Ptolemy XII Auletes

1121: 1385: 40: 1222: 803: 646: 1044: 1750:(2016), p.218: "Having been expelled from the throne, Cleopatra IV now went to Cyprus, where she gathered an army. She may have originally hoped to use this force to march on Egypt in protest of her mother's action...instead she offered to marry the Seleucid contender for the throne, Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, and, using her mercenary army to help his cause, set off to become queen of Syria (Just. 39.3.3)...Grypus took Antioch in 112 BCE and Tryphaena, Grypus' wife and Cleopatra's IV's own sister, ordered the death of Cleopatra IV (Just. 39.3.4-11)." 1192: 914: 764: 1165:(minister of finance), and so in charge of debt repayment. Perhaps Gabinius had also put pressure on Ptolemy XII to appoint Rabirius, who now had direct access to the financial resources of Egypt but exploited the land too much. The king had to imprison Rabirius to protect his life from the angry people, then allowed him to escape. Rabirius immediately left Egypt and went back to Rome at the end of 54 BC. There he was accused 925: 936: 841: 832: 3489: 3312: 3160: 3007: 1098: 789:. Ironically, their father had reclaimed the Egyptian throne around the same time. They were held by Mithridates as hostages until 80 BC. At some point during this period, probably in 81 or 80 BC, they were engaged to two of Mithridates' daughters, Mithridatis and Nyssa. Meanwhile, Ptolemy IX died in December 81 BC and was succeeded by Berenice III. In April 80 BC, Ptolemy X's son 1448: 1147:

restoration was 4 January 55 BC and the latest possible date was 24 June the same year. Upon regaining power, Ptolemy acted against Berenice, and along with her supporters, she was executed. Ptolemy XII maintained his grip on power in Alexandria with the assistance of around two thousand Roman soldiers and mercenaries, known as the

2862:: "The Ptolemaic dynasty, of which Cleopatra was the last representative, was founded at the end of the fourth century BC. The Ptolemies were not of Egyptian extraction, but stemmed from Ptolemy Soter, a Macedonian Greek in the entourage of Alexander the Great."For additional sources that describe the Ptolemaic dynasty as " 1337:(c. 63 BC – c. AD 24) stated that the king had only three daughters of whom the eldest has been referred to as Berenice IV. This suggests that the Cleopatra Tryphaena mentioned by Porphyry may not have been Ptolemy XII's daughter, but his wife. Many experts now identify Cleopatra VI with Cleopatra V. 748:. By 109 BC, Ptolemy IX had begun the process of introducing Ptolemy XII to public life. In that year, Ptolemy XII served as the Priest of Alexander and Ptolemaic kings (an office which Ptolemy IX otherwise held himself throughout his reign) and had a festival established in his honour in 1064:

in the Senate. During this time, Roman creditors realized that they would not get the return on their loans to the king without his restoration. In 57 BC, pressure from the Roman public forced the Senate's decision to restore Ptolemy. However, Rome did not wish to invade Egypt to restore the king, since the

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Ptolemy XII died sometime before 22 March 51 BC. His will stipulated that Cleopatra VII and her brother Ptolemy XIII should rule Egypt together. To safeguard his interests, he made the people of Rome executors of his will. Since the Senate was busy with its own affairs, his ally Pompey

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On his arrival in Alexandria, in April 80 BC, Ptolemy XII was proclaimed king. His reign was officially dated as having begun on the death of his father in 81 BC, thereby eliding the reigns of Berenice III and Ptolemy XI. Shortly after his accession, Ptolemy XII married one of his

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10,000 talents to invade Egypt and so recovered his throne. Gabinius defeated the Egyptian frontier forces, marched to Alexandria, and attacked the palace, where the palace guards surrendered without fighting. The exact date of Ptolemy XII's restoration is unknown; the earliest possible date of

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The bribery policy had been unpopular in Egypt for a long time, both because of its obsequiousness and because of the heavy tax burden that it entailed, but the annexation of Cyprus demonstrated its failure and enraged the people of Alexandria. The courtiers in Alexandria forced Ptolemy to step down

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was installed as Berenice III's husband and co-regent. He promptly murdered her and was himself killed by an angry Alexandrian mob. The Alexandrians then summoned Ptolemy XII to Egypt to assume the kingship; his brother, also named Ptolemy, became king of Cyprus, where he would reign until

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rejects the notion of an Egyptian mother for Ptolemy XII, with some writers speculating that would be why Cleopatra spoke Egyptian. Lefkowitz notes, however, that if Cleopatra's paternal grandmother had been Egyptian, it would have been more likely Ptolemy XII was the first speaker of the

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Throughout his long-lasting reign the principal aim of Ptolemy was to secure his hold on the Egyptian throne so as to eventually pass it to his heirs. To achieve this goal he was prepared to sacrifice much: the loss of rich Ptolemaic lands, most of his wealth and even, according to Cicero, the very

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offered him advice on how to approach the Roman aristocracy, but no tangible support. In Rome, Ptolemy XII prosecuted his restitution but met opposition from certain members of the Senate. His old ally Pompey housed the exiled king and his daughter and argued on behalf of Ptolemy's restoration

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Now all of the kings after the third Ptolemy, being corrupted by luxurious living, administered the affairs of government badly, but worst of all were the fourth, seventh, and the last, Auletes, who, apart from his general licentiousness, practised the accompaniment of choruses with the flute, and

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At the moment of Ptolemy XII's restoration, Roman creditors demanded the repayment of their loans, but the Alexandrian treasury could not repay the king's debt. Learning from previous mistakes, Ptolemy XII shifted popular resentment of tax increases from himself to a Roman, his main

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When Ptolemy X had died in 88 BC, his will had left Egypt to Rome in the event that he had no surviving heirs. Although the Romans had not acted on this, the possibility that they might forced the following Ptolemies to adopt a careful and respectful policy towards Rome. Ptolemy XII

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Shortly afterwards, Ptolemy XII was deposed by the Egyptian people and fled to Rome, and his eldest daughter, Berenice IV, took the throne. With Roman funding and military assistance, Ptolemy XII recaptured Egypt and had Berenice IV killed in 55 BC. He named his daughter

705:. However, the speculation of this marriage was refuted by Egyptologist Wendy Cheshire. Chris Bennett argues that Ptolemy XII's mother was Cleopatra IV and that he was considered illegitimate simply because she had never been co-regent. This theory is endorsed by the historian 1724:(2001), p.50: "Cleopatra IV had money and spirit enough to challenge this move, so she went to Cyprus...Cleopatra IV went with her army to Syria and offered her services to her cousin Antiochus Cyzicenus...Cleopatra IV married Cyzicenus to strengthen his ability to rule." 2230:

stating that Ptolemy XII traveled with one of his daughters; since Berenice IV was his ruling rival and Arsinoe IV was a toddler, Fletcher believes it must have been Cleopatra (who was later made his regent and named his successor in his will). cf Fletcher, Joann (2008),

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in the event there were no surviving heirs, making Roman annexation of Egypt a possibility. In an effort to prevent this, Ptolemy XII established an alliance with Rome late into his first reign. Rome annexed Cyprus in 58 BC, causing Ptolemy of Cyprus to commit suicide.

819:. Her parentage is uncertain – modern scholarship often interprets her as a sister, but Christopher Bennett argues that she was a daughter of Ptolemy X. The couple became co-regents and they were incorporated into the Ptolemaic dynastic cult together as the 823:(Father-loving and Sibling-loving Gods). This title was probably meant to reinforce Ptolemy XII's claim to the throne in the face of claims that his parentage meant that he was an illegitimate son of Ptolemy IX and therefore not entitled to rule. 2293: 1173:

and probably acquitted. Ptolemy also permitted a debasing of the coinage as an attempt to repay the loans. Near the end of Ptolemy's reign, the value of Egyptian coinage dropped to about fifty per cent of its value at the beginning of his first reign.

1021:, causing its ruler, Ptolemy XII's brother, to commit suicide. Ptolemy XII took no action in response to his brother's death and Cyprus remained a Roman province until returned to Ptolemaic control by Julius Caesar in 48 BC. 1737:(2008), p.80: "In Antioch, Cleopatra offered her support to Cyzicenus and married him. Grypus captured Antioch and Cleopatra in 112 B.C.E. ...her sister, fearing Cleopatra would seduce her husband, had Cleopatra killed" 982:

which is attested in a papyrus document from 61/60 BC has been interpreted as a sign of widespread discontent with this taxation. Increasingly, Ptolemy XII also had recourse to loans from Roman bankers, such as

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Generally, descriptions of Ptolemy XII portray him as weak and self-indulgent, drunk, or a lover of music. According to Strabo, his practice of playing the flute earned him the ridiculing

1040:), who was probably Ptolemy XII's former wife but may be an otherwise unattested daughter. Following Cleopatra Tryphaena's death a year later, Berenice ruled alone from 57 to 56 BC. 712:

The date of Ptolemy XII's birth is thus uncertain. If he was the son of Cleopatra IV, he was probably born around 117 BC and followed around a year later by a brother, known as

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upon this he prided himself so much that he would not hesitate to celebrate contests in the royal palace, and at these contests would come forward to vie with the opposing contestants.

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wrote that a group of one hundred men were sent as envoys from Egypt to make their case to the Romans against Ptolemy XII's restoration. Ptolemy seemingly had their leader

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mentions that Ptolemy IX left two sons behind when he fled Alexandria. Chris Bennett argues that these sons should be identified as Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus.

