017).
16328:18 February 2008 at the
16264:26 February 2008 at the
16237:26 February 2008 at the
16069:Kamal, Muhammad (2006).
15754:University of Notre Dame
15662:Grant & Clute, p. 51
15123:"Pakistan Literacy rate"
14670:. Springer. p. 11.
14666:Curtis, Michael (2018).
14504:Jenkins, Philip (2020).
13834:http://www.pewforum.org/
13232:Emin Poljarevic (2015).
13205:"Understanding Islamism"
13051:: CS1 maint: location (
13004:: CS1 maint: location (
12965:: CS1 maint: location (
12901:: CS1 maint: location (
12567:Perspectives on Politics
12423:"Technical Difficulties"
12045:U.S. Department of State
11958:21 November 2013 at the
11682:"Albania – Constitution"
10491:Moghadam, Assaf (2008).
9905:Watt, William Montgomery
8281:"Economies of the ummah"
8255:Lapidus, Ira M. (2014).
8159:Jones, Gavin W. (2005).
7857:
7554:
7000:pattern on the spandrel.
6841:
6218:, particularly from the
5632:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
5610:(Alhazen), a pioneer of
5542:condition of possibility
5534:Philosophus Autodidactus
5511:Another figure from the
5418:Philosophus Autodidactus
5349:Philosophus Autodidactus
5328:Philosophus Autodidactus
5320:Philosophus Autodidactus
5299:Philosophus Autodidactus
4450:Jews in Muslim countries
4432:have existed across the
3756:
3677:Muslim population growth
3612:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
2505:schools of jurisprudence
2479:. By contrast, the 1979
1465:killing of caliph Uthman
834:Medieval Islamic science
18718:Creationism (evolution)
17410:Russell, G. A. (1994).
17173:Akyol, Riada Asimovic.
16723:Lyons, Martyn. (2011).
16031:17 January 2008 at the
16004:Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan
15891:Oxford University Press
15838:6 February 2008 at the
15720:6 February 2008 at the
15697:Grant & Clute, p 52
15486:Medieval India, NCERT,
15427:, pp. 245, 250, 256–7.
14700:. Pew Research Center.
14641:C. Ellis, Kail (2017).
14602:Pacini, Andrea (1998).
14273:Oxford University Press
14011:Oxford University Press
13752:Esposito, John (2003).
13021:The Caliph and the Imam
12941:B. Hass, Ernst (2000).
12871:The Caliph and the Imam
12533:10.55540/0031-1723.2340
12514:Eikmeier, Dale (2007).
11338:"Jordan country report"
10360:Commins, David (2009).
10016:"The Gunpowder Empires"
7674:A tribal delegation in
7350:was established as the
7265:ٱلتَّقْوِيم ٱلْهِجْرِيّ
6870:, "knot", also written
6836:Example of an Arabesque
6824:Example of an Arabesque
6812:Example of an Arabesque
6667:Moscow Cathedral Mosque
6551:Great Mosque of Córdoba
6236:
5978:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
5945:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
5760:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
5436:The Aspiring Naturalist
5262:, the national epic of
5252:story of undying love.
4725:prescriptive literature
4626:A primary classroom in
3927:across the Muslim world
3862:Turkish Muslims at the
3662:" to date, such as the
2684:The following nineteen
2555:Government and religion
2009:Siege of Ochakov (1788)
1728:to describe period the
1501:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
1467:in 656, resulting in a
257:administrative division
18968:Persecution of Muslims
18866:List of former Muslims
17783:Succession to Muhammad
17504:Livny, Avital (2020).
16875:Encyclopaedia of Islam
16543:Bloom & Blair 2009
16407:Bloom & Blair 2009
16342:Technology and Culture
16204:Technology and Culture
16059:Russell (1994), p. 247
15859:Encyclopaedia of Islam
15772:4 October 2015 at the
15650:Encyclopaedia of Islam
13839:4 January 2012 at the
13566:Khan, Nichola (2016).
12836:Zhongmin, Liu (2013).
12790:Zhongmin, Liu (2013).
11315:"Constitution of Iraq"
10673:Swietochowski, Tadeusz
10283:Cite journal requires
9793:Nawaz, Maajid (2012).
9745:Pan-Islamism In India,
9443:Oxford Islamic Studies
8583:"Region: Asia-Pacific"
8492:"Region: Asia-Pacific"
7385:
7317:Levant and Mesopotamia
7246:Islamic lunar calendar
6465:Al Jabbar Grand Mosque
6314:early Muslim conquests
6281:. It encompasses both
6061:Advances were made in
6033:
5597:Transcendent theosophy
5595:founded his school of
5481:
5374:spontaneous generation
5363:Theologus Autodidactus
5353:Theologus Autodidactus
5333:Theologus Autodidactus
5315:Theologus Autodidactus
5041:
4689:
4606:Young school girls in
4526:Literacy and education
4369:
3928:
3925:Islamic schools of law
3813:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3702:
3447:
3282:in 2015 there were 50
3274:Muslim-minority states
2998:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2340:11 September hijackers
2079:
1898:
1850:in combat against the
1350:
844:Succession to Muhammad
511:are also found in the
271:commonly refer to the
260:
18762:Conversion to mosques
18629:Alchemy and chemistry
17553:University of Calgary
17454:Tausch, Arno (2015).
17433:Tausch, Arno (2009).
17264:Graham, Mark (2006).
17235:Ettinghausen, Richard
17207:Ankerl, Guy (2000) .
16983:Encyclopaedia Iranica
16905:Government of Sharjah
16770:Allen, Terry (1988).
16178:14 March 2007 at the
16147:Plofker, Kim (2009),
16050:Russell (1994) p. 227
16026:Desert island scripts
15855:Cyril Glasse (2001),
15097:"Egypt Literacy rate"
14575:Brague, Rémi (2009).
14391:" (Sūlaiman Affandy,
14048:. 19 September 2008.
12047:. 14 September 2007.
12003:on 12 September 2012.
11806:constituteproject.org
9352:Encyclopaedia Iranica
9186:. Routledge. p.
9077:Kirkham, Bri (2015).
8450:on 24 September 2015.
8309:. 22 September 2016.
7974:Since 1 Muharam 1444
7954:ڕۆژژمێری کۆچیی ھەتاوی
7599:have been revisiting
7451:as determined by the
6940:; plasterwork, as at
6747:style made famous in
6216:Industrial Revolution
6022:Industrial Revolution
6011:
5941:The Canon of Medicine
5937:pulmonary circulation
5811:An illustration from
5787:On Mechanical Devices
5652:philosophy of history
5616:philosophy of science
5562:Melchisédech Thévenot
5538:nature versus nurture
5499:The Canon of Medicine
5465:
5452:Further information:
5286:were pioneers of the
5090:Further information:
5076:(from 1470 to 1550).
5054:Tin-opacified glazing
5021:
5012:Further information:
4701:the uprising in Syria
4679:
4492:Egypt has one of the
4360:Church and Mosque in
4359:
4035:Ja'fari jurisprudence
3949:jurisprudence schools
3923:
3697:
3640:At least one author (
3605:Hajji Amin al-Husayni
3438:
3425:Further information:
2477:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2475:since the reforms of
2456:Further information:
2374:Scientific Revolution
2276:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2272:Turkish revolutionary
2244:Further information:
2077:
1894:
1852:Knights of Saint John
1846:Gun-wielding Ottoman
1332:
247:
18488:Ma malakat aymanukum
18063:Association football
17329:. Brill Publishers.
16618:Bonner, Jay (2017).
16307:University of Aleppo
16150:Mathematics in India
15914:"Islamic Philosophy"
15744:4 April 2015 at the
15175:"Iraq Literacy rate"
15149:"Iran Literacy rate"
15051:on 13 September 2012
14934:Encyclopædia Iranica
14482:4 March 2016 at the
14311:Ensar Publications,
14001:"Pakistan, Islam in"
13695:"The World Factbook"
13376:"The World Factbook"
13066:Pappe, Ilan (2010).
12470:on 17 February 2011.
12104:. 6 September 2020.
11934:on 24 September 2014
11327:on 28 November 2016.
11215:bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd
10897:. 21 February 2018.
9759:"What Muslim World?"
9467:. 23 February 2019.
9346:Rowland, Richard H.
8121:"What Muslim World?"
7928:Gâhšomâri-ye Xoršidi
7782:History of the Arabs
7605:Riada Asimovic Akyol
7571:Riada Asimovic Akyol
7530:Zoroastrian calendar
7468:lunar Hijri calendar
7455:calculation for the
7433:Solar Hijri calendar
7425:Solar Hijri calendar
7418:Solar Hijri calendar
7358:. During that year,
7259:The Hijri calendar (
6703:names and attributes
6620:Persian architecture
6570:Lagos Central Mosque
6407:Islamic architecture
6271:architectural styles
6267:Islamic architecture
6260:Islamic architecture
6220:proto-industrialised
5994:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
5713:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
5640:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
5467:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
5394:scientific knowledge
5068:(from 975 to 1075),
4662:, before an exam in
4658:Medical students of
3457:contemporary history
2943:United Arab Emirates
2462:Islam and secularism
2315:September 11 attacks
2128:Hispano-Moroccan War
1961:negotiates with the
1808:Siege of Ranthambore
1513:Islamic missionaries
1511:, where South Asian
1281:improve this article
883:Association football
86:improve this article
17143:on 4 September 2022
16987:. Iranicaonline.org
16563:"Muslim Iconoclasm"
16024:Martin Wainwright,
15919:6 June 2022 at the
15634:17 May 2020 at the
15352:(4 November 2011).
15326:. 7 December 2017.
14203:Pew Research Center
14164:. Shianumbers.com.
13975:Pew Research Center
13903:Pew Research Center
13867:Library of Congress
13822:on 10 January 2011.
13505:. 27 January 2011.
13503:Pew Research Center
13465:"Executive Summary"
13442:, 27 January 2011,
13440:Pew Research Center
13352:. 27 January 2011.
13350:Pew Research Center
13342:"Executive Summary"
13316:"The New Islamists"
13167:Fuller, Graham E.,
13143:The Washington Post
12822:Fuller, Graham E.,
12397:. 21 February 2023.
12364:. 21 February 2023.
12326:Pew Research Center
11979:on 4 February 2007.
11366:US State Department
11343:3 June 2021 at the
10625:on 21 November 2011
10142:Unknown (1590–95).
9727:. 27 January 2011.
9608:Pew Research Center
9085:on 25 November 2015
8952:on 15 December 2012
8921:Pew Research Center
8861:on 24 December 2018
8813:16 May 2020 at the
8785:Pew Research Center
8727:"Muslim Population"
8498:. 27 January 2011.
8352:Pew Research Center
8335:. 19 December 2017.
7962:Salnameya Koçberiyê
7945:lmaríz legdíz kalíz
7589:Modernist discourse
7234:officially used in
7039:Islamic calligraphy
7032:Islamic calligraphy
7025:Islamic calligraphy
6950:Hunat Hatun Complex
6758:Islamic calligraphy
6513:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
6322:Islamic calligraphy
6115:Timurid Renaissance
6018:Greater Middle East
5933:circulatory systems
5925:Anatomy of the body
5887:intromission theory
5870:Lagâri Hasan Çelebi
5650:, a pioneer in the
5505:The Book of Healing
5302:) as a response to
5288:philosophical novel
5181:, a compilation of
4711:since August 2017.
4568:Pew Research Center
4496:in the Muslim world
4406:Pew Research Center
4037:whose branches are
3841:Southeastern Europe
3280:Pew Research Center
2182:, 1686, painted by
2138:, from 1859 to 1860
2114:, from 1830 to 1903
1937:Greater Middle East
1903:Ibrahim Muteferrika
1750:Indian subcontinent
1533:Indo-Gangetic Plain
1507:extended until the
1437:Arab–Byzantine wars
644:Profession of Faith
617:Day of Resurrection
537:religious switching
347:colonial domination
19057:Historical regions
18973:Quran and miracles
18887:Criticism of Islam
18601:Geometric patterns
18453:Gender segregation
18024:Non-denominational
17137:Hasht-e Subh Daily
16911:on 2 February 2017
16319:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
16299:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
16255:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
16228:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
15672:L. Sprague de Camp
15361:The New York Times
14880:. Hamilton Books.
14793:. Times of Israel.
14427:on 10 January 2012
13942:The World Factbook
13412:on 9 February 2011
12439:. 17 January 2022.
12166:on 1 December 2010
11790:on 9 October 2006.
11772:on 9 October 2006.
11720:on 26 October 2011
11349:The World Factbook
10398:. pp. 40–65.
10319:. pp. 56–60.
10014:Evans, Charles T.
