Mulberry harbours - Knowledge

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workers who made mysterious floats had no idea of their ultimate purpose until one morning in June 1944 they realised that their products were helping to support the Mulberry Harbour off the low coastline of Normandy, and by that time they were busy building pontoon units and Bailey bridge panels ready for the breakthrough into Germany. But if they were often in the dark about the purpose and destination of the products over which they toiled for days in workshop, forge and foundry, they understood their importance. No time was lost through the war years on strikes or disputes, and absenteeism was low. Some of those workers were women, for in the first time in its history female labour was being employed at the Butterley works." 420 concrete pontoons were made by Wates Ltd. at their Barrow in Furness, West India Docks, Marchwood and Beaulieu sites. A further 40 concrete beetles were made by John Laing (for Wates)at their Southsea factory and 20 were made at R. Costain at Erith, Twelve were made by John Mowlem at Russia Dock as were 8 by Melville Dundas and Whiston. They were moored in position using wires attached to "Kite" anchors which were also designed by

1739: 2263: 42: 1316:, and the area's remoteness would simplify security matters. A headquarters camp was erected at Cairn Head, about 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Garlieston. Prototypes of each of the designs were built and transported to the area for testing by Royal Engineers, based at Cairn Head and in Garlieston. The tests revealed various problems (the "Swiss roll" would only take up to a seven-ton truck in the Atlantic swell). The final choice of design was determined by a storm during which the "Hippos" were undermined causing the "Crocodile" bridge spans to fail and the Swiss roll was washed away. Tn5's design proved the most successful and Beckett's floating roadway (subsequently codenamed whale) survived undamaged; the design was adopted and 16 km (10 mi) of whale roadway were manufactured under the management of 951: 2138: 1908:. These anchors had such high holding power that few could be recovered at the end of the war. The Navy was dismissive of Beckett's claims for his anchor's holding ability so Kite anchors were not used for mooring the bombardons. An original Kite anchor is displayed in a private museum at Vierville-sur-Mer while a full size replica forms part of a memorial to Beckett in Arromanches. In October 2018 five Kite anchors were recovered from the bed of the Solent off Woodside Beach, which had been an assembly area for Whale tows prior to D Day. The anchors were taken to Mary Rose Archaeological Services in Portsmouth for conservation treatment. 1336: 1926: 2150: 1747: 2024:

shortest beach). At Omaha and Utah, 6,614 tons of cargo was discharged in the first three days. A month after D-Day, Omaha and Utah were handling 9,200 tons, and after a further month, they were landing 16,000 tons per day. This increased until 56,200 tons of supplies, 20,000 vehicles, and 180,000 troops were discharged each day at those beaches. The Mulberry harbours provided less than half the total (on good weather days) to begin with. The Normandy beaches supplied the following average daily tonnage of supplies:

7781: 7824: 1825: 2006:. While the harbour at Omaha was destroyed sooner than expected, Port Winston saw heavy use for eight months, despite being designed to last only three months. In the ten months after D-Day, it was used to land almost three million men, four million tons of supplies and half a million vehicles to reinforce France. In response to this longer-than-planned use, the phoenix breakwater was reinforced with the addition of specially strengthened caissons. The 1400: 1187: 1811:

bombardon units, attached to one another with hemp ropes, created 1 mi (1.6 km) breakwaters. During the storms at the end of June 1944. some broke up and sank while others parted their anchors and drifted down onto the harbours, possibly causing more damage than the storm itself. Their design was the responsibility of the Royal Navy; the Royal Engineers designed the rest of the Mulberry harbour equipment.

1839:, the roadways were made from innovative torsionally flexible bridging units that had a span of 80 feet (24 m), mounted on pontoon units of either steel or concrete called "beetles". After the war many of the "Whale" bridge spans from Arromanches were used to repair bombed bridges in France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Such units are still visible as a bridge over the 2197:– 0.5 miles (0.80 km) south-east of Pagham a Phoenix Caisson, known as the 'Near Mulberry', that sank and could not be re-floated is still visible at low tide. Further off the coast in 10 m (33 ft) of water, is a second Phoenix Caisson, known as the 'Far Mulberry', that broke its back and sank in the storm the night before D-Day. Both sections were 1006:

site, tow and mark navigation. The War Office was given the task of constructing the concrete caissons (phoenixes), the roadways (whales) and protection via anti-aircraft installations. Once at the site, the army was responsible for sinking the caissons and assembling all the various other units of the harbours. For the Mulberry A at Omaha Beach, the US Navy

1174:– landed on the beach at night in Operation KJH and took samples of the sand. This operation was to check the load-bearing capabilities of sand and help determine whether armoured vehicles would be able to cross the beach or become bogged down, rather than being in connection with the Mulberry harbours.) 2122:

By the end of June, over 289,827 tons of supplies had been offloaded onto the Normandy beaches. Up to September, U.S. forces were supported largely across the beaches, primarily without the use of the Mulberry. "However, in the critical early stage of the operation, had the Allied assault ships been

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with a proposal for an artificial harbour, but the idea was not at first adopted. Churchill issued his memo "Piers for use on beaches" on 30 May 1942, apparently in some frustration at the lack of progress being made on finding a solution to the temporary harbour problem. Between 17 June and 6 August

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of various sorts to build breakwaters and piers and connecting structures to provide the roadways. The caissons were built at a number of locations, mainly existing ship building facilities or large beaches, like Conwy Morfa, around the British coast. The works were let out to commercial construction

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The Mulberry B harbour at Gold Beach was used for ten months after D-Day, while over two million men, four million tons of supplies and half a million vehicles were landed before it was fully decommissioned. The partially completed Mulberry A harbour at Omaha Beach was damaged on 19 June by a violent

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over responsibility was only resolved on 15 December 1943 by the intervention of the Vice-Chiefs of Staff. The decision was that the Admiralty managed the blockships, bombardons and assembly of all constituent parts on the south coast of England. It would also undertake all necessary work to survey,

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The Mulberry harbours solved the problem of needing deepwater jetties and a harbour to provide the invasion force with the necessary reinforcements and supplies, and were to be used until major French ports could be captured and brought back into use after repair of the inevitable sabotage by German

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Components for the Mulberry harbours were constructed at many different locations in Britain, before being transferred to assembly points off the south coast. Then on the afternoon of 6 June 1944 (D-Day) over 400 towed component parts (weighing approximately 1.5 million tons) set sail to create the

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Mulberry B was substantially reinforced with units salvaged from the American harbor and that the Phoenixes were pumped full of sand to give them greater stability, measures that undoubtedly explain the extended service which the British port was able to render. Furthermore, the planners obviously

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Beetles were pontoons that supported the Whale piers. War work by the Butterley Company included the production of steel "pontoons used to support the floating bridge between the offshore Mulberry Harbour caissons and the shore on Gold and Omaha beaches after D-Day 1944". Roy Christian wrote: "The

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Although it was a success, the vast resources used on the Mulberry may have been wasted, as the American forces were supplied mostly over the beaches without the use of a Mulberry right through to September 1944. By the end of 6 June, 20,000 troops and 1,700 vehicles had landed on Utah beach (the

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Ellsberg's report resulted in Churchill's intervention, taking the task away from the Royal Engineers and giving it to the Royal Navy. Newly-appointed commodore Sinclair McKenzie was put in charge and quickly assembled every salvage barge in the British Isles. The phoenixes, once refloated, were

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In July 1943 a committee of eminent civil engineers consisting of Colin R White (chairman), J D C Couper, J A Cochrane, R D Gwyther and Lt. Col. Ivor Bell was established to advise on how a number of selected sites on the French coastline could be converted into sheltered harbours. The committee

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The LCP(L)s were manned by a Royal Navy crew and a small group of hydrographers. The first sortie, Operation KJF, occurred on the night of 26/27 November 1943 when three LCP(L)s took measurements off the port of Arromanches, the location for Mulberry B. A follow-up mission, Operation KJG, to the

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Arriving first on D-Day were the bombardons, followed a day later by the first blockship. The first phoenix was sunk on 9 June and the gooseberry was finished by 11 June. By 18 June two piers and four pier heads were working. Though this harbour was abandoned in late June (see below), the beach

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was for use by the American invasion forces. Mulberry "A" (American) was not as securely anchored to the sea bed as Mulberry "B" had been by the British, resulting in such severe damage during the Channel storm of June 19, 1944 that it was considered to be irreparable and its further assembly

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The bombardons were large 200 ft (61 m) by 25 ft (7.6 m) plus-shaped floating breakwaters fabricated in steel and rubberized canvas that were anchored outside the main breakwaters that consisted of gooseberries (scuttled ships) and phoenixes (concrete caissons. Twenty-four

1792:, a known expert in marine salvage, was brought in to review the plans and determined that they were not. The supplied pumps were designed for moving large volumes of sewage horizontally, and were incapable of providing the necessary lift to pump the water up and out of the caissons. 930:, to offload their cargo. These were only available at the already heavily defended French harbours. Thus, the Mulberries were created to provide the port facilities necessary to offload the thousands of men and vehicles and millions of tons of supplies necessary to sustain 898:

storm that arrived from the northeast before the pontoons were securely anchored. After three days the storm finally abated and damage was found to be so severe that the harbour was abandoned and the Americans resorted to landing men and material over the open beaches.