752:. Relations between Ptolemy IX and his mother deteriorated. In 107 BC she forced him to flee Alexandria for Cyprus and replaced him as co-regent with his younger brother, 1151:. This arrangement enabled Rome to exert power over Ptolemy, who ruled until he fell ill in 51 BC. On 31 May 52 BC his daughter Cleopatra VII was named as his coregent. 971:, Ptolemy sought to form a relationship with Pompey by sending him a golden crown. Ptolemy also provided pay and maintenance for 8,000 cavalry to Pompey for his war with 886:, and they demonstrate the extremely close and mutually reinforcing relationship that had developed between the Ptolemaic kings and the Memphite priesthood by this date. 947:

continued this pro-Roman policy in order to protect himself and secure his dynasty's fate. Egypt came under increasing Roman pressure nevertheless. In 65 BC, the

963:. In light of this crisis, however, Ptolemy XII began to expend significant resources on bribing Roman politicians to support his interests. In 63 BC, when 882:

and then went to Alexandria, where he was appointed as Ptolemy XII's 'prophet'. These encounters are described in detail on Pasherienptah's funerary stela,

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were covered over at this time. The reason for this sudden shift is unknown, but presumably she was divorced at this time. Ptolemy adopted a new royal epithet

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Cleopatra VII as his co-regent in 52 BC. He died the next year and was succeeded by Cleopatra VII and her brother Ptolemy XIII as joint rulers.

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the strong bull, the lord who lights up Egypt like the living Apis, to whom many great Sed festivals will be given through Ptah-Tatenen, the father of the Gods

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from the throne and leave Egypt. He was replaced by his daughter Berenice IV, who ruled jointly with Cleopatra Tryphaena (known to modern historians as

1311:, is also uncertain. One hypothesis contends that possibly they (and perhaps Cleopatra VII) were Ptolemy XII's children with a theoretical half 8653: 2991: 697:

that Ptolemy XII's mother was an unknown woman belonging to the Egyptian elite, based upon a speculated earlier marriage between Psenptais II,

3020: 3016: 4693: 987:. This gave the Romans even more leverage over his regime and meant that the fate of Egypt became an increasingly immediate issue in Roman politics. 689:

wrote that Ptolemy IX had no legitimate sons at all. Some scholars have therefore proposed that his mother was a concubine – if so, probably an

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probably in 88 BC, around the time Ptolemy IX returned to the Egyptian throne. After their father died in 81 BC, Ptolemy XII's half-sister

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The money required for these bribes was enormous. Initially, Ptolemy XII funded them by raising taxes. A strike by farmers of royal land in

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Sensenensehnuemhaawminedjetitef Tjehenmesuthernesetitefmihorkanakht Itypesedjemtamerimihapuankh Redienefhebusedashauwerumiptahtatjenenitnetjeru

4950: 3757: 1295:. Cleopatra V disappears from court records a few months after the birth of Ptolemy XII's second known child, and probably hers, 3564: 1068:

stated that if an Egyptian king asked for help and Rome proceeded with military intervention, great dangers and difficulties would occur.

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snsn.n-sḥnw-m-ḥꜤꜤw-mi-Nḏ-it.f ṯḥn-msw(t)-ḥr-nst-it.f-mi-ḥr-kꜢ-nḫt ity-psḏ-m-tꜢmri-mi-ḥpw-Ꜥnḫ rdi-n.f-ḥꜢbw-sd-ꜤšꜢw-wrw-mi-Ptḥ-tꜢṯnn-it-nṯrw

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Meadows, Andrew (2001), "Sins of the fathers; the inheritance of Cleopatra, last queen of Egypt", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.),

266: 8762: 975:. He also asked Pompey to come to Alexandria and help to put down a revolt which had apparently broken out in Egypt; Pompey refused. 8668: 8663: 217:

The one great of strength and foremost one of the sea forever, perfect of mind, who has raised perfection like the twice-great Thoth

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Egyptians heard rumours of Rome's possible intervention and disliked the idea of their exiled king's return. The Roman historian

2307: 998:, had just taken power, in order to negotiate official recognition of his kingship. Ptolemy paid Pompey and Caesar six thousand 8648: 1010:

recognised Ptolemy as king and Caesar passed a law that added Ptolemy to the list of friends and allies of the people of Rome (

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upon the death of his father, Ptolemy VIII. At this point, Ptolemy IX became the junior co-regent of his grandmother

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along with her treasure in order to protect them. There, Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus seem to have been captured by

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who the wonderful Khnum praises so that he receives the crown of kingship, who unites himself with the works (of his father)

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In August 69 BC, Cleopatra V ceases to be mentioned as co-regent. The images of her that had been carved on the main

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Probably taking his daughter Cleopatra VII with him, Ptolemy fled for the safety of Rome. On the way, he stopped in

1120: 905:(New Dionysus) at some time after this; Chris Bennett proposes that the epithet was linked to the break with Cleopatra. 8612: 7373: 7089: 5957: 5217: 5191: 3351: 3328: 3150: 3087: 171:

The perfect youth, pleasant in his popularity, whom the Two Ladies and the common folk have elevated along with his ka,

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The one great of strength and foremost one of the sea forever, who has established laws like the twice-great Thoth

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dignity on which the mystique of kingship rested when he appeared before the Roman people as a mere supplicant.

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in joy like that which his father protects, who is shining at birth on the throne of his father like Horus,

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in 112 BC. Ptolemy IX meanwhile had been remarried to Cleopatra Selene, with whom he had a daughter,

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The one great of mind who is beloved of the gods of Baqet, a sovereign like Ra and ruler of the two crowns

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describe the Ptolemies as "Greco-Macedonian", or rather Macedonians who possessed a Greek culture, as in

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Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004.

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who ruled from 80 to 58 BC and then again from 55 BC until his death in 51 BC. He was commonly known as

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Bennett, Christopher J. (1997). "Cleopatra V Tryphæna and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies".

2454:"Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods - UNESCO World Heritage Centre" 1299:

in 69 BC. The identity of the mother of the last three of Ptolemy XII's children, in birth order

8494: 6265: 4791: 4776: 4679: 4636: 4462: 4215: 3859: 3706: 3666: 666: 596: 1002:– an enormous sum, equivalent to the total annual revenue of Egypt. In return, a formal alliance or 6339: 6110: 5972: 5106: 5038: 5024: 5019: 5010: 4996: 4982: 4972: 4839: 4761: 4689: 4674: 4641: 4631: 4507: 4220: 956: 782: 767: 576: 3593:

in English translation, ed. H. L. Jones (1924), at LacusCurtius (Bill Thayer's Web Site)

8179: 8094: 8071: 6388: 6250: 6187: 5976: 5776: 5592: 5086: 5053: 5006: 4992: 4884: 4751: 4698: 4664: 4656: 4605: 4600: 4286: 4110: 3989: 3923: 3831: 3798: 3189:(2001). "Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit 332–30 v. Chr. (Egypt in Hellenistic times 332–30 BC)". 1221: 1156: 1088: 1030: 984: 952: 674: 665:

from around 119 BC until he was forced to divorce her in 115 BC, and secondly to another sister,

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The one great of mind, the sovereign, the possessor of bravery and strength like the son of Isis

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expresses little doubt that Cleopatra VII accompanied her father, noting an ancient Greek

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Postcolonial Amazons: Female Masculinity and Courage in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit Literature

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Bust of Ptolemy XII housed at the Department of Greek, Etruscan and Roman Antiquities at the

3568: 661:. The identity of his mother is uncertain. Ptolemy IX was married twice, to his sister 626:– were born to an unknown mother. Ptolemy XII's uncle Ptolemy X had left Egypt to 8688: 8194: 8149: 7522: 7150: 7085: 6938: 6933: 6640: 6635: 6488: 5914: 5702: 5581: 5132: 5111: 4914: 4733: 4585: 4160: 4140: 4057: 4047: 4014: 3964: 3869: 3841: 3821: 3783: 3576: 1478: 1043: 999: 890: 669:, from 115 BC until he abandoned her during his flight from Alexandria in 107 BC. However, 8: 8159: 8124: 8061: 7436: 7411: 6615: 6610: 6034: 5465: 5081: 5033: 5028: 4919: 4723: 4616: 4610: 4472: 4190: 4125: 4067: 3974: 3938: 3884: 3879: 3788: 2863: 1315: 979: 867: 698: 549: 541: 490: 77: 8747: 8474: 8461: 8038: 7048: 6620: 6595: 5662: 5437: 5101: 4532: 4384: 4095: 4085: 4052: 3889: 3808: 3766: 3474: 3416: 3362: 3341: 3258: 3209: 3114: 3058: 1414:

Queen of Cyprus in 48 BC, claimed queenship of Egypt from late 48 BC until expelled by

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Hununefer Benermerut Tjenisunebtrekhyethenakaf Duaenefkhnmushepesershesepenefkha'emnesu

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Ptolemy IX made an attempt to reclaim the Ptolemaic throne in 103 BC by invading

606:, who was likely one of his sisters or cousins; they had at least one child together, 8529: 8508: 8402: 8369: 8081: 7416: 7038: 6918: 6540: 6468: 6126: 5929: 5919: 5851: 5177: 5137: 5116: 5071: 4718: 4646: 4492: 4130: 4090: 3905: 3851: 3836: 3630: 3544: 3525: 3506: 3500: 3462: 3438: 3393: 3368: 3347: 3324: 3264: 3237: 3216: 3194: 3172: 3146: 3122: 3083: 3050: 2429: 1566: 1124: 1110: 1076: 991: 875: 874:

died and Ptolemy XII travelled to Memphis to appoint his fourteen-year-old son,

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by an uncertain mother. In 116 BC, Ptolemy IX became co-regent with his mother,

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in English translation by Cary (1914–1927), at LacusCurtius (Bill Thayer's Web Site)

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proposed that Rome annex Egypt. This proposal failed in the face of opposition from

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Egyptian-style statue of Ptolemy XII found at the Temple of the Crocodile in

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Not out of Africa: How Afrocentrism became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History

3198: 3054: 1415: 1378: 1296: 1228: 1206: 1128: 995: 878:, as the new High Priest. In turn, Pasherienptah III crowned Ptolemy as 749: 729: 611: 564: 511: 381: 125: 3466: 3186: 942:, which Ptolemy XII decorated with figures of himself smiting the enemy 913: 694: 8340: 8174: 8164: 8139: 7991: 7941: 7900: 7626: 7538: 7426: 7339: 7319: 7238: 7203: 7198: 7084: 7023: 6733: 6555: 6545: 6508: 6463: 6377: 6367: 6357: 6273: 5989: 5866: 5675: 5616: 5476: 5423: 5328: 4977: 4940: 4904: 4557: 4542: 4457: 4397: 4359: 4339: 4324: 3999: 3725: 3680: 3385: 3046: 1423: 1330: 1304: 1132: 1079:

poisoned and most of the other protesters killed before they reached Rome.