9562:on 11 January 2019
9532:on 9 February 2011
9263:. 7 October 2009.
9024:on 31 January 2016
8924:. 7 October 2009.
8895:. 4 October 2019.
8854:The World Factbook
8788:. 7 October 2009.
8666:"Region: Americas"
7690:Minangkabau people
7457:Iran Standard Time
7411:Gregorian calendar
7313:Syriac month-names
7309:Gregorian calendar
7276:al-taqwīm al-hijrī
7180:of sailors in the
7145:Kufic script from
6689:Aniconism in Islam
6231:East India Company
6034:
5570:Christiaan Huygens
5550:Molyneux's problem
5513:Islamic Golden Age
5482:
5414:Islamic philosophy
5148:Cassim in the Cave
5086:Islamic literature
5042:
4936:Islamic Golden Age
4828:Vali Muhammad Khan
4742:Islamic Golden Age
4690:
4430:Jewish communities
4370:
3929:
3864:Eyüp Sultan Mosque
3703:
3601:Muslim Brotherhood
3526:Muslim Brotherhood
3518:Sayyid Rashid Riḍā
3448:
2481:Iranian Revolution
2403:possibly contains
2280:Republic of Turkey
2234:of Morocco in 1909
2230:between Spain and
2080:
2033:Russo-Persian Wars
2031:Combat during the
1982:East India Company
1963:East India Company
1758:Muhammad Auranzgeb
1686:), democracy (see
1606:and Warsangali in
1561:largest contiguous
1485:Abbasid Revolution
1409:Rashidun Caliphate
1351:
1347:ancient world maps
509:Muslim communities
422:Sub-Saharan Africa
325:within Islam. The
319:schools of thought
300:Islamic Golden Age
261:
259:estimated for 2022
179:possibly contains
19067:Regions of Africa
19024:
19023:
18990:
18989:
18986:
18985:
18958:Domestic violence
18948:Islamic terrorism
18943:Islamic extremism
18774:
18773:
18770:
18769:
18542:
18541:
18538:
18537:
18328:Marriage contract
18158:
18157:
18118:Political aspects
17905:Story of Prophets
17674:Prophets of Islam
17465:978-1-62948-899-8
17446:978-1-60692-731-1
17425:978-90-04-09459-8
17336:978-90-04-07259-6
17309:978-0-312-19869-5
17218:978-2-88155-004-1
17179:www.aljazeera.com
16736:978-1-60606-083-4
16685:978-979-099-631-1
16629:978-1-4419-0216-0
16409:, "Architecture".
16287:978-81-8069-149-2
16152:: 500 BCE–1800 CE
16080:978-0-7546-5271-7
15619:Mason (1995) p. 7
15610:Mason (1995) p. 5
15601:Mason (1995) p. 1
15531:978-1-136-95960-8
15395:978-1-101-98349-2
14887:978-0-7618-4846-2
14615:978-0-19-829388-0
14588:978-0-226-07080-3
14463:978-0-7486-1888-0
14384:" of "Maymūn ibn
14265:Esposito, John L.
13905:. 9 August 2012.
13869:. February 2005.
13644:. ReligionFacts.
13628:CIA Word Factbook
13322:on 9 October 2014
13077:978-0-520-26839-5
13038:978-0-19-068946-9
12888:978-0-19-068946-9
12083:978-1-4408-3933-7
12021:. 1 December 2020
10688:978-0-521-52245-8
10658:978-0-8305-0076-5
10645:Kazemzadeh, Firuz
10510:978-0-8018-9055-0
10477:978-0-375-41486-2
10466:. New York City:
10326:978-0-8160-6259-1
10315:. New York City:
9924:978-0-415-17587-6
9556:www.aljazeera.com
9552:"Islam in Russia"
9499:, 21 April 2018,
9449:on 20 March 2017.
8266:978-0-521-51430-9
7959:
7942:
7937:لمريز لېږدیز کلیز
7925:
7917:گاهشماری خورشیدی
7777:Glossary of Islam
7394:
7287:consisting of 12
7273:
6928:The 15th century
6874:) are decorative
6680:
6679:
6600:Jammu and Kashmir
6320:of surfaces with
6056:potassium nitrate
5883:
5882:
5558:Gottfried Leibniz
5520:modern philosophy
5365:, written by the
5221:Sinbad the Sailor
5129:Princess Parizade
4927:Persian miniature
4797:and the ruler of
4773:Jami' al-tawarikh
4732:Classical culture
4692:According to the
4682:Rohingya refugees
4592:gender inequality
4404:and other areas.
4029:movement and the
4017:was divided into
4005:later split into
3881:Shi'a Muslims in
3779:Ali ibn Abi Talib
3646:identity politics
3538:Ruhollah Khomeini
3534:Abul A'la Maududi
3278:According to the
2493:Ruhollah Khomeini
2448:
2447:
2440:
2405:original research
2364:'s definition of
2288:secular democracy
2162:from 1911 to 1912
2152:Italo-Turkish War
1994:Battle of Plassey
1929:Kingdom of Mysore
1766:Islamic economics
1720:Gunpowder empires
1714:Gunpowder empires
1688:Islamic democracy
1684:socialism in Iran
1652:Toucouleur Empire
1525:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
1469:succession crisis
1441:Umayyad Caliphate
1421:Iberian Peninsula
1390:Arabian Peninsula
1313:
1312:
1305:
1204:
1203:
327:Islamic conquests
242:
241:
234:
224:
223:
216:
181:original research
162:
161:
154:
136:
59:
19089:
19042:Cultural regions
19014:
19013:
19006:Islam portal
19004:
19003:
19002:
18794:
18793:
18786:
18780:
18779:
18621:Medieval science
18564:
18563:
18554:
18548:
18547:
18205:Economic history
18188:
18187:
18164:
18163:
18150:Islam by country
17983:Bektashi Alevism
17631:
17630:
17622:Outline of Islam
17604:
17597:
17590:
17581:
17580:
17527:
17500:
17469:
17450:
17429:
17416:Brill Publishers
17406:
17377:
17348:
17321:
17287:
17260:
17230:
17195:
17194:
17192:
17190:
17170:
17153:
17152:
17150:
17148:
17129:
17123:
17122:
17106:
17100:
17099:
17091:
17085:
17084:
17082:
17080:
17069:
17063:
17062:
17060:
17058:
17047:
17041:
17040:
17038:
17036:
17025:
17019:
17018:
17016:
17014:
17003:
16997:
16996:
16994:
16992:
16981:""Calendars" in
16977:
16971:
16970:
16968:
16966:
16952:
16946:
16945:
16943:
16941:
16927:
16921:
16919:
16918:
16916:
16907:, archived from
16895:
16889:
16888:
16865:
16859:
16858:
16856:
16854:
16832:
16826:
16825:
16823:
16821:
16789:
16783:
16768:
16762:
16759:The Art Bulletin
16755:
16749:
16748:
16720:
16714:
16713:
16711:
16709:
16693:
16687:
16673:
16667:
16666:
16648:
16642:
16641:
16615:
16609:
16606:
16600:
16597:
16591:
16588:
16579:
16578:
16576:
16574:
16559:
16553:
16552:
16540:
16534:
16532:
16520:
16514:
16513:
16491:
16485:
16484:
16462:
16456:
16455:
16443:
16437:
16435:
16423:
16417:
16416:
16404:
16395:
16394:
16376:
16370:
16363:
16357:
16354:
16348:
16338:
16332:
16316:
16310:
16296:
16290:
16279:
16273:
16252:
16246:
16225:
16219:
16216:
16210:
16200:
16191:
16188:
16182:
16169:
16163:
16145:
16139:
16138:
16136:
16134:
16118:
16112:
16099:
16093:
16092:
16066:
16060:
16057:
16051:
16048:
16042:
16041:, 22 March 2003.
16022:
16016:
16013:
16007:
16000:
15994:
15983:Brill Publishers
15975:
15969:
15966:
15960:
15959:
15934:
15928:
15911:
15902:
15880:
15871:
15853:
15847:
15822:
15816:
15815:
15795:
15789:
15783:
15777:
15763:
15757:
15735:
15729:
15704:
15698:
15695:
15689:
15669:
15663:
15660:
15654:
15653:
15645:
15639:
15626:
15620:
15617:
15611:
15608:
15602:
15599:
15593:
15583:
15577:
15576:
15574:
15572:
15549:
15543:
15542:
15540:
15538:
15516:
15510:
15500:
15494:
15484:
15478:
15477:
15446:
15440:
15418:
15412:
15411:
15409:
15407:
15379:
15373:
15372:
15370:
15368:
15357:
15350:Melikian, Souren
15346:
15340:
15339:
15337:
15335:
15316:
15310:
15309:
15307:
15305:
15296:. 17 July 2013.
15286:
15280:
15279:
15264:
15258:
15257:
15255:
15253:
15247:
15240:
15232:
15217:
15216:
15214:
15212:
15197:
15191:
15190:
15188:
15186:
15171:
15165:
15164:
15162:
15160:
15145:
15139:
15138:
15136:
15134:
15119:
15113:
15112:
15110:
15108:
15093:
15087:
15086:
15084:
15082:
15067:
15061:
15060:
15058:
15056:
15050:
15043:
15035:
15029:
15028:
15026:
15024:
15004:
14998:
14997:
14976:
14970:
14969:
14951:
14945:
14944:
14942:
14940:
14926:
14920:
14919:
14898:
14892:
14891:
14871:
14865:
14864:
14843:
14837:
14836:
14829:
14823:
14822:
14815:
14809:
14808:
14801:
14795:
14794:
14786:
14780:
14779:
14743:
14737:
14736:
14715:
14709:
14708:
14706:
14699:
14691:
14685:
14684:
14663:
14657:
14656:
14638:
14632:
14631:
14629:
14627:
14599:
14593:
14592:
14572:
14566:
14551:
14545:
14544:
14526:
14520:
14519:
14501:
14495:
14474:
14468:
14467:
14443:
14437:
14436:
14434:
14432:
14423:. Archived from
14417:
14411:
14378:
14372:
14371:
14350:
14344:
14343:
14322:
14316:
14301:
14295:
14294:
14260:
14254:
14253:
14251:
14249:
14221:
14215:
14214:
14212:
14210:
14191:
14178:
14177:
14175:
14173:
14158:
14152:
14151:
14149:
14147:
14125:
14119:
14118:
14116:
14114:
14099:
14093:
14092:
14090:
14088:
14079:. 16 June 2015.
14073:
14067:
14066:
14059:
14057:
14036:
14030:
14029:
14024:
14022:
14013:. Archived from
13997:
13991:
13990:
13988:
13986:
13964:
13958:
13957:
13955:
13953:
13928:
13922:
13921:
13916:
13914:
13895:
13889:
13888:
13883:
13881:
13875:
13857:
13849:
13843:
13830:
13824:
13823:
13818:. Archived from
13808:
13802:
13801:
13799:
13797:
13782:
13776:
13775:
13749:
13743:
13742:
13740:
13738:
13732:
13725:
13717:
13711:
13710:
13708:
13706:
13691:
13685:
13684:
13682:
13680:
13664:
13658:
13657:
13655:
13653:
13638:
13632:
13631:
13620:
13614:
13613:
13591:
13585:
13584:
13563:
13557:
13556:
13554:
13552:
13546:
13540:. Pewforum.org.
13539:
13530:
13519:
13518:
13516:
13514:
13491:
13485:
13484:
13482:
13480:
13461:
13455:
13454:
13453:
13451:
13428:
13422:
13421:
13419:
13417:
13398:
13392:
13391:
13389:
13387:
13378:. CIA Factbook.
13372:
13366:
13365:
13363:
13361:
13338:
13332:
13331:
13329:
13327:
13311:
13305:
13304:
13298:
13296:
13272:
13264:
13258:
13257:
13251:
13249:
13229:
13223:
13222:
13221:on 7 March 2013.
13220:
13209:
13201:
13195:
13194:
13193:on 4 March 2016.
