160:
109:
24:
211:
436:
The primary functions of polyacrylamide soil conditioners are to increase soil tilth, aeration, and porosity and reduce compaction, dustiness and water run-off. Typical applications are 10 mg/L, which is still expensive for many applications. Secondary functions are to increase plant vigor, color,
417:
In the oil and gas industry, polyacrylamide derivatives (especially co-polymers) have a substantial effect on production by enhanced oil recovery by viscosity enhancement. High viscosity aqueous solutions can be generated with low concentrations of polyacrylamide polymers, which are injected to
472:, which aids in the precipitation of small amounts of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Many laboratory supply companies sell LPA for this use. In addition, under certain conditions, it can be used to selectively precipitate only RNA species from a mixture of nucleic acids.
541:
Additionally, there are concerns that polyacrylamide may de-polymerise to form acrylamide. Under conditions typical for cooking, polyacrylamide does not de-polymerise significantly. The single claim that polyacrylamide reverts to acrylamide has been widely challenged.
321:
Partial hydrolysis occurs at elevated temperatures in aqueous media, converting some amide substituents to carboxylates. This hydrolysis thus makes the polymer particularly hydrophilic. The polymer produced from N,N-dimethylacrylamide resists hydrolysis.
294:(colloquially: chiral). For this reason, polyacrylamide exists in atactic, syndiotactic, and isotactic forms, although this aspect is rarely discussed. The polymerization is initiated with radicals and is assumed to be stereorandom.
480:
The elastic modulus of polyacrylamide can be changed by varying the ratio of monomer to cross-linker during the fabrication of polyacrylamide gel. This property makes polyacrylamide useful in the field of
449:. PAGE was first used in a laboratory setting in the early 1950s. In 1959, the groups of Davis and Ornstein and of Raymond and Weintraub independently published on the use of
437:
appearance, rooting depth, and emergence of seeds while decreasing water requirements, diseases, erosion and maintenance expenses. FC 2712 is used for this purpose.
422:
benefits from drag reduction resulting from injection of these solutions. These applications use large volumes of polymer solutions at concentration of 30–3000 mg/L.
968:
642:
1202:
365:
and screen printing. Polyacrylamide can be supplied in a powder or liquid form, with the liquid form being subcategorized as solution and emulsion polymer.
445:
Polyacrylamide is also often used in molecular biology applications as a medium for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids in a technique known as
337:
In the 1970s and 1980s, the proportionately largest use of these polymers was in water treatment. The next major application by weight is additives for
501:
224:
609:
523:
Considering the volume of polyacrylamide produced, these materials have been heavily scrutinized with regards to environmental and health impacts.
1131:
Woodrow JE, Seiber JN, Miller GC (April 2008). "Acrylamide release resulting from sunlight irradiation of aqueous polyacrylamide/iron mixtures".
469:
1253:"Polyacrylamide as an organic nitrogen source for soil microorganisms with potential effects on inorganic soil nitrogen in agricultural soil"
1166:
Ahn JS, Castle L (November 2003). "Tests for the depolymerization of polyacrylamides as a potential source of acrylamide in heated foods".
262:
when hydrated. In 2008, an estimated 750,000,000 kg were produced, mainly for water treatment and the paper and mineral industries.
724:
512:
1088:
219:
990:
Denisin AK, Pruitt BL (August 2016). "Tuning the Range of
Polyacrylamide Gel Stiffness for Mechanobiology Applications".
976:
649:. United States National Library of Medicine. February 14, 2003. Consumption Patterns. CASRN: 9003-05-8. Archived from
626:
553:. Polyacrylates are hard to biodegrade, but some soil microbe cultures have been shown to do so in aerobic conditions.
450:
1327:"Determination of acrylamide monomer in polyacrylamide degradation studies by high-performance liquid chromatography"
650:
468:
Acrylamide has other uses in molecular biology laboratories, including the use of linear polyacrylamide (LPA) as a
1252:
1230:
231:
311:
497:. Similarly, the absorbent properties of one of its copolymers can be utilized as an additive in body-powder.
538:. Considerable effort is made to scavenge traces of acrylamide from the polymer intended for use near food.
845:
Davis DR, Budd RE (June 1959). "Continuous electrophoresis; quantitative fractionation of serum proteins".