1037: 1018: 1007: 948: 854: 745: 737: 725: 702: 662: 627: 619: 580: 571:, leading to his exile in 107 BC. Cleopatra III sent her grandsons to 556: 391: 129: 112: 3283:"What's New in Demotic Studies? An Overview of the Publications 2010-2013" 610:, and Cleopatra V was likely also the mother of his second daughter, 8444: 8389: 8240: 8189: 8109: 7981: 7873: 7855: 7813: 7724: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7559: 7543: 7516: 7481: 7471: 7406: 7359: 7349: 7334: 7324: 7271: 7233: 7208: 7188: 7178: 6944: 6928: 6903: 6898: 6698: 6625: 6535: 6518: 6473: 6448: 6382: 6362: 6347: 6329: 6059: 6054: 5861: 5688: 5668: 5482: 5416: 5407: 5291: 4517: 4512: 4452: 4437: 4374: 4319: 4296: 4291: 4266: 4004: 3691: 3676: 3609: 2968: 2251: 2153: 1441: 1360: 1333:, who reigned alongside her sister Berenice IV. The Greek historian 1308: 1292: 1288: 1072: 850: 816: 623: 607: 603: 587:, who was then killed. At this point, Ptolemy XII was recalled from 396: 376: 363: 89: 3062: 763: 682: 8561: 8515: 8468: 8423: 8395: 8216: 8099: 8024: 7951: 7840: 7655: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7565: 7553: 7533: 7506: 7476: 7456: 7401: 7354: 7329: 7261: 7223: 7193: 7183: 6923: 6723: 6713: 6483: 6478: 6443: 6352: 6324: 6145: 6049: 6044: 6029: 6014: 5822: 5816: 5730: 5458: 5276: 5213: 5076: 5043: 4909: 4567: 4427: 4314: 4281: 4243: 4235: 3659: 3420: 1401: 1300: 790: 721: 658: 649: 615: 584: 560: 447: 409: 386: 107: 3407:

Siani-Davies, Mary (1997). "Ptolemy XII Auletes and the Romans".

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took the throne. She was soon murdered by her husband and co-regent,

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The god who is beloved of his father and brother, the youthful Osiris

8571: 8566: 8555: 8522: 8437: 8430: 8384: 8356: 8350: 8315: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 7895: 7835: 7678: 7650: 7243: 7173: 6985: 6971: 6951: 6913: 6825: 6770: 6728: 6560: 6530: 6493: 6438: 6283: 6160: 6065: 6009: 5904: 5811: 5805: 5794: 5760: 5644: 5630: 5623: 5610: 5574: 5314: 4522: 4447: 4432: 3100:

Cheshire, Wendy (2011), "The Phantom Sister of Ptolemy Alexander",

2157: 2028: 2004: 1832: 1048: 935: 924: 733: 529: 496: 65: 8548: 8487: 8330: 8014: 7825: 7819: 7807: 7688: 7683: 7620: 7599: 7444: 7396: 7296: 7286: 7011: 6908: 6878: 6860: 6849: 6832: 6784: 6777: 6708: 6630: 6278: 6086: 6072: 5984: 5935: 5841: 5784: 5735: 5568: 5558: 5538: 5471: 5321: 5200: 5091: 4487: 1232: 1210: 990:

Finally, in 60 BC, Ptolemy XII travelled to Rome, where the

967:

was reorganising Syria and Anatolia following his victory in the

879: 840: 831: 57: 5212: 2575: 2505: 2503: 2201:, p.22, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. 8455: 8325: 7962: 7845: 7450: 7421: 7291: 7266: 7058: 6992: 6818: 6811: 6738: 6693: 6687: 6513: 6433: 6019: 5846: 5799: 5753: 5725: 5651: 5529: 5488: 5370: 5335: 5307: 4502: 3013: 2977: 2611: 2370: 2244: 2235:, pp=76–77, 80, 84–85, New York: Harper, ISBN 978-0-06-058558-7 2080: 2071: 2020: 1872: 1527: 1334: 1291:, who was with certainty the mother of his eldest known child, 1202: 1198: 1170: 1106: 1056: 972: 964: 960: 928: 807: 774: 717: 670: 434: 45: 2399: 2397: 1447: 1097: 8541: 8320: 8310: 8288: 7946: 6855: 6843: 6756: 6673: 6524: 6458: 6120: 5789: 5747: 5741: 5533: 5492: 5363: 5356: 5342: 2500: 1588: 1479:"Ptolemy XII Auletes | Macedonian king of Egypt | Britannica" 525: 519: 296:...who brings forth the order of Ra, the living image of Amun 49: 29: 3434:

Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs

3236:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1690: 286:— The heir of the saviour god, who is the chosen of Ptah... 8293: 8283: 7673: 7548: 6749: 6079: 5899: 5881: 5766: 5548: 5543: 5377: 5169: 2936:

harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFPfrommerTowne-Markus2001 (

2924:

harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFPfrommerTowne-Markus2001 (

2490: 2488: 2394: 2325: 2281: 2257: 2167: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2094: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1758: 1756: 898: 483: 1612: 1329:(c. 234 – c. 305 AD) wrote of Ptolemy XII's daughter 1318:, half Egyptian woman belonging to a priestly family from 1082: 673:

and other ancient sources refer to Ptolemy XII as an

6498: 2269: 1842: 1651: 1273:

Mary Siani-Davies, "Ptolemy XII Auletes and the Romans",

778: 572: 7719: 3323:, Princeton, NJ: British Museum Press), pp. 14–31, 2656:

Strabo, Geography, Book XVII, pp. 45–47, accessed online

2599: 2485: 2382: 2130: 2106: 1969: 1906: 1854: 1753: 1680: 1678: 1663: 524:, "the Flautist"), referring to his love of playing the 1629: 1627: 214:

Werpehty Khenteshneheh Neferib Wetjesneferumidjehutia'a

3171:. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 222–230. 2464: 2358: 2313: 2179: 2038: 1882: 1702: 591:

and proclaimed pharaoh, while his brother, also named

2990:]. Latin Texts & Translations. Archived from 2955:

Egyptian language, instead of his daughter Cleopatra.

2587: 2563: 2539: 2527: 1927: 1675: 1540: 740:, but she was murdered by his half-brother and rival 2931: 2919: 2551: 2337: 2118: 1894: 1624: 1600: 345:

Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Ptah and Isis

3307:. Vol. IV. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 3215:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 3208: 2515: 1639: 3618:entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith 2447: 2445: 1322:in northern Egypt, but this is only speculation. 8719: 2425:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 2233:Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend 2214:, p.76, New York: Harper, ISBN 978-0-06-058558-7 2212:Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend 857:), 1st century BC, from Lower Egypt, now in the 2912:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBurstein2004 ( 2884:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFJeffreys1999 ( 2852:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSouthern2009 ( 1459:Co-regent with Cleopatra VII (47 – 44 BC) 1436:Co-regent with Cleopatra VII (51 – 47 BC) 210:wr-pḥti ḫntš-nḥḥ nfr-ib wṯz-nfrw-mi-ḏḥwti-ꜤꜢ-ꜤꜢ 3461:. Vol. 1 & 2, and 3 & 4. Athens. 3304:A History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty 2896:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFJohnson1999 ( 2442: 5185: 3751: 2631:"Eusebius: Chronicle p. 167, accessed online" 1947:"Portrait féminin (mère de Cléopâtre ?)" 716:. In 117 BC, Ptolemy IX was governor of 3406: 2403: 2376: 2331: 2287: 2263: 2173: 2100: 1992: 1733:Lightman, Marjorie, and Lightman, Benjamin, 638: 306:...who has brings forth the order of Amun-Ra 203:Werpehty Khenteshneheh Semenhepumidjehutia'a 3616:Ptolemy XII Auletes (ca. 112 - 51 BCE) 3113: 2818: 2617: 1696: 1585:(Toronto: The Penguin Groups, 2000), p. 28. 1551:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSullivan1990 ( 1263:According to the author Mary Siani-Davies: 1227:Ptolemy XII before Isis and Osiris, at the 1024: 254:A'a-ib Merynetjerubaqet Itimire Heqawadjety 31:Neos Dionysos Theos Philopator Philadelphos 5192: 5178: 3758: 3744: 3538: 3479:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1848: 1722:Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World 1373:Queen of Egypt (June 58 BC – early 55 BC) 38: 3519: 3495: 3253: 2951: 2581: 2494: 1618: 1594: 1181: 797: 8602: 3451: 3430: 3321:Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth 3099: 3072: 2907: 2879: 2847: 2470: 2319: 2299: 2275: 2185: 2044: 1888: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1708: 1657: 1546: 1119: 1096: 1042: 934: 923: 912: 801: 762: 644: 3458:Ta nomismata tou kratous ton Ptolemaion 3336: 3318: 3297: 3280: 3229: 3032: 2891: 2875: 2605: 2593: 2569: 2533: 1933: 1735:A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women 1684: 1669: 1504:"Ptolemaic Dynasty -- Ptolemy XII root" 1083:Restoration and second reign (55–51 BC) 614:. The king's three youngest children – 250:ꜤꜢ-ib mri-nṯrw-BꜢḳt ity-mi-rꜤ ḥḳꜢ-wꜢḏti 199:wr-pḥti ḫntš-nḥḥ smn-hpw-mi-ḏḥwti-ꜤꜢ-ꜤꜢ 8720: 7749: 7114: 6216: 5242: 3765: 3606:The House of Ptolemy, Chapter XII 3384: 3360: 3145:. Edison, NJ: Barnes and Noble Books. 2976: 2867: 2557: 2509: 2452:mondial, UNESCO Centre du patrimoine. 2414: 2412: 2388: 2343: 2124: 1900: 1606: 908: 8601: 7718: 7083: 6185: 5211: 5173: 4690:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos 3739: 3206: 3166: 3135: 2988:In Defense of Gaius Rabirius Postumus 2903: 2871: 2764: 2738: 2637:from the original on 12 December 2010 2545: 2521: 2141: 2112: 1980: 1921: 1860: 1782: 1762: 1633: 1282: 931:, Ptolemy XII's key ally in Rome 536:, he was a descendant of its founder 8254: 5158:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by 3567:by Christopher Bennett (part of his 3026: 2712: 2686: 2660: 2418: 917:Relief of Ptolemy XII from the 3191:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 3185: 2770: 2744: 2718: 2692: 2666: 2458:UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial 2451: 2409: 2364: 1793: 1645: 1113:in 53 BC, depicting him instead of 994:, composed of Pompey, Crassus, and 821:Theoi Philopatores kai Philadelphoi 123:Cleopatra V and Berenice IV (58 BC) 13: 3346:. New York: Walker & Company. 3290:The Journal of Juristic Papyrology 2962: 657:Ptolemy XII was the oldest son of 284:Iwa'enpanetjernehem Setepenptah... 14: 8779: 8763:Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty 3558: 3169:A History of the Ptolemaic Empire 2932:Pfrommer & Towne-Markus (2001 2920:Pfrommer & Towne-Markus (2001 2828:father-loving, sibling-loving god 1559: 785:in 88 BC, at the outbreak of the 602:Ptolemy XII married his relative 575:in 103 BC. They were captured by 314:Pa Netjermery It Senet Usiri Hunu 3502:Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt 3487: 3310: 3158: 3005: 1821:Epitome of the Philippic History 1446: 1383: 1220: 1190: 839: 830: 243:A'a-ib Ity Nebqenunakhtmiza'aset 3505:. London: Thames & Hudson. 2945: 2649: 2623: 2476: 2349: 2238: 2217: 2204: 2191: 2147: 2065: 2050: 2014: 1998: 1939: 1866: 1826: 1813: 1768: 1740: 1727: 1714: 1390:December 70 BC or January 69 BC 720:, but in 116 BC he returned to 30: 8738:2nd-century BC Egyptian people 3431:Stanwick, Paul Edmund (2010). 2841: 2800: 1575: 1521: 1496: 1471: 1105:of Ptolemy XII minted at 342:Petulemis Ankdjet Meriptahaset 277:First Praenomens, variants of: 239:ꜤꜢ-ib ity nb-ḳnw-nḫt-mi-zꜢ-Ꜣst 1: 8212:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 5162:in most of their territories. 3960:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 3437:. University of Texas Press. 3230:Kleiner, Diana E. E. (2005). 3074:Bradford, Ernle Dusgate Selby 2878:, pp. 9, 19, 106, 183), 2808:Theos Philopator Philadelphos 2306:(n°1838), & vol. III-IV, 1465: 783:Mithridates VI of Pontus 577:Mithridates VI of Pontus 500: 427: 333: 293:...Irimaatenre Sekhemankhimen 280:iwꜤ-n-pꜢ-nṯr-nḥm stp-n-ptḥ... 273: 233: 193: 155: 94: 82: 5199: 3392:. New York: Back Bay Books. 2972:39.12 – 39.14, 39.55 – 39.58 1583:Classic Biography: Cleopatra 1396:Queen of Egypt (51 - 30 BC) 1012:amici et socii populi Romani 693:. It had been speculated by 484: 310:pꜢ nṯr-mri it snt wsiri ḥwnw 289:...iri-mꜢꜤt-n-rꜤ sḫm-Ꜥnḫ-imn 7: 8145:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 3955:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 3522:Cleopatra: Fact and Fiction 3520:Watterson, Barbara (2020). 3367:. Oxford University Press. 3207:Jones, Prudence J. (2006). 1287:Ptolemy married his sister 595:, was installed as king of 532:festivals. A member of the 506:– 51 BC) was a king of the 10: 8784: 7044:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 6428:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 6192:Second Intermediate Period 2874:, pp. xiii, 3, 279), 2428:. Routledge. p. 252. 1086: 1028: 520: 473: 338:ptwlmys Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mri-ptḥ-Ꜣst 267:Prenomen (Praenomen) 8706: 8608: 8597: 8495:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 8239: 8185:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 8080: 8052: 8037: 8000: 7972: 7932: 7914: 7864: 7797: 7782: 7740: 7736: 7714: 7664: 7641: 7574: 7497: 7435: 7387: 7372: 7305: 7252: 7164: 7149: 7105: 7101: 7090:Third Intermediate Period 7079: 7002: 6961: 6869: 6801: 6649: 6417: 6402: 6338: 6312: 6264: 6249: 6207: 6203: 6181: 6136: 6096: 5971: 5956: 5890: 5832: 5775: 5716: 5701: 5591: 5520: 5505: 5406: 5290: 5275: 5233: 5229: 5218:First Intermediate Period 5207: 5156: 5062: 4893: 4800: 4742: 4655: 4576: 4383: 4305: 4257: 4234: 4076: 4033: 3904: 3860:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 3850: 3807: 3774: 3722: 3704: 3698: 3686: 3664: 3656: 3651: 3624: 3539:Whitehorne, John (1994). 3361:Roller, Duane W. (2010). 3263:. New York: Basic Books. 3115:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 3082:. London: Penguin Books. 2816:Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλάδελφος 2815: 2197:Roller, Duane W. (2010), 1213:, which he built in 54 BC 1051:of Pompey minted 49–48 BC 919:double temple at Kom Ombo 639:Background and early life 466:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus 453: 441: 423: 415: 405: 369: 359: 332: 325: 272: 265: 248:Second Golden Horus name: 232: 225: 192: 185: 154: 147: 136: 119: 103: 76: 63: 56: 37: 28: 23: 8768:1st-century BC musicians 8207:Cleopatra VII Philopator 6464:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 5222: (<3150–2040 BC) 4221:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 4020:Cleopatra VII Philopator 3612:(Bill Thayer's Web Site) 3577:Ptolemy XII Auletes 3570:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 3281:Lippert, Sandra (2013), 2793: 2777:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2751:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2725:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2699:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2673:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2210:Fletcher, Joann (2008), 1800:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 1025:Exile in Rome (58–55 BC) 957:Quintus Lutatius Catulus 768:Mithridates VI of Pontus 485:Ptolemaios Neos Dionysos 474:Πτολεμαῖος Νέος Διόνυσος 237:First Golden Horus name: 8753:Ancient Greek flautists 8743:1st-century BC pharaohs 8180:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 8095:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 6389:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 5018:'s attempted rule with 4699:Mithridates V Euergetes 4111:Antiochus III the Great 3924:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 3865:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 3789:Alexander III the Great 3582:Encyclopædia Britannica 3524:. Amberley Publishing. 3426:(registration required) 3380:(registration required) 3276:(registration required) 3249:(registration required) 3211:Cleopatra: a sourcebook 3167:Hölbl, Günther (2001). 3095:(registration required) 3068:(registration required) 2584:, pp. 30, 235–236. 2512:, pp. 16, 19, 159. 