2668:
http://www.pipeline.com/~lenornst/DiscElectrophoresis.html | title = Disc
Electrophoresis | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213111/http://www.pipeline.com/~lenornst/DiscElectrophoresis.html | archive-date = 26 September 2011 | work = Pipeline.com | access-date = 11 June 2012 }} citing: {{cite journal | vauthors = Ornstein L | title = Disc Electrophoresis. I. Background and Theory | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 121 | issue = 2| pages = 321β49 | date = December 1964 | pmid = 14240533 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb14207.x | bibcode = 1964NYASA.121..321O | s2cid = 28591995 }}</ref> and of Raymond and Weintraub<ref name=Davis/> independently published on the use of ] to separate charged ].<ref name=Davis>{{cite journal | vauthors = Raymond S, Weintraub L | title = Acrylamide gel as a supporting medium for zone electrophoresis | journal = Science | volume = 130 | issue = 3377 | pages = 711 | date = September 1959 | pmid = 14436634 | doi = 10.1126/science.130.3377.711 | s2cid = 7242716 | bibcode = 1959Sci...130..711R }} citing: {{cite journal | vauthors = Davis DR, Budd RE | title = Continuous electrophoresis; quantitative fractionation of serum proteins | journal = The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 958β65 | date = June 1959 | pmid = 13665142 | doi = | url = }}</ref> The technique is widely accepted today, and remains a common ] in ] labs.
3116:{{cite journal | vauthors = Kay-Shoemake JL, Watwood ME, Lentz RD, Sojka RE | date = August 1998 | title = Polyacrylamide as an organic nitrogen source for soil microorganisms with potential effects on inorganic soil nitrogen in agricultural soil | journal = Soil Biology and Biochemistry | volume = 30 | issue = 8/9 | pages = 1045β1052 | doi = 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00250-2 | bibcode = 1998SBiBi..30.1045K |url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=30639&content=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gao J, Lin T, Wang W, Yu J, Yuan S, Wang S | year = 1999 | title = Accelerated chemical degradation of polyacrylamide | journal = Macromolecular Symposia | volume = 144 | pages = 179β185 | issn = 1022-1360 | doi = 10.1002/masy.19991440116 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ver Vers LM | title = Determination of acrylamide monomer in polyacrylamide degradation studies by high-performance liquid chromatography | journal = Journal of Chromatographic Science | volume = 37 | issue = 12 | pages = 486β494 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10615596 | doi = 10.1093/chromsci/37.12.486 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
2689:
with linear polyacrylamide as carrier | journal = Nucleic Acids
Research | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 378 | date = January 1990 | pmid = 2326177 | pmc = 330293 | doi = 10.1093/nar/18.2.378 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Muterko A | title = Selective precipitation of RNA with linear polyacrylamide | journal = Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 61β76 | date = 2022-01-02 | pmid = 34809521 | doi = 10.1080/15257770.2021.2007397 | s2cid = 244490750 }}</ref> Many laboratory supply companies sell LPA for this use.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.biocompare.com/ProductDetails/349470/GenElute-LPA-from-Sigma-Aldrich.html | title = GenElute-LPA | author = Sigma-Aldrich | work = biocompare.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718001006/http://www.biocompare.com/ProductDetails/349470/GenElute-LPA-from-Sigma-Aldrich.html | archive-date = 2011-07-18 }}</ref> In addition, under certain conditions, it can be used to selectively precipitate only RNA species from a mixture of nucleic acids.<ref name=":0" />
3094:{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahn JS, Castle L | title = Tests for the depolymerization of polyacrylamides as a potential source of acrylamide in heated foods | journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume = 51 | issue = 23 | pages = 6715β6718 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14582965 | doi = 10.1021/jf0302308 }}</ref> The single claim that polyacrylamide reverts to acrylamide<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith EA, Prues SL, Oehme FW | title = Environmental degradation of polyacrylamides. II. Effects of environmental (outdoor) exposure | journal = Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 76β91 | date = June 1997 | pmid = 9212339 | doi = 10.1006/eesa.1997.1527 | url = http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Polymers/Polyacrylamides-Degradation1jun97.htm | access-date = 2007-11-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160420045005/http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Polymers/Polyacrylamides-Degradation1jun97.htm | archive-date = 2016-04-20 }}</ref> has been widely challenged.<ref>
