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401:, as the home of his new observatory. At an altitude of over 2,100 meters (6,900 feet), with few cloudy nights, and far from city lights, Flagstaff was an excellent site for astronomical observations. This marked the first time an observatory had been deliberately located in a remote, elevated place for optimal seeing which included enhanced image quality, sharpness and steadiness. At his Flagstaff observatory Lowell favored the use of smaller telescopes rather than larger ones, believing that they were usually better for viewing fine planetary details. He was assisted in setting up his observatory by William Pickering, another observer of Mars who had noted the lines seen by Schiaparelli as well.
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397:, who was director of the Milan Observatory. The Boston geologist George Russel Agassiz noted that Lowell made the decision to begin his observations after hearing that Schiaparelli began to experience failing eyesight. Beginning in the winter of 1893–94, using his wealth and influence, Lowell dedicated himself to the study of astronomy, founding the observatory which bears his name. He chose
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His works include a detailed description of what he termed the "non-natural features" of the planet's surface, including especially a full account of the "canals," single and double; the "oases," as he termed the dark spots at their intersections; and the varying visibility of both, depending partly
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orbiter (1972), did not capture images of canals but instead showed a cratered
Martian surface. Today, the surface markings taken to be canals are regarded as an optical illusion. Psychologist Matthew J. Sharps has argued that perception of the canals by Lowell and others could have been the result
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very much saddened Lowell, a dedicated pacifist. This, along with some setbacks in his astronomical work (described below), undermined his health and contributed to his death from a stroke on
November 12, 1916, aged 61. Lowell is buried on Mars Hill near his observatory. Lowell claimed to "stick to
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While this idea excited the public, the astronomical community was skeptical. Many astronomers could not see these markings, and few believed that they were as extensive as Lowell claimed. As a result, Lowell and his observatory were largely ostracized. Although the consensus was that some actual
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were employed to calculate predicted regions for the proposed planet. The program initially used a camera 5 inches (13 cm) in aperture. The small field of view of the 42-inch (110 cm) reflecting telescope rendered the instrument impractical for searching. From 1914 to 1916, a 9-inch
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diplomatic mission to the United States. He lived in Korea for about two months. He also spent significant periods of time in Japan, writing books on
Japanese religion, psychology, and behavior. His texts are filled with observations and academic discussions of various aspects of Japanese life,
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Although Lowell's theories of the
Martian canals, of surface features on Venus, and of Planet X are now discredited, his practice of building observatories at the position where they would best function has been adopted as a principle. He also established the program and setting which made the
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refracting telescope was installed at his new
Flagstaff, Arizona observatory. Lowell observed the planet high in the daytime sky with the telescope's lens stopped down to 3 inches in diameter to reduce the effect of the turbulent daytime atmosphere. Lowell observed spoke-like surface features
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was discovered. This confirmed what had been increasingly suspected: Pluto's gravitational influence on Uranus and
Neptune is negligible, not nearly enough to account for the discrepancies in their orbits. In 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a
2018:
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including a central dark spot, contrary to what was suspected then (and known now): that Venus has no surface features visible from Earth, being covered in an atmosphere that is opaque. It has been noted in a 2003
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near the location expected for Planet X. Partly in recognition of Lowell's efforts, a stylized P-L monogram (♇) – the first two letters of the new planet's name and also Lowell's initials – was chosen as Pluto's
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The image of the dying Mars and its ancient culture was retained, in numerous versions and variations, in most science fiction works depicting Mars in the first half of the twentieth century (see
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telescope in
Southern California allowed closer observation of the structures Lowell had interpreted as canals, and revealed irregular geological features, probably the result of natural erosion.
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While eventually disproved, Lowell's vision of the
Martian canals as an artifact of an ancient civilization making a desperate last effort to survive, significantly influenced the development of
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For some fifteen years (1893 to about 1908) Lowell studied Mars extensively, making intricate drawings of the surface markings as he perceived them. Lowell published his views in three books:
709:). Even when proven to be factually mistaken, the vision of Mars derived from his theories remains enshrined in works that remain in print and widely read as classics of science fiction.
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on the
Martian seasons. He theorized that an advanced but desperate culture had built the canals to tap Mars' polar ice caps, the last source of water on an inexorably drying planet.