2033:Antiquities of the Jews 1837:Antiquities of the Jews 1746:Penrose, Walter Duval, 1157:Gaius Rabirius Postumus 1142:In 55 BC, Ptolemy paid 1089:Early life of Cleopatra 1031:Early life of Cleopatra 985:Gaius Rabirius Postumus 953:Marcus Licinius Crassus 16:King of Egypt, 80–51 BC 8222:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 8201:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 8195:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 8150:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 8120:Arsinoe III Philopator 7034:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 6504:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 6444:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 6035:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 4802:Monarchs of Cappadocia 4704:Mithridates VI Eupator 4226:Philip II Philoromaeus 4211:Antiochus XII Dionysus 4201:Demetrius III Eucaerus 4196:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 4181:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 4121:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 4116:Seleucus IV Philopator 4101:Seleucus II Callinicus 4000:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 3875:Demetrius II Aetolicus 3485:(in Greek and German) 3364:Cleopatra: a Biography 3299:Mahaffy, John Pentland 3047:10.2143/AS.28.0.630068 2978:Cicero, Marcus Tullius 2199:Cleopatra: a biography 1280: 1261: 1182:Legacy and assessments 1139: 1137:Antikensammlung Berlin 1117: 1052: 1019:took control of Cyprus 943: 932: 921: 876:Pasherienptah III 849:A likely sculpture of 811: 798:First reign (80–58 BC) 770: 652: 8728:2nd-century BC births 8170:Ptolemy X Alexander I 8135:Ptolemy VI Philometor 8115:Ptolemy IV Philopator 8110:Berenice II Euergetes 8105:Ptolemy III Euergetes 8067:Philip III Arrhidaeus 6576:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 6571:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 5925:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 4744:Monarchs of Commagene 4665:Mithridates I Ctistes 4206:Philip I Philadelphus 4186:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 4176:Antiochus VIII Grypus 4171:Seleucus V Philometor 4156:Antiochus VII Sidetes 4146:Antiochus VI Dionysus 4106:Seleucus III Ceraunus 4005:Berenice IV Epiphanea 3950:Ptolemy VI Philometor 3934:Ptolemy IV Philopator 3929:Ptolemy III Euergetes 3794:Philip III Arrhidaeus 3610:E. R. Bevan 2060:Life of Julius Caesar 1720:Salisbury, Joyce E., 1597:, pp. 44–45, 50. 1265: 1258:Strabo, XVII, 1, 11, 1250: 1123: 1100: 1087:Further information: 1046: 1029:Further information: 1017:In 58 BC, the Romans 969:Third Mithridatic War 938: 927: 916: 805: 787:First Mithridatic War 766: 648: 495:'Ptolemy the new 445:before 22 March 51 BC 8603:Dynastic genealogies 8227:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 7523:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 7437:High Priests of Amun 6939:Merankhre Mentuhotep 6641:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 6636:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 6489:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 6196: (2040–1550 BC) 5915:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 4578:Monarchs of Bithynia 4161:Alexander II Zabinas 4141:Demetrius II Nicator 4058:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 4025:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 3990:Ptolemy XI Alexander 3965:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 3870:Antigonus II Gonatas 3626:Ptolemy XII Auletes 3343:Cleopatra and Antony 3119:Antony and Cleopatra 2994:on 27 September 2020 2934:, pp. 9–11, 20) 2695:"Cleopatra VII" 2620:, pp. 127, 128. 1957:on 20 September 2015 1456:June–September 44 BC 1159:, whom he appointed 8125:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 8062:Alexander the Great 7094: (1550–664 BC) 6616:Mershepsesre Ini II 6611:Merkawre Sobekhotep 6005:Neferkare IV Khendu 5160:Hellenistic satraps 4191:Antiochus X Eusebes 4126:Antiochus V Eupator 4068:Cleopatra Selene II 3995:Ptolemy XII Auletes 3980:Ptolemy X Alexander 3975:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 3939:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 3880:Antigonus III Doson 3689:Cleopatra V/VI 3121:. London: Phoenix. 2983:pro Rabirio Postumo 2870:, pp. 15–16), 2747:"Ptolemy XIII" 2482:Strabo XVII, 1, 11. 2379:, pp. 332–334. 2367:, pp. 696–697. 2144:, pp. 226–227. 2115:, pp. 225–226. 2085:Pro Rabirio Postumo 1983:, pp. 223–224. 1951:Musée Saint-Raymond 1924:, pp. 222–223. 1197:Ptolemy XII before 1178:approved the will. 909:Relations with Rome 868:High Priest of Ptah 859:Musée Saint-Raymond 742:Antiochus VIII 699:high priest of Ptah 685:" (bastard), while 555:Ptolemy XII was an 550:Alexander the Great 24:Ptolemy XII Auletes 8758:Hellenistic Cyprus 8462:Trebonianus Gallus 7049:Senakhtenre Ahmose 6667:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 6621:Sewahenre Senebmiu 6596:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 6025:Neferkare V Tereru 5995:Neferkare III Neby 5663:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 5064:Monarchs of Epirus 4897:Cimmerian Bosporus 4657:Monarchs of Pontus 4216:Cleopatra Selene I 4096:Antiochus II Theos 4086:Seleucus I Nicator 4053:Demetrius the Fair 4035:Monarchs of Cyrene 3255:Lefkowitz, Mary R. 3233:Cleopatra and Rome 2773:"Ptolemy XIV" 2669:"Berenice IV" 2391:, pp. 53, 56. 1863:, p. 211-213. 1765:, p. 206-207. 1483:www.britannica.com 1297:Cleopatra VII 1283:Marriage and issue 1248:('flute player'): 1169:, but defended by 1140: 1129:Cleopatra VII 1118: 1093:Reign of Cleopatra 1053: 944: 933: 922: 812: 771: 730:Cleopatra III 707:Adrian Goldsworthy 653: 612:Cleopatra VII 565:Cleopatra III 299:...iri-mꜢꜤt-imn-rꜤ 208:Second Nebty name: 8715: 8714: 8702: 8701: 8593: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8509:Claudius Gothicus 8403:Severus Alexander 8370:Septimius Severus 8235: 8234: 8033: 8032: 7778: 7777: 7710: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7417:Osorkon the Elder 7368: 7367: 7145: 7144: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7039:Nubkheperre Intef 6919:Sekhemre Shedwast 6541:Sehetepkare Intef 6469:Semenkare Nebnuni 6398: 6397: 6245: 6244: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6168: 5952: 5951: 5930:Netjerkare Siptah 5852:Neferirkare Kakai 5697: 5696: 5501: 5500: 5271: 5270: 5167: 5166: 4647:Socrates Chrestus 4136:Alexander I Balas 4131:Demetrius I Soter 4091:Antiochus I Soter 3837:Antipater Etesias 3734: 3733: 3723:Succeeded by 3687:Succeeded by 3631:Ptolemaic dynasty 3550:978-0-415-05806-3 3531:978-1-445-66965-6 3453:Svoronos, Ioannis 3399:978-0-316-12180-4 3390:Cleopatra: A Life 3374:978-0-195-36553-5 3270:978-0-465-09838-5 3128:978-0-300-16534-0 3027:Secondary sources 2902:. Alternatively, 2435:978-1-134-66525-9 2404:Siani-Davies 1997 2377:Siani-Davies 1997 2332:Siani-Davies 1997 2288:Siani-Davies 1997 2278:, pp. 39–40. 2264:Siani-Davies 1997 2174:Siani-Davies 1997 2101:Siani-Davies 1997 2089:Letter to Atticus 1993:Siani-Davies 1997 1796:"Ptolemy IX" 1699:, pp. 69–70. 1672:, pp. 33–48. 1660:, pp. 20–30. 1621:, pp. 39–40. 1508:instonebrewer.com 1463: 1462: 1331:Cleopatra VI 1305:Ptolemy XIII 1077:Dio of Alexandria 1059:where the exiled 1038:Cleopatra VI 992:First Triumvirate 855:Cleopatra VI 746:Berenice III 738:Antiochus IX 726:Cleopatra II 714:Ptolemy of Cyprus 703:Ptolemy VIII 691:Alexandrian Greek 663:Cleopatra IV 620:Ptolemy XIII 581:Berenice III 534:Ptolemaic dynasty 508:Ptolemaic Kingdom 494: 482: 463: 462: 458:Ptolemaic dynasty 353: 352: 349: 348: 321: 320: 308:Second Praenomen: 261: 260: 221: 220: 197:First Nebty name: 181: 180: 130:Ptolemy XIII 70:Ptolemaic Kingdom 8775: 8709:List of pharaohs 8599: 8598: 8364:Pescennius Niger 8252: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8160:Ptolemy IX Soter 8130:Cleopatra I Syra 8050: 8049: 8046: 8045: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7747: 7746: 7738: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7716: 7715: 7467:Djedkhonsuefankh 7385: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7132: 7127: 7112: 7111: 7103: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7081: 7080: 6674:Qareh Khawoserre 6660:Yakbim Sekhaenre 6601:Mersekhemre Ined 6415: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6214: 6213: 6205: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6183: 6182: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5240: 5239: 5231: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5209: 5208: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5171: 5170: 4959: 4875:Ariobarzanes III 4249:Ptolemy Epigonos 4151:Diodotus Tryphon 3944:Cleopatra I Syra 3919:Ptolemy Keraunos 3760: 3753: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3707:Pharaoh of Egypt 3699:Preceded by 3677:Cleopatra V 3667:Pharaoh of Egypt 3657:Preceded by 3647: 3640: 3622: 3621: 3579:from the online 3565:Ptolemy XII 3554: 3535: 3516: 3497:Tyldesley, Joyce 3492: 3491: 3484: 3478: 3470: 3448: 3427: 3424: 3403: 3381: 3378: 3357: 3333: 3315: 3314: 3308: 3293: 3287: 3277: 3274: 3250: 3247: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3182: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3132: 3109: 3096: 3093: 3069: 3066: 3010: 3009: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2956: 2952:Lefkowitz (1997) 2949: 2943: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2901: 2889: 2864:Macedonian Greek 2857: 2845: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2804: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2771:Bennett, Chris. 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2745:Bennett, Chris. 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2719:Bennett, Chris. 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2693:Bennett, Chris. 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2667:Bennett, Chris. 2664: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2627: 2621: 2618:Goldsworthy 2011 2615: 2609: 2608:, p. 60-63. 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2498: 2492: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2449: 2440: 2439: 2420:Bard, Kathryn A. 2416: 2407: 2401: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2242: 2236: 2221: 2215: 2208: 2202: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2069: 2063: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2018: 2012: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1953:. Archived from 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1830: 1824: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1794:Bennett, Chris. 