Papal primacy - Knowledge

2752:

is essential to its mission, is nonetheless open to a new situation. For a whole millennium Christians were united in ‘a brotherly fraternal communion of faith and sacramental life … If disagreements in belief and discipline arose among them, the Roman See acted by common consent as moderator’. In this way the primacy exercised its office of unity. When addressing the Ecumenical Patriarch His Holiness Dimitrios I, I acknowledged my awareness that, ‘…what should have been a service sometimes manifested itself in a very different light. … I constantly pray the Holy Spirit to shine his light upon us, enlightening all the Pastors and theologians of our Churches, that we may seek – together, of course – the forms in which this ministry may accomplish a service of love recognized by all concerned’. “This is an immense task, which we cannot refuse and which I cannot carry out by myself. Could not the real but imperfect communion existing between us persuade Church leaders and their theologians to engage with me in a patient and fraternal dialogue on this subject, a dialogue in which, leaving useless controversies behind, we could listen to one another, keeping before us only the will of Christ for his Church and allowing ourselves to be deeply moved by his plea ‘that they may all be one … so that the world may believe that you sent me’ (Jn 17.21)?” )(para 95) “The Catholic Church … holds that the communion of the particular Churches with the Church of Rome, and of their Bishops with the Bishop of Rome, is – in God’s plan – an essential requisite for full and visible communion. Indeed, full communion, of which the Eucharist is the highest sacramental manifestation, need to be visibly expressed in a ministry in which all the Bishops recognize that they are united in Christ and all the faithful find confirmation for their faith. The first part of the Acts of the Apostles presents Peter as the one who speaks in the name of the apostolic group and who serves the unity of the community – all the while respecting the authority of James, the head of the Church in Jerusalem.” (para 97)

239:, the union of his two natures in a single person developed as the result of drawing out from the original revealed truth consequences that were not obvious at first: "Thanks to the assistance of the Holy Spirit, the understanding of both the realities and the words of the heritage of faith is able to grow in the life of the Church 'through the contemplation and study of believers who ponder these things in their hearts'; it is in particular 'theological research deepens knowledge of revealed truth'". Accordingly, it would be a mistake to expect to find the modern fully developed doctrine of papal primacy in the first centuries, thereby failing to recognize the Church's historical reality. The figure of the pope as leader of the worldwide church developed over time, as the figure of the bishop as leader of the local church seems to have appeared later than in the time of the apostles. 991:, the Anglican Church has never abandoned a possible role for the Roman primacy, so long as the ministry of the Bishop of Rome is rightly understood, interpreted, and implemented. The ministry of the Bishop of Rome should not be an obstacle, but rather should function as a possible instrument of ultimate Christian unity. Orthodox Anglicanism today acknowledges that the ministry of the papacy is evolving rapidly and could someday be received by the Anglican Church as means tending toward the reconciliation of all Churches. A de facto recognition of the historic papal ministry already exists within the Anglican Communion, which has consistently maintained throughout her history that the Roman Pontiff possesses a station of primus inter pares, ‘first amongst equals,’ a primacy of honour and reverence, though not of jurisdiction or personal infallibility. 1543:"Victor, who presided over the church at Rome, immediately attempted to cut off from the common unity the parishes of all Asia, with the churches that agreed with them, as heterodox; and he wrote letters and declared all the brethren there wholly excommunicate. But this did not please all the bishops. And they besought him to consider the things of peace, and of neighborly unity and love. Words of theirs are extant, sharply rebuking Victor. Among them was Irenæus, who, sending letters in the name of the brethren in Gaul over whom he presided, maintained that the mystery of the resurrection of the Lord should be observed only on the Lord's day. He fittingly admonishes Victor that he should not cut off whole churches of God which observed the tradition of an ancient custom." 433:

all refer not simply to the historical Peter, but to his successors to the end of time. Today, scriptural scholars of all traditions agree that we can discern in the New Testament an early tradition which attributes a special position to Peter among Christ's twelve apostles. The Church built its identity on them as witnesses, and responsibility for pastoral leadership was not restricted to Peter. In Matthew 16:19, Peter is explicitly commissioned to "bind and loose"; later, in Matthew 18:18, Christ directly promises all the disciples that they will do the same. Similarly, the foundation upon which the Church is built is related to Peter in Matthew 16:16, and to the whole apostolic body elsewhere in the New Testament (cf. Eph. 2:10).