362:(1888), contains an early synthesis of some of his ideas that, in essence, postulated that human progress is a function of the qualities of individuality and imagination. The writer
2012:
419:, the French astronomical society. For the last 23 years of his life, astronomy, Lowell Observatory, and his and others' work at his observatory were the focal points of his life.
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460:(1908). With these writings, Lowell more than anyone else popularized the long-held belief that these markings showed that Mars sustained intelligent life forms.
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Percival Lowell in 1914, observing Venus in the daytime with the 24-inch (61 cm) Alvan Clark & Sons refracting telescope at
Flagstaff, Arizona
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Though Lowell claimed to 'stick to the church' (doubtless from my early religious training), he was an agnostic and hostile to Christianity.
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in 1892. He moved back to the United States in 1893. He became determined to study Mars and astronomy as a full-time career after reading
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were displaced from their predicted positions by the gravity of the unseen Planet X. Lowell started a search program in 1906. A team of
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In the 1880s, Lowell traveled extensively in the Far East. In August 1883, he served as a foreign secretary and counselor for a special
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s 1989 encounter with Neptune yielded a more accurate value of its mass, and the discrepancies disappeared when using this value.
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Lowell's greatest contribution to planetary studies came during the last decade of his life, which he devoted to the search for
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to be caused by the gravity of an unknown planet. Rather, they were due to an erroneous value for the mass of Neptune.
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Sheehan, W. & Dobbins, T., The spokes of Venus: an illusion explained, Journal for the History of Astronomy
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In addition, the discrepancies between the predicted and observed positions of Uranus and Neptune were found
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702:, which made the further logical inference that creatures from a dying planet might seek to invade Earth.
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Plotkin, Howard (1993). "William H. Pickering in Jamaica: The Founding of Woodlawn and Studies of Mars".
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including language, religious practices, economics, travel in Japan, and the development of personality.
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596:) would photograph Pluto in March and April 1915, without realizing at the time that it was not a star.
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fraternity. At his college graduation, he gave a speech, considered very advanced for its time, on the
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D., Strauss (1994). "Lowell, Percival, Pickering, W. H. and the founding of the Lowell Observatory".
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Although Lowell was better known for his observations of Mars, he also drew maps of the planet
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1998:
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was used to search for Planet X. Lowell did not discover Pluto but later Lowell Observatory (
208:; March 13, 1855 – November 12, 1916) was an American businessman, author, mathematician, and
1588:"SkyandTelescope.com – News from Sky & Telescope – Venus Spokes: An Explanation at Last?"
985:
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698:
529:
394:
1831:; Nisbet, Euan; Selsis, Franck; Sleep, Norman H. (2007). "Emergence of a Habitable Planet".
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354:(1894), the latter from his third and final trip to the region. His time in Korea inspired
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The Last Frontier: Imagining Other Worlds from the Copernican Revolution to Modern Fiction
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The Last Frontier: Imagining Other Worlds from the Copernican Revolution to Modern Fiction
8:
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B., Meyer W. (1984). "Life on Mars is almost Certain + Lowell, Percival on Exobiology".
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Astronomical Enigmas: Life on Mars, the Star of Bethlehem, and Other Milky Way Mysteries
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Astronomical Enigmas: Life on Mars, the Star of Bethlehem, and Other Milky Way Mysteries
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825:
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Collected Writings on Japan and Asia, including Letters to Amy Lowell and Lafcadio Hearn
528:. He began observing Venus in detail in mid-1896 soon after the 61-centimetre (24-inch)
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called it a "colossal, splendid, godlike book." At his death he left with his assistant
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C., Heffernan W. (1981). "Lowell, Percival and the Debate over Extraterrestrial Life".
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S., Hetherington N. (1981). "Lowell, Percival – Professional Scientist or Interloper".
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Lowell's influence on science fiction remains strong. The canals figure prominently in
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The existence of canal-like features was definitively disproved in the 1960s by NASA's
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The Neptune File: A Story of Astronomical Rivalry and the Pioneers of Planet Hunting
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On 13 March 2006, Google celebrated Percival Lowell’s 151st birthday with a doodle.
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features did exist which would account for these markings, in 1909 the sixty-inch
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J., Trefil (1988). "Turn-of-the-Century American Astronomer Lowell, Percival".
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616:. However, it would subsequently emerge that the Planet X theory was mistaken.