2359:, were questioned by MI5, which determined the appearance of the words was innocent. Over 60 years later, a former student reported that Dawe frequently requested words from his students, many of whom were children in the same area as US military personnel. 1347:

Mulberry was the codename for all the various structures that created the artificial harbours. These were called gooseberries, which metamorphosed into fully fledged harbours. Mulberry "A" and "B" each consisted of a floating outer breakwater called a

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estimated that the artificial ports (Mulberries) would need to handle 12,000 tons per day, exclusive of motor transport, and in all weathers. On 4 September the go-ahead was given to start work immediately on the harbours. Infighting between the

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had built a complete Mulberry Harbour out of 600,000 tons of concrete between 33 jetties, and had 10 mi (16 km) of floating roadways to land men and vehicles on the beach. Port Winston is commonly upheld as one of the best examples of

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towed across the channel to form the "Mulberry" harbour breakwaters together with the gooseberry block ships. Ellsberg rode one of the concrete caissons to Normandy; once there he helped unsnarl wrecked landing craft and vehicles on the beach.

1891:, a group of English and French volunteers. Seeking a permanent home for it, they gifted it to the Imperial War Museum and it was returned to England in July 2015. After conservation work it is now part of the Land Warfare exhibition at 1102:, under the guidance of Reginald D. Gwyther, who was appointed CBE for his efforts. Various elements of the whale piers were designed and constructed by a group of companies led by Braithwaite & Co, West Bromwich and Newport. 2128:

underrated the capacities of open beaches. The tremendous tonnage capacities subsequently developed at both Utah and Omaha were without doubt one of the most significant and gratifying features of the entire Overlord operation.

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The final Mulberry harbour survey, Operation Bellpush Charlie, occurred on the night of 30–31 January but limited information was gathered due to fog and because German lookouts heard the craft. Further sorties were abandoned.

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The pier heads or landing wharves at which ships were unloaded were codenamed spuds. Each consisted of a pontoon with four legs that rested on the sea bed to anchor it while it could float up and down freely with the tide.

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With the planning of Operation Overlord at an advanced stage by the summer of 1943, it was accepted that the proposed artificial harbours would need to be prefabricated in Britain and then towed across the English Channel.

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blew into Normandy and devastated the Mulberry harbour at Omaha Beach. The harbours had been designed with summer weather conditions in mind, but this was the worst storm to hit the Normandy coast in 40 years.

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at around three knots. The caissons were initially planned to be moored along the coast, but due to a lack of mooring capacity they were sunk awaiting D-Day, and then refloated ("resurrected", hence the name).

1979:(LSTs). Using this method, the Americans were able to unload a higher tonnage of supplies than at Arromanches. Salvageable parts of the artificial port were sent to Arromanches to repair the Mulberry there. 7879: 2258:, Wigtownshire - concrete beetle remains are accessible on foot on the north side of Garlieston Bay (Eggerness) and at Cairn Head on the south side of Portyerrock Bay on the road to Isle of Whithorn. 3809:. United States Army in World War II – The European Theater of Operations. Vol. I, May 1945 – September 1944. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. 1879:) along road D517. In 1954, some whales were also used to build two bridges (still visible) in Cameroon along the Edea to Kribi road. In the 1960s, three whale spans from Arromanches were used at 1300:(of the War Office's 'Transportation 5 Department' (Tn5)) who designed a floating bridge linked to a pier head (the latter had integral 'spud' legs that were raised and lowered with the tide). 1267:, outlined the requirement for piers at least one mile (1.6 km) long at which a continuous stream of supplies could be handled, including a pier head capable of handling 2,000-ton ships. 3594:

Horrall, Andrew (2019). "'This War has Produced a Woman Who Can Keep a Secret!': The Mulberry Harbour Exhibitions, the Young Woman and the Contested Meanings of a British Wartime Invention".

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defenders. Comprising floating but sinkable breakwaters, floating pontoons, piers and floating roadways, this innovative and technically difficult system was being used for the first time.

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In August and September 1943 a trial of three competing designs for the cargo-handling jetties was set up together with a test of a compressed air breakwater. The pier designs were by:

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The entire harbour at Omaha was deemed irreparable, 21 of the 28 phoenix caissons were completely destroyed, the bombardons were cast adrift and the roadways and piers lay smashed.

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caught in the open without the benefit of any protection, the damage in the American sector especially could have been catastrophic to the lines of supply and communication."

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at Arromanches for use by the British and Canadian invasion forces. The harbour was decommissioned six months after D-Day, when Allied forces could use the recently captured

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to capture a port on the north French coast. The problem was that large ocean-going ships of the type needed to transport heavy and bulky cargoes and stores needed

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Antill, Peter; Bradford Case, Jeffrey; Moore, David (2011). "Case 1.4, Operation Overlord: Supply Chain Innovation during World War II". In Moore, David (ed.).

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in the east. To protect the new anchorage, the superstructures of the blockships (which remained above sea-level) and the concrete caissons were festooned with

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two Mulberry harbours. It included all the blockships (codenamed Corncobs) to create the outer breakwater (gooseberries) and 146 concrete caissons (phoenixes).

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to act as breakwaters and create sheltered water at the five landing beaches. Once in position the corncobs created the sheltered waters known as gooseberries.

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proposed location for Mulberry A happened over 1 and 2 December but a navigation failure meant the team sounded an area 2,250 yards west of the correct area.

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in September 1944. Centre and left are "spud" pierheads with floating piers of "whales" and "beetles". At right is 2,000 ft (610 m) of "Swiss roll".

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The Royal Engineers were responsible for the task, and questions had arisen about whether their plans were adequate. US Navy Captain (later Rear Admiral)

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to offload troops and supplies. Mulberry "B" was operated by 20 Port Group, Royal Engineers, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel G.C.B Shaddick.

981:(ICE) on 4 August 1943. The minutes of the Sub-Committee's meetings show that initially it was envisaged that bubble breakwaters would be used, then 3105: 2328:, the invasion of the United Kingdom, Germany developed some prototype prefabricated jetties with a similar purpose in mind. These could be seen in 5320: 4700: 4082: 1356:, floating piers or roadways codenamed whales and beetles and pier heads codenamed spuds. These harbours when built were both of a similar size to 1264: 304: 3385: 5757: 5069: 3686: 1290: 2963: 1118:

and sea conditions. To collect this data a special team of hydrographers was created in October 1943. The 712th Survey Flotilla, operating from

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Phoenixes were reinforced concrete caissons constructed by civil engineering contractors around the coast of Britain, collected and sunk at

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in June 1944. They were designed in 1942 then built in under a year in great secrecy; within hours of the Allies creating beachheads after

2262: 1312:, was selected for the trials as the tides were similar to those on the expected invasion beaches in Normandy, a harbour was available at 7849: 7218: 6285: 6197: 6141: 6104: 5386: 4313: 2308:, a short section of whale roadway and a buffer pontoon, now derelict, used after the war for Isle of Wight ferries, survive between the 422: 973:

in August 1943. An Artificial Harbours Sub-Committee was set up under the Chairmanship of the civil engineer Colin R. White, brother of

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The Mulberry harbour at Arromanches was more protected, and although damaged by the storm, it remained usable. It came to be known as

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the term Mulberry "B" was defined as "an artificial harbour to be built in England and towed to the British beaches at Arromanches".