3162:"He has given, therefore, the keys to His Church, that whatsoever it should bind on earth might be bound in heaven, and whatsoever it should loose on earth might be, loosed in heaven; that is to say, that whosoever in the Church should not believe that his sins are remitted, they should not be remitted to him; but that whosoever should believe and should repent, and turn from his sins, should be saved by the same faith and repentance on the ground of which he is received into the bosom of the Church. For he who does not believe that his sins can be pardoned, falls into despair, and becomes worse as if no greater good remained for him than to be evil, when he has ceased to have faith in the results of his own repentance." 3027:"He has given, therefore, the keys to His Church, that whatsoever it should bind on earth might be bound in heaven, and whatsoever it should loose on earth might be, loosed in heaven; that is to say, that whosoever in the Church should not believe that his sins are remitted, they should not be remitted to him; but that whosoever should believe and should repent, and turn from his sins, should be saved by the same faith and repentance on the ground of which he is received into the bosom of the Church. For he who does not believe that his sins can be pardoned, falls into despair, and becomes worse as if no greater good remained for him than to be evil, when he has ceased to have faith in the results of his own repentance." 1640:"The East never accepted the regular jurisdiction of Rome, nor did it submit to the judgment of Western bishops. Its appeals to Rome for help were not connected with a recognition of the principle of Roman jurisdiction but were based on the view that Rome had the same truth, the same good. The East jealously protected its autonomous way of life. Rome intervened to safeguard the observation of legal rules, to maintain the orthodoxy of faith and to ensure communion between the two parts of the church, the Roman see representing and personifying the West...In according Rome a ‘primacy of honour’, the East avoided basing this primacy on the succession and the still living presence of the apostle Peter. A 1084:

apostolic times, the Church of Rome has been recognised as the first among the local Churches, both in the East and in the West." Both sides agree that "the primacy of the see precedes the primacy of its bishops and is the source of the latter". While in the West, "the position of the bishop of Rome among the bishops was understood in terms of the position of Peter among the apostles ... the East tended rather to understand each bishop as the successor of all the apostles, including Peter"; but these rather different understandings "co-existed for several centuries until the end of the first millennium, without causing a break of communion".

3175:"...Peter, the first of the apostles, receive the keys of the kingdom of heaven for the binding and loosing of sins; and for the same congregation of saints, in reference to the perfect repose in the bosom of that mysterious life to come did the evangelist John recline on the breast of Christ. For it is not the former alone but the whole Church, that bindeth and looseth sins; nor did the latter alone drink at the fountain of the Lord's breast, to emit again in preaching, of the Word in the beginning, God with God, and those other sublime truths regarding the divinity of Christ, and the Trinity and Unity of the whole Godhead." 3040:"...Peter, the first of the apostles, receive the keys of the kingdom of heaven for the binding and loosing of sins; and for the same congregation of saints, in reference to the perfect repose in the bosom of that mysterious life to come did the evangelist John recline on the breast of Christ. For it is not the former alone but the whole Church, that bindeth and looseth sins; nor did the latter alone drink at the fountain of the Lord's breast, to emit again in preaching, of the Word in the beginning, God with God, and those other sublime truths regarding the divinity of Christ, and the Trinity and Unity of the whole Godhead." 548: 1504:

our God, which also presides in the place of the region of the Romans, worthy of God, worthy of honour, worthy of the highest happiness, worthy of praise, worthy of obtaining her every desire, worthy of being deemed holy, and which presides over love, is named from Christ, and from the Father, which I also salute in the name of Jesus Christ, the Son of the Father: to those who are united, both according to the flesh and spirit, to every one of His commandments; who are filled inseparably with the grace of God, and are purified from every strange taint, abundance of happiness unblameably, in Jesus Christ our God.

9298: 3254:"This (James) was bishop, as they say, and therefore he speaks last...There was no arrogance in the Church. After Peter, Paul speaks, and none silences him: James waits patiently; not starts up (for the next word). No word speaks John here, no word the other Apostles, but held their peace, for James was invested with the chief rule, and think it no hardship. So clean was their soul from love of glory. Peter indeed spoke more strongly, but James here more mildly: for thus it behooves one in high authority, to leave what is unpleasant for others to say, while he himself appears in the milder part." John Chrysostom 3404:"And do ye also reverence your bishop as Christ Himself, according as the blessed apostles have enjoined you. He that is within the altar is pure, wherefore also he is obedient to the bishop and presbyters: but he that is without is one that does anything apart from the bishop, the presbyters, and the deacons. Such a person is defiled in his conscience, and is worse than an infidel. For what is the bishop but one who beyond all others possesses all power and authority, so far as it is possible for a man to possess it who according to his ability has been made an imitator of the Christ of God?" Ignatius 409:

bishops of Rome relied on a letter written in 416 by Innocent I to the Bishop of Gubbio, to show how subordination to Rome had been established. Since Peter was the only apostle (no mention of Paul) to have worked in the West, thus the only persons to have established churches in Italy, Spain, Gaul, Sicily, Africa, and the Western islands were bishops appointed by Peter or his successors. This being the case then, all congregations had to abide by the regulations set in Rome. This claim to primacy may have been accepted in Italy, but was not so readily accepted in the rest of the West.