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in July 2003 that Lowell's stopping down of the telescope created such a small
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the church" though at least one current author describes him as an agnostic.
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as "the most influential popularizer of planetary science in America before
284:, an early activist for prenatal care. They were the great-grandchildren of
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571:, a hypothetical planet beyond Neptune. Lowell believed that the planets
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955:
2749:
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2204:
Webb G. E. (1980). "The Planet Mars and Science in Victorian America".
2196:
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682:
440:
334:, before the departure of the first Korean mission to the United States
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American businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer (1855–1916)
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236:, and formed the beginning of the effort that led to the discovery of
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Pluto's mass could not be determined until 1978, when its satellite
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in 1876 with distinction in mathematics. While at Harvard he joined
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980:
732:(1950). The canals, and even Lowell's mausoleum, heavily influence
568:
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giving Lowell an image of the shadows of blood vessels cast on the
548:
134:
1568:
Sharps, Matthew (2018). "Percival Lowell and the Canals of Mars".
1016:
The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899
857:
358:(1886, Boston). The most popular of Lowell's books on the Orient,
2897:
2398:
2311:
2254:
K., Hofling C. (1964). "Percival Lowell and the Canals of Mars".
1514:. Translated by Helen Atkins. Cornell University Press. pp. 356.
1061:
Happy Birthday Percival Lowell, First Man to Imagine Life on Mars
743:
576:
2086:
R., Crossley (2000). "Percival Lowell and the history of Mars".
773:
on Pluto was also named in his honor after its discovery by the
2892:
2323:
1541:
War of the Worlds: Fresh Perspectives on the H.G. Wells Classic
1173:
Planetary astronomy: from ancient times to the third millennium
572:
556:
339:
331:
254:
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200:
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608:
525:
237:
1368:
Percival Lowell: The Culture and Science of a Boston Brahmin
217:
197:
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1826:
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1175:. College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press.
981:"Chosön, the Land of the Morning Calm; a Sketch of Korea"
2408:
1451:. Translated by Helen Atkins. Cornell University Press.
944:
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1470:
Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems
1311:
Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems
827:
Chosön: The Land of the Morning Calm; a Sketch of Korea
1804:
Craters, Cosmos, and Chronicles: A New Theory of Earth
2948:
2225:
Hoyt W. G.; G., Wesley W. (1977). "Lowell and Mars".
496:
of a combination of psychological factors, including
3115:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
194:
3125:
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
1963:"13 March: Remembering Percival Lowell on Birthday"
906:"The Bizarre Beliefs of Astronomer Percival Lowell"
191:
1678:(1946). "The Search for the Ninth Planet, Pluto".
1037:Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System
288:and, on their mother's side, the grandchildren of
2299:. New York: The Press Association Compilers, Inc.
471:Craters on the Mars surface (frame 11) imaged by
3056:
1670:
1668:
1666:
253:Percival Lowell was born on March 13, 1855, in
265:and Katherine Bigelow Lowell. A member of the
3130:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2424:
1740:(in case unicode character not shown in text)
1710:"Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 134340"
1620:, Vol. 34, Part 1, No. 114, pp. 53–63 (2003)
677:possible. Lowell has been described by other
372:Peaks and Plateaux in the Effect on Tree Life
370:an unpublished manuscript of a book entitled
311:. He was later awarded honorary degrees from
2224:
1680:Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets
1663:
1408:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1878:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 151.
1874:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1886) Lowell".
1827:Zahnle, K.; Arndt, Nick; Cockell, Charles;
1640:
1638:
1636:
1622:via SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
1337:Journal of the British Astronomical Society
1018:(Rutland VT: The Tuttle Company, 1899), 283
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2417:
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2203:
1806:. Stanford University Press. p. 494.
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1649:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 95.
1324:
444:Martian canals depicted by Percival Lowell
31:
2060:
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1370:. Harvard University Press. p. 280.
1115:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1091:
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1021:
2045:"Decline and Fall of the Martian Empire"
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663:
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515:
466:
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389:. He was particularly interested in the
325:
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1208:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
1110:"Book of Members, 1780–2019: Chapter L"
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212:who fueled speculation that there were
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1756:. Cambridge University Press. p.