1791: 1780: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1751: 1744: 1738: 1731: 1725: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1697:Goldsworthy 2011 1694: 1688: 1682: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1622: 1619:Watterson (2020) 1616: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1595:Lefkowitz (1997) 1592: 1586: 1581:Ernle Bradford, 1579: 1573: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1544: 1538: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1475: 1450: 1433:13 January 47 BC 1387: 1340: 1339: 1325:The philosopher 1309:Ptolemy XIV 1293:Berenice IV 1289:Cleopatra V 1278: 1259: 1224: 1194: 1061:Cato the Younger 1006:was formed. The 851:Cleopatra V 843: 834: 817:Cleopatra V 728:and his mother, 667:Cleopatra Selene 624:Ptolemy XIV 608:Berenice IV 604:Cleopatra V 542:Macedonian Greek 523: 522: 505: 502: 489: 487: 477: 475: 432: 429: 334: 303:...Irimaatimenre 274: 234: 194: 156: 145: 144: 99: 96: 87: 84: 42: 33: 32: 21: 20: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8698: 8604: 8581: 8481:Macrianus Minor 8410:Maximinus Thrax 8346:Marcus Aurelius 8245: 8244: 8243: 8231: 8090:Ptolemy I Soter 8076: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8029: 7996: 7968: 7928: 7910: 7890:Psammetichus IV 7860: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7774: 7752: 7743: 7732: 7729:(664 BC–313 AD) 7728: 7727: 7698: 7660: 7637: 7633:Menkheperre Ini 7570: 7493: 7431: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7364: 7301: 7248: 7229:Neferneferuaten 7155: 7154: 7153: 7141: 7140: 7130: 7125: 7124:Pharaohs 7117: 7108: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7063: 6998: 6957: 6884:Sobekhotep VIII 6865: 6797: 6645: 6606:Sewadjkare Hori 6408: 6407: 6406: 6394: 6334: 6308: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6241: 6219: 6210: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6165: 6132: 6092: 6000:Djedkare Shemai 5962: 5961: 5960: 5948: 5886: 5828: 5771: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5693: 5587: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5497: 5402: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5267: 5245: 5236: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5203: 5198: 5168: 5163: 5152: 5058: 5049:Mithridates III 4953: 4896: 4895:Monarchs of the 4889: 4870:Ariobarzanes II 4855:Ariarathes VIII 4796: 4782:Mithridates III 4738: 4680:Mithridates III 4651: 4572: 4379: 4307:Greco-Bactrians 4301: 4253: 4230: 4072: 4029: 3914:Ptolemy I Soter 3900: 3846: 3803: 3770: 3764: 3730: 3728: 3712: 3710: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3672: 3670: 3662: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3561: 3551: 3532: 3513: 3486: 3472: 3471: 3445: 3425: 3400: 3379: 3375: 3354: 3331: 3309: 3285: 3275: 3271: 3248: 3244: 3223: 3179: 3157: 3153: 3129: 3094: 3090: 3067: 3035:Ancient Society 3029: 3004: 2997: 2995: 2965: 2963:Primary sources 2960: 2959: 2950: 2946: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2895: 2883: 2860:Ptolemy I Soter 2851: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2548:, p. xiii. 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2501: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2450: 2443: 2436: 2417: 2410: 2402: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2243: 2239: 2222: 2218: 2209: 2205: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2070: 2066: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2019: 2015: 2009:Life of Crassus 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1907: 1899: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1849:Whitehorne 1994 1847: 1843: 1831: 1827: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1792: 1783: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1754: 1745: 1741: 1732: 1728: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1691: 1683: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1625: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1580: 1576: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1526: 1522: 1512: 1510: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1418:in early 47 BC 1393:12 August 30 BC 1285: 1279: 1272: 1260: 1257: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1225: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1195: 1184: 1095: 1085: 1066:Sibylline books 1033: 1027: 911: 895:Temple of Horus 864: 863: 862: 861: 853:(also known as 846: 845: 844: 836: 835: 800: 791:Ptolemy XI 679:Pompeius Trogus 659:Ptolemy IX 655: 654: 641: 616:Arsinoe IV 585:Ptolemy XI 561:Ptolemy IX 503: 446: 433: 430: 401: 355: 354: 344: 340: 316: 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 295: 291: 287: 278: 256: 252: 247: 245: 241: 216: 212: 207: 205: 201: 176: 174: 172: 170: 167: 164: 161: 142: 124: 111: 98: 55–51 BC 97: 93: 86: 80–58 BC 85: 72: 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8781: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8618: 8615: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8595: 8594: 8591: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8577:Maximinus Daza 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8441: 8434: 8427: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8336:Antoninus Pius 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8260: 8258: 8249: 8246:(30 BC–313 AD) 8237: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8086: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8058: 8056: 8047: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8010:Artaxerxes III 8006: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7978: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7938: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7920: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7886: 7881: 7879:Petubastis III 7876: 7870: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7816: 7811: 7803: 7801: 7792: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7744: 7741: 7734: 7733: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7670: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7580: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7503: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7447: 7441: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7393: 7391: 7382: 7374:3 Intermediate 7370: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7170: 7168: 7159: 7156:(1550–1070 BC) 7147: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7109: 7106: 7099: 7098: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7014: 7008: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6967: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6889:Neferhotep III 6886: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6807: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6719:Sewadjkare III 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6688:Maaibre Sheshi 6684: 6681:'Ammu Ahotepre 6677: 6670: 6663: 6655: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6591:Merhotepre Ini 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6551:Sobekhotep III 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6423: 6421: 6412: 6409:(1802–1550 BC) 6404:2 Intermediate 6400: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6299:Mentuhotep III 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6259: 6256:(2040–1802 BC) 6251:Middle Kingdom 6247: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6211: 6208: 6201: 6200: 6188:Middle Kingdom 6179: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6151:Neferkare VIII 6148: 6142: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6123: 6118: 6116:Nebkaure Khety 6113: 6108: 6106:Meryibre Khety 6102: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6040:Neferkamin Anu 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5966: 5963:(2181–2040 BC) 5958:1 Intermediate 5954: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5877:Djedkare Isesi 5874: 5872:Menkauhor Kaiu 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5711: 5708:(2686–2181 BC) 5699: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5515: 5512:(3150–2686 BC) 5507:Early Dynastic 5503: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5486: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5412: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5296: 5294: 5285: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5227: 5226: 5205: 5204: 5197: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5107:Neoptolemus II 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5004: 5002:Mithridates II 4999: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4968:Paerisades III 4965: 4960: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4865:Ariobarzanes I 4862: 4857: 4852: 4850:Ariarathes VII 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4825:Ariarathes III 4822: 4817: 4812: 4806: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4772:Mithridates II 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4675:Mithridates II 4672: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4538:Apollodotus II 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4263: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4166:Cleopatra Thea 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3910: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3740: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3688: 3685: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3652:Regnal titles 3649: 3648: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3613: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3574: 3560: 3559:External links 3557: 3556: 3555: 3549: 3536: 3530: 3517: 3511: 3493: 3449: 3443: 3428: 3415:(3): 306–340. 3404: 3398: 3382: 3373: 3358: 3353:978-0802710598 3352: 3338:Preston, Diana 3334: 3330:978-0714119434 3329: 3316: 3295: 3278: 3269: 3251: 3242: 3227: 3221: 3204: 3183: 3177: 3164: 3152:978-0880297257 3151: 3137:Grant, Michael 3133: 3127: 3111: 3097: 3089:978-0141390147 3088: 3070: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3011: 2974: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2944: 2908:Burstein (2004 2882:, p. 488) 2880:Jeffreys (1999 2866:", please see 2848:Southern (2009 2839: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2763: 2737: 2711: 2685: 2659: 2648: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2582:Tyldesley 2006 2574: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2499: 2497:, p. 200. 2495:Tyldesley 2006 2484: 2475: 2463: 2441: 2434: 2422:, ed. (2005). 2408: 2406:, p. 339. 2393: 2381: 2369: 2357: 2348: 2336: 2334:, p. 338. 2324: 2312: 2292: 2290:, p. 325. 2280: 2268: 2266:, p. 323. 2256: 2237: 2228:primary source 2224:Joann Fletcher 2216: 2203: 2190: 2178: 2176:, p. 324. 2166: 2162:Life of Pompey 2146: 2129: 2117: 2105: 2103:, p. 316. 2093: 2064: 2049: 2037: 2013: 1997: 1995:, p. 307. 