1682:"Contrary to popular opinion, the word catholic does not mean "universal"; it means "whole, complete, lacking nothing." ...Thus , to confess the Church to be catholic is to say that She possesses the fullness of the Christian faith. To say, however, that Orthodox and Rome constitute two lungs of the same Church is to deny that either Church separately is catholic in any meaningful sense of the term. This is not only contrary to the teaching of Orthodoxy, it is flatly contrary to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, which considered itself truly catholic" 247:, who summed up his thought by saying: "Developments of Christianity are proved to have been in the contemplation of its Divine Author, by an argument parallel to that by which we infer intelligence in the system of the physical world. In whatever sense the need and its supply are a proof of design in the physical creation, in the same do gaps, if the word may be used, which occur in the structure of the original creed of the Church, make it probable that those developments, which grow out of the truths which lie around them, were intended to complete it." 636:"Christians" {7} (as well as "Catholic") and, with Alexandria, was an important early center of Christian thought. It is important to note, however, that the three main apostolic sees of the early Church (i.e. Antioch, Alexandria, and Rome) were directly related to Peter. Prior to holding the position of Bishop of Rome, Peter was the Bishop of Antioch. And his disciple, St. Mark the Evangelist, founded the church in Alexandria. Constantinople became highly important after Constantine moved his capital there in 330 AD. 399:

the part of arbiter, settling contentious issues by witnessing to the truth or falsity of whatever doctrine was put before them. Rome was truly the centre where all converged if they wanted their doctrine to be accepted by the conscience of the Church. They could not count upon success except on one condition -- that the Church of Rome had received their doctrine -- and refusal from Rome predetermined the attitude the other churches would adopt. There are numerous cases of this recourse to Rome...

3132:"This faith it is which is the foundation of the Church; through this faith the gates of hell cannot prevail against her. This is the faith which has the keys of the kingdom of heaven. Whatsoever this faith shall have loosed or bound on earth shall be loosed or bound in heaven. This faith is the Father's gift by revelation; even the knowledge that we must not imagine a false Christ, a creature made out of nothing, but must confess Him the Son of God, truly possessed of the Divine nature." 2997:"This faith it is which is the foundation of the Church; through this faith the gates of hell cannot prevail against her. This is the faith which has the keys of the kingdom of heaven. Whatsoever this faith shall have loosed or bound on earth shall be loosed or bound in heaven. This faith is the Father's gift by revelation; even the knowledge that we must not imagine a false Christ, a creature made out of nothing, but must confess Him the Son of God, truly possessed of the Divine nature." 333:, according to St. Ignatius of Antioch. This formula and the definition of the universal primacy contained in it have been aptly analyzed by Fr Afanassieff and we need not repeat his argument here. Neither can we quote here all testimonies of the fathers and the councils unanimously acknowledging Rome as the senior church and the center of ecumenical agreement. It is only for the sake of biased polemics that one can ignore these testimonies, their consensus and significance." 263:(the name of Clement was added only later), in which the Church of Rome intervenes in matters of the Church of Corinth, admonishing it in authoritative tones, even speaking in the name of God. It was only later that the expression of Saint Ignatius could be interpreted as meaning, as agreed by representatives of both the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, that "Rome, as the Church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St Ignatius of Antioch ( 8036: 6052: 128: 10711: 9310: 8025: 6827: 6041: 1098: 1536:), not necessarily on Sunday. "Bishop Victor of Rome ordered synods to be held to settle the matter – an interesting early instance of synodality and indeed of popes encouraging synods – and excommunicated Polycrates of Ephesus and the bishops of Asia when their synod refused to adopt the Roman line. Victor was rebuked by Irenaeus for this severity and it seems that he revoked his sentence and that communion was preserved." 2575:, Histoire de la dédicace de Saint-Remy, a c. di J. Hourier, in La champagne benedictine. Contribution a l’année saint Benoit (480-1980), Reims 1981 (Travaux de l’Académie Nationale de Reims 160), 240. See Michele Giuseppe D'Agostino, Il Primato della Sede di Roma in Leone IX. Studio dei testi latini nella controversia greco-romana nel periodo pregregoriano, Edizioni San Paolo, Cinisello Balsamo 2008, 124-127. 346:

consciousness of the Primacy of the Roman Bishops, and of the recognition of the Primacy by the other churches appear at the end of the 1st century…St. Ignatius elevated the Roman community over all the communities using in his epistle a solemn form of address. Twice he says of it that it is the presiding community, which expresses a relationship of superiority and inferiority.