2721:
journal = ACS Applied
Materials & Interfaces | volume = 8 | issue = 34 | pages = 21893β21902 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 26816386 | doi = 10.1021/acsami.5b09344 }}</ref> This property makes polyacrylamide useful in the field of ], as a number of cells respond to mechanical stimuli.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pelham RJ, Wang Y | title = Cell locomotion and focal adhesions are regulated by substrate flexibility | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 94 | issue = 25 | pages = 13661β13665 | date = December 1997 | pmid = 9391082 | pmc = 28362 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.94.25.13661 | bibcode = 1997PNAS...9413661P | doi-access = free }}</ref>
2582:
improve the economics of conventional water-flooding. In a separate application, ] benefits from drag reduction resulting from injection of these solutions. These applications use large volumes of polymer solutions at concentration of 30β3000 mg/L.<ref name=clean>{{cite journal |title=Polyacrylamide
Degradation and Its Implications in Environmental Systems| vauthors = Xiong B, Loss RD, Shields D, Pawlik T, Hochreiter R, Zydney AL, Kumar M |journal= Clean Water|volume=1|year=2018| issue = 1 | page = 17 |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0016-8|s2cid=135203788 |doi-access=free| bibcode = 2018npjCW...1...17X }}</ref>
2832:
Assessment for the
Challenge: 2-Propenamide (Acrylamide) |author1=Environment Canada|author2 = Health Canada |date=August 2009 |website = Environment and Climate Change Canada|publisher = Government of Canada |author1-link=Environment Canada }}</ref><ref name=NIOSHskin>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-139/pdfs/2011-139.pdf|title = NIOSH skin notation (SK) profile: acrylamide .| vauthors = Dotson GS |date = April 2011 |journal = DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2011-139 |publisher = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) }}</ref>
2240:
https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230215/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+9003-05-8| archive-date = 30 December 2017 |title = Polyacrylamide|date = February 14, 2003|access-date = November 30, 2013|publisher = United States
National Library of Medicine|at = Consumption Patterns|id = CASRN: 9003-05-8|website = Hazardous Substances Data Bank}}</ref> The next major application by weight is additives for ] processing and ]. About 30% of polyacrylamide is used in the oil and mineral industries.<ref name=Ull/>
1872:'''Polyacrylamide''' (abbreviated as PAM or pAAM) is a ] with the formula (-CH<sub>2</sub>CHCONH<sub>2</sub>-). It has a linear-chain structure. PAM is highly water-absorbent, forming a soft ] when hydrated. In 2008, an estimated 750,000,000 kg were produced, mainly for water treatment and the paper and mineral industries.<ref name=Ull>{{Ullmann |doi=10.1002/14356007.a21_143.pub2|title=Polyacrylamides and Poly(Acrylic Acids)|year=2015| vauthors = Herth G, Schornick G, Buchholz F |pages=1β16}}</ref>
2879:{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodrow JE, Seiber JN, Miller GC | title = Acrylamide release resulting from sunlight irradiation of aqueous polyacrylamide/iron mixtures | journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages = 2773β2779 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18351736 | doi = 10.1021/jf703677v }}</ref> Considerable effort is made to scavenge traces of acrylamide from the polymer intended for use near food.<ref name=Ull/>
2568:
and a remaining carboxyl group. Thus, the degree of anionicity of the molecule increases. Thermal degradation of the vinyl backbone can occur through several possible radical mechanisms, including the autooxidation of small amounts of iron and reactions between oxygen and residual impurities from polymerization at elevated temperature. Mechanical degradation can also be an issue at the high shear rates experienced in the near-wellbore region.
1991:}}</ref> therefore it is recommended to handle it with caution. In the cross-linked form, the possibility of the monomer being present is reduced even further. It is highly water-absorbent, forming a soft ] when hydrated, used in such applications as ] and in manufacturing soft ]es. In the straight-chain form, it is also used as a ] and ] agent. More recently, it has been used as a subdermal filler for aesthetic facial surgery (see ]).