801:
Raymond S, Weintraub L (September 1959). "Acrylamide gel as a supporting medium for zone electrophoresis".
395:, are bridged by the long polymer chains of polyacrylamide. This results in significant enhancement of the
116:
104:
1290:
Gao J, Lin T, Wang W, Yu J, Yuan S, Wang S (1999). "Accelerated chemical degradation of polyacrylamide".
458:
138:
1431:
1436:
155:
286:
because the amide groups are not in the polymer backbone. Owing to the presence of the amide (CONH
493:
The polymer is also used to make Gro-Beast toys, which expand when placed in water, such as the
1203:"Environmental degradation of polyacrylamides. II. Effects of environmental (outdoor) exposure"
534:. Thus, concerns naturally center on the possibility that polyacrylamide is contaminated with
732:
412:
36:
1110:
1441:
1426:
1379:
1264:
1038:
810:
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688:
419:
125:
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8:
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60:
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1042:
814:
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159:
108:
1397:
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949:
834:
780:
768:
706:
400:
1276:
898:
873:
1348:
1307:
1222:
1183:
1148:
1066:
1061:
1026:
1007:
953:
941:
924:
Muterko A (2022-01-02). "Selective precipitation of RNA with linear polyacrylamide".
903:
854:
826:
772:
710:
622:
462:
403:
plants to greatly improve the removal of total organic content (TOC) from raw water.
392:
1401:
784:
607:
Herth G, Schornick G, Buchholz F (2015). "Polyacrylamides and Poly(Acrylic Acids)".
258:-). It has a linear-chain structure. PAM is highly water-absorbent, forming a soft
1387:
1338:
1299:
1272:
1214:
1175:
1140:
1056:
1046:
999:
933:
893:
885:
838:
818:
764:
696:
614:
494:
431:
177:
1368:"Microbial degradation of polyacrylamide and the deamination product polyacrylate"
937:
618:
418:
improve the economics of conventional water-flooding. In a separate application,
1343:
1326:
822:
388:
358:
1392:
1367:
675:
Xiong B, Loss RD, Shields D, Pawlik T, Hochreiter R, Zydney AL, Kumar M (2018).
368:
Even though these products are often called 'polyacrylamide', many are actually
1031:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
482:
384:
302:
Linear polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer. Other polar solvents include
202:
747:
Ornstein L (December 1964). "Disc
Electrophoresis. I. Background and Theory".
701:
676:
1421:
1415:
1311:
1303:
1051:
550:
383:
The ionic forms of polyacrylamide has found an important role in the potable
97:
1027:"Cell locomotion and focal adhesions are regulated by substrate flexibility"
380:
or a salt thereof. These copolymers have modified wetting and swellability.
1352:
1218:
1187:
1152:
1011:
1003:
945:
889:
858:
830:
776:
396:
377:
354:
338:
314:. Some crosslinked materials are swellable but not soluble, i.e., they are
275:
1226:
1070:
907:
677:"Polyacrylamide Degradation and Its Implications in Environmental Systems"
345:. About 30% of polyacrylamide is used in the oil and mineral industries.
342:
291:
1111:"NIOSH skin notation (SK) profile: acrylamide [CAS No. 79-06-1]"
545:
Polyacrylamide is most commonly partially biodegraded by the action of
535:
531:
527:
373:
362:
326:
307:
271:
81:
1179:
1144:
572:
454:
369:
283:
1089:"Screening Assessment for the Challenge: 2-Propenamide (Acrylamide)"
874:"Ethanol precipitation of DNA with linear polyacrylamide as carrier"
526:
Polyacrylamide is of low toxicity but its precursor acrylamide is a
201:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
567:
315:
562:
546:
505:
247:
23:
1120:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
278:
with amide substituents on alternating carbons. Unlike various
1251:
Kay-Shoemake JL, Watwood ME, Lentz RD, Sojka RE (August 1998).
1083:
457:. The technique is widely accepted today, and remains a common
1250:
279:
143:
446:
303:
259:
290:) groups, alternating carbon atoms in the backbone are
674:
606:
485:, as a number of cells respond to mechanical stimuli.