966:, but since communion with the Roman Pontiff is one of the internal constitutive principles of a particular Church, they lack something in their condition, while on the other hand the existing division means that the fullness of universality that is proper to the Church governed by the successor of St Peter and the bishops in communion with him is not now realised in history. 796:, a convert to the cause of union. In spite of a sustained campaign by Bekkos to defend the union intellectually, and vigorous and brutal repression of opponents by Michael, the vast majority of Byzantine Christians remained implacably opposed to union with the Latin "heretics". Michael's death in December 1282 put an end to the union of Lyon. His son and successor 626:"The see of blessed Peter the Apostle has the right to unbind what has been bound by sentences of any pontiffs whatever, in that it has the right to judge the whole church. Neither is it lawful for anyone to judge its judgment, seeing that canons have willed that it might be appealed to from any part of the world, but that no one may be allowed to appeal from it." 2343: 739:. However, as the pope was already dead by this time, the powers of the Legate also ceased at the moment of the pope's death; so the Legate's excommunication was technically invalid. Similarly, the ceremony of excommunication of the pope performed by Michael I was equally invalid as one cannot be posthumously excommunicated. This event resulted in the 2232:.2: the "...Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. ...The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate." 605:(401-417) claimed that all major cases should be reserved to the see of Rome and wrote: "All must preserve that which Peter the prince of the apostles delivered to the church at Rome and which it has watched over until now, and nothing may be added or introduced that lacks this authority or that derives its pattern from somewhere else." 1071:, a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium"; and "while the fact of primacy at the universal level is accepted by both East and West, there are differences of understanding with regard to the manner in which it is to be exercised, and also with regard to its scriptural and theological foundations". 378:(d.258) stressed the Petrine primacy as well as the unity of the Church and the importance of being in communion with the bishops. For him, "the Bishop of Rome is the direct heir of Peter, whereas the others are heirs only indirectly", and he insisted that "the Church of Rome is the root and matrix of the Catholic Church". 1690:"The body of Christ must always be equal with itself…The local church which manifests the body of Christ cannot be subsumed into any larger organisation or collectivity which makes it more catholic and more in unity, for the simple reason that the principle of total catholicity and total unity is already intrinsic to it." 444:

sense that the historical and sociological factors that influenced its development are seen as guided by the Holy Spirit. Not all Roman Catholic theologians see a special providential providence as responsible for the result, but most see the papacy, regardless of its origin, as now essential to the Church's structure.

909:, the Roman Catholic Church's teaching on the authority of the pope, bishops and councils was further elaborated. Vatican II sought to correct the unbalanced ecclesiology left behind by Vatican I. The result is the body of teaching about the papacy and episcopacy contained in the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, 581:, as was the case also when Gregory the Great recognized it as one of the four general councils, but only in its dogmatic utterances. In Roman Catholic doctrine no council, regardless of who summoned it or who presided over it, is ecumenical unless it is confirmed or at least recognized as such by the pope. 1503:

Ignatius, who is also called Theophorus, to the Church which has obtained mercy, through the majesty of the Most High Father, and Jesus Christ, His only-begotten Son; the Church which is beloved and enlightened by the will of Him that willeth all things which are according to the love of Jesus Christ

916:

Vatican II reaffirmed everything Vatican I taught about papal primacy and infallibility, but it added important points about bishops. Bishops, it says, are not "vicars of the Roman Pontiff." Rather, in governing their local churches they are "vicars and legates of Christ". Together, they form a body,

398:

This passage in Irenaeus illuminates the meaning of his remarks about the Church of Rome: if there are disputes in a local church, that church should have recourse to the Roman Church, for there is contained the Tradition which is preserved by all the churches. Rome's vocation consisted in playing

328:

It is impossible to deny that, even before the appearance of local primacies, the Church from the first days of her existence possessed an ecumenical center of unity and agreement. In the apostolic and Judeo-Christian period, it was the Church of Jerusalem, and later the Church of Rome – presiding in

1456:

For Ignatius each church under a bishop is complete – the original meaning of "catholic". For Ignatius the church is a world-wide unity of many communities. Each has at its center a bishop "who draws together the local community in the Eucharistic celebration." This then is the unity of the church –

1083:

The meeting in Cyprus of a joint drafting committee produced a historical account of "The Role of the Bishop of Rome in the Communion of the Church in the First Millennium", which the Vienna meeting asked to be revised and amplified. This document states that "Catholics and Orthodox agree that, from

408:

The evolution of earlier tradition established both Peter and Paul as the forefathers of the bishops of Rome, from whom they received their position as chief shepherd (Peter) and supreme authority on doctrine (Paul). To establish her primacy among the churches of the Western half of the empire, the

2751:

Ut Unum Sint, paras 95-95: “I am convinced that I have a particular responsibility …above all in acknowledging the ecumenical aspirations of the majority of the Christian Communities and in heeding the request made of me to find a way of exercising the primacy which, while in no way renouncing what

1761:

In opposition to this view, Francis Dvornik asserts that not only did Damasus offer "no protest against the elevation of Constantinople", that change in the primacy of the major sees was effected in an "altogether friendly atmosphere." According to Dvornik, "Everyone continued to regard the Bishop

1185:

It is argued that Matthew 16:18-19 does not support the authority given to Peter and that the keys were given not to Peter alone but to the whole church. Some consider that Jesus was considering the proclamation made my Peter to be the rock and foundation of the faith. Others say that even if Peter

1046:

The document "draws an analogy among the three levels of communion: local, regional, and universal, each of which appropriately has a 'first' with the role of fostering communion, in order to ground the rationale of why the universal level must also have a primacy. It articulates the principle that

443:

Because of its association with the supposed position of Peter among the Apostles, the function that within the Roman Catholic Church is exercised by the Bishop of Rome among the Bishops as a whole is referred to as the Petrine function, and is generally believed to be of divine institution, in the

242:

That the Christian scriptures, which contain no cut-and-dried answers to questions such as whether there is forgiveness for post-baptismal sins or whether infants should be baptized, gradually become clearer in the light of events is a view expressed, when considering the doctrine of papal primacy,

1162:

efforts between the Roman Catholic Church and the other Christian churches. Most Eastern Orthodox Christians, for example, would be quite willing to accord the Bishop of Rome the same respect, deference and authority as is accorded to any Eastern Orthodox patriarch, but resist granting him special

886:

Paul Collins argues that "(the doctrine of papal primacy as formulated by the First Vatican Council) has led to the exercise of untrammelled papal power and has become a major stumbling block in ecumenical relationships with the Orthodox (who consider the definition to be heresy) and Protestants."