1881:'''Polyacrylamide''' (] '''poly(2-propenamide)''' or '''poly(1-carbamoylethylene)''') is a polymer (-CH<sub>2</sub>CHCONH<sub>2</sub>-) formed from ] subunits. It can be synthesized as a simple linear-chain structure or ]ed, typically using ]. Polyacrylamide is not toxic. However, unpolymerized acrylamide, which is a ], can be present in very small amounts in the polymerized acrylamide,<ref name="esd">
3250:
degradation of polyacrylamide and the deamination product polyacrylate |journal=International
Biodeterioration & Biodegradation |date=April 2019 |volume=139 |pages=24β33 |doi=10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.02.005|s2cid=92617790 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019IBiBi.139...24N }}</ref><!-- Article cites more recent claims of anaerobic sludges producing acrylamide, hmmmm -->
2567:
In dilute aqueous solution, such as is commonly used for ] applications, polyacrylamide polymers are susceptible to chemical, thermal, and mechanical degradation. Chemical degradation occurs when the labile amine moiety hydrolyzes at elevated temperature or pH, resulting in the evolution of ammonia
2143:
It has also been advertised as a ] called ] by ] in the 1950s and today "MP", which is stated to be a "unique formulation of PAM (water-soluble polyacrylamide)". It is often used for horticultural and agricultural use under trade names such as
Broadleaf P4, Swell-Gel and so on. The anionic form of
2720:
The elastic modulus of polyacrylamide can be changed by varying the ratio of monomer to cross-linker during the fabrication of polyacrylamide gel.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Denisin AK, Pruitt BL | title = Tuning the Range of
Polyacrylamide Gel Stiffness for Mechanobiology Applications |
2357:
The ionic forms of polyacrylamide has found an important role in the potable ]. Trivalent metal salts, like ] and ], are bridged by the long polymer chains of polyacrylamide. This results in significant enhancement of the ] rate. This allows ] plants to greatly improve the removal of total organic
2038:
Polyacrylamide is a ]. It can be viewed as ] with amide substituents on alternating carbons. Unlike various ]s, polyacrylamide is not a ] because the amide groups are not in the polymer backbone. Owing to the presence of the amide (CONH<sub>2</sub>) groups, alternating carbon atoms in
2831:
Considering the volume of polyacrylamide produced, these materials have been heavily scrutinized with regards to environmental and health impacts.<ref name="ecanada">{{cite web |url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/ese-ees/default.asp?lang=En&xml=FF4FCD6E-B330-7266-D1FD-B44C48A6BC9B |title=Screening
2688:
Acrylamide has other uses in molecular biology laboratories, including the use of linear polyacrylamide (LPA) as a ], which aids in the precipitation of small amounts of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gaillard C, Strauss F | title = Ethanol precipitation of DNA
2213:
The ionic form of polyacrylamide has found an important role in the potable ]. Trivalent metal salts like ] and ] are bridged by the long polymer chains of polyacrylamide. This results in significant enhancement of the ] rate. This allows ] plants to greatly improve the removal of total organic
2865:
Concerns have been raised that polyacrylamide used in agriculture may contaminate food with the nerve toxin ]. While polyacrylamide itself is relatively non-toxic, it is known that commercially available polyacrylamide contains minute residual amounts of acrylamide remaining from its production,
2367:
Patent Number 4,797,145 filed in
February 1986, by Garn A. Wallace and ] of Wallace Laboratories LLC, then published Jan. 10, 1989 - "Method of Agricultural Soil Improvement". As stated from the patent documents, ''Improvement in the physical properties of soils is achieved by the applicaton of
2581:
In the oil and gas industry, polyacrylamide derivatives (especially co-polymers) have a substantial effect on production by enhanced oil recovery by viscosity enhancement. High viscosity aqueous solutions can be generated with low concentrations of polyacrylamide polymers, which are injected to
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Polyacrylamide is most commonly partially biodegraded by the action of ]s, producing ammonia and ]. Polyacrylates are hard to biodegrade, but some soil microbe cultures have been shown to do so in aerobic conditions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = NyyssΓΆlΓ€ A, Ahlgren J |title=Microbial
2635:
The primary functions of polyacrylamide soil conditioners are to increase soil tilth, aeration, and porosity and reduce compaction, dustiness and water run-off. Typical applications are 10 mg/L, which is still expensive for many applications.<ref name=clean/> Secondary functions are to