13189:. Archived from
13178:
13172:
13165:
13159:
13158:
13156:
13154:
13134:
13128:
13127:
13125:
13123:
13107:
13101:
13091:
13082:
13081:
13063:
13057:
13056:
13050:
13042:
13016:
13010:
13009:
13003:
12995:
12977:
12971:
12970:
12964:
12956:
12938:
12932:
12931:
12913:
12907:
12906:
12900:
12892:
12866:
12860:
12859:
12857:
12833:
12827:
12820:
12814:
12813:
12811:
12787:
12781:
12780:
12778:
12776:
12756:
12745:
12744:
12742:
12740:
12692:
12686:
12685:
12675:
12651:
12645:
12638:
12632:
12631:
12629:
12627:
12611:
12605:
12604:
12598:
12590:
12562:
12556:
12553:
12547:
12544:
12538:
12537:
12535:
12511:
12502:
12501:
12499:
12497:
12486:Oxford Reference
12478:
12472:
12471:
12460:
12454:
12453:, 7 January 2008
12447:
12441:
12440:
12433:
12427:
12426:
12419:
12413:
12412:
12405:
12399:
12398:
12391:
12385:
12384:
12372:
12366:
12365:
12358:
12352:
12351:
12344:
12338:
12337:
12335:
12322:
12314:
12308:
12307:
12305:
12303:
12284:
12278:
12277:
12275:
12273:
12258:
12252:
12251:
12240:
12234:
12233:
12231:
12229:
12223:
12216:
12208:
12202:
12201:
12199:
12197:
12182:
12176:
12175:
12173:
12171:
12162:. Archived from
12156:
12150:
12149:
12147:
12145:
12139:
12132:
12124:
12118:
12117:
12115:
12113:
12094:
12088:
12087:
12067:
12061:
12060:
12058:
12056:
12037:
12031:
12030:
12028:
12026:
12011:
12005:
12004:
12002:
11996:. Archived from
11995:
11987:
11981:
11980:
11975:. Archived from
11969:
11963:
11950:
11944:
11943:
11941:
11939:
11930:. Archived from
11920:
11914:
11913:
11906:
11900:
11899:
11897:
11895:
11881:
11875:
11874:
11872:
11870:
11855:
11849:
11837:
11831:
11830:
11823:
11817:
11816:
11814:
11812:
11798:
11792:
11791:
11786:. Archived from
11780:
11774:
11773:
11768:. Archived from
11762:
11756:
11755:
11753:
11751:
11736:
11730:
11729:
11727:
11725:
11719:
11713:. Archived from
11712:
11704:
11698:
11697:
11695:
11693:
11678:
11672:
11671:
11669:
11667:
11661:
11654:
11646:
11640:
11639:
11637:
11635:
11629:
11622:
11614:
11608:
11607:
11600:
11594:
11593:
11591:
11589:
11574:
11568:
11567:
11565:
11563:
11557:
11550:
11542:
11536:
11535:
11533:
11531:
11516:
11510:
11509:
11507:
11505:
11499:
11492:
11484:
11478:
11477:
11475:
11473:
11467:
11461:. Archived from
11460:
11452:
11446:
11445:
11443:
11441:
11435:
11428:
11420:
11414:
11413:
11411:
11409:
11403:
11396:
11388:
11382:
11381:
11379:
11377:
11358:
11352:
11335:
11329:
11328:
11326:
11320:. Archived from
11319:
11311:
11305:
11304:
11302:
11300:
11294:
11287:
11279:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11268:
11257:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11246:
11240:
11233:
11225:
11219:
11218:
11207:
11201:
11200:
11198:
11196:
11181:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11170:
11164:
11157:
11149:
11143:
11142:
11140:
11138:
11132:
11125:
11117:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11106:
11091:
11085:
11084:
11082:
11080:
11065:
11059:
11058:
11056:
11054:
11048:
11041:
11033:
11027:
11026:
11024:
11022:
11016:
11009:
11001:
10995:
10994:
10992:
10990:
10975:
10969:
10968:
10966:
10964:
10958:
10951:
10943:
10937:
10936:
10934:
10932:
10917:
10911:
10910:
10908:
10906:
10887:
10812:
10811:
10809:
10807:
10792:
10786:
10785:
10783:
10781:
10762:
10756:
10750:
10744:
10743:
10741:
10739:
10711:
10705:
10704:
10702:
10700:
10669:
10663:
10662:
10641:
10635:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10615:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10604:
10576:
10567:
10566:
10545:
10543:
10541:
10521:
10515:
10514:
10488:
10482:
10481:
10465:
10456:Wright, Lawrence
10452:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10441:
10379:
10370:
10369:
10357:
10351:
10350:
10348:
10346:
10304:
10293:
10292:
10286:
10281:
10279:
10271:
10263:
10257:
10256:
10238:
10232:
10231:
10229:
10227:
10208:
10197:
10196:
10194:
10192:
10173:
10164:
10163:
10161:
10159:
10150:. Archived from
10139:
10133:
10109:
10103:
10102:
10084:
10078:
10068:
10062:
10061:
10059:
10057:
10038:
10032:
10031:
10029:
10027:
10011:
10005:
10004:
9994:
9988:
9976:Majumdar, R.C.,
9974:
9968:
9965:
9959:
9956:
9950:
9947:
9941:
9940:
9938:
9936:
9901:
9890:
9889:
9884:
9882:
9866:
9860:
9859:
9854:
9852:
9832:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9818:
9790:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9774:
9754:
9748:
9742:
9733:
9732:
9721:
9715:
9714:
9701:
9699:
9688:"No God But God"
9683:
9677:
9676:
9674:
9672:
9656:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9645:
9636:. 2 April 2015.
9626:
9620:
9619:
9617:
9615:
9600:
9594:
9593:
9578:
9572:
9571:
9569:
9567:
9558:. Archived from
9548:
9542:
9541:
9539:
9537:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9487:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9457:
9451:
9450:
9445:. Archived from
9437:Yusuf, Imtiyaz.
9434:
9428:
9427:
9425:
9423:
9404:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9393:
9374:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9363:
9343:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9332:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9283:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9253:
9247:
9246:
9240:
9232:
9230:
9228:
9208:
9202:
9201:
9177:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9157:. 2 April 2015.
9147:
9141:
9140:
9118:
9108:
9102:
9101:
9092:
9090:
9081:. Archived from
9074:
9068:
9067:
9061:
9059:
9054:on 26 March 2017
9043:
9037:
9036:
9031:
9029:
9009:
9003:
9000:
8995:
8993:
8964:
8959:
8957:
8941:
8935:
8933:
8911:
8906:
8904:
8882:
8876:
8873:
8868:
8866:
8844:
8839:
8837:
8804:
8799:
8797:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8764:
8755:. Archived from
8749:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8738:
8723:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8712:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8636:"Region: Europe"
8632:
8626:
8625:
8609:
8603:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8488:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8477:
8472:on 20 March 2017
8468:. Archived from
8458:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8438:
8430:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8419:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8389:
8374:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8303:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8252:
8246:
8245:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8156:
8141:
8140:
8138:
8136:
8116:
8110:
8109:
8076:
8065:
8064:
8034:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8023:
8003:
7987:
7972:
7966:
7964:
7958:romanized:
7957:
7955:
7947:
7941:romanized:
7940:
7938:
7930:
7920:
7918:
7910:
7904:
7901:
7895:
7868:
7807:Islam by country
7797:Outline of Islam
7787:History of Islam
7761:
7756:
7755:
7747:
7742:
7741:
7733:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7705:
7686:
7671:
7655:Muslim girls at
7652:
7632:
7616:
7597:Islamic feminism
7507:Islamic calendar
7445:Iranian calendar
7406:
7405:
7400:
7399:
7398:سَنَة هِجْرِيَّة
7389:
7352:Islamic New Year
7301:great pilgrimage
7293:Islamic holidays
7281:Islamic calendar
7278:
7268:
7266:
7253:Islamic calendar
7209:
7193:
7173:
7158:
7142:
7086:
7085:
7009:
6993:
6978:
6869:
6833:
6821:
6809:
6794:Dome of the Rock
6663:
6635:
6611:
6596:Hazratbal Shrine
6591:
6566:
6547:
6528:
6509:
6484:
6461:
6439:
6425:Dome of the Rock
6421:
6402:
6401:
6394:), and military
6366:(public baths),
6344:multifoil arches
6330:geometric motifs
6287:history of Islam
6277:associated with
6123:Bengal Sultanate
6069:. Crops such as
6058:were developed.
5970:Jābir ibn Hayyān
5921:Tashrih al-badan
5866:
5850:
5828:
5808:
5778:
5756:
5735:Mansur ibn Ilyas
5730:
5721:. (13th century)
5709:
5690:
5689:
5618:and a critic of
5529:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
5293:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
5245:Layla and Majnun
5163:
5152:Maxfield Parrish
5144:
5124:
5102:
4964:Siege of Baghdad
4960:Mongol invasions
4923:Layla and Majnun
4919:
4897:
4881:
4860:
4838:
4813:
4783:
4765:Mahmud of Ghazni
4760:
4738:History of Islam
4655:
4639:
4623:
4603:
4517:
4505:
4489:
4300:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4249:in Pakistan are
4242:
4224:
4205:
4183:
4160:
4145:Quranist Muslims
4076:, Adjarites and
4023:Taiyabi Ismailis
4011:Musta’li Ismaili
3897:
3878:
3859:
3707:Islam by country
3642:Graham E. Fuller
3575:Muslim community
3542:Hassan Al-Turabi
3524:(founder of the
3415:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2547:school, and the
2485:Islamic republic
2452:Islam by country
2443:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2420:inline citations
2396:
2395:
2388:
2384:Islam by country
2257:Tripoli Campaign
2240:Postcolonial era
2223:
2209:
2194:
2171:
2147:
2123:
2107:
2044:
2028:
2015:and the Russian
2005:
1990:Nawabs of Bengal
1978:
1952:
1911:
1890:Great Divergence
1884:Great Divergence
1867:
1843:
1834:in October 1635.
1819:
1796:
1777:
1696:Islamic republic
1670:, as opposed to
1664:Arab nationalism
1644:Sokoto Caliphate
1497:Muhammad of Ghor
1483:and finally the
1429:Byzantine Empire
1386:Islamic calendar
1378:new constitution
1335:Tabula Rogeriana
1317:History of Islam
1308:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1265:
1257:
1228:Tripoli Campaign
1196:
1189:
1182:
1168:Islam portal
1166:
1165:
1164:
574:
551:
550:
237:
230:
219:
212:
208:
205:
199:
196:inline citations
172:
171:
164:
157:
150:
146:
143:
137:
135:
94:
70:
62:
51:
29:
28:
21:
19097:
19096:
19092:
19091:
19090:
19088:
19087:
19086:
19082:Abrahamic world
19072:Regions of Asia
19047:Islamic culture
19027:
19026:
19025:
19020:
19000:
18998:
18982:
18904:Cultural Muslim
18875:
18842:
18798:Other religions
18788:
18784:
18766:
18701:
18668:
18615:
18558:
18556:Islamic studies
18552:
18534:
18368:
18313:
18290:
18237:
18182:
18181:
18154:
18103:Moral teachings
18046:
18028:
18002:Nation of Islam
17963:Twelver Shi'ism
17910:
17876:Religious texts
17870:
17788:Early conquests
17771:
17753:
17705:
17625:
17614:
17608:
17534:
17516:
17489:
17466:
17447:
17426:
17395:10.2307/1523219
17337:
17310:
17276:
17249:
17219:
17203:
17198:
17188:
17186:
17171:
17156:
17146:
17144:
17131:
17130:
17126:
17107:
17103:
17092:
17088:
17078:
17076:
17071:
17070:
17066:
17056:
17054:
17049:
17048:
17044:
17034:
17032:
17027:
17026:
17022:
17012:
17010:
17005:
17004:
17000:
16990:
16988:
16979:
16978:
16974:
16964:
16962:
16954:
16953:
16949:
16939:
16937:
16929:
16928:
16924:
16914:
16912:
16897:
16896:
16892:
16866:
16862:
16852:
16850:
16833:
16829:
16819:
16817:
16790:
16786:
16769:
16765:
16756:
16752:
16737:
16721:
16717:
16707:
16705:
16694:
16690:
16674:
16670:
16663:
16649:
16645:
16630:
16616:
16612:
16607:
16603:
16598:
16594:
16589:
16582:
16572:
16570:
16561:
16560:
16556:
16546:
16541:
16537:
16526:
16521:
16517:
16506:
16492:
16488:
16477:
16463:
16459:
16449:
16444:
16440:
16429:
16424:
16420:
16410:
16405:
16398:
16391:
16377:
16373:
16364:
16360:
16355:
16351:
16339:
16335:
16330:Wayback Machine
16317:
16313:
16297:
16293:
16280:
16276:
16266:Wayback Machine
16253:
16249:
16239:Wayback Machine
16226:
16222:
16217:
16213:
16209:(1), pp. 1–30 .