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1531:
1525:
1417:"Life on Mars? You Read It Here First"
1414:
1170:
1086:
993:from the original on November 12, 2013
916:from the original on December 25, 2021
491:missions. Mariner 4, 6 and 7, and the
346:Books by Lowell on the Orient include
248:
2412:
2405:, with 17 library catalog records
2256:British Journal of Medical Psychology
1950:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
1932:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
1914:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
1647:Mars: a tour of the human imagination
1537:"H.G. Wells' Enduring Mythos of Mars"
1330:
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975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
537:paper and in an article published in
379:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2297:The Cyclopædia of American Biography
1960:
1867:
1801:
1704:
1429:from the original on October 2, 2015
1415:Dunlap, David W. (October 1, 2015).
1239:Journal for the History of Astronomy
1203:
806:Occult Japan, or the Way of the Gods
588:(23 cm) telescope on loan from
535:Journal for the History of Astronomy
356:Chosön: The Land of the Morning Calm
352:Occult Japan, or the Way of the Gods
2218:10.1111/j.1542-734X.1980.0304_573.x
2021:from the original on March 13, 2023
1973:from the original on March 13, 2023
1961:Desk, OV Digital (March 12, 2023).
1948:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
1930:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
1912:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
1712:. SwRI (Space Science Department).
1102:
814:, 5 vols., Tokyo: Edition Synapse.
799:Noto: An Unexplored Corner of Japan
769:on Mars, were named after him. The
377:Lowell was elected a Fellow of the
348:Noto: An Unexplored Corner of Japan
13:
3095:American people of English descent
2268:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1964.tb01304.x
2253:
2174:
2145:
2132:
2119:
2098:
2085:
2042:
2036:
1716:from the original on June 22, 2011
1291:from the original on March 1, 2024
1161:
962:
742:as well as all other books in the
243:
14:
3141:
2344:Works by or about Percival Lowell
2304:
1753:Astronomy: A Physical Perspective
1347:from the original on May 23, 2022
1122:from the original on May 19, 2024
429:
393:, as drawn by Italian astronomer
330:Lowell (front row, rightmost) in
276:, the educator and legal scholar
272:, his siblings included the poet
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2714:
2708:
2702:
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2322:
2310:
2282:
2014:Percival Lowell's 151st Birthday
1876:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
1735:
1144:Life on Mars; The Complete Story
856:
630:International Astronomical Union
187:
172:
2177:Journal of the History of Ideas
2148:Journal of the History of Ideas
2005:
1954:
1936:
1918:
1900:
1820:
1774:
1728:
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1504:
1483:
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1387:
1359:
1303:
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1230:
1197:
1134:
1059:Balik, Rachel (March 13, 2010)
904:Eschner, Kat (March 13, 2017).
785:
761:in 1949, as well as the crater
668:Coat of Arms of Percival Lowell
511:
3105:People from Flagstaff, Arizona
2289:Homans, James E., ed. (1918).
1884:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1887
1099:. RG Badger, 1921, pp. 33, 46.
1073:
1053:
1005:
897:
417:Société astronomique de France
406:American Philosophical Society
220:, and furthered theories of a
1:
1535:(2005). Glenn Yeffeth (ed.).
1204:Hoyt, William Graves (1976).
1097:Percival Lowell: An Afterglow
1083:Progressives vs Conservatives
1034:
937:"Percival Lowell (1855-1916)"
890:
551:, it may have become a giant
411:In 1904, Lowell received the
2387:BBC Science: Percival Lowell
1750:Kutner, Marc Leslie (2003).
399:Flagstaff, Arizona Territory
319:. After graduation he ran a
295:Percival graduated from the
7:
2359:(public domain audiobooks)
2227:American Journal of Physics
2206:Journal of American Culture
1039:. Courier. pp. 62–63.
868:
765:on the Moon and the crater
415:, the highest award of the
10:
3146:
3110:Businesspeople from Boston
2854:
1627:December 11, 2016, at the
1259:10.1177/002182869302400104
1171:Schorn, Ronald A. (1998).
696:'s influential 1898 novel
475:as it flew by Mars in 1965
433:
404:Lowell was elected to the
297:Noble and Greenough School
240:14 years after his death.