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The dock piers were codenamed whales. They were the floating roadways that connected the "spud" pier heads to the land. Designed by

7545: 5364: 5138: 4901: 4767: 4578: 1946:, the first phoenix was sunk at dawn on 8 June 1944. By 15 June a further 115 had been sunk to create a five-mile-long arc between 1122: 3965: 2834:(Report). The General Board, United States Forces European Theater, Antiaircraft Artillery Section. 20 November 1945. Study No. 38 1840: 6440: 6237: 5274: 4774: 4686: 4622: 4421: 3345: 3187: 3131: 3073: 3042: 2989: 831: 3955: 6643: 6155: 5005: 4543: 4053: 325: 1151: 977:, to advise on the location of the harbours and the form of the breakwater; the Sub-Committee's first meeting was held at the 7239: 7144: 6671: 6417: 6292: 5378: 5352: 5209: 4915: 4832: 3902: 3731: 3584: 3522: 3451: 2812: 1248:(the naval commander for the Dieppe Raid) declared that if a port could not be captured, then one should be taken across the 7472: 6879: 6765: 5930: 5397: 5393: 5371: 4975: 3278: 3215: 3991: 3317: 2287:

a conspicuous stone wall at the back of Rigg Bay beach: this was the landward terminal for a "Crocodile" link to a "Hippo"

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were proposed, and finally, because not enough block ships were available, a mix of blockships and purpose-made concrete

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Hughes, Michael; Momber, Gary (2000). "The Mulberry Harbour Remains". In Allen, Michael J.; Gardiner, Julie (eds.).

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initially investigated the use of compressed air breakwaters before eventually deciding on blockships and caissons.

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to the Normandy coast at only 8.0 kilometres per hour (4.3 kn) and assembled, operated and maintained by the

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manned by the men of the 397th and 481st Anti-Aircraft Artillery (Automatic Weapons) Battalions, attached to the

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Force Mulberry: The Planning and Installation of the Artificial Harbor of U.S. Normandy Beaches in World War II

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for cars to drive from the assembly line directly onto ships. A span from Mulberry B reused after the war at

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https://canmore.org.uk/site/287700/mulberry-harbour-beetle-cairnhead-bay-rigg-bay-wigtown-bay-solway-firth

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The need for two separate artificial harbours – one American and one British/Canadian – was agreed at the

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Geopolitical Constructs: Mulberry Harbours, World War Two, and the Making of a Militarized Trans-Atlantic

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A line of Phoenix caissons in place at Arromanches, with anti-aircraft guns installed. 12 June 1944

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Jackson, Zoe; Grey, Stephen; Adcock, Thomas A. A.; Taylor, Paul H.; Bidlot, Jean-Raymond (2017).

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crossword puzzle in the month prior to the invasion. The crossword compilers, Melville Jones and

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Tactical Employment of Antiaircraft Units Including the Defense Against Pilotless Aircraft (V-1)

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some lengths of concrete roadway on the beach at Cairn Head, intended for use with "Swiss roll".

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Prototype concrete Mulberry Harbour roadway 'Hard', photographed at Cairn Head on 31 August 2013

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of approximately 2,000 tons to 6,000 tons each) and each unit was towed to Normandy by two

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Butterley Brick, 200 years in the Making,p 170, Roy Christian, 1990, Henry Melland, London

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Our Changing Coast a survey of the intertidal archaeology of Langstone Harbour Hampshire

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https://canmore.org.uk/site/265635/cairnhead-mulberry-harbour-project-construction-yard

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Battleground Sussex: A Military History of Sussex From the Iron Age to the present day

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https://canmore.org.uk/site/311533/mulberry-garlieston-bay-wigtown-bay-solway-firth

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Both locations for the temporary harbours required detailed information concerning

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Code Name Mulberry: The Planning Building and Operation of the Normandy Harbours

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T.Castledine, 2014, Butterley Ironworks and Codnor Park Forge, 1790-1986, p 250.

2665: 1864: 1286:(a civil engineer) who developed his "Hippo" piers and "Crocodile" bridge spans; 1210:. This memo was for artificial harbours to be created off the German islands of 7675: 7211: 7137: 5189: 5048: 4416: 4401: 2443: 2214: 2190: 2180: 2179:, the caisson began to leak and was intentionally beached on a sandbank in the 1776:

in West Sussex prior to D-Day. There were six different sizes of caisson (with

1773: 1129: 1091: 1027: 1023: 680: 352: 337: 332: 278: 259: 3975: 3912: 3668: 3651: 1746: 7838: 7486: 5411: 5260: 5099: 4437: 4375: 4276: 3929: 3849: 3814: 3785: 3741: 3714: 3677: 3560: 3532: 3488: 3461: 3256:

Mulberry Harbour 'beetle': Cairnhead Bay, Rigg Bay, Wigtown Bay, Solway Firth

2220: 1988: 1947: 1929:

Wrecked pontoon causeway of Mulberry A following the storm of 19–22 June 1944

1905: 1880: 1856: 1848: 1836: 1692: 1541: 1461: 1297: 1119: 1083: 1039: 915: 378: 209: 96: 83: 3885: 3642: 7785: 7589: 5889: 5794: 5425: 4788: 4552: 4027: 3868:

A Harbour Goes to War: The Story of Mulberry and the Men Who Made It Happen

2356: 2245: 1309: 1222: 1207: 919: 2378:: a floating airstrip using components developed for the Mulberry harbour. 2252:, where it washed up a few days after D-Day. Easily accessible at low tide 1403:

Gooseberry line of ships used as artificial harbor breakwater in June 1944

7424: 7410: 7072: 5748: 5569: 5554: 4908: 4452: 4296: 4270: 2478:"Engineering Timelines - Guy Maunsell - WWII : sea forts + harbours" 2301: 2194: 1844: 1829: 1824: 1781: 1755: 1677: 1481: 1368: 1340: 1324: 1305: 1238: 1155: 1144: 1115: 1075: 1019: 974: 958: 907: 879: 395: 368: 68: 64: 47: 3986: 3216:"The incredible Sussex wrecks and ruins you only get to see at low tide" 2349:"Mulberry" and the names of all the beaches were words appearing in the 2207:, Kent – caisson could not be refloated. The site was scheduled in 2013. 6779: 6532: 6511: 5404: 4737: 4665: 4462: 4290: 4284: 4264: 2255: 2164: 2015:. Its remains are still visible today from the beaches at Arromanches. 1884: 1698: 1625: 1553: 1427: 1384: 1313: 1226: 998: 883: 856: 405: 400: 373: 2932: 1327:, the Director of Ports and Inland Water Transport at the War Office. 1234:

submitted a design concept for artificial harbours to the War Office.

7042: 6447: 6244: 6055: 5853: 5808: 2313: 2305: 2272: 2172: 1769: 1590: 1417: 1399: 1357: 982: 5329: 3971:

A wartime aerial view of part of the Mulberry Harbour at Arromanches

3944: 3924:. Vol. II: Docks and Harbours. Institution of Civil Engineers. 1186: 863:

to facilitate the rapid offloading of cargo onto beaches during the

5313: 5041: 4406: 2990:"World War II caisson, West Knock sandbank, Shoeburyness (1021090)" 2329: 2223:- caissons about five metres underwater and dived by novice divers. 2176: 1951: 1860: 1195: 874:, sections of the two prefabricated harbours were towed across the 670: 2293:

a number of abandoned brick buildings, once the camp at Cairn Head

2290:

the remains of a collapsed "Hippo" visible at low tide in Rigg Bay

1828:

A Whale floating roadway leading to a Spud pier at Mulberry A off

3188:"Mulberry Harbour Phoenix Caissons at Portland Harbour (1203075)" 2249: 1868: 1218:. No further investigation was made and the memo was filed away. 1111: 1095: 848: 3949: 3753:. Local History Series No 4. Wigtown: G.C. Book Publishers Ltd. 5923: 4521: 3151: 2964:"Mulberry Harbour Phoenix Caisson, Thorpe Bay, Southend-on-Sea" 2896: 2142: 1211: 1071: 3919: 3515:

D-Day Manual: 'Neptune', 'Overlord' and the Battle of Normandy

1094:. On completion they were towed across the English Channel by 7880:

Allied logistics in the Western European Campaign (1944–1945)

6111: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2237:. They were designated as a Grade II listed building in 1993. 1987:

Both harbours were almost fully functional when on 19 June a

1150:(On New Year's Eve 1943, the 712th Survey Flotilla carried a 871: 3386:"D-Day crosswords are still a few clues short of a solution" 2646:. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration 1010:(CEC) would construct the harbour from prefabricated parts. 3627:. York: Council for British Archaeology. pp. 127–128. 3444:

Case Studies in Defence Procurement and Logistics, Volume I

2821: 2670:

Encyclopédie du débarquement et de la Bataille de Normandie

1975:

continued to be used for landing vehicles and stores using

1215: 1133: 939: 923: 3365: 2610: 188: 2944: 2762: 2028:

Average Daily Tonnage of Supplies Landed, Normandy 1944

3441: 3295: 2938: 2503:"A User Requirement Document - Piers for Use on Beaches" 2458: 3579:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. 3313:

National Record of the Historic Environment (Canmore):

3254:

National Record of the Historic Environment (Canmore):

3239:

National Record of the Historic Environment (Canmore):

2807:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books ltd. pp. 148–149. 2324:

In the period between postponement and cancellation of

2217:– faulty caisson left in-situ at place of construction. 5183:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

3751:

The Mulberry Harbour Project in Wigtownshire 1942-1944

3273:, Stranraer & District Local History Trust, 2005, 3074:"Phoenix Caisson (outer) off Pagham Harbour (1452912)" 2920: 1416:(either under their own steam or towed) and were then 7812: 3322: 3315:

Cairnhead, Mulberry Harbour Project Construction Yard

3283: 2908: 2576: 1202:

An early idea for temporary harbours was sketched by

3987:"Seabees in Normandy" video (U.S. National Archives) 3159:"Mulberry Harbour construction site, Hayling Island" 3017:"Engineering feats that served our soldiers so well" 2424: 1383:

Mulberry "B" (British) was the harbour assembled on

3687:"Mulberry Harbour Components - Gooseberry 4 - Juno" 3340: 3241:

Mulberry: Garlieston Bay, Wigtown Bay, Solway Firth

3182: 3126: 3102:"The concrete D-Day hulk that helped defeat Hitler" 3068: 3037: 2984: 2633: 2444:"Mulberry Harbour: British, French and Dutch tugs'" 2388: 886:(Mulberry "B"), along with old ships to be sunk as 3724:The Journey Continues: The World War II Home Front 3384: 3132:"Phoenix Caisson off Littlestone-on-Sea (1415588)" 2598:. Centre for Coastal and Ocean Mapping. 9 May 2014 3865: 2740:. London: Temple Press Ltd: 496. 24 October 1962. 878:from southern England and placed in position off 46:View of the Mulberry B harbour "Port Winston" at 7836: 3726:. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: White Mane Books. 2319: 3897:. Boulder, Colorado: Rowman & Littlefield. 3498:Mulberry B D+4–D+147 10 June to 31 October 1944 2132: 1291:Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development 7875:Closed installations of the United States Navy 3656:Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy 3043:"Phoenix Caisson (inner) off Pagham (1453065)" 2782:"World war 2 Kite anchors found and recovered" 2345:D-Day Daily Telegraph crossword security alarm 914:could not rely on being able to penetrate the 4537: 4007: 3684: 3540:Godfrey, Frederick (November–December 2003). 2768: 2335: 2160:Sections of Phoenix caissons are located at: 1143:Two attempts to take soundings were made off 174: 4022:Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy, 3622: 2902: 1407: 4314:American logistics in the Normandy campaign 3952:, Mulberry Harbour trials around Garlieston 3770:"Logistical Planning of Operation Overlord" 3721: 2621: 2283:Other artefacts around Garlieston include: 1154:(COPP) to the Gold Beach area just west of 1136:, or LCP(L), to survey the Normandy coast. 1013:The proposed harbours called for many huge 4544: 4530: 4511:Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord 4319:British logistics in the Normandy campaign 4014: 4000: 3866:Evans, J.; Walter, T.; Palmer, E. (2000). 3799: 3722:Morton, High M.; Jones, Wilbur D. (2005). 2950: 2802: 2248:, on the shore line West of Marine Drive, 181: 167: 40: 3685:Lewis, Richard; Bonderud, Erlend (2024). 3667: 1296:Lieutenant Colonel William T Everall and 1181: 3945:Beckett Rankine Mulberry Harbour Archive 3767: 3512: 3495: 3213: 2926: 2644:Ship History Database Vessel Status Card 2582: 2464: 2261: 2148: 2136: 1924: 1823: 1745: 1737: 1412:Corncobs were 61 ships that crossed the 1398: 1334: 1185: 949: 145:Military equipment, stores and personnel 27:British WWII portable temporary harbours 3920:Institution of Civil Engineers (1948). 3748: 3574: 3539: 3468: 3371: 3328: 3301: 3289: 2914: 2430: 2394: 1190:Aerial view of Mulberry harbour "B" at 14: 7837: 6391: 6369:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4054:American airborne landings in Normandy 3496:Crawford, R. W., ed. (November 1944). 2939:Antill, Bradford Case & Moore 2011 2525:"Hughes War Plans - Mulberry Harbours" 2332:, until they were demolished in 1978. 2187:in 2004. It is accessible at low tide. 1887:was saved from destruction in 2008 by 7870:Military installations closed in 1945 7240:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 6672:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 6318:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6274:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5379:Rape during the occupation of Germany 4525: 3995: 3892: 3836:. New York: William Morrow & Co. 3099: 162: 6362:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5394:Rape during the liberation of France 3977:Factory-Made Invasion Harbour (1944) 3870:. South Machars Historical Society. 3652:"The waves at the Mulberry Harbours" 3397:from the original on 12 January 2022 2018: 1423:The ships used for each beach were: 3214:Donnelly, Luke (18 November 2022). 2803:Grehan, John; Mace, Martin (2012). 1733: 24: 7850:Military logistics of World War II 6588:German invasion of the Netherlands 4868:Weather events during World War II 4107:Greenline, Pomegranate and Express 3858: 3707:The Invasion of France and Germany 3351:National Heritage List for England 3193:National Heritage List for England 3137:National Heritage List for England 3079:National Heritage List for England 3048:National Heritage List for England 2995:National Heritage List for England 2279:, three beetles at the shore line. 2233:– two are located at the beach at 1367:The Mulberry harbour assembled on 1152:Combined Operations Pilotage Party 25: 7891: 7219:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3938: 3446:. Cambridge: Cambridge Academic. 3104:. Daily Telegraph. Archived from 2408:"War Office: Artificial Harbours" 1754:, and the remains of a third, at 305:Caen canal and Orne river bridges 7822: 7779: 4551: 4083:Capture of Caen and Orne bridges 3803:Logistical Support of the Armies 3768:Osmanski, F. A. (January 1950). 2505:. Think Defence. 5 February 2015 2141:Pagham Harbour from East Beach, 1289:Ronald Hamilton (working at the 1105: 4501:People of Western Europe speech 4422:Military cemeteries in Normandy 3517:. Sparkford, Somerset: Haynes. 3409: 3377: 3334: 3307: 3263: 3248: 3233: 3207: 3176: 3120: 3093: 3062: 3031: 3009: 2978: 2956: 2871: 2846: 2796: 2774: 2753: 2744: 2729: 2705: 2683: 2658: 2627: 2588: 2567: 1339:The remains of the harbour off 1134:Landing Craft Personnel (Large) 243:Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum 7466:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 5176:Territorial changes of Germany 5084:Indonesian National Revolution 4496:June 6, 1944, order of the day 3800:Ruppenthal, Roland G. (1953). 3100:Sawer, Patrick (3 June 2014). 2691:"Caisson (Phoenix) Breakwater" 2542: 2517: 2495: 2470: 2436: 2400: 1937: 1394: 979:Institution of Civil Engineers 945: 13: 1: 6866:Japanese invasion of Thailand 6817:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6581:German invasion of Luxembourg 4962:Mediterranean and Middle East 3608:10.1080/07292473.2019.1617661 3434: 3417:"The Crossword Panic of 1944" 2596:"Omaha Beach Mulberry Harbor" 2482:www.engineering-timelines.com 2320:German equivalent of Mulberry 1920: 1799: 1068:Melville Dundas & Whitson 901: 6773:Invasion of the Soviet Union 6462:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 5780:Independent State of Croatia 4255: 4251: 2666:"Gooseberry 2 (Omaha Beach)" 2133:Surviving remnants in the UK 1376:ceased, It was commanded by 1261:Chief of Combined Operations 847:were two temporary portable 7: 7757:End of World War II in Asia 7597:Western invasion of Germany 7104:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7081:Second Battle of El Alamein 6651:Hundred Regiments Offensive 6623:Battle of the Mediterranean 6476:Italian invasion of Albania 4650:Air warfare of World War II 4331:(Pipe-Line Under The Ocean) 3962: (archived May 8, 2013) 3542:"The Logistics of Invasion" 3513:Falconer, Jonathan (2013). 3163:The D-Day Story, Portsmouth 2529:Kaller Historical Documents 2362: 1893:Imperial War Museum Duxford 1814: 1556:(Gooseberry 3, 16 ships): 1330: 1259:In the autumn of 1942, the 1237:At a meeting following the 1221:In 1940 the civil engineer 910:of 1942 had shown that the 10: 7896: 7683:Naval bombardment of Japan 7051:First Battle of El Alamein 6970:Battle of Christmas Island 6915:Japanese invasion of Burma 6679:Italian invasion of Greece 6595:German invasion of Belgium 6567:German invasion of Denmark 6540:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 6409:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 4673:Comparative military ranks 3966:Google Maps satellite view 3471:Alderney at War: 1939-1949 3271:Stranraer in World War Two 2342: 1898: 1803: 1761: 1680:(Gooseberry 5, 9 ships ): 1628:(Gooseberry 4, 11 ships): 1484:(Gooseberry 2, 15 ships): 1430:(Gooseberry 1, 10 ships): 1170:Bruce Ogden Smith, of the 137:Temporary portable harbour 7772: 7604:Bratislava–Brno offensive 7544: 7535:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 7272: 7159:Allied invasion of Sicily 7113: 7019:Aleutian Islands campaign 6991:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 6938: 6929:Greek famine of 1941–1944 6824:Second Battle of Changsha 6729:German invasion of Greece 6697: 6574:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 6549: 6487: 6382: 6263: 5989: 5899: 5747: 5450: 5441: 5199: 5024: 4916:North and Central Pacific 4877: 4639: 4632: 4559: 4468:Allied forces in Normandy 4430: 4394: 4343: 4306: 4249: 4184: 4034: 3922:The Civil Engineer at War 3669:10.1007/s40722-017-0088-4 2883:historylearningsite.co.uk 2769:Lewis & Bonderud 2024 2736:"The World of Motoring". 