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of the Roman see. Although the introduction of Christianity was not due to them, "the arrival, ministries and especially the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul were the seminal events which really constituted the Church of Rome. It was from their time, and not before, that an orderly and meetly ordained

432:

Classic Roman Catholic tradition maintained that the universal primacy of the bishop of Rome was divinely instituted by Jesus Christ. This was derived from the Petrine texts, and from the gospel accounts of Matthew (16:17‑19), Luke (22:32) and John (21:15‑17) according to the Roman tradition, they

319:

While the doctrine of the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, in the form in which it is upheld today in the Roman Catholic Church, developed over the course of centuries often in reaction to challenges made against exercises of authority by popes, writers both of East and West declare that from a very

205:" ("first among equals"), without effective power over other churches, while others see primacy as indeed power, the expression, manifestation and realization in one bishop of the power of all the bishops, an expression and manifestation of the unity not just of the churches but of the Church. The 617:

in 451. In line with the norm of Roman law that a person's legal rights and duties passed to his heir, Pope Leo (440-461) taught that he, as Peter's representative, succeeded to the power and authority of Peter, and he implied that it was through Peter that the other apostles received from Christ

584:

The increasing involvement of Eastern emperors in church matters and the advancement of the see of Constantinopolis over the sees of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem led successive bishops of Rome to attempt a sharper definition of their ecclesial position vis-a-vis the other bishops. The first

258:

addressed to it in the first years of the 2nd century, contains a definition of that Church's universal primacy; but the Roman Catholic writer Klaus Schatz warns that it would be wrong to read as statements of the developed Roman Catholic teaching on papal primacy this letter and the even earlier

920:

In a key passage about collegiality, Vatican II teaches: "The order of bishops is the successor to the college of the apostles in their role as teachers and pastors, and in it the apostolic college is perpetuated. Together with their head, the Supreme Pontiff, and never apart from him, they have

917:

a "college," whose head is the pope. This episcopal college is responsible for the well-being of the Universal Church. Here in a nutshell are the basic elements of the Council’s much-discussed communio ecclesiology, which affirms the importance of local churches and the doctrine of collegiality.

423:

The presence of Peter in Rome, not explicitly affirmed in but consistent with the New Testament, is explicitly affirmed by Clement of Rome, Ignatius of Antioch, Irenaeus of Lyon and other early Christian writers. and no other city has ever claimed to be the place of his death. The same witnesses

1702:

It is the position of Orthodox Christianity that Roman Catholic arguments in support of the teaching have relied on proofs from Fathers that have either been misinterpreted or so taken out of context as to misrepresent their true intent. It is the position of Orthodox Christianity that a closer

890:

Forced to break off prematurely by secular political developments in 1870, Vatican I left behind it a somewhat unbalanced ecclesiology. "In theology the question of papal primacy was so much in the foreground that the Church appeared essentially as a centrally directed institution which one was

217:

In 2007, representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church jointly stated that both East and West accept the fact of the Bishop of Rome's primacy at the universal level, but that differences of understanding exist about how the primacy is to be exercised and about its

576:

in the following year 382 protested against this raising of the bishop of the new imperial capital, just fifty years old, to a status higher than that of the bishops of Alexandria and Antioch, and stated that the primacy of the Roman see was established by no gathering of bishops but by Christ

3234:

This James, whom the early Christians surnamed the Righteous because of his outstanding virtue, was the first, as the records tell us, to be elected to the Episcopal throne of the Jerusalem church. Clement, in Outlines Book VI, puts it thus: "Peter, James, and John, after the Ascension of the

2469: 2375:

Pope Damasus offered no protest against the elevation of Constantinople, even though Alexandria had always been, in the past, in close contact with Rome. This event, which has often been considered the first conflict between Rome and Byzantium, actually took place in an altogether friendly

635:

Rome was not the only city that could claim a special role in Christ's Church. Jerusalem had the prestige of being the city of Christ's death and resurrection, and an important church council was held there in the 1st century. Antioch was the place where Jesus' followers were first called

345:

The doctrine of the primacy of the Roman Bishops, like other Church teachings and instructions, has gone through a development. Thus the establishment of the primacy recorded in the Gospels has been gradually more clearly recognized and its implications developed. Clear recognition of the

1175:

The topic of the Papacy and its authority is among the main differences between the Catholic Church and many other Christian denominations. The Bible is considered to be the sole authority on Christian doctrine and theology, and that interpretation does not lie solely with one individual

996:"Communion with the bishop of Rome does not imply submission to an authority which would stifle the distinctive features of the local churches. The purpose of the episcopal function of the bishop of Rome is to promote Christian fellowship in faithfulness to the teaching of the apostles." 1246:

It has been argued that Church councils did not consider papal decisions binding. The Third Ecumenical Council was called, even though Pope Celestine I condemned Nestorius as a heretic which Whelton argues shows that the council did not consider the papal condemnation as definitive.