111:Noble and Greenough School
2920:
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2783:
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2700:
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2584:
2484:
2469:
2446:
2438:
2113:10.1080/00033799400200121
1853:10.1007/s11214-007-9225-z
1468:Croswell, Kenneth (1997)
1309:Croswell, Kenneth (1997)
847:Mars As the Abode of Life
651:
458:Mars As the Abode of Life
171:
166:
162:
152:
145:
126:
116:
106:
98:
87:
68:
42:
30:
23:
3090:Discoverers of asteroids
2803:IAU definition of planet
2353:Works by Percival Lowell
2335:Works by Percival Lowell
2292:"Lowell, Percival"
1645:Rabkin, Eric S. (2005).
1510:Guthke, Karl S. (1990).
1447:Guthke, Karl S. (1990).
1333:"Astronomy on Mars Hill"
792:The Soul of the Far East
660:Lowell mausoleum in 2013
562:
482:Mount Wilson Observatory
360:The Soul of the Far East
1926:"Martian crater Lowell"
1366:Strauss, David (2001).
1066:March 15, 2009, at the
1035:Littmann, Mark (1985).
862:The Evolution of Worlds
853:The Evolution of Worlds
282:Elizabeth Lowell Putnam
37:Percival Lowell in 1904
3100:Harvard College alumni
2903:Trans-Neptunian object
2604:Coleta de Dados Colles
2392:March 7, 2017, at the
2315:Quotations related to
935:Agassiz, G.R. (1917).
725:The Martian Chronicles
673:discovery of Pluto by
669:
661:
530:Alvan Clark & Sons
521:
498:individual differences
476:
445:
335:
278:Abbott Lawrence Lowell
1908:"Lunar crater Lowell"
1833:Space Science Reviews
1780:Standage, Tom (2000)
1147:. London: Blandford.
1141:Chambers, P. (1999).
1070:. findingdulcinea.com
986:World Digital Library
855:(1910) (Full text at
699:The War of the Worlds
667:
659:
519:
504:reconfiguration, and
470:
443:
434:Further information:
395:Giovanni Schiaparelli
329:
3080:American astronomers
2798:Definition of planet
2791:Official definitions
2561:Tombaugh "The Heart"
2331:at Wikimedia Commons
2088:Massachusetts Review
1802:Shaw, H. R. (1994).
1594:on February 21, 2009
1489:Kidger, Mark (2005)
1393:Kidger, Mark (2005)
1285:search.amphilsoc.org
1281:"APS Member History"
910:Smithsonian Magazine
779:spacecraft in 2015.
740:Edgar Rice Burroughs
679:planetary scientists
594:observatory code 690
2829:Neil deGrasse Tyson
2403:Library of Congress
2239:1977AmJPh..45..316H
2043:K., Zahnel (2001).
1845:2007SSRv..129...35Z
1708:(August 11, 2008).
1692:1946ASPL....5...73T
1251:1993JHA....24..101P
1081:Empress Myeongseong
841:Mars and Its Canals
614:astronomical symbol
454:Mars and Its Canals
305:Delta Kappa Epsilon
261:, the first son of
249:Early life and work
3085:American pacifists
3075:American agnostics
2850:Lowell Observatory
2812:Scientist opinions
2368:Lowell Observatory
1997:has generic name (
1570:Skeptical Inquirer
1422:The New York Times
1331:McKim, R. (1995).
720:Robert A. Heinlein
670:
662:
605:Lowell Observatory
590:Sproul Observatory
585:Elizabeth Williams
522:
477:
446:
413:Prix Jules Janssen
383:Camille Flammarion
336:
309:nebular hypothesis
234:Flagstaff, Arizona
230:Lowell Observatory
121:Harvard University
93:Lowell Observatory
80:Flagstaff, Arizona
2946:
2945:
2916:
2915:
2698:
2697:
2599:Challenger Colles
2339:Project Gutenberg
2327:Media related to
2135:American Heritage
2101:Annals of Science
1893:978-3-540-00238-3
1095:Leonard, Louise.
1012:Lowell, Delmar R.
820:978-4-901481-48-9
603:, working at the
540:Sky and Telescope
228:. He founded the
180:
179:
147:Scientific career
72:November 12, 1916
3137:
3047:
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3035:
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2998:
2987:
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2975:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2824:Michael E. Brown
2788:
2787:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2640:Sputnik Planitia
2482:
2481:
2433:
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2410:
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2348:Internet Archive
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2129:
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2095:
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2064:
2062:10.1038/35084148
2055:(6843): 209–13.