2634:Maritime Administration. 2183:. It was designated as a 2171:– while being towed from 1841:Noireau river in Normandy 1819: 1408:Corncobs and gooseberries 1274: 920:sufficient depth of water 250:Combined Bomber Offensive 202: 149: 141: 133: 125: 117: 112: 75: 60: 55: 39: 34: 7196:Allied invasion of Italy 7173:Solomon Islands campaign 6922:Third Battle of Changsha 6519:First Battle of Changsha 6425:Second Sino-Japanese War 5365:German military brothels 5231:United States war crimes 2903:Hughes & Momber 2000 2382: 2241:Beetles are located at: 1982: 1969: 1911: 1855:), as a bridge over the 1100:Corps of Royal Engineers 1060:Peter Lind & Company 994:Combined Chiefs of Staff 992:On 2 September 1943 the 7618:Second Guangxi campaign 7473:Philippines (1944–1945) 6977:Battle of the Coral Sea 6880:Fall of the Philippines 6526:Battle of South Guangxi 6432:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 5838:Italian Social Republic 3950:Garlieston's Secret War 3842:2027/mdp.39015034330186 3749:Murchie, A. T. (1993). 3473:. Stroud: Alan Sutton. 3469:Bonnard, Brian (1993). 3019:. Bognor Regis Observer 2966:. worldwar2heritage.com 2693:. worldwar2heritage.com 2622:Morton & Jones 2005 2573:Murchie (1993) pp 13-20 1889:Les Amis du Pont Bailey 1686:French battleship 1158:. Two soldiers – Major 7203:Armistice of Cassibile 7005:Battle of Dutch Harbor 6956:Battle of the Java Sea 6859:Attack on Pearl Harbor 6759:Syria–Lebanon campaign 6752:Battle of South Shanxi 6722:Invasion of Yugoslavia 6505:Battle of the Atlantic 6119:Korean Liberation Army 5832:(until September 1943) 5789:(until September 1944) 5767:(until September 1944) 4448:D-Day naval deceptions 2879:"The Mulberry Harbour" 2550:"Artificioal Harbours" 2267: 2157: 2156:, Kent Phoenix caisson 2146: 2130: 1930: 1832: 1759: 1743: 1404: 1344: 1265:Lord Louis Mountbatten 1199: 1182:Design and development 962: 957:under construction in 712:Air and Sea operations 505:Anglo-Canadian Sector 384:Anglo-Canadian Sector 7367:Second Battle of Guam 7263:Bengal famine of 1943 7233:Second Battle of Kiev 7189:Battle of the Dnieper 6894:Battle of Wake Island 6766:East African campaign 6708:Battle of South Henan 6353:atrocities by Germans 6126:Korean Volunteer Army 5107:Occupation of Germany 4861:Music in World War II 3893:Flint, Colin (2016). 3703:Morison, Samuel Eliot 3575:Hartcup, Guy (2011). 2277:Dumfries and Galloway 2265: 2152: 2140: 2125: 1928: 1827: 1749: 1741: 1402: 1378:Augustus Dayton Clark 1373:Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer 1360:. In the planning of 1338: 1192:Arromanches-les-Bains 1189: 953: 744:Supporting operations 7855:Coastal construction 7653:Surrender of Germany 7131:Battle of West Hubei 7088:Guadalcanal campaign 7058:Battle of Stalingrad 6984:Battle of Madagascar 5758:Albania protectorate 5545:(formerly Swaziland) 5254:Wehrmacht war crimes 5070:Expulsion of Germans 4854:Art and World War II 4752:British contribution 4701:Governments in exile 4218:(Canada, Poland, US) 4171:(Canada, Poland, UK) 4165:(Canada, Poland, UK) 2858:normandiememoire.com 2316:car ferry terminal. 2013:military engineering 1859:on road D56 between 1806:Bombardon breakwater 1750:A pair of surviving 1304:The western side of 1172:East Surrey Regiment 1056:John Laing & Son 1008:Civil Engineer Corps 868:invasion of Normandy 196:(Battle of Normandy) 7743:Potsdam Declaration 7632:Italy (Spring 1945) 7395:Liberation of Paris 6852:Siege of Sevastopol 5870:(until August 1944) 5773:Wang Jingwei regime 5595:from September 1943 5555:from September 1944 5493:from September 1944 5353:Romanian war crimes 5344:Persecution of Jews 5330:Croatian war crimes 5300:Japanese war crimes 5114:Occupation of Japan 5063:First Indochina War 4775:Military production 4687:Declarations of war 4479:Operation Bodyguard 4473:Liberation of Paris 3830:Stanford, Alfred B. 3393:. 6 February 2009. 3391:The Daily Telegraph 3374:, pp. 106–108. 2905:, pp. 127–128. 2854:"Mulberry Harbours" 2029: 1764:Phoenix breakwaters 1354:phoenix breakwaters 1298:Major Allan Beckett 1246:John Hughes-Hallett 1241:of 19 August 1942, 1064:Sir Robert McAlpine 1036:Cochrane & Sons 882:(Mulberry "A") and 93: / 7865:British inventions 7845:Operation Overlord 7736:Surrender of Japan 7569:Battle of Iwo Jima 7418:Belgrade offensive 6831:Siege of Leningrad 6715:Battle of Shanggao 6644:British Somaliland 6609:Dunkirk evacuation 6560:Norwegian campaign 6498:Invasion of Poland 6325:Japanese prisoners 5293:Italian war crimes 5224:British war crimes 5139:Soviet occupations 4923:South-West Pacific 4810:Allied cooperation 4768:Military equipment 4506:Rommel's asparagus 4490:Operation Jedburgh 4335:Operation Chastity 2784:. 16 November 2018 2326:Operation Sea Lion 2268: 2205:Littlestone-on-Sea 2185:scheduled monument 2158: 2154:Littlestone-on-Sea 2147: 2027: 1977:Landing Ship Tanks 1956:anti-aircraft guns 1931: 1833: 1760: 1744: 1660:Manchester Spinner 1405: 1345: 1206:in a 1915 memo to 1200: 1198:(October 27, 1944) 1160:Logan Scott-Bowden 1020:Wates Construction 963: 932:Operation Overlord 539:Normandy massacres 428:Operation Chastity 192:Operation Overlord 97:49.3475°N 0.6340°W 71:, Normandy, France 7860:Operation Neptune 7810: 7809: 7768: 7767: 7611:Battle of Okinawa 7510:Burma (1944–1945) 7344:Mariana and Palau 7124:Tunisian campaign 6949:Fall of Singapore 6873:Fall of Hong Kong 6616:Battle of Britain 6469:Operation Himmler 6378: 6377: 6042:Dutch East Indies 5685:Southern Rhodesia 5437: 5436: 5337:Genocide of Serbs 5240:German war crimes 5217:Soviet war crimes 5210:Allied war crimes 5056:Division of Korea 5035:Chinese Civil War 4833:Strategic bombing 4745:Manhattan Project 4519: 4518: 4484:Operation Dragoon 4159:(UK 6th Airborne) 3956:Mulberry Harbours 3904:978-1-4422-6667-4 3733:978-1-57249-365-0 3689:. The Crete Fleet 3596:War & Society 3586:978-1-84884-558-9 3524:978-0-85733-234-9 3453:978-1-903499-61-0 3419:. Historic-UK.com 3304:, pp. 58–59. 2814:978-1-84884-661-6 2467:, pp. 69–71. 2271:Old House Point, 2211:Langstone Harbour 2120: 2119: 2019:Post-war analysis 1873:Vierville-sur-Mer 1523:James W. Marshall 1362:Operation Neptune 1284:Hugh Iorys Hughes 1232:Hugh Iorys Hughes 1204:Winston Churchill 1088:Pauling & Co. 1052:Holloway Brothers 1018:firms, including 989:units were used. 971:Quebec Conference 853:British Admiralty 851:developed by the 845:Mulberry harbours 840: 839: 696:Mantes-Gassicourt 360:Normandy landings 157: 156: 16:(Redirected from 7887: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7818: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7786:World portal 7784: 7783: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7738: 7729: 7722: 7715: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7646:Prague offensive 7641: 7639:Battle of Berlin 7634: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7583:Vienna offensive 7578: 7571: 7564: 7562:Battle of Manila 7557: 7537: 7528: 7519: 7512: 7503: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7452: 7443: 7436: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7346: 7339: 7330: 7321: 7312: 7305: 7303:Korsun–Cherkassy 7298: 7287: 7265: 7256: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7145:Bombing of Gorky 7140: 7133: 7126: 7106: 7099: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7012:Battle of Midway 7007: 7000: 6998:Battle of Gazala 6993: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6908:Battle of Borneo 6903: 6901:Malayan campaign 6896: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6845:Bombing of Gorky 6840: 6838:Battle of Moscow 6833: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6738: 6731: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6690: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6602:Battle of France 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6455:Munich Agreement 6450: 6443: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6411: 6404: 6389: 6388: 6371: 6364: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6340:Soviet prisoners 6334: 6327: 6320: 6311: 6304: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6280:German prisoners 6276: 6256: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5818: 