743:

of the Greek rite and Latin rite Churches. It did not have the effect of excommunicating the adherents of the respective Churches however, as the tit-for-tat excommunications, even had they been valid, would have applied to the named persons only, not the people of God in general.

878:

Vatican I defined a twofold Primacy of Peter — one in papal teaching on faith and morals (the charism of infallibility), and the other a primacy of jurisdiction involving government and discipline of the Church — submission to both being necessary to Catholic faith and salvation.

3149:) the Son of thunder, the beloved of Christ, the pillar of the Churches throughout the world, who holds the keys of heaven, who drank the cup of Christ, and was baptized with His baptism, who lay upon his Master’s bosom, with much confidence, this man now comes forward to us now" 3014:) the Son of thunder, the beloved of Christ, the pillar of the Churches throughout the world, who holds the keys of heaven, who drank the cup of Christ, and was baptized with His baptism, who lay upon his Master’s bosom, with much confidence, this man now comes forward to us now" 555:

The event that is often considered to have been the first conflict between Rome and Constantinople was triggered by the elevation of the see of Constantinople to a position of honour, second only to Rome on the grounds that, as capital of the eastern Roman empire, it was now the

2452:"Paschasinus, the most reverend bishop and legate of the Apostolic See, stood up in the midst with his most reverend colleagues and said: We received directions at the hands of the most blessed and apostolic bishop of the Roman city, which is the head of all the churches, ..." ( 1447:

The ruling of the Council was expressed as being the decision of all the council, not just Peter. Continuing with this the opening statements of official formulations normally begins with the phrase "Following the Holy Fathers", not "Following the ruling of the Pope."

358:, to explain the fact of this generally recognized presiding or primatial position of the Church of Rome. The Church of Rome also appealed to it as justification for certain actions that it took in relation to other Churches, actions that often met with resistance. 2153: 1036: 1074:

Discussions continued in Aghios Nikolaos, Crete (a drafting committee) in September–October 2008, Paphos, Cyprus in October 2009 and Vienna, Austria in September 2010. Igumen Filipp Ryabykh, the deputy head of the MP Department for External Church Relations said

1150:

Stephen Ray asserts that "There is little in the history of the Church that has been more heatedly contested than the primacy of Peter and the See of Rome. History is replete with examples of authority spurned, and the history of the Church is no different."

3498:

Joint Coordinating Committee for the Theological Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church (Aghios Nikolaos, Crete, Greece, 27 September - 4 October 2008), "The Role of the Bishop of Rome in the Communion of the Church in the First

871:, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ of Vatican Council I. This document declares that “in the disposition of God the Roman church holds the preeminence of ordinary power over all the other churches.” This council also affirmed the dogma of 1473:"In like manner, let all reverence the deacons as an appointment of Jesus Christ, and the bishop as Jesus Christ, who is the Son of the Father, and the presbyters as the Sanhedrin of God, and assembly of the apostles. Apart from these, there is no Church." 10738: 1047:

primacy and conciliarity are interdependent and mutually necessary." Speaking of "fraternal relations between bishops" during the first millennium, it states that "these relations, among the bishops themselves, between the bishops and their respective

370:(254-257). The timing of the claim is significant, for it was made during the worst of the tumults of the third century. There were several persecutions during this century which hit the Church of Rome hard; Stephen himself and his immediate successor 791:

The council was seemingly a success, but did not provide a lasting solution to the schism; the Emperor was anxious to heal the schism, but the Eastern clergy proved to be obstinate. Patriarch Joseph of Constantinople abdicated, and was replaced by

1079:"The fact that the Pope of Rome claims universal jurisdiction is simply contrary to Orthodox ecclesiology, which teaches that the Orthodox Church, whilst preserving unity of faith and church order, nevertheless consists of several Local Churches" 1059:) witnessed by the ancient Church, nourished and consolidated ecclesial communion. It notes that both sides agree "that Rome, as the church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St Ignatius of Antioch, occupied the first place in the 882:

Vatican I rejected the ideas that papal decrees have "no force or value unless confirmed by an order of the secular power" and that the pope’s decisions can be appealed to an ecumenical council "as to an authority higher than the Roman Pontiff."