2667:
Polyacrylamide is also often used in molecular biology applications as a medium for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids in a technique known as ]. PAGE was first used in a laboratory setting in the early 1950s. In 1959, the groups of Davis and Ornstein<ref>{{cite web | url =
2331:
The primary functions of Polyacrylamide Soil Conditioners are to increase soil tilth, aeration, and porosity and reduce compaction, dustiness and water run-off. Secondary functions are to increase plant vigor, color, appearance, rooting depth and emergence of seeds while decreasing water
2095:
Another common use of polyacrylamide and its derivatives is in subsurface applications such as Enhanced Oil Recovery. High viscosity aqueous solutions can be generated with low concentrations of polyacrylamide polymers, and these can be injected to improve the economics of conventional
2368:
qwuecus mixtures of agricultural ] and ] to the soil. The combination of agricultural ] and ] results in greatly improving the physical properties of the soil while significantly reducing the quantity of agricultural polymers as compared to to methods of the prior art.''<ref>
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the backbone are ] (colloquially: chiral). For this reason, polyacrylamide exists in atactic, syndiotactic, and isotactic forms, although this aspect is rarely discussed. The polymerization is initiated with radicals and is assumed to be stereorandom.<ref name=Ull/>
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One of the largest uses for polyacrylamide is to ] solids in a liquid. This process applies to ], and processes like ] and screen printing. Polyacrylamide can be supplied in a powder or liquid form, with the liquid form being subcategorized as solution and emulsion
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cross-linked polyacrylamide is frequently used as a soil conditioner on farm land and ] for ], in order to protect the ] of nearby ] and streams.<ref>Wisconsin Department of Transportation. Madison, WI. January 2001. Report No. WI 06-98.</ref>
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Even though these products are often called 'polyacrylamide', many are actually ]s of ] and one or more other chemical species, such as an ] or a salt thereof. The main consequence of this is to give the 'modified' polymer a particular ] character.
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Partial hydrolysis occurs at elevated temperatures in aqueous media, converting some amide substituents to carboxylates. This hydrolysis thus makes the polymer particularly hydrophilic. The polymer produced from N,N-dimethylacrylamide resists
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Updating {{chembox}} (changes to watched fields - updated 'ChemSpiderID_Ref', 'DrugBank_Ref', 'UNII_Ref', 'ChEMBL_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref', 'StdInChI_Ref', 'StdInChIKey_Ref') per
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One of the largest uses for polyacrylamide is to ] or coagulate solids in a liquid. This process applies to ], and processes like ]. Most polyacrylamide is supplied in a liquid form. The liquid is subcategorized as solution and emulsion
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In one (much debated) study conducted in 1997 at ], the effect of environmental conditions on polyacrylamide were tested, and it was shown that degradation of polyacrylamide under certain conditions does in fact cause the release of
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In the 1970s and 1980s, the proportionately largest use of these polymers was in water treatment.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+9003-05-8 | archive-url =
2855:
Polyacrylamide is of low toxicity but its precursor acrylamide is a ] and ].<ref name=Ull/> Thus, concerns naturally center on the possibility that polyacrylamide is contaminated with ].<ref name=NIOSHskin
86:
3224:}}</ref> California requires (current as of 2010) products containing acrylamide as an ingredient to be labeled with a statement that it is "a chemical known to the State of California to cause cancer."
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Linear polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer. Other polar solvents include ] and various alcohols. ]ing can be introduced using ]. Some crosslinked materials are swellable but not soluble, i.e., they are
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Even though these products are often called 'polyacrylamide', many are actually ]s of ] and one or more other species, such as an ] or a salt thereof. These copolymers have modified wetting and swellability.