5816:French Indochina 5811: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5760: 5740: 5731: 5724: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5663:from August 1944 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5546: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5448: 5447: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5389: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5307:Nanjing Massacre 5302: 5295: 5286: 5284:Nuremberg trials 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5017: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4890: 4888:Asia and Pacific 4870: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4819: 4817:Mulberry harbour 4812: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4659: 4652: 4637: 4636: 4625: 4618: 4609: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4523: 4522: 4492:(France, UK, US) 4486:(France, UK, US) 4458:Hobart's Funnies 4412:Hillman Fortress 4324:Mulberry harbour 4257: 4253: 4250:Landing points ( 4228:Merville Battery 4097:(Deception plan) 4016: 4009: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3978: 3933: 3916: 3889: 3853: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3808: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3764: 3745: 3718: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3681: 3671: 3646: 3619: 3590: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3549:Army Logistician 3546: 3536: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3492: 3465: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3388: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3342:Historic England 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3267: 3261: 3252: 3246: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3184:Historic England 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3128:Historic England 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3070:Historic England 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3039:Historic England 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2986:Historic England 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2833: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2718:. Archived from 2717: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2554: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2231:Portland, Dorset 2227:Portland Harbour 2030: 2026: 1960:barrage balloons 1734:Phoenix caissons 1562:Alghios Spyridon 1519:George W. Childs 1468:Willis A. Slater 1442:George S. Wasson 955:Phoenix caissons 926:, together with 861:Second World War 471:La Haye-du-Puits 456:American Sector 364:American Sector 310:Merville Battery 290:Airborne assault 197: 193: 183: 176: 169: 160: 159: 108: 107: 105: 104: 103: 102:49.3475; -0.6340 98: 94: 91: 90: 89: 86: 44: 35:Mulberry harbour 32: 31: 21: 18:Mulberry harbour 7895: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7823: 7821: 7813: 7811: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7778: 7776: 7764: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7725: 7718: 7711: 7702: 7697:Atomic bombings 7695: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7560: 7553: 7540: 7533: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7464: 7455: 7446: 7439: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7400: 7393: 7388:Eastern Romania 7386: 7381:Warsaw Uprising 7379: 7374:Tannenberg Line 7372: 7365: 7360:Western Ukraine 7358: 7349: 7342: 7333: 7324: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7290: 7281: 7268: 7261: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7152:Battle of Kursk 7150: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7109: 7102: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7040: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6963:St Nazaire Raid 6961: 6954: 6947: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6787: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6745:Anglo-Iraqi War 6743: 6736:Battle of Crete 6734: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6693: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6665:Eastern Romania 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6483: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6407: 6400: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6351: 6344: 6339: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6307: 6300: 6291: 6284: 6279: 6272: 6259: 6252: 6243: 6236: 6231: 6226:Western Ukraine 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6170:Northeast China 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5876:Slovak Republic 5874: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5847:Empire of Japan 5845: 5836: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5763: 5756: 5743: 5736: 5727: 5720: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5549: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5433: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5392: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5359:Sexual violence 5358: 5351: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5282: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5128: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5089: 5082: 5077:Greek Civil War 5075: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5020: 5013: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4981: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4902:South-East Asia 4900: 4893: 4886: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4761:Military awards 4759: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4655: 4648: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4586: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4550: 4520: 4515: 4426: 4390: 4371:Longues-sur-Mer 4339: 4302: 4245: 4234:Verrières Ridge 4180: 4073:(UK and Canada) 4030: 4020: 3976: 3960:Wayback Machine 3941: 3936: 3905: 3878: 3861: 3859:Further reading 3856: 3828: 3819: 3817: 3806: 3790: 3788: 3774:Military Review 3761: 3734: 3701: 3692: 3690: 3649: 3635: 3593: 3587: 3565: 3563: 3544: 3525: 3503: 3501: 3500:(Report). SHAEF 3481: 3454: 3437: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3268: 3264: 3253: 3249: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2951:Ruppenthal 1953 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2725:on 7 July 2011. 2722: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2369:Operation Pluto 2365: 2352:Daily Telegraph 2347: 2341: 2337:Daily Telegraph 2322: 2169:Southend-on-Sea 2135: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2021: 2008:Royal Engineers 1985: 1972: 1950:in the west to 1940: 1923: 1914: 1901: 1822: 1817: 1808: 1802: 1790:Edward Ellsberg 1766: 1736: 1707:Empire Defiance 1652:Empire Waterhen 1644:Empire Flamingo 1438:David O. Saylor 1433:Benjamin Contee 1414:English Channel 1410: 1397: 1389:port of Antwerp 1333: 1277: 1184: 1166:, and commando 1164:Royal Engineers 1108: 975:Sir Bruce White 948: 928:dockside cranes 904: 876:English Channel 841: 836: 823: 610:Verrières Ridge 532:Le Mesnil-Patry 455: 453:Ground campaign 363: 326:American Sector 293:British Sector 292: 198: 195: 191: 189: 187: 101: 99: 95: 92: 87: 84: 82: 80: 79: 51: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7893: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7832: 7831: 7829:United Kingdom 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7716: 7713:South Sakhalin 7709: 7708: 7707: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7550: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7513: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7469: 7462: 7453: 7444: 7437: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7356: 7347: 7340: 7331: 7322: 7313: 7306: 7299: 7288: 7278: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7250: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7192: 7185: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7138:Battle of Attu 7134: 7127: 7119: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7100: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7029: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6944: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6887:Battle of Guam 6883: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6813: 6810:Battle of Kiev 6806: 6799: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6703: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6555: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6493: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6428: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6349: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6321: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6309:United Kingdom 6305: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6277: 