16201:
16194:
16189:
16185:
16180:Wayback Machine
16170:
16166:
16146:
16142:
16132:
16130:
16119:
16115:
16100:
16096:
16081:
16067:
16063:
16058:
16054:
16049:
16045:
16033:Wayback Machine
16023:
16019:
16014:
16010:
16001:
15997:
15976:
15972:
15967:
15963:
15956:
15935:
15931:
15921:Wayback Machine
15912:
15905:
15881:
15874:
15854:
15850:
15840:Wayback Machine
15823:
15819:
15812:
15796:
15792:
15784:
15780:
15774:Wayback Machine
15764:
15760:
15748:", pp. 95–101,
15746:Wayback Machine
15736:
15732:
15722:Wayback Machine
15705:
15701:
15696:
15692:
15670:
15666:
15661:
15657:
15646:
15642:
15636:Wayback Machine
15627:
15623:
15618:
15614:
15609:
15605:
15600:
15596:
15584:
15580:
15570:
15568:
15566:
15550:
15546:
15536:
15534:
15532:
15518:
15517:
15513:
15501:
15497:
15485:
15481:
15447:
15443:
15419:
15415:
15405:
15403:
15396:
15380:
15376:
15366:
15364:
15347:
15343:
15333:
15331:
15318:
15317:
15313:
15303:
15301:
15288:
15287:
15283:
15266:
15265:
15261:
15251:
15249:
15245:
15238:
15234:
15233:
15220:
15210:
15208:
15199:
15198:
15194:
15184:
15182:
15173:
15172:
15168:
15158:
15156:
15147:
15146:
15142:
15132:
15130:
15121:
15120:
15116:
15106:
15104:
15095:
15094:
15090:
15080:
15078:
15069:
15068:
15064:
15054:
15052:
15048:
15041:
15037:
15036:
15032:
15022:
15020:
15013:Scimago Journal
15005:
15001:
14991:
14977:
14973:
14966:
14952:
14948:
14938:
14936:
14928:
14927:
14923:
14913:
14899:
14895:
14888:
14872:
14868:
14858:
14844:
14840:
14831:
14830:
14826:
14817:
14816:
14812:
14803:
14802:
14798:
14787:
14783:
14744:
14740:
14730:
14716:
14712:
14704:
14697:
14693:
14692:
14688:
14678:
14664:
14660:
14653:
14639:
14635:
14625:
14623:
14616:
14600:
14596:
14589:
14573:
14569:
14552:
14548:
14541:
14527:
14523:
14516:
14502:
14498:
14484:Wayback Machine
14475:
14471:
14464:
14444:
14440:
14430:
14428:
14419:
14418:
14414:
14379:
14375:
14365:
14351:
14347:
14337:
14323:
14319:
14302:
14298:
14291:
14261:
14257:
14247:
14245:
14238:
14222:
14218:
14208:
14206:
14193:
14192:
14181:
14171:
14169:
14160:
14159:
14155:
14145:
14143:
14126:
14122:
14112:
14110:
14101:
14100:
14096:
14086:
14084:
14075:
14074:
14070:
14055:
14053:
14038:
14037:
14033:
14020:
14018:
14017:on 18 June 2013
13999:
13998:
13994:
13984:
13982:
13965:
13961:
13951:
13949:
13930:
13929:
13925:
13912:
13910:
13897:
13896:
13892:
13879:
13877:
13873:
13855:
13851:
13850:
13846:
13841:Wayback Machine
13831:
13827:
13810:
13809:
13805:
13795:
13793:
13784:
13783:
13779:
13764:
13750:
13746:
13736:
13734:
13730:
13723:
13719:
13718:
13714:
13704:
13702:
13693:
13692:
13688:
13678:
13676:
13665:
13661:
13651:
13649:
13640:
13639:
13635:
13622:
13621:
13617:
13606:
13592:
13588:
13578:
13564:
13560:
13550:
13548:
13544:
13537:
13531:
13522:
13512:
13510:
13493:
13492:
13488:
13478:
13476:
13463:
13462:
13458:
13449:
13447:
13430:
13429:
13425:
13415:
13413:
13400:
13399:
13395:
13385:
13383:
13374:
13373:
13369:
13359:
13357:
13340:
13339:
13335:
13325:
13323:
13312:
13308:
13294:
13292:
13285:
13265:
13261:
13247:
13245:
13230:
13226:
13218:
13207:
13203:
13202:
13198:
13179:
13175:
13166:
13162:
13152:
13150:
13135:
13131:
13121:
13119:
13108:
13104:
13092:
13085:
13078:
13064:
13060:
13044:
13043:
13039:
13017:
13013:
12997:
12996:
12992:
12978:
12974:
12958:
12957:
12953:
12939:
12935:
12928:
12914:
12910:
12894:
12893:
12889:
12867:
12863:
12834:
12830:
12821:
12817:
12788:
12784:
12774:
12772:
12757:
12748:
12738:
12736:
12693:
12689:
12652:
12648:
12640:Shepard, W. E.
12639:
12635:
12625:
12623:
12612:
12608:
12592:
12591:
12563:
12559:
12554:
12550:
12545:
12541:
12512:
12505:
12495:
12493:
12480:
12479:
12475:
12462:
12461:
12457:
12448:
12444:
12435:
12434:
12430:
12421:
12420:
12416:
12411:. 5 March 2019.
12407:
12406:
12402:
12393:
12392:
12388:
12373:
12369:
12360:
12359:
12355:
12346:
12345:
12341:
12333:
12320:
12316:
12315:
12311:
12301:
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12286:
12285:
12281:
12271:
12269:
12260:
12259:
12255:
12242:
12241:
12237:
12227:
12225:
12221:
12214:
12210:
12209:
12205:
12195:
12193:
12184:
12183:
12179:
12169:
12167:
12158:
12157:
12153:
12143:
12141:
12137:
12130:
12126:
12125:
12121:
12111:
12109:
12096:
12095:
12091:
12084:
12068:
12064:
12054:
12052:
12039:
12038:
12034:
12024:
12022:
12013:
12012:
12008:
12000:
11993:
11989:
11988:
11984:
11971:
11970:
11966:
11960:Wayback Machine
11951:
11947:
11937:
11935:
11922:
11921:
11917:
11908:
11907:
11903:
11893:
11891:
11889:pssat.ugm.ac.id
11883:
11882:
11878:
11868:
11866:
11857:
11856:
11852:
11847:Wayback Machine
11838:
11834:
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11810:
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11800:
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11781:
11777:
11764:
11763:
11759:
11749:
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11737:
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11723:
11721:
11717:
11710:
11706:
11705:
11701:
11691:
11689:
11680:
11679:
11675:
11665:
11663:
11659:
11652:
11648:
11647:
11643:
11633:
11631:
11627:
11620:
11616:
11615:
11611:
11602:
11601:
11597:
11587:
11585:
11576:
11575:
11571:
11561:
11559:
11555:
11548:
11544:
11543:
11539:
11529:
11527:
11518:
11517:
11513:
11503:
11501:
11497:
11490:
11486:
11485:
11481:
11471:
11469:
11465:
11458:
11454:
11453:
11449:
11439:
11437:
11433:
11426:
11422:
11421:
11417:
11407:
11405:
11401:
11394:
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11389:
11385:
11375:
11373:
11360:
11359:
11355:
11345:Wayback Machine
11336:
11332:
11324:
11317:
11313:
11312:
11308:
11298:
11296:
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10928:
10919:
10918:
10914:
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10902:
10889:
10888:
10815:
10805:
10803:
10796:"Amman Message"
10794:
10793:
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10779:
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10764:
10763:
10759:
10751:
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10737:
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10593:
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10511:
10489:
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10478:
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10449:
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10373:
10358:
10354:
10344:
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10327:
10305:
10296:
10284:
10282:
10273:
10272:
10264:
10260:
10253:
10239:
10235:
10225:
10223:
10212:"Islamic world"
10210:
10209:
10200:
10190:
10188:
10177:Ferguson, Niall
10174:
10167:
10157:
10155:
10140:
10136:
10132:, pages 259–261
10122:OECD Publishing
10112:Maddison, Angus
10110:
10106:
10099:
10085:
10081:
10069:
10065:
10055:
10053:
10052:on 24 July 2011
10040:
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9782:
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8953:
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8902:
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8887:
8883:
8879:
8864:
8862:
8847:
8835:
8833:
8820:
8815:Wayback Machine
8795:
8793:
8778:
8776:
8772:
8762:
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8290:
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8279:
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8157:
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8134:
8132:
8117:
8113:
8099:
8077:
8068:
8057:
8035:
8031:
8021:
8019:
8008:"Islamic world"
8004:
8000:
7996:
7991:
7990:
7973:
7969:
7911:
7907:
7902:
7898:
7869:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7812:Islamic studies
7802:Spread of Islam
7757:
7750:
7743:
7736:
7729:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7712:
7706:
7697:
7687:
7678:
7672:
7663:
7657:Istiqlal Mosque
7653:
7644:
7633:
7624:
7617:
7567:
7557:
7552:
7551:
7443:and is the one
7428:
7420:
7415:
7414:
7256:
7248:
7224:
7217:
7210:
7201:
7194:
7185:
7174:
7165:
7159:
7150:
7143:
7134:
7133:
7051:Arabic alphabet
7035:
7027:
7020:
7010:
7001:
6994:
6985:
6979:
6970:
6969:
6956:; metal, as at
6934:Penrose tilings
6852:
6844:
6837:
6834:
6825:
6822:
6813:
6810:
6779:Distinguishing
6733:
6727:
6691:
6685:
6674:
6664:
6655:
6650:is inspired by
6636:
6627:
6612:
6603:
6592:
6577:
6567:
6558:
6548:
6539:
6529:
6520:
6510:
6495:
6485:
6476:
6462:
6453:
6440:
6431:
6422:
6400:
6399:
6370:hospices (e.g.
6263:
6255:
6239:
6044:
6036:Main articles:
6006:
5954:Kitab al-Tasrif
5947:(also known as
5873:
5867:
5858:
5851:
5836:
5829:
5820:
5809:
5794:
5779:
5770:
5768:
5765:Kitab al-Tasrif
5757:
5742:
5731:
5722:
5710:
5688:
5666:
5660:
5644:inductive logic
5486:Islamic culture
5460:
5450:
5444:
5427:Robinson Crusoe
5282:(Abubacer) and
5268:Persian history
5213:Western culture
5205:Antoine Galland
5201:Indian elements
5171:
5164:
5155:
5145:
5136:
5125:
5116:
5106:Hadiqatus-suada
5103:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5040:, 12th century.
5016:
5010:
5004:civilizations.
4952:House of Wisdom
4948:Harun al-Rashid
4930:
4920:
4911:
4907:, studying the
4898:
4889:
4882:
4873:
4861:
4852:
4839:
4830:
4814:
4805:
4784:
4775:
4761:
4752:
4750:Spread of Islam
4736:Main articles:
4734:
4717:
4705:Syrian refugees
4674:
4667:
4656:
4647:
4642:Schoolgirls in
4640:
4631:
4624:
4615:
4608:Paktia Province
4604:
4528:
4521:
4518:
4509:
4506:
4497:
4490:
4378:Christian world
4311:
4309:Other religions
4304:
4301:
4292:
4289:
4280:
4277:
4268:
4265:
4254:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4206:
4197:
4184:
4175:
4161:
4113:Nizārī Ismā'īlī
3918:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3889:
3879:
3870:
3860:
3773:which selected
3759:
3754:
3742:North Macedonia
3709:
3692:
3679:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3585:Islamic revival
3522:Hassan al-Banna
3504:Islamic states.