1985: 1968: 1938: 1926: 1905: 1893: 1881: 1865: 1853: 1851:, p. 139. 1841: 1825: 1812: 1781: 1767: 1752: 1739: 1726: 1713: 1701: 1689: 1674: 1662: 1650: 1648:, p. 203. 1638: 1636:, p. 222. 1623: 1611: 1609:, pp. 24. 1599: 1587: 1574: 1558: 1539: 1520: 1495: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1284: 1281: 1270: 1255: 1226: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1196: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1144:Aulus Gabinius 1115:Ptolemy I 1084: 1081: 1026: 1023: 910: 907: 866:In 76 BC, the 848: 847: 838: 837: 829: 828: 827: 826: 825: 799: 796: 754:Ptolemy X 681:called him a " 643: 642: 640: 637: 569:Ptolemy X 461: 460: 455: 451: 450: 443: 439: 438: 425: 421: 420: 417: 413: 412: 407: 403: 402: 400: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 373: 371: 367: 366: 361: 357: 356: 351: 350: 347: 346: 330: 329: 323: 322: 319: 318: 270: 269: 263: 262: 259: 258: 230: 229: 223: 222: 219: 218: 190: 189: 183: 182: 179: 178: 152: 151: 143: 140:Royal titulary 138: 137: 134: 133: 121: 117: 116: 105: 101: 100: 80: 74: 73: 64: 61: 60: 54: 53: 43: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8780: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8710: 8705: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8600: 8596: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8446: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8421: 8419: 8418: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8242: 8238: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8155:Cleopatra III 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8040: 8036: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7958: 7957:Nepherites II 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7863: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7771: 7768: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7748: 7745: 7739: 7735: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7713: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7488:Psusennes III 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7379:(1069–664 BC) 7375: 7371: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7345:Ramesses VIII 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7214:Amenhotep III 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7137: 7134: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7113: 7110: 7104: 7100: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7078: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7054:Seqenenre Tao 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7029:Sobekemsaf II 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6979:Wepwawetemsaf 6976: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6586:Merneferre Ay 6584: 6582: 6581:Wahibre Ibiau 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6566:Sobekhotep IV 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6373:Amenemhat III 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6304:Mentuhotep IV 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6294:Mentuhotep II 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6238: 6235: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6206: 6202: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6156:Wahkare Khety 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6111:Neferkare VII 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5658:Seth-Peribsen 5656: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5601:Hotepsekhemwy 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5392: 5391:Double Falcon 5389: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5282:(pre-3150 BC) 5278: 5277:Protodynastic 5274: 5264: 5261: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5219: 5215: 5214:Protodynastic 5210: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5087:Neoptolemus I 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4983:Mithridates I 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4973:Paerisades IV 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4936:Paerisades II 4934: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4925:Spartokos III 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4860:Ariarathes IX 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845:Ariarathes VI 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4830:Ariarathes IV 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4815:Ariarathes II 4813: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4787:Antiochus III 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4762:Mithridates I 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4637:Nicomedes III 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4468:Demetrius III 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4423:Antimachus II 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4413:Apollodotus I 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4370:Eucratides II 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4335:Euthydemus II 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4063:Ptolemy Apion 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3970:Cleopatra III 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3729:Cleopatra VII 3727: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3717:Cleopatra VII 3709: 3708: 3697: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3599:Roman History 3595: 3592: 3591: 3590:The Geography 3586: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3552: 3546: 3543:. Routledge. 3542: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3512:9780500051450 3508: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3444:9780292777729 3440: 3436: 3435: 3429: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3386:Schiff, Stacy 3383: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3243:9780674019058 3239: 3235: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3222:9780806137414 3218: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3091: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3008: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2953: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2910:, p. 64) 2909: 2905: 2899: 2894:, p. 69) 2893: 2892:Johnson (1999 2887: 2881: 2877: 2876:Kleiner (2005 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2858:writes about 2855: 2850:, p. 43) 2849: 2844: 2840: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2799: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2657: 2652: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2596:, p. 23. 2595: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2572:, p. 22. 2571: 2566: 2560:, p. 28. 2559: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2536:, p. 22. 2535: 2530: 2523: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2479: 2473:, p. 34. 2472: 2471:Bradford 2000 2467: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2446: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2415: 2413: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2352: 2346:, p. 27. 2345: 2340: 2333: 2328: 2322:, p. 43. 2321: 2320:Bradford 2000 2316: 2309: 2305: 2302:, vol. I-II, 2301: 2300:Svoronos 1904 2296: 2289: 2284: 2277: 2276:Bradford 2000 2272: 2265: 2260: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2207: 2200: 2194: 2188:, p. 37. 2187: 2186:Bradford 2000 2182: 2175: 2170: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2127:, p. 22. 2126: 2121: 2114: 2109: 2102: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2076:Bellum Civile 2073: 2068: 2061: 2058: 2053: 2047:, p. 35. 2046: 2045:Bradford 2000 2041: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1994: 1989: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1956: 1952: 1949:(in French). 1948: 1942: 1936:, p. 39. 1935: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1903:, p. 17. 1902: 1897: 1891:, p. 33. 1890: 1889:Bradford 2000 1885: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1845: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1822: 1816: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1749: 1743: 1736: 1730: 1723: 1717: 1711:, p. 60. 1710: 1709:Stanwick 2010 1705: 1698: 1693: 1687:, p. 46. 1686: 1681: 1679: 1671: 1666: 1659: 1658:Cheshire 2011 1654: 1647: 1642: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1620: 1615: 1608: 1607:Schiff (2010) 1603: 1596: 1591: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1571:0-500-05128-3 1568: 1562: 1554: 1549:, p. 92. 1548: 1547:Sullivan 1990 1543: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1524: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1470: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1416:Julius Caesar 1413: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1379:Cleopatra VII 1377: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1276: 1269: 1264: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1234: 1230: 1229:Hathor Temple 1223: 1212: 1208: 1207:Hathor Temple 1204: 1200: 1193: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1167:de repetundis 1164: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1032: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1014:) in 59 BC. 