1372:
1130:
297:
440:
353:One of the largest uses for polyacrylamide is to
1413:
800:
1365:
1200:
871:
847:The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
511:It was also used in the synthesis of the first
69:
610:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
48:poly(2-propenamide), poly(1-carbamoylethylene)
989:
265:
1289:
1104:
1102:
926:Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
357:solids in a liquid. This process applies to
1201:Smith EA, Prues SL, Oehme FW (June 1997).
1168:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1133:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1024:
749:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
376:and one or more other species, such as an
158:
107:
1391:
1342:
1165:
1099:
1060:
1050:
966:
897:
844:
700:
329:include those derived from acrylic acid.
124:
1324:
746:
518:
1077:
923:
796:
794:
670:
668:
406:
154:
1414:
1207:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
1108:
992:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
872:Gaillard C, Strauss F (January 1990).
613:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–16.
98:
1118:DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2011-139
1093:Environment and Climate Change Canada
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
1366:Nyyssölä A, Ahlgren J (April 2019).
919:
917:
791:
665:
425:
1025:Pelham RJ, Wang Y (December 1997).
13:
1331:Journal of Chromatographic Science
769:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb14207.x
591:
504:for aesthetic facial surgery (see
451:polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
246:(abbreviated as PAM or pAAM) is a
14:
1453:
914:
475:
298:Copolymers and modified polymers
209:
22:
1359:
1318:
1283:
1244:
1194:
1159:
1124:
1087:; Health Canada (August 2009).
1018:
500:It has been used in Botox as a
348:
205:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
983:
960:
865:
717:
647:Hazardous Substances Data Bank
635:
441:Molecular biology laboratories
387:. Trivalent metal salts, like
1:
1325:Ver Vers LM (December 1999).
1277:10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00250-2
1257:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
938:10.1080/15257770.2021.2007397
619:10.1002/14356007.a21_143.pub2
584:
488:
823:10.1126/science.130.3377.711
7:
1393:10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.02.005
556:
10:
1458:
1344:10.1093/chromsci/37.12.486
429:
410:
312:N,N-methylenebisacrylamide
282:, polyacrylamide is not a
266:Physicochemical properties
702:10.1038/s41545-018-0016-8
199:
170:
53:
45:
35:
30:
21:
1304:10.1002/masy.19991440116
1109:Dotson GS (April 2011).
1052:10.1073/pnas.94.25.13661
549:, producing ammonia and
385:water treatment industry
310:can be introduced using
1292:Macromolecular Symposia
1095:. Government of Canada.
332:
274:. It can be viewed as
1219:10.1006/eesa.1997.1527
1004:10.1021/acsami.5b09344
878:Nucleic Acids Research
725:"Disc Electrophoresis"
306:and various alcohols.
519:Environmental effects
413:Enhanced oil recovery
361:, and processes like
250:with the formula (-CH
890:10.1093/nar/18.2.378
735:on 26 September 2011
580:, a similar material
453:to separate charged
420:hydraulic fracturing
407:Fossil fuel industry
270:Polyacrylamide is a
1384:2019IBiBi.139...24N
1269:1998SBiBi..30.1045K
1043:1997PNAS...9413661P
1037:(25): 13661–13665.
998:(34): 21893–21902.
815:1959Sci...130..711R
761:1964NYASA.121..321O
693:2018npjCW...1...17X
653:on 30 December 2017
578:Sodium polyacrylate
399:rate. This allows
40:poly(2-propenamide)
18:
1263:(8/9): 1045–1052.
1085:Environment Canada
232:Infobox references
16:
1432:Acrylate polymers
1180:10.1021/jf0302308
1174:(23): 6715–6718.
1145:10.1021/jf703677v
463:molecular biology
426:Soil conditioning
393:aluminum chloride
240:Chemical compound
238:
237:
139:CompTox Dashboard
1449:
1437:Polyelectrolytes
1406:
1405:
1395:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1229:. Archived from
1198:
1192:
1191:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1139:(8): 2773–2779.
1128:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1054:
1022:
1016:
1015:
987:
981:
980:
975:. Archived from
964:
958:
957:
921:
912:
911:
901:
869:
863:
862:
842:
798:
789:
788:
744:
742:
740:
731:. Archived from
721:
715:
714:
704:
672:
663:
662:
660:
658:
643:"Polyacrylamide"
639:
633:
632:
604:
502:subdermal filler
495:Test Tube Aliens
432:soil conditioner
222:
216:
213:
212:
178:Chemical formula
163:
162:
147:
145:
128:
111:
100:
73:
26:
19:
15:
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1364:
1360:
1337:(12): 486–494.