3473:
3465:
3433:
3427:Islamic revival
3423:
3406:
3404:
3390:
3388:
3374:
3372:
3358:
3356:
3342:
3340:
3326:
3324:
3310:
3308:
3294:
3292:
3284:Muslim-majority
3276:
3271:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3238:
3236:
3225:
3223:
3212:
3210:
3199:
3197:
3186:
3184:
3173:
3171:
3160:
3158:
3147:
3145:
3134:
3132:
3121:
3119:
3108:
3106:
3095:
3093:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3067:
3056:
3054:
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3017:
3015:
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3002:
2991:
2989:
2978:
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2963:
2952:
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2923:
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2908:
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2895:
2884:
2882:
2871:
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2856:
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2819:
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2806:
2804:
2793:
2791:
2780:
2778:
2767:
2765:
2754:
2752:
2741:
2739:
2728:
2726:
2715:
2713:
2702:
2700:
2686:Muslim-majority
2682:
2677:
2666:
2664:
2653:
2651:
2640:
2638:
2627:
2625:
2614:
2612:
2601:
2599:
2588:
2586:
2575:
2573:
2562:
2557:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2409:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2325:terrorist group
2248:
2242:
2235:
2224:
2215:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2186:
2180:Ottoman Hungary
2172:
2163:
2148:
2139:
2124:
2115:
2108:
2072:
2066:Colonial empire
2064:Main articles:
2062:
2055:
2045:
2036:
2029:
2020:
2006:
1997:
1979:
1970:
1967:Battle of Buxar
1953:
1913:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1868:
1859:
1856:Siege of Rhodes
1844:
1835:
1820:
1811:
1797:
1788:
1778:
1756:'s sixth ruler
1722:
1716:
1529:Delhi Sultanate
1363:Islamic prophet
1327:
1321:Spread of Islam
1315:Main articles:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1278:
1266:
1255:
1209:
1200:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1097:Other religions
1092:Arabic language
1054:
1044:
1043:
972:Moral teachings
863:
849:
848:
839:Spread of Islam
784:
774:
773:
761:(jurisprudence)
743:Qisas al-Anbiya
692:
691:
671:
670:
639:
629:
628:
584:
531:. Islam is the
312:Islamic prophet
238:
227:
226:
225:
220:
209:
203:
200:
185:
173:
169:
158:
147:
141:
138:
95:
93:
83:
71:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
19095:
19085:
19084:
19079:
19074:
19069:
19064:
19059:
19054:
19049:
19044:
19039:
19022:
19021:
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19018:
19008:
18995:
18992:
18991:
18988:
18987:
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18983:
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18980:
18975:
18970:
18965:
18960:
18955:
18950:
18945:
18940:
18939:
18938:
18928:
18927:
18926:
18921:
18916:
18906:
18901:
18900:
18899:
18894:
18883:
18881:
18880:Related topics
18877:
18876:
18874:
18873:
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18863:
18858:
18852:
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18843:
18841:
18840:
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18776:
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18771:
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18767:
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18759:
18752:
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18735:
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18720:
18715:
18709:
18707:
18703:
18702:
18700:
18699:
18694:
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18684:
18678:
18676:
18670:
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18666:
18661:
18656:
18651:
18646:
18641:
18636:
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18578:
18572:
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18559:
18544:
18543:
18540:
18539:
18536:
18535:
18533:
18532:
18527:
18526:
18525:
18513:
18511:Sources of law
18508:
18503:
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18491:
18484:
18479:
18472:
18467:
18460:
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18314:
18312:
18311:
18306:
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18269:
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18194:
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18180:
18179:
18174:
18168:
18160:
18159:
18156:
18155:
18153:
18152:
18147:
18142:
18137:
18135:Social welfare
18132:
18127:
18120:
18115:
18110:
18105:
18100:
18095:
18090:
18085:
18080:
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18070:
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18055:
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18044:
18039:
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18030:
18029:
18027:
18026:
18021:
18016:
18015:
18014:
18004:
17999:
17994:
17993:
17992:
17987:
17986:
17985:
17975:
17970:
17965:
17955:
17950:
17945:
17944:
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17920:
17918:
17912:
17911:
17909:
17908:
17901:
17896:
17891:
17886:
17880:
17878:
17872:
17871:
17869:
17868:
17867:
17866:
17861:
17856:
17851:
17846:
17841:
17836:
17831:
17819:
17814:
17807:
17800:
17798:Historiography
17795:
17790:
17785:
17780:
17774:
17772:
17770:
17769:
17764:
17758:
17755:
17754:
17752:
17751:
17744:
17737:
17730:
17723:
17715:
17713:
17707:
17706:
17704:
17703:
17698:
17693:
17686:
17681:
17676:
17671:
17670:
17669:
17659:
17652:
17651:
17650:
17639:
17637:
17627:
17626:
17619:
17616:
17615:
17607:
17606:
17599:
17592:
17584:
17578:
17577:
17572:
17567:
17562:
17556:
17546:
17533:
17532:External links
17530:
17529:
17528:
17514:
17501:
17487:
17474:
17464:
17451:
17445:
17430:
17424:
17407:
17378:
17366:10.2307/429655
17360:(4): 423–430.
17349:
17335:
17322:
17308:
17288:
17274:
17261:
17248:978-0300088694
17247:
17231:
17217:
17202:
17199:
17197:
17196:
17154:
17124:
17101:
17086:
17064:
17042:
17020:
16998:
16972:
16947:
16922:
16900:Hijri Calendar
16890:
16860:
16827:
16804:(1): 125–131.
16784:
16763:
16750:
16735:
16715:
16688:
16668:
16661:
16643:
16628:
16610:
16601:
16592:
16580:
16554:
16535:
16515:
16504:
16486:
16475:
16457:
16438:
16418:
16396:
16389:
16371:
16358:
16349:
16347:(1), pp. 1–30.
16333:
16311:
16291:
16274:
16247:
16220:
16211:
16192:
16183:
16164:
16140:
16113:
16094:
16079:
16061:
16052:
16043:
16017:
16008:
15995:
15970:
15961:
15954:
15938:Saliba, George
15929:
15903:
15872:
15848:
15817:
15810:
15790:
15778:
15758:
15730:
15699:
15690:
15664:
15655:
15640:
15621:
15612:
15603:
15594:
15578:
15564:
15544:
15530:
15511:
15495:
15479:
15466:10.1086/353360
15460:(4): 531–555.
15450:King, David A.
15441:
15413:
15394:
15385:Magic In Islam
15374:
15341:
15311:
15281:
15278:on 3 May 2012.
15259:
15218:
15192:
15166:
15140:
15114:
15088:
15062:
15030:
14999:
14989:
14971:
14964:
14946:
14921:
14911:
14893:
14886:
14866:
14856:
14838:
14824:
14810:
14796:
14781:
14754:(3): 114–118.
14738:
14728:
14710:
14686:
14676:
14658:
14651:
14633:
14614:
14594:
14587:
14567:
14553:Hill, Donald.
14546:
14539:
14521:
14514:
14496:
14469:
14462:
14438:
14412:
14373:
14363:
14345:
14335:
14317:
14296:
14289:
14255:
14236:
14216:
14179:
14162:"Shiite Islam"
14153:
14120:
14094:
14068:
14031:
13992:
13959:
13948:on 28 May 2010
13923:
13890:
13844:
13825:
13803:
13777:
13762:
13744:
13712:
13686:
13659:
13633:
13630:. 22 May 2024.
13615:
13604:
13586:
13576:
13558:
13520:
13486:
13456:
13423:
13393:
13367:
13333:
13306:
13283:
13259:
13224:
13196:
13173:
13160:
13129:
13102:
13083:
13076:
13058:
13037:
13011:
12990:
12972:
12951:
12933:
12926:
12908:
12887:
12861:
12828:
12815:
12782:
12746:
12687:
12646:
12633:
12606:
12557:
12548:
12539:
12503:
12473:
12455:
12442:
12428:
12414:
12400:
12386:
12367:
12353:
12339:
12309:
12279:
12253:
12235:
12203:
12177:
12151:
12119:
12089:
12082:
12062:
12032:
12006:
11982:
11964:
11945:
11915:
11901:
11876:
11850:
11832:
11818:
11793:
11775:
11757:
11731:
11699:
11673:
11641:
11609:
11606:. 2 June 2022.
11595:
11569:
11537:
11511:
11479:
11468:on 19 May 2017
11447:
11415:
11383:
11353:
11330:
11306:
11274:
11252:
11220:
11202:
11176:
11144:
11112:
11086:
11060:
11028:
10996:
10970:
10938:
10912:
10813:
10787:
10757:
10745:
10726:
10706:
10687:
10664:
10657:
10636:
10610:
10591:
10568:
10562:978-0415664523
10561:
10555:. p. 83.
10516:
10509:
10503:. p. 48.
10483:
10476:
10470:. p. 79.
10447:
10412:
10371:
10368:. p. 172.
10352:
10325:
10294:
10285:|journal=
10258:
10251:
10233:
10198:
10165:
10154:on 19 May 2014
10134:
10104:
10097:
10079:
10063:
10033:
10006:
9989:
9969:
9960:
9951:
9942:
9923:
9891:
9861:
9824:
9805:
9780:
9763:Foreign Policy
9749:
9734:
9716:
9678:
9651:
9621:
9610:. 6 April 2017
9595:
9573:
9543:
9513:
9482:
9452:
9429:
9399:
9369:
9338:
9308:
9278:
9248:
9203:
9196:
9172:
9142:
9129:
9103:
9069:
9038:
9004:
9002:
9001:
8980:
8965:
8942:
8912:
8877:
8875:
8874:
8845:
8818:
8770:
8759:on 4 June 2011
8744:
8718:
8687:
8657:
8627:
8604:
8574:
8544:
8513:
8483:
8453:
8425:
8395:
8369:
8338:
8324:
8298:
8272:
8265:
8247:
8240:
8220:
8190:
8171:
8142:
8125:Foreign Policy
8111:
8097:
8066:
8055:
8029:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7978:(30 July 2022
7967:
7905:
7896:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7849:
7844:
7839:
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7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
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7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7763:
7762:
7748:
7745:Society portal
7734:
7718:
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7707:
7700:
7698:
7688:
7681:
7679:
7673:
7666:
7664:
7654:
7647:
7645:
7634:
7627:
7625:
7618:
7611:
7561:Women in Islam
7556:
7553:
7499:vernal equinox
7441:solar calendar
7429:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7401:, abbreviated
7305:civil calendar
7297:annual fasting
7285:lunar calendar
7257:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7232:solar calendar
7228:lunar calendar
7223:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7211:
7204:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7186:
7182:Ottoman Empire
7175:
7168:
7166:
7160:
7153:
7151:
7144:
7137:
7057:. It includes
7036:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7011:
7004:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6986:
6980:
6973:
6938:Fatehpur Sikri
6930:Topkapı Scroll
6853:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6835:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6804:
6753:Ottoman Empire
6751:and under the
6729:Main article:
6726:
6723:
6687:Main article:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6665:
6658:
6656:
6638:The design of
6637:
6630:
6628:
6613:
6606:
6604:
6593:
6586:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6568:
6561:
6559:
6553:in Spain is a
6549:
6542:
6540:
6530:
6523:
6521:
6511:
6504:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6486:
6479:
6477:
6463:
6456:
6454:
6441:
6434:
6432:
6423:
6416:
6411:
6410:
6396:fortifications
6269:comprises the
6264:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6238:
6235:
6195:water turbines
6024:. (scene from
6014:Spinning wheel
6005:
6002:
5982:Ibn al-Haytham
5891:Jim Al-Khalili
5881:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5868:
5861:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5833:Elephant Clock
5830:
5823:
5821:
5810:
5803:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5780:
5773:
5771:
5758:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5732:
5725:
5723:
5711:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5662:Main article:
5659:
5656:
5608:Ibn al-Haytham
5601:existentialism
5586:Samuel Hartlib
5578:Robert Barclay
5446:Main article:
5443:
5440:
5341:feral children
5236:Persian poetry
5230:An example of
5209:cultural icons
5173:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5156:
5146:
5139:
5137:
5126:
5119:
5117:
5104:
5097:
5092:Islamic poetry
5084:Main article:
5081:
5078:
5036:) set, glazed
5009:
5006:
4932:
4931:
4921:
4914:
4912:
4903:Empire ruler,
4899:
4892:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4874:
4862:
4855:
4853:
4847:Mughal Emperor
4840:
4833:
4831:
4821:Safavid Empire
4815:
4808:
4806:
4803:Farrukh Yassar
4785:
4778:
4776:
4762:
4755:
4733:
4730:
4716:
4713:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4657:
4650:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4616:
4605:
4598:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4500:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4390:Constantinople
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4244:
4237:
4235:
4226:
4219:
4217:
4211:living in the
4207:
4200:
4198:
4185:
4178:
4176:
4162:
4155:
4149:Ahmadi Muslims
4007:Nizari Ismaili
3997:(Sevener) and
3914:Main article:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3890:
3880:
3873:
3871:
3861:
3854:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3705:Main article:
3691:
3688:
3672:
3669:
3650:Following the
3629:" strategy of
3603:movement, and
3556:Westernization
3474:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3440:Benazir Bhutto
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3401:
3385:
3369:
3353:
3337:
3321:
3305:
3275:
3272:
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3269:
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3250:
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3208:
3195:
3182:
3169:
3156:
3143:
3130:
3117:
3104:
3091:
3078:
3065:
3052:
3039:
3026:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2974:
2960:
2956:Secular states
2951:
2950:Secular states
2948:
2946:
2945:
2932:
2919:
2906:
2893:
2880:
2867:
2854:
2841:
2828:
2815:
2802:
2789:
2776:
2763:
2750:
2737:
2724:
2711:
2697:
2693:state religion
2681:
2680:State religion
2678:
2676:
2675:
2662:
2649:
2636:
2623:
2610:
2597:
2584:
2570:
2566:Islamic states
2561:
2560:Islamic states
2558:
2556:
2553:
2450:Main article:
2446:
2445:
2400:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2302:Turkey, which
2296:secular values
2246:Decolonization
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2160:Ottoman Empire
2149:
2142:
2140:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1956:Mughal Emperor
1954:
1947:
1933:Ottoman Empire
1893:
1888:Main article:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1872:Aceh Sultanate
1869:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1801:Mughal Emperor
1798:
1791:
1789:
1781:Safavid Empire
1779:
1772:
1718:Main article:
1715:
1712:
1680:Arab socialism
1640:Massina Empire
1580:Central Africa
1564:Songhai Empire
1445:Constantinople
1368:, a native of
1311:
1310:
1269:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1155:
1154:
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1150:
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1143:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1052:Related topics
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1034:Social welfare
1031:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
928:
927:
922:
912:
911:
910:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
864:
855:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
820:
819:
812:
805:
797:
796:
791:
785:
780:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
763:
754:
753:
747:
739:
731:
722:
721:
701:
693:
690:
689:
684:
678:
677:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
663:
658:
652:
651:
646:
640:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
624:Predestination
620:
619:
614:
608:
607:
605:Revealed Books
602:
596:
595:
585:
580:
579:
576:
575:
567:
566:
560:
559:
543:and those who
479:(primarily in
459:(primarily in
414:Southeast Asia
251:as population
240:
239:
222:
221:
176:
174:
167:
160:
159:
101:"Muslim world"
74:
72:
65:
60:
34:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19094:
19083:
19080:
19078:
19075:
19073:
19070:
19068:
19065:
19063:
19060:
19058:
19055:
19053:
19050:
19048:
19045:
19043:
19040:
19038:
19035:
19034:
19032:
19017:
19009:
19007:
18997:
18996:
18993:
18979:
18976:
18974:
18971:
18969:
18966:
18964:
18961:
18959:
18956:
18954:
18951:
18949:
18946:
18944:
18941:
18937:
18934:
18933:
18932:
18929:
18925:
18922:
18920:
18919:Post-Islamism
18917:
18915:
18912:
18911:
18910:
18907:
18905:
18902:
18898:
18895:
18893:
18890:
18889:
18888:
18885:
18884:
18882:
18878:
18872:
18869:
18867:
18864:
18862:
18859:
18857:
18854:
18853:
18851:
18849:
18845:
18839:
18836:
18834:
18831:
18829:
18826:
18824:
18821:
18817:
18816:Protestantism
18814:
18812:
18809:
18808:
18807:
18804:
18803:
18801:
18799:
18795:
18791:
18781:
18777:
18763:
18760:
18758:
18757:
18753:
18751:
18748:
18744:
18741:
18740:
18739:
18736:
18734:
18731:
18729:
18726:
18724:
18721:
18719:
18716:
18714:
18711:
18710:
18708:
18704:
18698:
18695:
18693:
18690:
18688:
18685:
18683:
18680:
18679:
18677:
18675:
18671:
18665:
18662:
18660:
18659:Ophthalmology
18657:
18655:
18652:
18650:
18647:
18645:
18642:
18640:
18637:
18635:
18632:
18630:
18627:
18626:
18624:
18622:
18618:
18612:
18609:
18607:
18604:
18602:
18599:
18597:
18594:
18592:
18589:
18587:
18584:
18582:
18579:
18577:
18574:
18573:
18571:
18569:
18565:
18561:
18557:
18549:
18545:
18531:
18528:
18524:
18523:
18519:
18518:
18517:
18514:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18504:
18500:
18497:
18496:
18495:
18492:
18490:
18489:
18485:
18483:
18480:
18478:
18477:
18473:
18471:
18468:
18466:
18465:
18461:
18459:
18456:
18454:
18451:
18449:
18446:
18444:
18441:
18439:
18436:
18434:
18431:
18429:
18426:
18424:
18423:
18419:
18417:
18416:
18412:
18408:
18407:Death penalty
18405:
18403:
18400:
18398:
18395:
18394:
18393:
18390:
18388:
18385:
18383:
18382:
18378:
18377:
18375:
18373:Other aspects
18371:
18365:
18364:
18360:
18358:
18357:
18353:
18351:
18350:
18346:
18344:
18343:
18339:
18337:
18336:
18332:
18330:
18329:
18325:
18323:
18322:
18318:
18317:
18315:
18310:
18307:
18305:
18302:
18300:
18297:
18296:
18293:
18287:
18286:
18282:
18280:
18277:
18275:
18274:
18270:
18268:
18267:
18263:
18261:
18260:
18256:
18254:
18253:
18249:
18248:
18246:
18244:
18240:
18234:
18233:
18229:
18227:
18226:
18222:
18220:
18219:
18215:
18213:
18212:
18208:
18206:
18203:
18201:
18198:
18197:
18195:
18193:
18189:
18185:
18178:
18177:Jurisprudence
18175:
18173:
18170:
18169:
18165:
18161:
18151:
18148:
18146:
18143:
18141:
18138:
18136:
18133:
18131:
18128:
18126:
18125:
18121:
18119:
18116:
18114:
18111:
18109:
18106:
18104:
18101:
18099:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18089:
18086:
18084:
18081:
18079:
18076:
18074:
18071:
18069:
18066:
18064:
18061:
18059:
18056:
18054:
18051:
18050:
18048:
18043:
18040:
18038:
18035:
18034:
18031:
18025:
18022:
18020:
18017:
18013:
18010:
18009:
18008:
18005:
18003:
18000:
17998:
17995:
17991:
17988:
17984:
17981:
17980:
17979:
17976:
17974:
17971:
17969:
17966:
17964:
17961:
17960:
17959:
17956:
17954:
17951:
17949:
17946:
17942:
17938:
17934:
17930:
17927:
17926:
17925:
17922:
17921:
17919:
17917:
17916:Denominations
17913:
17907:
17906:
17902:
17900:
17897:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17887:
17885:
17882:
17881:
17879:
17877:
17873:
17865:
17862:
17860:
17857:
17855:
17852:
17850:
17847:
17845:
17842:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17832:
17830:
17829:
17825:
17824:
17823:
17820:
17818:
17815:
17813:
17812:
17808:
17806:
17805:
17801:
17799:
17796:
17794:
17791:
17789:
17786:
17784:
17781:
17779:
17776:
17775:
17773:
17768:
17765:
17763:
17760:
17759:
17756:
17750:
17749:
17745:
17743:
17742:
17738:
17736:
17735:
17731:
17729:
17728:
17724:
17722:
17721:
17717:
17716:
17714:
17712:
17708:
17702:
17701:Holiest sites
17699:
17697:
17696:Judgement Day
17694:
17692:
17691:
17687:
17685:
17682:
17680:
17677:
17675:
17672:
17668:
17665:
17664:
17663:
17660:
17658:
17657:
17653:
17649:
17646:
17645:
17644:
17641:
17640:
17638:
17636:
17632:
17628:
17624:
17623:
17617:
17612:
17605:
17600:
17598:
17593:
17591:
17586:
17585:
17582:
17576:
17573:
17571:
17568:
17566:
17563:
17560:
17557:
17554:
17550:
17547:
17545:
17544:
17539:
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8149:
8147:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8115:
8108:
8106:
8105:Islamic world
8100:
8098:9781933782652
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8075:
8073:
8071:
8063:
8058:
8056:9780195305135
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8033:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8002:
7998:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7963:
7951:
7946:
7934:
7929:
7923:
7914:
7909:
7900:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7876:Christian era
7873:
7867:
7863:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7760:
7754:
7749:
7746:
7740:
7735:
7732:
7721:
7711:
7704:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7685:
7680:
7677:
7670:
7665:
7662:
7658:
7651:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7631:
7626:
7622:
7615:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7581:
7577:
7572:
7569:According to
7566:
7562:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7494:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7479:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7449:March equinox
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7426:
7412:
7408:
7392:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7374:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7340:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7277:
7271:
7262:
7254:
7243:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7215:
7208:
7203:
7199:
7192:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7172:
7167:
7163:
7157:
7152:
7148:
7141:
7136:
7135:
7131:
7130:calligraffiti
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7113:
7108:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7088:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7033:
7018:
7014:
7008:
7003:
6999:
6992:
6987:
6983:
6977:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6915:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6859:
6858:
6850:
6832:
6827:
6820:
6815:
6808:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6777:
6776:, and so on.
6775:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6690:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6640:Faisal Mosque
6634:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6616:Id Kah Mosque
6610:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6590:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6560:
6556:
6555:Moorish-style
6552:
6546:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6455:
6452:
6451:Mughal Empire
6448:
6444:
6438:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6420:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6404:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6388:caravanserais
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6261:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6223:Mughal Bengal
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6208:ancient times
6205:
6204:manual labour
6200:
6196:
6192:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6091:Mediterranean
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6039:
6031:
6028:, painted by
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6010:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5939:. Avicenna's
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5871:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5807:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5634:, founder of
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5612:phenomenology
5609:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5514:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5357:coming of age
5354:
5350:
5346:
5345:desert island
5342:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5330:and Kamil in
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5232:Arabic poetry
5228:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5169:
5162:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5127:The story of
5123:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5046:ceramic glaze
5039:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4688:, Bangladesh.
4687:
4683:
4678:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4516:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4422:Jewish Agency
4420:In 2018, the
4418:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4299:
4294:
4287:
4282:
4275:
4270:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3989:branches are
3988:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3730:Guinea-Bissau
3727:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3687:
3685:
3678:
3665:
3664:Islamic State
3661:
3657:
3656:post-Islamist
3653:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:revolutionary
3624:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:globalization
3445:
3442:, the former
3441:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3414:
3402:
3398:
3386:
3382:
3370:
3366:
3354:
3350:
3338:
3334:
3322:
3318:
3306:
3302:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3268:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3235:
3233:
3222:
3220:
3209:
3207:
3196:
3194:
3183:
3181:
3170:
3168:
3157:
3155:
3144:
3142:
3131:
3129:
3118:
3116:
3105:
3103:
3092:
3090:
3079:
3077:
3066:
3064:
3063:Guinea-Bissau
3053:
3051:
3040:
3038:
3027:
3025:
3014:
3012:
3001:
2999:
2988:
2986:
2975:
2973:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2944:
2933:
2931:
2920:
2918:
2907:
2905:
2894:
2892:
2881:
2879:
2868:
2866:
2855:
2853:
2842:
2840:
2829:
2827:
2816:
2814:
2803:
2801:
2790:
2788:
2777:
2775:
2764:
2762:
2751:
2749:
2738:
2736:
2725:
2723:
2712:
2710:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2674:
2663:
2661:
2650:
2648:
2637:
2635:
2624:
2622:
2611:
2609:
2598:
2596:
2585:
2583:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:Amman Message
2506:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2473:secular state
2469:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2442:
2439:
2431:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2401:This section
2399:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2338:, one of the
2337:
2336:Muhammad Atta
2333:
2332:Enlightenment
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2184:Frans Geffels
2181:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2054:and Ottomans.
2053:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:Mughal Empire
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1810:Fort in 1568.
1809:
1805:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:Mughal Empire
1752:was ruled by
1751:
1747:
1744:, especially
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:republicanism
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:Razia Sultana
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:Ghurid Empire
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1307:
1304:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1270:This section
1268:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1232:Anglo-Russian
1229:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1137:
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43:
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19077:Afro-Eurasia
19052:Pan-Islamism
18931:Islamophobia
18806:Christianity
18754:
18687:Contemporary
18581:Architecture
18520:
18486:
18474:
18462:
18420:
18413:
18379:
18361:
18356:Nikah mut'ah
18354:
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17711:Five Pillars
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17654:
17643:God in Islam
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17189:29 September
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17178:
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16934:
16925:
16913:, retrieved
16909:the original
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16851:. Retrieved
16840:
16835:Paul Lunde.
16830:
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15886:
15883:G. J. Toomer
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14488:Ahmet Yesevi
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12764:
12739:10 September
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12707:(2): 73–96.
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12666:(1): 35–54.
12663:
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12618:. Politico.
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12595:cite journal
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12526:(1): 85–97.
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12122:
12112:13 September
12110:. Retrieved
12102:gulfnews.com
12101:
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10312:
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10156:. Retrieved
10152:the original
10147:
10137:
10115:
10107:
10088:
10082:
10075:Michael Adas
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10066:
10054:. Retrieved
10050:the original
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9851:19 September
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9840:
9817:19 September
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9795:
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9762:
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9710:Christianity
9703:
9698:24 September
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9607:
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9560:the original
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9496:The National
9494:
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9217:The Diplomat
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8919:
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8903:30 September
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8859:the original
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8801:
8796:24 September
8794:. Retrieved
8783:
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8757:the original
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8701:The Guardian
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8183:19 September
8181:. Retrieved
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8080:
8060:
8038:
8032:
8020:. Retrieved
8011:
8001:
7970:
7908:
7899:
7866:
7822:Pan-Islamism
7759:World portal
7731:Islam portal
7604:
7580:gender roles
7576:essentialism
7570:
7568:
7519:
7515:lunar months
7495:
7480:
7453:astronomical
7430:
7386:Anno Hegirae
7371:
7341:
7315:used in the
7289:lunar months
7258:
7225:
7164:calligraphy.