983:(ARCIC) statement of Venice (1976) states that the ministry of the bishop of Rome among his brother bishops was "interpreted" as Christ's will for his Church; its Importance was compared "by analogy" to the position of Peter among the apostles. 1807:

The question of the primacy of the Roman pope has been and remains, together with the question of the Filioque, one of the main causes of separation between the Latin Church and the Orthodox churches and one of the principal obstacles to their

921:

supreme and full authority over the Universal Church; but this power cannot be exercised without the agreement of the Roman Pontiff". Much of the present discussion of papal primacy is concerned with exploring the implications of this passage.

3119:"What, now, (has this to do) with the Church, and) your (church), indeed, Psychic? For, in accordance with the person of Peter, it is to spiritual men that this power will correspondently appertain, either to an apostle or else to a prophet." 2984:"What, now, (has this to do) with the Church, and) your (church), indeed, Psychic? For, in accordance with the person of Peter, it is to spiritual men that this power will correspondently appertain, either to an apostle or else to a prophet." 1163:

authority over all Christians. Many Protestants are quite willing to grant the pope a position of special moral leadership, feel that according to the pope any more formal authority than that would conflict with the Protestant principle of

659:(440-461), with the aid of Roman law, solidified this doctrine by making the bishop of Rome the legal heir of Peter. Leo argued that the apostle Peter continued to speak to the Christian community through his successors as bishop of Rome. 655:) asserts that every bishop of Rome, as Peter’s successor, possesses the full authority granted to this position and that this power is inviolable on the grounds that it was established by God himself and so not bound to any individual. 538:

proclaimed the Roman bishop as "Rector of the whole Church". The Emperor Justinian, who was living in the East in Constantinople, in the 6th century published a similar decree. These proclamations did not create the office of the pope.

213:

united with the pope. The power that it attributes to the pope's primatial authority has limitations that are official, legal, dogmatic, and practical, and "it is an error to think that every word uttered by the Pope is infallible".

3205:"How the Church? Why, to her it was said, "To thee I will give the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatsoever thou shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven, and whatsoever thou shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven." 3070:"How the Church? Why, to her it was said, "To thee I will give the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatsoever thou shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven, and whatsoever thou shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven." 424:

imply that Peter was the virtual founder of the Church of Rome, though not its founder in the sense of initiating a Christian community there. They also speak of Peter as the one who initiated its episcopal succession, but speak of

226:

The Roman Catholic Church accepts that "the New Testament texts offer no sufficient basis for papal primacy" and that they contain "no explicit record of a transmission of Peter's leadership".. It considers that its doctrine has a

2762:

North American Orthodox-Catholic Theological Consultation, "A Common Response to the Joint International Commission for the Theological Dialogue Between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church Regarding the Ravenna

1027:, John Paul II asked the ‘pastors and theologians’ of ‘our Churches’ – i.e., the RC and the Orthodox Church – to come up with suggestions about how the primacy could be exercised in ways that would unite rather than divide. 508:

gave approval to a church arrangement whereby the bishops of an imperial province were headed by the bishop (known as the "metropolitan") of the principal city. This added to the power of the bishops of important cities.

609:(418-422) stated that the church of Rome stood to the churches throughout the world "as the head to the members", a statement that seems to have been already made by Pope Siricius and was repeated by the delegates of 1457:

each church united to its bishop -each of these churches united to each other. There is no evidence of him accepting a single supreme bishop-of-bishops as the bishops authority is localised to a particular church.

6088: 577:

himself. Thomas Shahan says that, according to Photius too, Pope Damasus approved the council, but he adds that, if any part of the council were approved by this pope, it could have been only its revision of the

386:" (the see of the Apostle Peter). To uphold its primacy, the prestige of the city itself was no longer sufficient, but in the doctrine of apostolic succession (from Peter) the popes had an unassailable position. 279:

In the history of the East and of the West, at least until the ninth century, a series of prerogatives was recognised, always in the context of conciliarity, according to the conditions of the times, for the

2584:

Michele Giuseppe D'Agostino, Il Primato della Sede di Roma in Leone IX (1049-1054). Studio dei testi latini nella controversia greco-romana nel periodo pregregoriano, Edizioni San Paolo, Cinisello Balsamo

800:

repudiated the union, and Bekkos was forced to abdicate, being eventually exiled and imprisoned until his death in 1297. He is to this day reviled by many in the Eastern Church as a traitor to Orthodoxy.

3420:. "Ignatius, who is also called Theophorus, to Polycarp, Bishop of the Church of the Smyrnæans, or rather, who has, as his own bishop, God the Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ: abundance of happiness" 1039:, a joint commission of Orthodox and Catholic theologians, agreed that the pope has primacy among all bishops of the Church, something which has been universally acknowledged by both churches since the 529:

The power of the Bishop of Rome increased as the power of the Emperors gradually diminshed and the imperial authorities tried to bolster their waning power with religious support. Edicts of the Emperor

1587: 3378:"As therefore the Lord does nothing without the Father, for says He, "I can of mine own self do nothing," so do ye, neither presbyter, nor deacon, nor layman, do anything without the bishop" Ignatius 1598:

Disagreements with directives of the popes by groups and high-ranking individuals of Roman Catholic tradition are by no means limited to past centuries. A well-known continuing example is that of the

209:

attributes to the primacy in question as involving "full, supreme, and universal power over the whole Church, a power which he can always exercise unhindered", a power that it attributes also to

2562:

J. Hortal Sanchez, De initio potestatis primatialis Romani Pontificis. Investigatio historico-juridica a tempore Sancti Gregori Magni usque ad tempus Clementis V, Analecta Gregoriana, Roma 1965.