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The polymer is also used to make Gro-Beast toys, which expand when placed in water, such as the ]. Similarly, the absorbent properties of one of its copolymers can be utilized as an additive in body-powder.
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The polymer is also used to make Gro-Beast toys, which expand when placed in water, as the ]. Similarly, the absorbent properties of one of its copolymers can be utilized as an additive in body-powder.
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increase plant vigor, color, appearance, rooting depth, and emergence of seeds while decreasing water requirements, diseases, erosion and maintenance expenses. FC 2712 is used for this purpose.
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1925:| title = Quantitation of Acrylamide (and Polyacrylamide): Critical review of methods for trace determination/formulation analysis & Future-research recommendations
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However, cross-linked variants of polyacrylamide have shown greater resistance to all of these methods of degradation, and have proved much more stable.
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Polyacrylamide is often used in molecular biology applications as a medium for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids in a technique known as ].
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3436:| title = Polyacrylamide as an organic nitrogen source for soil microorganisms with potential effects on inorganic soil nitrogen in agricultural soil
3392:}}</ref> '''However''', the experimental design of this study, as well as its results and their interpretation have been questioned,<ref>
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Changed "gel electrophoresis" link to more specific "polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis" link.
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3304:| title = Environmental degradation of polyacrylamides. II. Effects of environmental (outdoor) exposure.
2921:| title = Acrylamide Release Resulting from Sunlight Irradiation of Aqueous Polyacrylamide/Iron Mixtures
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2467:| url = http://www.wikipatents.com/US-Patent-4797145/method-of-agricultural-soil-improvement
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Additionally, there are concerns that polyacrylamide may de-polymerise to form acrylamide.
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Additionally, there are concerns that polyacrylamide may de-polymerise to form acrylamide.
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765:| Formula = (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO)<sub>n</sub>
758:| Formula = (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO)<sub>n</sub>
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was treated similarly as food during cooking. It was shown that these conditions do
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It has been used in Botox as a ] for aesthetic facial surgery (see ]).
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Copolymers of ] include those derived from acrylic acid.
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452:poly(2-propenamide), poly(1-carbamoylethylene)
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3202:| doi = 10.1021/jf0302308
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2987:| doi = 10.1021/jf703677v
2979:
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2820:==Environmental effects==
2813:==Environmental effects==
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2624:{{main|soil conditioner}}
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1969:| accessdate = 2010-06-30
1961:
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1048:{{Chembox Thermochemistry
925:
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3136:| date = 5 November 2003
3046:in 2003 at the ] in ], ]
251:Extended confirmed users
3868:* ], a similar material
3861:* ], a similar material
3645:| author = Ver Vers LM.
3054:cause polyacrylamide to
2613:===Soil conditioning===
359:| Name = Polyacrylamide
352:| Name = Polyacrylamide
203:Chem/Drugbox validation
153:
3656:| date = December 1999
3260:acrylamide.<ref>
2709:=== Mechanobiology ===
2401:| date = Jan. 10, 1989
1137:{{Chembox Pharmacology
736:| ATC_Supplemental =}}
2910:| date = 2008 Apr 23;
1914:| date = 23 June 1988
500:| ChemSpiderID = none
471:{{Chembox Identifiers
414:| IUPACName = poly(2-
403:| IUPACName = poly(2-
370:|thumb|Polyacrylamide
3425:| date = August 1998
573:| UNII1 = 5D6TC4BRWV
109:
66:
3480:| pages = 1045β1052
2965:| pages = 2773β2779
1947:| publisher = The ]
1807:OtherFunction_label
1306:{{Chembox Explosive
1119:| HeatCapacity = }}
1112:| HeatCapacity = }}
975:{{Chembox Structure
725:| ATCCode_suffix =
703:| ATCCode_prefix =
532:| CASNo = 9003-05-8
525:| CASNo = 9003-05-8
434:| SystematicName =
427:| SystematicName =
69:
26:
3601:| issn = 1022-1360
3293:| date = June 1997
1238:Pregnancy_category
998:| CrystalStruct =
991:| CrystalStruct =
516:| Abbreviations =
509:| Abbreviations =
340:| verifiedrevid =
330:| verifiedrevid =
234:Alan U. Kennington
229:
165:
74:
31:
4170:
3711:| pages = 486β494
3590:| pages = 179β185
3079:, polyacrylamide
3048:, polyacrylamide
1761:| OtherCations =
1754:| OtherCations =
1722:{{Chembox Related
1403:{{Chembox Hazards
1345:| FrictionSens =
1338:| FrictionSens =
1014:| Coordination =
1007:| Coordination =
917:| SolubleOther =
910:| SolubleOther =
394:| ImageSize = 150
387:| ImageSize = 150
215:
156:
97:
83:
70:
54:
40:
27:
4173:
2856:/><ref>
2741:===Niche uses===
2274:Soil Conditioner
2096:waterflooding.