7109:
7089:
7078:
7037:
6948:such as the
6913:
6904:
6900:
6897:Syrian Roman
6892:
6891:
6880:architecture
6871:
6855:
6854:
6778:
6767:
6761:
6734:
6692:
6614:Entrance of
6406:
6405:
6337:
6310:Mesopotamian
6265:
6253:Architecture
6247:architecture
6240:
6127:
6117:include the
6087:trade routes
6060:
6045:
5967:
5959:pharmacology
5952:
5948:
5940:
5924:
5920:
5906:
5902:quasicrystal
5895:al-Khwarzimi
5884:
5855:Omar Khayyam
5786:
5763:
5716:
5694:
5693:
5605:
5590:
5574:George Keith
5533:
5527:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5497:
5483:
5435:
5432:Robert Boyle
5425:
5422:Daniel Defoe
5417:
5386:resurrection
5362:
5361:
5352:
5348:
5338:autodidactic
5331:
5327:
5324:protagonists
5319:
5313:
5307:
5297:
5291:
5284:Ibn al-Nafis
5278:
5273:Amir Arsalan
5271:
5264:Greater Iran
5257:
5243:
5229:
5195:
5194:
5176:
5174:
5168:Magic carpet
5147:
5132:
5128:
5110:Oghuz Turkic
5105:
5043:
5027:
4933:
4746:Islamization
4721:M. M. Knight
4718:
4698:
4691:
4565:
4561:
4529:
4474:Zoroastrians
4463:
4446:former sizes
4438:North Africa
4419:
4371:
4351:Zoroastrians
4312:
4247:Hunza Valley
4191:Nabi Shu'ayb
4082:
4059:
3984:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3930:
3904:, Bangladesh
3885:commemorate
3845:
3833:Central Asia
3787:
3783:
3760:
3714:
3710:
3680:
3671:Demographics
3639:
3616:
3609:anti-Zionist
3578:
3515:
3511:Robin Wright
3507:
3493:
3475:
3449:
3277:
3232:Turkmenistan
3180:Sierra Leone
3011:Burkina Faso
2953:
2683:
2660:Saudi Arabia
2563:
2497:
2465:
2434:
2425:
2402:
2377:
2369:
2359:
2352:
2348:
2334:principles.
2312:
2265:
2253:Pan-Islamism
2249:
2096:
2092:Pan-Islamism
2089:
2081:
2050:against the
1988:meeting the
1986:Robert Clive
1959:Shah Alam II
1921:Bengal Subah
1914:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1723:
1672:Pan-Islamism
1662:(especially
1646:of northern
1578:and western
1576:North Africa
1481:Third Fitnas
1413:spread Islam
1394:
1352:
1299:
1290:
1279:Please help
1274:verification
1271:
1239:geopolitical
1237:In a modern
1236:
1223:Pan-Islamism
1216:
1210:
1124:Islamophobia
903:Demographics
898:Circumcision
860:
814:
807:
800:
766:
758:
742:
734:
726:
715:
709:
703:
696:
442:
438:the Americas
436:, and 1% in
410:Central Asia
402:North Africa
395:
351:
293:
288:
281:geopolitical
268:
265:Muslim world
264:
262:
228:
210:
201:
178:
148:
139:
129:
122:
115:
108:
96:
84:Please help
79:verification
76:
52:
45:
39:
38:Please help
35:
18:
18706:Other areas
18697:Theological
18692:Eschatology
18649:Mathematics
18586:Calligraphy
18516:Theological
18470:Inheritance
18387:Cleanliness
17817:Shi'a Imams
17811:Ahl al-Bayt
17296:Clute, John
17292:Grant, John
17147:4 September
16573:23 February
15406:18 November
15367:25 November
15252:13 December
15211:6 September
15185:6 September
15159:6 September
15133:6 September
15107:6 September
15081:14 December
14406:pp. 14–15,
14395:Family tree
14248:23 February
14209:4 September
13913:26 December
13880:1 September
13863:on Pakistan
13705:14 February
13479:22 December
13416:22 December
12775:23 December
12451:India Today
12302:22 December
12228:23 February
12144:23 February
12025:10 February
11938:24 November
11750:10 February
11724:23 February
11666:23 February
11634:23 February
11588:23 February
11562:23 February
11504:23 February
11472:23 February
11440:23 February
11408:23 February
11299:23 February
11245:23 February
11195:23 February
11169:23 February
11137:23 February
11079:27 November
11053:23 February
11021:23 February
10989:23 February
10931:23 February
10738:23 February
10366:I.B. Tauris
10183:. TED.com.
10056:28 December
10026:28 December
9536:22 December
9475:17 November
9382:www.cia.gov
9331:22 December
9301:22 December
8939:population.
8849:"Religions"
8836:20 December
8763:17 November
8737:17 November
8711:17 November
8388:27 November
8362:14 February
8317:16 December
8291:16 December
7984:Afghanistan
7767:Arabization
7635:A group of
7585:Asma Barlas
7526:Afghanistan
7522:zodiac sign
7511:solar years
7476:Sunni Islam
7439:. It is a
7240:Afghanistan
7112:Islamic art
7079:khatt Arabi
7047:calligraphy
7043:handwriting
6920:Darb-e Imam
6488:Shah Mosque
6475:, Indonesia
6243:Islamic art
6227:Tipu Sultan
6197:, employed
6191:crankshafts
6182:sugar mills
6178:steel mills
6174:stamp mills
6158:paper mills
6134:tidal power
6119:Mali Empire
6048:papermaking
5998:Ibn Khaldun
5648:Ibn Khaldun
5593:Mulla Sadra
5566:John Wallis
5546:materialism
5336:) who were
5196:Hezār Afsān
4686:Cox's Bazar
4612:Afghanistan
4582:(11.0) and
4541:Afghanistan
4434:Middle East
4060:Similarly,
4013:, and then
3868:Eid al-Adha
3827:(45%), and
3771:the Saqifah
3734:Ivory Coast
3652:Arab Spring
3635:Sayyid Qutb
3568:pan-Islamic
3564:nationalism
3530:Sayyid Qutb
3500:pan-Islamic
3413:Philippines
3381:Ivory Coast
2954:Twenty-two
2582:Afghanistan
2487:led by the
2370:jahliliyyah
2362:Sayyid Qutb
2232:Rif Berbers
2228:Melilla War
2200:(1830–1857)
2084:colonialism
2070:Colonialism
2060:Colonialism
1992:before the
1941:colonialism
1925:Tipu Sultan
1874:(in modern
1848:Janissaries
1830:recaptures
1824:Mughal Army
1668:Pan-Arabism
1660:nationalism
1574:, southern
1572:West Africa
1435:during the
1361:, when the
1337:, drawn by
1207:Terminology
1139:Laws of war
802:Ahl al-Bayt
687:Foundations
545:leave Islam
477:West Africa
449:Sunni Islam
398:Middle East
363:Ivory Coast
19031:Categories
18861:Ex-Muslims
18756:Shu'ubiyya
18750:Psychology
18738:Literature
18728:Inventions
18674:Philosophy
18482:Leadership
18458:Honorifics
18113:Philosophy
17968:Isma'ilism
17933:Maturidism
17822:Caliphates
17793:Golden Age
17684:Revelation
17524:1192428976
17488:0292781490
17257:1035756076
16915:21 January
16780:0944940005
16638:1001744138
16123:"BBC News"
15889:, p. 222,
15571:24 October
15334:16 January
15055:24 October
15023:1 November
14626:21 October
14271:. Oxford:
13816:ucsm.ac.uk
13679:24 October
13652:24 October
13386:8 December
13295:3 February
13270:"Islamism"
13248:1 February
13234:"Islamism"
13153:17 January
13122:2 December
12626:6 February
12573:(2): 258.
12482:"Islamism"
12395:"Tanzania"
12362:"Ethiopia"
11869:5 November
11530:23 January
10895:WorldAtlas
10699:17 January
10540:18 October
10422:2010047275
10335:2008020716
10226:23 January
10216:Britannica
10130:9264104143
9877:(in Dutch)
9644:23 October
9614:2 February
9566:25 January
9507:13 January
9422:1 December
9412:Eurasianet
9392:1 December
9271:18 January
9227:7 February
9165:7 February
9089:21 October
9058:21 October
9028:20 October
9018:New Europe
8956:5 December
8022:29 January
8012:Britannica
7892:Jewish era
7884:Common Era
7853:References
7772:Arab world
7710:Bangladesh
7559:See also:
7534:leap years
7472:Shia Islam
7126:modern art
6884:interlaced
6719:iconoclasm
6538:, Malaysia
6326:arabesques
6318:decoration
6241:The term "
6212:mechanized
6186:tide mills
6170:ship mills
6154:gristmills
6142:watermills
6138:wind power
6130:hydropower
6079:al-Andalus
6063:irrigation
6026:Al-Maqamat
6004:Technology
5913:physiology
5889:of light.
5791:Automation
5739:Ak Koyunlu
5668:See also:
5554:John Locke
5524:Ibn Tufail
5478:Al-Andalus
5442:Philosophy
5388:, and the
5378:futurology
5304:Al-Ghazali
5280:Ibn Tufayl
5215:, such as
5183:folk tales
5133:Magic Tree
5080:Literature
5002:Phoenician
4934:The term "
4850:Shah Jahan
4826:meet with
4709:Bangladesh
4584:Kazakhstan
4576:Uzbekistan
4532:Azerbaijan
4410:Christians
4382:Alexandria
4315:Christians
4062:Kharijites
4003:Isma'ilism
3985:The major
3945:Kharijites
3837:Kazakhstan
3821:Azerbaijan
3817:Uzbekistan
3797:Kyrgyzstan
3675:See also:
3631:Islamizing
3623:grassroots
3245:Uzbekistan
3206:Tajikistan
3115:Kyrgyzstan
3089:Kazakhstan
2985:Azerbaijan
2735:Bangladesh
2621:Mauritania
2412:improve it
2354:jahiliyyah
2274:statesman
1710:and more.
1708:capitalism
1694:(see also
1678:(see also
1656:secularism
1616:Bangladesh
1553:Gao Empire
1549:Almoravids
1489:Ghaznavids
1463:since the
1461:Shia sects
1433:Asia Minor
1411:helped to
1221:described
1213:propaganda
992:Philosophy
729:(exegesis)
666:Pilgrimage
656:Almsgiving
497:Bangladesh
428:, 1.4% in
418:South Asia
408:), 89% in
375:Mozambique
263:The terms
253:percentage
188:improve it
112:newspapers
41:improve it
18978:Symbolism
18936:Incidents
18914:Criticism
18811:Mormonism
18713:Astrology
18639:Cosmology
18634:Astronomy
18576:Arabesque
18443:Etiquette
18402:Blasphemy
18192:Economics
18007:Ahmadiyya
17941:Mu'tazili
17929:Ash'arism
17227:223231547
16991:11 August
16940:1 October
16885:1573-3912
16853:1 January
16745:707023033
16383:. Brill.
16089:224496901
15537:26 August
15474:144315162
15304:10 August
14776:149246793
14768:0272-6122
14494:, Turkey.
14307:madh'habs
14146:11 August
14113:11 August
14087:11 August
14056:28 August
14021:29 August
13985:7 October
13952:24 August
13796:10 August
13624:"Nigeria"
13551:17 August
13513:5 January
13432:"Preface"
13360:3 January
13047:cite book
13000:cite book
12961:cite book
12897:cite book
12721:1469-0764
12682:1469-0764
12587:145201910
12496:25 August
12041:"Senegal"
11811:14 August
11105:6 January
10553:Routledge
10497:Baltimore
10430:128049972
10392:Cambridge
9881:3 October
9237:cite news
8865:25 August
8680:3 January
8650:3 January
8597:3 January
8567:3 January
8418:3 January
7994:Citations
7922:romanized
7637:marabouts
7524:, and in
7464:UTC+03:30
7462:(52.5°E,
7344:Hijri era
7337:Palestine
7270:romanized
7162:Bismallah
6924:templates
6889:pattern.