6269: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6241: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6122: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6003: 5995: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5905: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5761: 5753: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5713:British Empire 5706:United Kingdom 5702: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5547: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5522:Czechoslovakia 5518: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5422: 5419:Rape of Manila 5415: 5408: 5401: 5390: 5375: 5368: 5356: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5340: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5296: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5271: 5257: 5250: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5205: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5190:United Nations 5186: 5179: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5049:Decolonization 5045: 5038: 5030: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5011: 5010: 5009: 4995: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4813: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4741: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4722:United Kingdom 4718: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4645: 4643: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4568: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4526: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4476: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4417:Pegasus Bridge 4414: 4409: 4404: 4402:Falaise pocket 4398: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4268: 4261: 4259: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4240:Villers-Bocage 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4051: 4050:(assault plan) 4045: 4044:(overall plan) 4038: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4019: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3953: 3947: 3940: 3939:External links 3937: 3935: 3934: 3917: 3903: 3890: 3876: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3826: 3797: 3765: 3759: 3746: 3732: 3719: 3699: 3682: 3662:(3): 285–292. 3647: 3633: 3620: 3602:(3): 185–202. 3591: 3585: 3572: 3537: 3523: 3510: 3493: 3479: 3466: 3452: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3408: 3376: 3364: 3333: 3321: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3269:Bell, Archie, 3262: 3247: 3232: 3206: 3175: 3150: 3119: 3108:on 5 June 2014 3092: 3061: 3030: 3008: 2977: 2955: 2953:, p. 415. 2943: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2870: 2845: 2820: 2813: 2795: 2773: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2728: 2704: 2682: 2657: 2626: 2624:, p. 111. 2609: 2587: 2575: 2566: 2541: 2516: 2494: 2469: 2457: 2435: 2423: 2399: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2364: 2361: 2343:Main article: 2340: 2334: 2321: 2318: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2281: 2280: 2260: 2259: 2253: 2239: 2238: 2224: 2218: 2215:Hayling Island 2208: 2202: 2191:Pagham Harbour 2188: 2181:Thames Estuary 2134: 2131: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2106:total beaches 2103: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2020: 2017: 1984: 1981: 1971: 1968: 1939: 1936: 1922: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1900: 1897: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1804:Main article: 1801: 1798: 1774:Pagham Harbour 1762:Main article: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1675: 1672:Vera Radcliffe 1648:Empire Moorhen 1639:Empire Bunting 1623: 1551: 1511:Flight-Command 1479: 1446:Matt W. Ransom 1409: 1406: 1396: 1393: 1332: 1329: 1302: 1301: 1294: 1287: 1276: 1273: 1183: 1180: 1107: 1104: 1092:Taylor Woodrow 1032:Bovis & Co 1024:Balfour Beatty 947: 944: 942:and roadways. 903: 900: 838: 837: 835: 834: 822: 821: 810: 803: 796: 789: 782: 775: 768: 761: 754: 741: 740: 735: 733:Pierres Noires 730: 725: 720: 709: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 661: 654: 653: 652: 640: 633: 626: 613: 612: 607: 600: 593: 588: 581: 574: 567: 560: 553: 548: 547: 546: 536: 535: 534: 529: 527:Villers-Bocage 517: 512: 503: 502: 501: 500: 490: 489: 488: 478: 473: 468: 463: 461:Brécourt Manor 450: 449: 448: 447: 442: 432: 431: 430: 414: 413: 411:Port-en-Bessin 408: 403: 398: 393: 382: 381: 376: 371: 356: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 322: 321: 314: 313: 312: 307: 287: 286: 281: 276: 269: 262: 260:Transport Plan 257: 252: 247: 246: 245: 240: 233: 226: 212: 203: 200: 199: 186: 185: 178: 171: 163: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 110: 109: 77: 73: 72: 62: 58: 57: 53: 52: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7892: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7830: 7820: 7819: 7816: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7775: 7774: 7771: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720:Kuril Islands 7717: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7666: 7661: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7507: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7487:Syrmian Front 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7433:Market Garden 7429: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7292:Monte Cassino 7289: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6658:Baltic states 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6302:United States 6299: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6238:Quốc dân Đảng 6235: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5938:Liechtenstein 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722:United States 5719: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5412:Comfort women 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5396: / 5395: 5391: 5388: 5385: / 5384: 5381: / 5380: 5376: 5373: 5372:Camp brothels 5369: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261:The Holocaust 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5247:forced labour 5244: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5100:Marshall Plan 5097: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4953:Eastern Front 4950: 4947: 4946:Western Front 4943: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4840:Puppet states 4837: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4782:Naval history 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4729:United States 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4535: 4533: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4438:Atlantic Wall 4436: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344:Gun batteries 4342: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4278: 4277:Pointe du Hoc 4275: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4248: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4024:Western Front 4017: 4012: 4010: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3877:1-873547-30-7 3873: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3804: 3798: 3787: 3783: 3780:(10): 50–62. 3779: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3760:1-872350-62-3 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3634:1-902771-14-1 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3480:0-7509-0343-0 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3418: 3412: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3368: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3331:, p. 31. 3330: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3292:, p. 59. 3291: 3286: 3280: 3279:0 9542966 3 X 3276: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3018: 3012: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2965: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2941:, p. 63. 2940: 2935: 2929:, p. 57. 2928: 2927:Osmanski 1950 2923: 2917:, p. 44. 2916: 2911: 2904: 2899: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2830: 2824: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2783: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2739: 2732: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2692: 2686: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2645: 2641: 2639: 2630: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2583:Crawford 1944 2579: 2570: 2551: 2545: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2504: 2498: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2466: 2465:Falconer 2013 2461: 2446:. 