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 996:Julius Caesar 993: 988: 986: 981: 980:Herakleopolis 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 941: 937: 930: 926: 920: 915: 906: 904: 903:Neos Dionysos 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 860: 856: 852: 842: 833: 824: 822: 818: 809: 804: 795: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 769: 765: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 651: 647: 636: 632: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 517: 513: 509: 498: 492: 486: 480: 471: 470:Ancient Greek 467: 459: 456: 452: 449: 444: 440: 436: 431: 117 BC 426: 422: 418: 414: 411: 408: 404: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 382:Cleopatra VII 380: 378: 375: 374: 372: 368: 365: 362: 358: 343: 339: 336: 335: 331: 328: 324: 315: 311: 304: 300: 294: 290: 285: 281: 276: 275: 271: 268: 264: 255: 251: 244: 240: 236: 235: 231: 228: 224: 215: 211: 204: 200: 196: 195: 191: 188: 184: 169: 163: 158: 157: 153: 150: 146: 141: 135: 131: 127: 126:Cleopatra VII 122: 118: 114: 109: 106: 102: 91: 81: 79: 75: 71: 67: 62: 59: 55: 51: 47: 41: 36: 27: 22: 19: 8733:51 BC deaths 8554: 8547: 8540: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8467: 8460: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8362: 8355: 8341:Lucius Verus 8298: 8199: 8184: 8175:Berenice III 8165:Cleopatra IV 8140:Cleopatra II 8072:Alexander IV 7992:Nectanebo II 7961: 7942:Nepherites I 7901:Artaxerxes I 7888: 7818: 7806: 7789:(664–332 BC) 7769: 7725:Roman Period 7627:Shoshenq VII 7625: 7598: 7558: 7539:Shoshenq III 7521: 7486: 7449: 7427:Psusennes II 7340:Ramesses VII 7320:Ramesses III 7204:Amenhotep II 7199:Thutmose III 7135: 7024:Sobekemsaf I 7016: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6950: 6943: 6848: 6831: 6826:'Aper-'Anati 6824: 6817: 6810: 6790: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6734:Sekheperenre 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6556:Neferhotep I 6546:Seth Meribre 6523: 6509:Djedkheperew 6426: 6387: 6378:Amenemhat IV 6368:Senusret III 6358:Amenemhat II 6274:Mentuhotep I 6236: 6125: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6064: 5990:Neferkare II 5941: 5934: 5867:Nyuserre Ini 5821: 5804: 5759: 5752: 5740: 5681: 5676:Neferkasokar 5674: 5667: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5580: 5573: 5481: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5424:Finger Snail 5422: 5415: 5395: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5262: 5122:Alexander II 4978:Paerisades V 4941:Spartokos IV 4905:Paerisades I 4880:Ariarathes X 4835:Ariarathes V 4810:Ariarathes I 4792:Antiochus IV 4777:Antiochus II 4709:Pharnaces II 4670:Ariobarzanes 4642:Nicomedes IV 4632:Nicomedes II 4558:Apollophanes 4543:Hippostratos 4458:Heliokles II 4418:Demetrius II 4398:Antimachus I 4360:Eucratides I 4355:Demetrius II 4340:Antimachus I 4325:Euthydemus I 4010:Ptolemy XIII 3994: 3985:Berenice III 3832:Antipater II 3799:Alexander IV 3726:Ptolemy XIII 3715: 3713: 3705: 3675: 3673: 3665: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3598: 3597:Cassius Dio 3589: 3580: 3569: 3540: 3521: 3501: 3457: 3433: 3412: 3408: 3389: 3363: 3342: 3320: 3303: 3289: 3259: 3232: 3210: 3190: 3168: 3141: 3118: 3105: 3101: 3078: 3038: 3034: 2996:. Retrieved 2992:the original 2987: 2982: 2947: 2922:, p. 9) 2868:Roller (2010 2843: 2807: 2802: 2780:. Retrieved 2776: 2766: 2754:. Retrieved 2750: 2740: 2728:. Retrieved 2724: 2721:"Arsinoe IV" 2714: 2702:. Retrieved 2698: 2688: 2676:. Retrieved 2672: 2662: 2651: 2639:. Retrieved 2625: 2613: 2606:Bennett 1997 2601: 2594:Meadows 2001 2589: 2577: 2570:Kleiner 2005 2565: 2553: 2541: 2534:Preston 2009 2529: 2524:, p. 4. 2517: 2478: 2466: 2460:(in French). 2457: 2424: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2310:, n°22, 23.. 2295: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2240: 2232: 2219: 2211: 2206: 2198: 2193: 2181: 2169: 2161: 2149: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2052: 2040: 2032: 2025:Mithridatica 2024: 2016: 2008: 2000: 1988: 1959:. Retrieved 1955:the original 1941: 1934:Bennett 1997 1929: 1896: 1884: 1877:Mithridatica 1876: 1868: 1856: 1844: 1836: 1828: 1820: 1815: 1803:. 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Retrieved 1482: 1473: 1424:Ptolemy XIII 1324: 1286: 1274: 1266: 1262: 1251: 1245: 1240: 1176: 1166: 1160: 1153: 1141: 1133:Altes Museum 1070: 1054: 1034: 1016: 1011: 1008:Roman Senate 1003: 989: 977: 949:Roman censor 945: 902: 888: 884:Stele BM 866 883: 865: 820: 813: 772: 711: 675:illegitimate 656: 633: 601: 557:illegitimate 554: 544:general and 515: 465: 464: 392:Ptolemy XIII 341: 337: 313: 309: 302: 298: 292: 288: 283: 279: 253: 249: 242: 238: 227:Golden Horus 213: 209: 202: 198: 165: 159: 113:Berenice III 18: 8445:Gordian III 8390:Diadumenian 8190:Cleopatra V 8044:(332–30 BC) 8039:Hellenistic 7982:Nectanebo I 7874:Cambyses II 7856:Psamtik III 7814:Tefnakht II 7616:Takelot III 7611:Osorkon III 7606:Shoshenq VI 7560:Pedubast II 7544:Shoshenq IV 7517:Shoshenq II 7482:Pinedjem II 7472:Menkheperre 7407:Psusennes I 7360:Ramesses XI 7350:Ramesses IX 7335:Ramesses VI 7325:Ramesses IV 7272:Ramesses II 7234:Tutankhamun 7209:Thutmose IV 7189:Thutmose II 7179:Amenhotep I 7151:New Kingdom 7086:New Kingdom 6945:Senusret IV 6929:Dedumose II 6904:Nebiriau II 6899:Nebiryraw I 6894:Mentuhotepi 6699:Khakherewre 6626:Merkheperre 6536:Imyremeshaw 6519:Sedjefakare 6474:Sehetepibre 6449:Ameny Qemau 6383:Sobekneferu 6363:Senusret II 6348:Amenemhat I 6330:Iyibkhentre 6060:Neferirkare 6055:Neferkauhor 5862:Shepseskare 5703:Old Kingdom 5689:Khasekhemwy 5669:Neferkara I 5638:Weneg-Nebty 5483:Scorpion II 5143:Pyrrhus III 5127:Olympias II 5097:Alexander I 4954: [ 4951:Spartokos V 4820:Ariamnes II 4767:Antiochus I 4729:Pythodorida 4685:Pharnaces I 4606:Zipoetes II 4601:Nicomedes I 4518:Artemidoros 4513:Menander II 4453:Antialcidas 4438:Agathokleia 4393:Demetrius I 4385:Indo-Greeks 4375:Heliocles I 4330:Demetrius I 4320:Diodotus II 4297:Eumenes III 4292:Attalus III 4267:Philetaerus 4236:Lysimachids 4048:Berenice II 4015:Ptolemy XIV 3897:(pretender) 3827:Alexander V 3809:Antipatrids 3767:Hellenistic 3701:Berenice IV 3692:Berenice IV 3203:(in German) 3187:Huß, Werner 2969:Cassius Dio 2904:Grant (1972 2872:Jones (2006 2782:23 November 2756:23 November 2730:23 November 2704:23 November 2678:23 November 2641:31 December 2558:Schiff 2010 2510:Roller 2010 2389:Roller 2010 2344:Roller 2010 2252:Cassius Dio 2154:Cassius Dio 2125:Roller 2010 2087:3; Cicero, 1901:Roller 2010 1805:11 November 1442:Ptolemy XIV 1370:early 55 BC 1361:Berenice IV 1073:Cassius Dio 815:relatives, 397:Ptolemy XIV 377:Berenice IV 364:Cleopatra V 104:Predecessor 90:Cleopatra V 8722:Categories 8562:Diocletian 8516:Quintillus 8469:Aemilianus 8424:Gordian II 8396:Elagabalus 8217:Arsinoe IV 8100:Arsinoe II 8025:Darius III 7952:Psammuthes 7841:Psamtik II 7656:Bakenranef 7594:Pedubast I 7589:Takelot II 7584:Harsiese A 7566:Osorkon IV 7554:Shoshenq V 7534:Osorkon II 7507:Shoshenq I 7477:Smendes II 7457:Pinedjem I 7402:Amenemnisu 7355:Ramesses X 7330:Ramesses V 7282:Amenmesses 7262:Ramesses I 7224:Smenkhkare 7194:Hatshepsut 7184:Thutmose I 6934:Montuemsaf 6924:Dedumose I 6724:Nebdjefare 6714:Merdjefare 6484:Nedjemibre 6479:Sewadjkare 6353:Senusret I 6325:Qakare Ini 6146:Meryhathor 6050:Neferkaure 6045:Qakare Iby 6030:Neferkahor 6015:Neferkamin 5823:Thamphthis 5817:Shepseskaf 5731:Sekhemkhet 5582:Horus Bird 5459:Scorpion I 5133:Pyrrhus II 5112:Alcetas II 5077:Tharrhypas 5044:Gepaepyris 5016:Scribonius 4910:Satyros II 4840:Orophernes 4752:Ptolemaeus 4734:Polemon II 4627:Prusias II 4596:Zipoetes I 4568:Strato III 4493:Theophilos 4473:Philoxenus 4428:Menander I 4408:Agathocles 4350:Agathocles 4315:Diodotus I 4287:Attalus II 4282:Eumenes II 4244:Lysimachus 3852:Antigonids 3660:Ptolemy XI 3541:Cleopatras 3193:. Munich. 3178:0415201454 2546:Jones 2006 2522:Grant 1972 2142:Hölbl 2001 2113:Hölbl 2001 1981:Hölbl 2001 1922:Hölbl 2001 1861:Hölbl 2001 1763:Hölbl 2001 1634:Hölbl 2001 1466:References 1402:Arsinoe IV 1313:Macedonian 1301:Arsinoe IV 1125:Roman bust 722:Alexandria 695:Werner Huß 650:Ptolemy IX 504: 117 448:Alexandria 410:Ptolemy IX 387:Arsinoe IV 187:Nebty name 149:Horus name 108:Ptolemy XI 92:(79–69 BC) 8748:Cleopatra 8694:Ptolemaic 8502:Gallienus 8417:Gordian I 8380:Caracalla 8306:Vespasian 8300:Vitellius 8082:Ptolemaic 7924:Amyrtaeus 7906:Darius II 7851:Ahmose II 7831:Psamtik I 7770:uncertain 7758:Pharaohs 7694:Tanutamun 7529:Takelot I 7512:Osorkon I 7462:Masaharta 7412:Amenemope 7315:Setnakhte 7277:Merneptah 7219:Akhenaten 7136:uncertain 7018:Nebmaatre 6839:Sakir-Har 6792:Yaqub-Har 6704:Nebefawre 6454:Hotepibre 6320:Segerseni 6289:Intef III 6237:uncertain 6225:Pharaohs 5857:Neferefre 5683:Hudjefa I 5564:Semerkhet 5301:Hedju Hor 5263:uncertain 5251:Pharaohs 5117:Pyrrhus I 5082:Alcetas I 4988:Pharnaces 4963:Kamasarye 4946:Leukon II 4930:Hygiainon 4885:Archelaus 4724:Polemon I 4622:Prusias I 4563:Strato II 4553:Zoilos II 4548:Dionysios 4528:Archebius 4498:Peukolaos 4463:Polyxenos 4403:Pantaleon 4345:Pantaleon 4277:Attalus I 4272:Eumenes I 4078:Seleucids 3906:Ptolemies 3895:Philip VI 3842:Sosthenes 3822:Philip IV 3817:Cassander 3784:Philip II 3639:c. 117 BC 3475:cite book 3199:0307-5133 3142:Cleopatra 3108:: 120–130 3079:Cleopatra 3055:0066-1619 3041:: 39–66. 2980:(2018) . 2308:plate LXI 2250:17.1.11; 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2079:3.107; 1961:29 July 1839:13.13.1 1819:Justin 1320:Memphis 1277:(1997) 1246:Auletes 1233:Dendera 1211:Dendera 1103:drachma 1000:talents 893:of the 880:Pharaoh 872:Memphis 810:, Egypt 794:58 BC. 593:Ptolemy 559:son of 521:Αὐλητής 516:Auletes 493: 481:: 454:Dynasty 419:Unknown 360:Consort 132:(51 BC) 115:(79 BC) 110:(80 BC) 68:of the 58:Pharaoh 8689:Argead 8536:Probus 8456:Decius 8451:Philip 8326:Trajan 8054:Argead 7963:Muthis 7916:XXVIII 7896:Xerxes 7764:female 7742:Period 7451:Piankh 7422:Siamun 7292:Siptah 7267:Seti I 7107:Period 7059:Kamose 6993:Snaaib 6963:Abydos 6819:Semqen 6812:Sharek 6764:Sheneh 6744:'Apepi 6739:Bebnum 6694:Nehesy 6514:Sebkay 6434:Sonbef 6231:female 6209:Period 6020:Nikare 5910:Pepi I 5847:Sahure 5800:Khafre 5785:Snefru 5754:Sedjes 5726:Djoser 5652:Senedj 5530:Narmer 5489:Narmer 5371:Wazner 5336:Hsekiu 5308:Ny-Hor 5257:female 5235:Period 4714:Darius 4508:Nicias 4503:Thraso 4443:Lysias 3769:rulers 3642: 3547: 3528: 3509: 3465: 3441: 3419: 3396: 3371: 3350: 3327: 3267: 3240: 3219: 3197: 3175: 3149: 3125: 3086: 3061: 3053: 3014:Strabo 2998:16 May 2432: 2245:Strabo 2091:2.16.2 2081:Cicero 2072:Caesar 2021:Appian 1879:16.111 1873:Appian 1569: 1533:2.42; 1528:Cicero 1513:6 June 1488:6 June 1355:Notes 1335:Strabo 1307:, and 1203:Philae 1199:Hathor 1171:Cicero 1111:Cyprus 1107:Paphos 1057:Rhodes 1004:foedus 973:Judaea 965:Pompey 961:Cicero 940:Temple 929:Pompey 808:Fayoum 775:Judaea 758:Justin 750:Cyrene 718:Cyprus 683:nothos 671:Cicero 622:, and 597:Cyprus 589:Pontus 499:' 435:Cyprus 416:Mother 406:Father 46:Louvre 8542:Carus 8321:Nerva 8311:Titus 8289:Galba 8256:XXXIV 8241:Roman 8020:Arses 7947:Hakor 7866:XXVII 7576:XXIII 7166:XVIII 7126:(male 6856:Apepi 6844:Khyan 6757:Wazad 6525:Wegaf 6459:Iufni 6313:Nubia 6121:Setut 5943:Nefer 5790:Khufu 5748:Khaba 5742:Nebka 5606:Nebra 5534:Menes 5493:Menes 5445:Stork 5408:Upper 5364:Neheb 5357:Thesh 5343:Khayu 5292:Lower 5027:with 5009:with 4995:with 4958:] 4692:with 4365:Plato 4043:Magas 3714:with 3674:with 3646:51 BC 3644:Died: 3637:Born: 3417:JSTOR 3286:(PDF) 3059:JSTOR 2986:[ 2812:Greek 2806:Also 2794:Notes 2304:p=302 2164:49.7. 2035:14.35 2027:114; 1779:IX.5. 1537:1.9.3 1411:41 BC 1352:Death 1349:Birth 1346:Image 1316:Greek 1101:Rare 891:pylon 736:king 677:son; 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Knowledge

Ptolemy XII Auletes

Index