2030:
2029:
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2009:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1992:
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1603:
1601:
1599:
1590:. Archived from
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1508:
1502:
1487:
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1466:
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1328:
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1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
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1277:
1271:
1270:
1245:(1–2): 101–122.
1234:
1228:
1227:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1168:
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941:
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
901:
860:
831:
830:. Ticknor. 1886.
759:Robert Schaldach
753:, discovered by
735:The Gods of Mars
692:– starting with
647:
559:of his own eye.
317:Clark University
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
176:
75:
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
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3134:
3055:
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3041:
3031:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2912:
2871:
2855:Percival Lowell
2833:
2807:
2779:
2759:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2694:
2678:
2662:
2650:
2644:
2628:
2586:
2580:
2473:
2465:
2442:
2437:
2399:Percival Lowell
2394:Wayback Machine
2373:Percival Lowell
2361:
2329:Percival Lowell
2317:Percival Lowell
2307:
2283:
2247:10.1119/1.10630
2189:10.2307/2709191
2160:10.2307/2709423
2039:
2037:Further reading
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2011:
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1699:
1676:Tombaugh, C. W.
1673:
1664:
1657:
1643:
1634:
1629:Wayback Machine
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1586:
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1533:Baxter, Stephen
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1206:Lowell and Mars
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1068:Wayback Machine
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994:
979:
978:
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950:(13): 845–847.
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902:
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871:
824:
788:
707:Mars in fiction
690:science fiction
654:
645:
581:human computers
565:
514:
438:
432:
387:La planète Mars
323:for six years.
313:Amherst College
301:Harvard College
290:Abbott Lawrence
263:Augustus Lowell
251:
246:
244:Life and career
190:
186:
183:Percival Lowell
141:(April 9, 1907)
133:
117:Alma mater
83:
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73:
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48:
46:
38:
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25:Percival Lowell
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2938:Venetia Burney
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2860:Clyde Tombaugh
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2619:Tenzing Montes
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2609:Hillary Montes
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2524:Meng-pʻo
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2493:Brass Knuckles
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2305:External links
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2004:
1967:Observer Voice
1953:
1944:"Lowell Regio"
1935:
1917:
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1892:
1866:
1839:(1–3): 35–78.
1829:Halliday, Alex
1819:
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1686:(209): 73–80.
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885:Wrexie Leonard
882:
880:Noto Peninsula
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675:Clyde Tombaugh
653:
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601:Clyde Tombaugh
564:
561:
553:ophthalmoscope
513:
510:
506:sociocognitive
436:Martian canals
431:
430:Canals of Mars
428:
391:canals of Mars
368:Wrexie Leonard
364:Lafcadio Hearn
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131:Martian canals
128:
127:Known for
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76:(aged 61)
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53:March 13, 1855
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2977:United States
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2658:Adlivun Cavus
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2233:(3): 316–17.
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2183:(3): 527–30.
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2094:(3): 297–318.
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1813:0-8047-2131-9
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1767:0-521-52927-1
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1706:Buie, Marc W.
1701:
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1656:0-275-98719-1
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1554:1-932100-55-5
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1520:0-8014-1680-9
1517:
1513:
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1471:
1465:
1459:. pp. 355–56.
1458:
1457:0-8014-1680-9
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1377:9780674002913
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1215:0-8165-0435-0
1211:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1182:0-585-38034-1
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1167:
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1154:0-7137-2747-0
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1098:
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1046:0-486-43602-0
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61:Massachusetts
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29:
22:
19:
3037:Solar System
2888:Dwarf planet
2865:Roger Putnam
2774:New Horizons
2772:
2732:
2614:Piccard Mons
2594:Baret Montes
2377:Find a Grave
2319:at Wikiquote
2296:
2262:(1): 33–42.