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1319:
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1245:
1236:
1234:
1199:
1195:
1164:
1160:
1129:
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1113:
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1019:
988:
984:
967:Sigma-Aldrich.
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961:
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866:
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792:
738:
736:
723:
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718:
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629:
605:
592:
587:
559:
521:
491:
478:
443:
434:
428:
415:
409:
401:water treatment
389:ferric chloride
359:water treatment
351:
341:processing and
335:
300:
289:
268:
257:
253:
241:
234:
229:
228:
227: ?)
218:
214:
210:
206:
194:
190:
186:
180:
166:
148:
141:
132:
129: (1500 MW)
92:
76:
63:
49:
41:
17:Polyacrylamide
12:
11:
5:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
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1424:
1408:
1407:
1358:
1317:
1282:
1243:
1193:
1158:
1123:
1098:
1076:
1017:
982:
979:on 2011-07-18.
973:biocompare.com
969:"GenElute-LPA"
959:
913:
864:
790:
716:
664:
634:
628:978-3527306732
627:
589:
588:
586:
583:
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581:
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570:
565:
558:
555:
520:
517:
490:
487:
483:mechanobiology
477:
476:Mechanobiology
474:
442:
439:
430:Main article:
427:
424:
411:Main article:
408:
405:
350:
347:
334:
331:
325:Copolymers of
299:
296:
287:
267:
264:
255:
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244:Polyacrylamide
239:
236:
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230:
208:
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203:standard state
200:
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28:
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1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1233:on 2016-04-20
1232:
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1197:
1189:
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875:
868:
860:
856:
853:(6): 958–65.
852:
848:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
809:(3377): 711.
808:
804:
797:
795:
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782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:(2): 321–49.
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734:
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579:
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569:
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560:
554:
552:
551:polyacrylates
548:
543:
539:
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533:
529:
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308:Cross-linking
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156:DTXSID7042308
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99:ECHA InfoCard
96:
95:
88:
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57:
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1375:
1371:
1361:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1213:(1): 76–91.
1210:
1206:
1196:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1092:
1079:
1034:
1030:
1020:
995:
991:
985:
977:the original
972:
962:
932:(1): 61–76.
929:
925:
881:
877:
867:
850:
846:
806:
802:
752:
748:
737:. Retrieved
733:the original
729:Pipeline.com
728:
719:
684:
680:
657:November 30,
655:. Retrieved
651:the original
646:
637:
608:
544:
540:
525:
522:
510:
499:
492:
479:
467:
444:
435:
416:
397:flocculation
382:
378:acrylic acid
367:
363:paper making
352:
349:Flocculation
336:
324:
320:
301:
276:polyethylene
269:
243:
242:
54:Identifiers
46:Other names
1442:Acrylamides
1427:Neurotoxins
1298:: 179–185.
681:Clean Water
513:Boger fluid
343:papermaking
292:stereogenic
171:Properties
105:100.118.050
1416:Categories
1237:2007-11-02
884:(2): 378.
585:References
536:acrylamide
532:carcinogen
528:neurotoxin
489:Niche uses
374:acrylamide
370:copolymers
355:flocculate
327:acrylamide
272:polyolefin
126:5D6TC4BRWV
82:ChemSpider
61:CAS Number
37:IUPAC name
1378:: 24–33.
1312:1022-1360
954:244490750
711:135203788
687:(1): 17.
573:Rhoca-Gil
455:molecules
316:hydrogels
284:polyamide
71:9003-05-8
1402:92617790
1353:10615596
1188:14582965
1153:18351736
1012:26816386
946:34809521
859:13665142
843:citing:
831:14436634
785:28591995
777:14240533
745:citing:
568:Chitosan
557:See also
547:amidases
459:protocol
1380:Bibcode
1265:Bibcode
1227:9212339
1071:9391082
1039:Bibcode
908:2326177
839:7242716
811:Bibcode
803:Science
757:Bibcode
739:11 June
689:Bibcode
563:Aquamid
506:Aquamid
470:carrier
248:polymer
225:what is
223: (
195:
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