6887:strapwork
6798:Taj Mahal
6745:miniature
6737:arabesque
6731:Arabesque
6725:Arabesque
6715:aniconism
6683:Aniconism
6644:Islamabad
6576:, Nigeria
6443:Taj Mahal
6429:Jerusalem
6380:fountains
6302:Byzantine
6275:buildings
6107:Silk Road
6103:Catalonia
6052:gunpowder
6030:al-Wasiti
5986:Al-Biruni
5974:al-Farabi
5949:Abulcasis
5919:entitled
5899:decagonal
5813:al-Biruni
5783:Banū Mūsā
5718:Astrolabe
5628:Al-Biruni
5626:(topos);
5406:cosmology
5402:astronomy
5390:afterlife
5326:(Hayy in
5259:Shahnameh
4901:Ilkhanate
4871:Mehmet II
4795:Safaviyya
4444:of their
4343:Mandaeans
4327:Buddhists
4101:Imamiyyah
4039:Akhbarism
4027:Qarmatian
4001:(Fiver).
3993:(Imami),
3848:Kharijite
3805:Indonesia
3699:Indonesia
3690:Geography
3619:reformist
3587:. Riḍā's
3571:Caliphate
3485:political
3481:religious
3076:Indonesia
2878:Palestine
2535:schools (
2515:schools (
2489:Ayatollah
2428:June 2018
2416:verifying
2306:with the
1876:Indonesia
1828:Aurangzeb
1676:socialism
1622:, etc.),
1557:Seljukids
1423:, to the
1417:Near East
1405:conquests
1339:Al-Idrisi
1293:June 2020
1218:The Times
1112:terrorism
1064:Criticism
1017:Sexuality
987:Mysticism
957:Festivals
937:Education
932:Economics
868:Academics
824:Caliphate
637:Practices
473:Indonesia
424:, 25% in
420:, 30% in
416:, 31% in
412:, 40% in
331:Caliphate
204:June 2020
192:verifying
142:June 2020
47:talk page
19016:Category
18909:Islamism
18892:Muhammad
18848:Apostasy
18823:Hinduism
18723:Feminism
18654:Medicine
18494:Military
18448:Gambling
18397:Apostasy
18392:Criminal
18304:Marriage
18273:Tayammum
18225:Murabaha
18098:Madrasas
18088:Holidays
18078:Clothing
18073:Children
18068:Calendar
18019:Quranism
17973:Alawites
17937:Atharism
17828:Rashidun
17667:In Islam
17662:Muhammad
17561:, on NPR
17497:36438874
17389:: 1–10.
17383:Muqarnas
17345:14203815
17318:40347477
17284:66393160
17183:Archived
16847:Archived
16814:Archived
16702:Archived
16567:Archived
16326:Archived
16301:(1976).
16262:Archived
16235:Archived
16176:Archived
16133:11 April
16127:Archived
16029:Archived
15940:(1994).
15917:Archived
15885:(1996),
15836:Archived
15770:Archived
15742:Archived
15718:Archived
15681:, p. 10
15632:Archived
15423:(1994),
15400:Archived
15328:Archived
15298:Archived
15294:ABC News
15243:Archived
15205:Archived
15179:Archived
15153:Archived
15127:Archived
15101:Archived
15075:Archived
15017:Archived
14702:Archived
14620:Archived
14492:Istanbul
14480:Archived
14410:, 1873.)
14313:Istanbul
14242:Archived
14166:Archived
14140:Archived
14107:Archived
14081:Archived
14050:Archived
13979:Archived
13907:Archived
13871:Archived
13837:Archived
13790:Archived
13772:52362778
13728:Archived
13699:Archived
13673:Archived
13646:Archived
13542:Archived
13507:Archived
13473:Archived
13450:6 August
13444:archived
13380:Archived
13354:Archived
13289:Archived
13242:Archived
13147:Archived
13116:Archived
12769:Archived
12765:Newsweek
12733:Archived
12729:14540501
12620:Archived
12490:Archived
12331:Archived
12296:Archived
12266:Archived
12219:Archived
12196:18 March
12190:Archived
12170:18 March
12135:Archived
12106:Archived
12055:18 March
12049:Archived
11956:Archived
11863:Archived
11843:Archived
11692:18 March
11686:Archived
11657:Archived
11625:Archived
11582:Archived
11553:Archived
11524:Archived
11495:Archived
11431:Archived
11399:Archived
11370:Archived
11368:. 2002.
11341:Archived
11290:Archived
11236:Archived
11189:Archived
11160:Archived
11128:Archived
11099:Archived
11073:Archived
11044:Archived
11012:Archived
10983:Archived
10954:Archived
10925:Archived
10899:Archived
10806:21 April
10800:Archived
10774:Archived
10732:Archived
10693:Archived
10675:(2004).
10647:(1951).
10603:10 March
10597:Archived
10534:Archived
10458:(2006).
10434:Archived
10339:Archived
10220:Archived
10191:5 August
10185:Archived
10114:(2003):
10020:Archived
9929:Archived
9907:(2003).
9845:Archived
9811:Archived
9773:10 March
9767:Archived
9692:Archived
9671:18 April
9665:Archived
9638:Archived
9501:archived
9469:Archived
9416:Archived
9386:Archived
9356:Archived
9325:Archived
9295:Archived
9265:Archived
9221:Archived
9159:Archived
8986:Archived
8926:Archived
8897:Archived
8830:Archived
8811:Archived
8790:Archived
8731:Archived
8705:Archived
8674:Archived
8644:Archived
8622:Archived
8591:Archived
8561:Archived
8537:13 March
8531:Archived
8506:13 March
8500:Archived
8476:14 March
8412:Archived
8382:Archived
8356:Archived
8311:Archived
8285:Archived
8207:Archived
8177:Archived
8135:10 March
8129:Archived
8016:Archived
7890:for the
7882:for the
7874:for the
7717:See also
7548:Mongolia
7460:meridian
7360:Muhammad
7346:, whose
7222:Calendar
7104:aniconic
7096:idolatry
6946:madrasas
6878:used in
6699:idolatry
6673:, Russia
6654:'s tent.
6648:Pakistan
6624:Xinjiang
6536:Selangor
6519:, Turkey
6517:Istanbul
6372:khanqahs
6352:madrasas
6339:muqarnas
6334:minarets
6166:sawmills
6121:and the
6067:windmill
5990:Avicenna
5963:pharmacy
5785:'s work
5695:Sciences
5658:Sciences
5614:and the
5494:Ibn Sina
5492:scholar
5474:polymath
5370:polymath
5254:Ferdowsi
5225:Ali Baba
5187:Sanskrit
5131:and the
5070:Damascus
5062:fritware
5038:fritware
5029:shatranj
5008:Ceramics
4998:Egyptian
4962:and the
4929:painting
4789:between
4769:al-Qadir
4672:Refugees
4578:(11.5),
4572:graduate
4470:Buddhist
4362:Istanbul
4347:Yarsanis
4172:Omdurman
4051:Shaykism
4047:Alawites
4015:Mustaali
3775:Abu Bakr
3752:Religion
3746:Tanzania
3726:Ethiopia
3597:Egyptian
3477:Islamism
3470:Islamism
3463:Islamism
3421:Politics
3397:DR Congo
3349:Tanzania
3317:Ethiopia
2852:Maldives
2839:Malaysia
2761:Djibouti
2647:Pakistan
2551:school.
2328:Al-Qaeda
2322:Islamist
2300:Kemalist
2158:and the
2154:between
2130:between
2013:Ottomans
1858:in 1522.
1785:Zamburak
1760:through
1742:firearms
1704:feminism
1636:Anatolia
1632:Ottomans
1624:Safavids
1620:Pakistan
1584:Timbuktu
1545:Fatimids
1541:Abbasids
1425:Pyrenees
1401:Rashidun
1366:Muhammad
1148:Glossary
1134:Jihadism
1107:Violence
1102:Islamism
1073:Muhammad
1059:Apostasy
1002:Politics
952:Feminism
947:Exorcism
908:Diaspora
893:Children
888:Calendar
816:Rashidun
794:Muhammad
789:Timeline
750:Mathnawi
612:Prophets
556:a series
554:Part of
513:Americas
493:Pakistan
485:Caucasus
432:, 6% in
383:Suriname
315:Muhammad
19062:Muslims
18963:Nursing
18924:Qutbism
18838:Sikhism
18833:Judaism
18828:Jainism
18664:Physics
18611:Pottery
18596:Gardens
18591:Carpets
18506:Slavery
18428:Divorce
18415:Dhabiĥa
18243:Hygiene
18218:Takaful
18200:Banking
18130:Science
18124:Qurbani
18093:Mosques
18053:Animals
18042:Culture
17990:Zaydism
17978:Alevism
17864:Ottoman
17854:Almohad
17849:Fatimid
17844:Córdoba
17839:Abbasid
17834:Umayyad
17767:Leaders
17762:History
17720:Shahada
17635:Beliefs
17403:1523219
17201:Sources
17115:Jamma'a
16820:6 March
15324:Reuters
14939:13 July
14449:Shi'ism
14431:5 March
14402:Tariqat
14399:Nusayri
14397:of the
14315:, 2011.
14267:(ed.).
14172:23 July
14135:Reuters
13812:"Shi'a"
13737:19 July
13326:7 March
13100:: p. 24
12272:22 June
12015:"Niger"
11829:. 2022.
11684:. ICL.
11376:24 June
10905:29 July
10440:12 July
10345:24 June
9935:23 July
9706:Judaism
8992:8 March
8889:"Shiʿi"
8822:"Sunni"
8213:22 July
8203:HISTORY
8199:"Islam"
8062:thought
7950:Kurdish
7924::
7913:Persian
7661:Jakarta
7565:Musawah
7544:Balkans
7503:Muslims
7393:
7354:in 622
7333:Lebanon
7311:, with
7307:is the
7283:, is a
7272::
7214:planets
7084:خط عربي
7067:Ottoman
7063:Persian
7053:or the
6954:Kayseri
6942:mosques
6862:Persian
6785:fractal
6774:minbars
6652:Bedouin
6626:, China
6602:, India
6557:mosque.
6473:Bandung
6392:bazaars
6376:zawiyas
6364:hammams
6360:palaces
6348:mosques
6306:Iranian
6283:secular
6162:hullers
6152:mills,
6150:fulling
6146:wheeled
6089:in the
6071:almonds
5929:nervous
5909:anatomy
5733:One of
5582:Quakers
5490:Persian
5410:geology
5398:biology
5367:Arabian
5240:romance
5217:Aladdin
5050:pottery
4990:Chinese
4986:Persian
4973:Córdoba
4956:Baghdad
4946:caliph
4944:Abbasid
4940:science
4886:Persian
4865:Ottoman
4824:Abbas I
4799:Shirvan
4793:of the
4763:Sultan
4715:Culture
4680:Muslim
4664:moulage
4660:anatomy
4588:Muslims
4566:A 2011
4415:Nigeria
4386:Antioch
4339:Yazidis
4331:Bahai's
4253:Muslims
4251:Ismaili
4174:, Sudan
4168:dervish
4141:Taiyabi
4133:Alawite
4105:Ja'fari
4097:Hanbali
4093:Shafi'i
4070:Azariqa
4055:Alevism
4043:Usulism
3995:Ismaili
3991:Twelver
3980:Hanbali
3976:Shafi'i
3954:madhhab
3829:Nigeria
3823:(45%),
3819:(54%),
3815:(54%),
3811:(55%),
3807:(56%),
3803:(58%),
3799:(64%),
3795:(65%),
3793:Albania
3738:Nigeria
3722:Eritrea
3684:Karachi
3660:militia
3654:, many
3593:Arabist
3560:Zionism
3267:Lebanon
3167:Senegal
3154:Nigeria
2972:Albania
2930:Tunisia
2904:Somalia
2865:Morocco
2748:Comoros
2722:Bahrain
2709:Algeria
2543:), the
2537:Ja'fari
2531:), two
2529:Hanbali
2525:Shafi'i
2468:secular
2410:Please
2380:life."
2319:Wahhabi
2294:). The
2136:Morocco
2052:Mamluks
2017:Tsardom
1854:at the
1734:Ottoman
1730:Safavid
1648:Nigeria
1612:Mughals
1608:Somalia
1592:Oualata
1453:717–718
1449:674–678
1407:of the
1397:Caliphs
1253:History
1226:of the
1029:Slavery
1012:Science
967:Madrasa
962:Finance
873:Animals
861:society
857:Culture
829:Imamate
809:Sahabah
782:History
752:(Poems)
737:(creed)
661:Fasting
589:Oneness
582:Beliefs
481:Nigeria
430:Oceania
379:Nigeria
304:Muslims
273:Islamic
249:Muslims
186:Please
126:scholar
18785:
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