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2007:
1975:. Retrieved
1966:
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1720:February 21,
1718:. Retrieved
1700:
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1592:the original
1582:
1573:
1569:
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1543:. BenBalla:
1540:
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984:
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909:
899:
875:Life on Mars
852:
846:
840:
834:
826:
811:
805:
797:
791:
786:Publications
781:
776:New Horizons
774:
771:Lowell Regio
755:Henry Giclas
748:
733:
730:Ray Bradbury
723:
713:
711:
704:
697:
687:
671:
640:
636:
634:
626:dwarf planet
618:
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538:
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512:Venus spokes
486:
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456:(1906), and
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299:in 1872 and
294:
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226:Solar System
222:ninth planet
182:
181:
146:
137:discovered:
74:(1916-11-12)
18:
3070:1916 deaths
3065:1855 births
3025:Outer space
3013:Spaceflight
2908:Kuiper belt
2765:Exploration
2651:depressions
2649:Valleys and
2624:Wright Mons
2141:(2): 38–43.
2122:Smithsonian
1995:|last=
1576:(3): 41–46.
751:1886 Lowell
722:(1949) and
694:H. G. Wells
423:World War I
350:(1891) and
321:cotton mill
286:John Lowell
224:within the
139:793 Arizona
99:Nationality
91:Mars Hill,
3059:Categories
2819:Alan Stern
2674:Luna Linea
2514:Vucub-Came
2509:Harrington
2451:Atmosphere
2212:(4): 573.
2128:(10): 34–.
1790:0802713637
1499:0801880262
1493:. p. 111.
1478:0684832526
1403:0801880262
1397:. p. 110.
1319:0684832526
1079:See under
891:References
738:(1918) by
715:Red Planet
683:Carl Sagan
545:exit pupil
274:Amy Lowell
210:astronomer
49:1855-03-13
2989:Astronomy
2965:Biography
2933:Mythology
2838:Discovery
2784:Astronomy
2587:mountains
2585:Hills and
2471:Geography
2025:March 13,
1977:March 13,
1618:0021-8286
1472:. p. 48.
1351:March 12,
1343:: 69–74.
1313:. p. 49.
1267:117637626
1126:March 12,
920:March 12,
749:Asteroid
642:Voyager 2
599:In 1930,
583:, led by
508:factors.
493:Mariner 9
473:Mariner 4
408:in 1897.
167:Signature
157:Astronomy
135:Asteroids
107:Education
2845:Planet X
2745:Kerberos
2541:Hayabusa
2519:Hun-Came
2499:Safronov
2476:features
2390:Archived
2357:LibriVox
2276:14116519
2079:22725986
2071:11449281
2019:archived
1987:cite web
1971:Archived
1861:12006144
1792:. p. 188
1734:Symbol:
1714:Archived
1625:Archived
1433:June 17,
1427:Archived
1345:Archived
1295:March 1,
1289:Archived
1191:49414656
1117:Archived
1064:Archived
997:June 11,
991:Archived
989:. 1888.
956:20025724
914:Archived
869:See also
746:series.
569:Planet X
549:eyepiece
452:(1895),
102:American
3049:Science
2951:Portals
2928:Fiction
2921:Related
2898:Plutino
2876:General
2683:Craters
2576:Voyager
2556:Pioneer
2551:Morgoth
2485:Regions
2461:Geology
2456:Climate
2346:at the
2235:Bibcode
2197:2709191
2168:2709423
1841:Bibcode
1688:Bibcode
1598:June 5,
1247:Bibcode
1224:2390580
744:Barsoom
628:by the
577:Neptune
547:at the
502:Gestalt
489:Mariner
267:Brahmin
2893:Planet
2734:Charon
2690:Burney
2667:Lineae
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2566:Venera
2546:Lowell
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2531:Belton
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2049:Nature
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1545:186–87
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767:Lowell
763:Lowell
652:Legacy
621:Charon
573:Uranus
557:retina
340:Korean
332:Joseon
280:, and
255:Boston
214:canals
153:Fields
82:, U.S.
63:, U.S.
57:Boston
3120:Pluto
3001:Stars
2740:Hydra
2725:Moons
2440:Pluto
2193:JSTOR
2164:JSTOR
2075:S2CID
1857:S2CID
1263:S2CID
1120:(PDF)
1113:(PDF)
952:JSTOR
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609:Pluto
563:Pluto
526:Venus
238:Pluto
2755:Styx
2272:PMID
2067:PMID
2027:2023
1999:help
1979:2023
1888:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1722:2010
1651:ISBN
1614:ISSN
1600:2008
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1435:2022
1399:ISBN
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1297:2024
1220:OCLC
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1177:ISBN
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1041:ISBN
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835:Mars
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