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Bernal 1310:Solway Firth 1303: 1278: 1269: 1258: 1243:Vice-Admiral 1236: 1223:Guy Maunsell 1220: 1208:Lloyd George 1201: 1176: 1149: 1142: 1138: 1124: 1109: 1012: 991: 968: 964: 922:under their 905: 896: 892: 844: 842: 825: 824: 817: 813: 806: 799: 792: 785: 778: 771: 764: 757: 750: 743: 742: 738:Audierne Bay 711: 710: 664: 657: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 614: 603: 596: 584: 577: 570: 563: 556: 520: 504: 452: 451: 416: 415: 389: 383: 358: 357: 324: 323: 317: 298: 289: 288: 272: 266:Postage Able 265: 236: 229: 222: 215: 204: 29: 7525:Bodenplatte 7411:Gothic Line 6637:West Africa 6184:Philippines 6163:Netherlands 6028:Czech lands 5966:Switzerland 5910:Afghanistan 5861:Philippines 5729:Puerto Rico 5645:Philippines 5631:New Zealand 5617:Netherlands 5570:Free France 5321:Prosecution 5122:Osoaviakhim 4992:West Africa 4976:East Africa 4623:Conferences 4453:Dieppe Raid 4386:Mont Canisy 3225:28 November 3220:Sussex Live 3112:18 December 3023:18 December 3001:18 December 2970:18 December 2888:17 December 2863:21 December 2788:15 February 2675:26 December 2650:26 December 2602:17 December 2302:Southampton 2195:West Sussex 1944:Arromanches 1938:Arromanches 1845:Meuse River 1830:Omaha Beach 1756:Arromanches 1716:Empire Tana 1678:Sword Beach 1608:Saltersgate 1574:Giorgios P. 1482:Omaha Beach 1395:Breakwaters 1369:Omaha Beach 1341:Arromanches 1325:Bruce White 1306:Wigtown Bay 1239:Dieppe Raid 1156:Ver-sur-Mer 1116:hydrography 959:Southampton 946:Preparation 908:Dieppe Raid 888:breakwaters 880:Omaha Beach 859:during the 786:Houndsworth 706:La Rochelle 100: / 76:Coordinates 69:Omaha Beach 65:Arromanches 48:Arromanches 7839:Categories 7625:West Hunan 7458:Pointblank 6794:Silver Fox 6780:Summer War 6533:Winter War 6512:Phoney War 6293:Azerbaijan 6254:Yugoslavia 6149:Luxembourg 5991:Resistance 5738:Yugoslavia 5603:Luxembourg 5405:Sook Ching 5201:War crimes 4803:Technology 4796:Opposition 4738:Lend-Lease 4715:Australian 4708:Home front 4666:Blitzkrieg 4616:Casualties 4607:Commanders 4579:Operations 4463:Rhino tank 4351:Amfreville 4035:Operations 3913:1023137454 3435:References 3401:15 January 3199:9 December 3143:9 December 3085:9 December 3054:9 December 2339:crosswords 2310:Royal Pier 2256:Garlieston 2235:Castletown 2165:Thorpe Bay 2084:Grandcamp 2039:Beach/Port 1989:nor'easter 1921:Deployment 1885:Pont-Farcy 1800:Bombardons 1694:Dover Hill 1682:Becheville 1626:Juno Beach 1570:Flowergate 1554:Gold Beach 1543:West Grama 1507:Courageous 1463:West Nohno 1428:Utah Beach 1385:Gold Beach 1350:bombardons 1314:Garlieston 1256:planners. 1227:War Office 1120:naval base 1028:Henry Boot 999:War Office 983:blockships 936:breakwater 902:Background 884:Gold Beach 857:War Office 832:Cemeteries 686:Saint-Malo 255:Pointblank 129:March 1945 85:49°20′51″N 7690:Manchuria 7576:Indochina 7352:Bagration 6803:Lithuania 6448:Anschluss 6245:Viet Minh 6142:Lithuania 6084:Hong Kong 5854:Manchukuo 5809:Azad Hind 5468:Australia 5268:Aftermath 5131:Paperclip 5026:Aftermath 4826:Total war 4694:Diplomacy 4657:In Europe 4307:Logistics 4222:Cherbourg 4169:Tractable 4095:Fortitude 4071:Charnwood 3930:903868063 3850:987387246 3815:640653201 3786:0026-4148 3742:751019759 3715:671874345 3678:2198-6452 3616:198034466 3561:0004-2528 3533:840187873 3489:799680591 3462:858069223 2738:The Motor 2638:Illinoian 2314:Town Quay 2306:Town Quay 2273:Cairnryan 2199:scheduled 2173:Immingham 2051:Mulberry 1871:) and in 1770:Dungeness 1752:Phoenixes 1699:HMS 1600:Parkhaven 1530:Illinoian 1515:Galveston 1502:Centurion 1500:HMS 1496:Baialoide 1491:Audacious 1476:Vitruvius 1322:Brigadier 1308:, in the 1162:, of the 1125:Tormentor 1080:Parkinson 1003:Admiralty 826:Aftermath 779:Bulbasket 728:Cherbourg 665:Tractable 578:Charnwood 493:Cherbourg 417:Logistics 223:Fortitude 216:Bodyguard 121:June 1944 88:0°38′02″W 7801:Category 7750:document 7660:document 7517:Ardennes 7501:Budapest 7449:Crossbow 7327:Overlord 7166:Smolensk 6384:Timeline 6219:Slovakia 6205:Thailand 6056:Ethiopia 6021:Bulgaria 5945:Portugal 5883:Thailand 5765:Bulgaria 5543:Eswatini 5536:Ethiopia 5489:Bulgaria 5314:Unit 731 5275:Response 5092:Keelhaul 5042:Cold War 5015:Americas 5006:timeline 4999:Atlantic 4879:Theaters 4475:(France) 4431:See also 4407:Hill 262 4381:Merville 4366:Houlgate 4361:Crisbecq 4356:Azeville 4293:(Canada) 4236:(Canada) 4216:Chambois 4210:Carentan 4198:Bréville 4177:(Canada) 4163:Totalize 4147:(Canada) 4123:(German) 4101:Goodwood 4065:Bluecoat 4061:(Canada) 4059:Atlantic 4042:Overlord 3886:59573968 3832:(1951). 3791:5 August 3705:(1957). 3643:49326461 3566:16 March 3504:16 March 3395:Archived 3357:26 March 2838:8 August 2559:16 March 2487:16 March 2450:20 April 2363:See also 2330:Alderney 2312:and the 2201:in 2019. 2177:Southsea 1952:Asnelles 1877:Calvados 1861:Cattenom 1815:Roadways 1664:Mariposa 1656:Formigny 1634:Bendoran 1630:Belgique 1604:Parklaan 1586:Lynghaug 1582:Innerton 1558:Alynbank 1534:Olambala 1418:scuttled 1331:Elements 1254:Overlord 1196:Normandy 1168:Sergeant 1096:tugboats 1015:caissons 1001:and the 849:harbours 800:Jedburgh 723:La Caine 676:Chambois 671:Hill 262 650:Hill 140 644:Totalize 637:Bluecoat 616:Breakout 604:Goodwood 597:Atlantic 591:2nd Odon 515:Bréville 481:Carentan 476:Saint-Lô 466:Graignes 440:Mulberry 423:American 273:Tarbrush 230:Zeppelin 61:Location 56:Location 7727:Shumshu 7494:Hungary 7441:Estonia 7425:Lapland 7403:Dragoon 7336:Neptune 7318:Ichi-Go 7284:Tempest 7226:Changde 7181:Cottage 7073:Jubilee 6789:Finland 6687:Compass 6393:Prelude 6346:Finland 6232:Vietnam 6198:Romania 6070:Germany 6049:Estonia 6035:Denmark 6014:Belgium 6007:Austria 6000:Albania 5931:Ireland 5917:Andorra 5901:Neutral 5868:Romania 5802:Hungary 5787:Finland 5659:Romania 5551:Finland 5529:Denmark 5475:Belgium 5461:Algeria 5167:Romania 5153:Hungary 4909:Pacific 4633:General 4587:Leaders 4572:Battles 4565:Outline 4185:Battles 4175:Windsor 4151:Titanic 4133:Martlet 4127:Mallard 4120:Lüttich 4113:Jupiter 4048:Neptune 3982:YouTube 3958:at the 3820:14 July 2697:28 July 2250:Aldwick 2073:Isigny 2068:10,000 1899:Beetles 1869:Moselle 1726:Sumatra 1688:Courbet 1616:Vinlake 1612:Sirehei 1548:Wilscox 1343:in 1990 1250:Channel 1112:geology 1076:Nuttall 1044:Cubitts 1040:Costain 987:caisson 961:in 1944 814:Wallace 807:Dragoon 765:Titanic 758:Samwest 751:Dingson 681:Falaise 658:Lüttich 585:Jupiter 571:Windsor 557:Martlet 551:Douvres 486:Hill 30 435:British 348:Detroit 343:Chicago 318:Mallard 237:Titanic 205:Prelude 142:Purpose 113:Details 7815:Portal 7704:Debate 7676:Taipei 7669:Borneo 7247:Tarawa 6441:Europe 6402:Africa 6191:Poland 6177:Norway 6156:Malaya 6135:Latvia 6077:Greece 6063:France 5959:Sweden 5924:Bhutan 5652:Poland 5638:Norway 5610:Mexico 5577:Greece 5563:France 5501:Canada 5482:Brazil 5452:Allies 5398:Serbia 5387:Poland 5160:Poland 5146:Baltic 4939:Europe 4641:Topics 4593:Allied 4145:Spring 3928: 3911: 3901: 3884: 3874: 3848: 3813: 3784: 3757: 3740: 3730: 3713: 3693:3 June 3676: 3641: 3631: 3614: 3583: 3559: 3531: 3521: 3487: 3477: 3460: 3450: 3277: 3168:1 June 2811: 2143:Selsey 2115:16,000 2101:6,000 2079:1,300 2062:Omaha 2057:6,750 1820:Whales 1758:, 2010 1724:HNLMS 1720:Forbin 1701:Durban 1596:Njegos 1591:Modlin 1578:Ingman 1538:Potter 1275:Trials 1230:1942, 1212:Borkum 1130:Hamble 1072:Mowlem 1048:French 912:Allies 865:Allied 816:& 793:Loyton 772:Cooney 718:Ushant 630:Spring 390:Gambit 353:Elmira 338:Boston 333:Albany 284:Fabius 126:Closed 118:Opened 7480:Leyte 7310:Narva 7296:Anzio 7254:Makin 7212:Burma 7096:Torch 7065:Rzhev 7026:Kiska 6112:Korea 6098:Japan 6091:Italy 5973:Tibet 5952:Spain 5830:Italy 5591:Italy 5584:India 5508:China 5383:Japan 4983:Italy 4895:China 4847:Women 4443:D-Day 4376:Maisy 4329:Pluto 4297:Sword 4273:(US) 4271:Omaha 4192:Brest 4157:Tonga 4139:Perch 4089:Epsom 4077:Cobra 3807:(PDF) 3612:S2CID 3545:(PDF) 2832:(PDF) 2723:(PDF) 2716:(PDF) 2553:(PDF) 2411:(PDF) 2383:Notes 2110:9,200 2098:8,000 2095:Utah 2065:1,200 2054:6,750 2046:D+60 1983:Storm 1970:Omaha 1912:Spuds 1853:Meuse 1668:Panos 1620:Winha 940:piers 924:keels 872:D-Day 818:Hardy 701:Paris 691:Brest 623:Cobra 564:Epsom 521:Perch 498:Naval 445:Pluto 396:Sword 369:Omaha 299:Tonga 279:Tiger 153:Beach 150:Joins 7546:1945 7274:1944 7115:1943 7043:Blue 7033:Attu 6940:1942 6699:1941 6551:1940 6489:1939 6418:Asia 6265:POWs 6105:Jews 5823:Iraq 5749:Axis 5699:Tuva 5515:Cuba 4600:Axis 4299:(UK) 4291:Juno 4287:(UK) 4285:Gold 4279:(US) 4267:(US) 4265:Utah 4242:(UK) 4230:(UK) 4224:(US) 4212:(US) 4204:Caen 4200:(UK) 4194:(US) 4153:(UK) 4141:(UK) 4135:(UK) 4129:(UK) 4115:(UK) 4109:(UK) 4103:(UK) 4091:(UK) 4085:(UK) 4079:(US) 4067:(UK) 3926:OCLC 3909:OCLC 3899:ISBN 3882:OCLC 3872:ISBN 3846:OCLC 3822:2019 3811:OCLC 3793:2024 3782:ISSN 3755:ISBN 3738:OCLC 3728:ISBN 3711:OCLC 3695:2024 3674:ISSN 3639:OCLC 3629:ISBN 3581:ISBN 3568:2020 3557:ISSN 3529:OCLC 3519:ISBN 3506:2020 3485:OCLC 3475:ISBN 3458:OCLC 3448:ISBN 3425:2009 3403:2011 3359:2019 3275:ISBN 3227:2022 3201:2021 3170:2024 3145:2021 3114:2015 3087:2021 3056:2021 3025:2015 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