1745:| OtherAnions =
1738:| OtherAnions =
1672:| ExploLimits =
1665:| ExploLimits =
1472:| MainHazards =
1465:| MainHazards =
1160:| AdminRoutes =
1153:| AdminRoutes =
609:| EINECSCASNO =
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2545:== Stability ==
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1385:| REFactor = }}
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1378:| REFactor = }}
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1030:| MolShape = }}
1024:
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901:| Solubility =
895:
894:| Solubility =
886:
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883:BoilingPt_notes
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843:MeltingPt_notes
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443:| OtherNames =
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3947:==References==
3946:
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3766:}}</ref>
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3634:{{cite journal
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3579:| volume = 144
3578:
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3524:{{cite journal
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3403:{{cite journal
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3271:{{cite journal
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1332:
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1329:| ShockSens =
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:| ShockSens =
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1291:
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1190:
1187:
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1179:
1178:
1175:
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1171:
1168:
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878:
876:
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869:
867:
864:
863:
861:| BoilingPt =
860:
858:
856:
854:| BoilingPt =
853:
851:
848:
847:
842:
840:
838:
836:
831:
829:
827:
824:
823:
821:| MeltingPt =
820:
818:
816:
814:| MeltingPt =
813:
811:
808:
807:
804:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
788:
784:
783:
781:| MolarMass =
780:
778:
776:
774:| MolarMass =
773:
771:
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767:
764:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
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744:
741:
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629:
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619:
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484:
481:
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477:
475:
473:
469:
466:
463:
461:
459:
456:
455:
451:
450:| OtherNames =
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319:Verifiedfields
318:
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3709:
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3695:
3689:| volume = 37
3687:
3684:
3678:| journal = ]
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3662:
3654:
3651:
3643:
3640:
3632:
3629:
3621:
3618:
3610:
3607:
3599:
3596:
3588:
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3577:
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3568:| journal = ]
3566:
3563:
3555:
3552:
3546:| year = 1999
3544:
3541:
3533:
3530:
3522:
3519:
3511:
3508:
3500:
3497:
3489:
3486:
3478:
3475:
3469:| issue = 8/9
3467:
3464:
3458:| volume = 30
3456:
3453:
3447:| journal = ]
3445:
3442:
3434:
3431:
3423:
3420:
3412:
3409:
3401:
3398:
3390:
3387:
3379:
3376:
3368:
3365:
3357:
3354:
3346:
3343:
3335:
3332:
3326:| volume = 37
3324:
3321:
3315:| journal = ]
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3310:
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3231:
3230:
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3219:
3211:
3208:
3200:
3197:
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3178:
3175:
3169:| volume = 51
3167:
3164:
3158:| journal = ]
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3007:
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2996:
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2985:
2982:
2974:
2971:
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2960:
2952:
2949:
2943:| volume = 56
2941:
2938:
2932:| journal = ]
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2654:
2649:
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2640:
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2628:
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2617:
2611:
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2597:
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2565:
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2529:
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2476:
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2462:
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2443:
2440:
2432:
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2423:| journal = ]
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2211:
2208:
2202:
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2176:
2173:
2167:
2162:
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2156:
2153:
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2141:
2138:
2131:
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2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2093:
2090:
2084:
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2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2058:
2055:
2046:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1986:
1978:
1975:
1967:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1945:
1942:
1934:
1931:
1923:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1890:
1887:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1816:
1813:
1803:
1792:
1789:
1783:OtherFunction
1779:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1599:
1596:
1586:
1575:
1572:
1562:
1551:
1548:
1538:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1449:
1441:
1438:
1428:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1295:
1292:
1282:
1271:
1268:
1258:
1247:
1244:
1234:
1223:
1220:
1216:| Legal_CA =
1214:
1212:
1209:| Legal_CA =
1207:
1205:
1204:
1200:| Legal_AU =
1198:
1196:
1193:| Legal_AU =
1191:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1176:| Bioavail =
1174:
1172:
1169:| Bioavail =
1167:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1094:
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1085:
1083:
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1053:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1002:
996:
994:
989:
987:
986:
980:
964:
961:
955:
953:
948:
946:
945:
939:
937:
932:
930:
929:
921:
915:
913:
908:
906:
905:
899:
897:
892:
890:
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3789:==See also==
3700:| issue = 12
3180:| issue = 23
2285:Flocculation
1643:Autoignition
1632:| FlashPt =
1625:| FlashPt =
1454:| EUIndex =
1443:| EUClass =
1421:ExternalMSDS
1286:Pregnancy_US
1262:Pregnancy_AU
1103:| Entropy =
1096:| Entropy =
1087:| DeltaHc =
1080:| DeltaHc =
1071:| DeltaHf =
1064:| DeltaHf =
805:| Density =
798:| Density =
627:| PubChem =
620:| PubChem =
405:prop-enamide
3958:{{reflist}}
3918:{{Reflist}}
3905:References
3337:| issue = 1
2954:| issue = 8
2434:| volume =
2134:hydrolysis.
1772:OtherFunctn
1520:| NFPA-R =
1513:| NFPA-R =
1504:| NFPA-F =
1497:| NFPA-F =
1488:| NFPA-H =
1481:| NFPA-H =
1432:ExternalSDS
1367:DetonationV
643:| SMILES =
636:| SMILES =
600:| EINECS =
593:| EINECS =
416:propenamide
3191:| pages =
3068:conditions
2456:| pages =
2445:| issue =
1892:{{cite web
1704:| PEL = }}
1697:| PEL = }}
1356:ExplosiveV
1275:PregCat_US
1251:PregCat_AU
957:| pKb = }}
950:| pKb = }}
96:Revision 2
53:Revision 1
3755:| pmid =
3733:| issn =
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3043:conducted
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1936:| work =
1820:OtherCpds
1603:RSPhrases
683:| KEGG =
676:| KEGG =
342:446476725
332:413082188
321:= changed
310:= changed
297:{{chembox
290:{{chembox
3891:External
3799:See also
3744:| doi =
3612:| doi =
2489:| doi =
2299:polymer.
2204:==Uses==
2049:polymer.
1796:Function
1716:Section8
1688:| LD50 =
1681:| LD50 =
1614:GHS_ref
1590:PPhrases
1579:SPhrases
1566:HPhrases
1555:RPhrases
1397:Section7
1300:Section6
1185:Line 67:
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1131:Section5
1042:Section4
969:Section3
941:| pKa =
934:| pKa =
926:Line 46:
923:Line 44:
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787:Line 32:
652:Line 27:
649:Line 23:
465:Section1
244:contribs
180:contribs
170:CheMoBot
141:Wikitext
3077:cooking
3071:typical
1540:| NFPA-
1529:| NFPA-
1227:PregCat
282:Line 1:
279:Line 1:
192:141,565
134:Visual
82:Page 2
72:Page 2
39:Page 1
29:Page 1
3894:links
3065:Under
3040:study
258:edits
256:1,318
194:edits
3081:does
1833:= }}
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240:talk
226:undo
221:edit
187:Bots
176:talk
162:edit
3903:==
3852:* ]
3845:* ]
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3818:* ]
3811:* ]
3074:for
3052:not
2287:===
2283:===
2276:===
2272:===
2110:]s.
3927:*
3907:==
3896:==
3889:==
3802:==
3796:==
3034:In
1849:}}
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