1357:- wrote an appeal for help to three western churchmen. While one of these was the bishop of Rome, had Rome exercised primacy at that time, he would not have written to the other two bishops. 517:

The bishops of Rome sent letters which, though largely ineffectual, provided historical precedents which were subsequently used by supporters of papal primacy. These letters were known as ‘

6081: 1671:

leader of the entire church. All bishops are equal 'as Peter' therefore every church under every bishop (consecrated in apostolic succession) is fully complete (the original meaning of

4728: 4565: 788:

in St John's Church, where both sides took part. The council declared that the Roman church possessed “the supreme and full primacy and authority over the universal Catholic Church.”

1582:

Decisions taken by popes in cases involving against bishops have often been confirmed by ecumenical councils. This indicates that the papal decision itself is not considered binding.

6074: 428:

as the first "bishop", while it is commonly held today that the Christians in Rome did not act a single united community under a single leader until some time in the 2nd century.

9086: 585:

documented use of the description of Saint Peter as first bishop of Rome, rather than as the apostle who commissioned its first bishop, dates from 354, and the phrase "the

1627: 1203: 1067:(first) among the patriarchs. They disagree, however, on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as 2773: 10758: 3432:– Eulogy "...when Peter was about to depart from here, the grace of the Spirit introduced another teacher equivalent to Peter..."Eulogy quoted in Abbé Guettée (1866). 8975: 7236: 4320: 1951:"It is not a greater difficulty that St. Ignatius did not write to the Asian Greeks about Popes, than that St. Paul did not write to the Corinthians about Bishops" ( 2025: 1905: 8072: 5735: 1703:

examination of those supposed supports would have the effect of either not supporting the argument or have the opposite effect of supporting the counter-argument.

1186:

is the "rock", it does not support exclusive authority and Peter himself believed Jesus to be the cornerstone of the church (1 Peter 2:7). It is noted that at the

1288:

Each bishop has the right to decide affairs within his local church. In the event of a dispute with another bishop, only a general council may rule on the matter.

2572: 314: 3957: 9347: 9282: 9277: 4350: 1438:

for gentiles.) Catholic historians note that when Peter spoke, all were silent. However Whelton notes that when Paul and James spoke, all were silent as well.

694: 195:, differences in interpretation of this doctrine have been and remain the primary causes of schism between the Western and Eastern Orthodox churches. In the 3529: 1477:

There is no reference to another tier above bishop. For Ignatius, the bishop is supreme, not the bishop because he is in communion with the bishop in Rome.

7271: 5655: 2838: 2680: 2271: 698: 639:

As early as the 2nd century, the bishop of Rome began to claim his supremacy over all other bishops, and some church fathers also made this claim for him.

1952: 6590: 4753: 1819: 1865: 8626: 8106: 2199: 382:(366-384) was the first pope to claim that the primacy of the Church of Rome rested on Peter alone, and the first to refer to the Roman church as "the 2138: 9001: 6531: 6101: 5220: 521:’ from at least the time of Siricius (384-399) to Leo I provided general guidelines to follow which later would become incorporated into canon law. 304:

among the patriarchs. This distinction of levels does not diminish the sacramental equality of every bishop or the catholicity of each local Church.

9076: 4006: 980: 702: 1532:

There existed a difference in how some local churches celebrated Easter: in the Roman province of Asia it was celebrated on the 14th of the moon (

5541: 950:

in the sacrament of orders are not "Churches" in the proper sense. The Eastern Christian Church that are not in communion with Rome, such as the

1461:"Just as the Father is the principal of unity within the Holy Trinity, so the bishop is the center of the visible unity of the Church on earth." 3573:

Carlton, C., (1999), "The Truth: What Every Roman Catholic Should know about the Orthodox Church", (Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA), p22.

1785:

The Petrine ministry: Catholics and Orthodox in dialogue : academic symposium held at the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity

1423: 3365:"He who honors the bishop has been honored by God; he who does anything without the knowledge of the bishop, does serve the devil." Ignatius 2256: 1971: 9365: 8386: 8113: 7739: 6862: 5933: 5720: 4723: 4060: 601:(384-399) began the custom of issuing papal decretals to which was attributed the same authority as that of decisions by synods of bishops. 8065: 6145: 4603: 3235:

Saviour, did not claim pre-eminence because the Saviour had especially honored them, but chose James the Righteous as Bishop of Jerusalem.

10753: 9418: 8659: 8152: 5272: 5015: 4553: 3622:(Political Theory, Theology, and Ecclesiastical Relations with the See of Rome, Ashgate Publications, Variorum Collected Studies Series). 2617: 2241: 1223:

the keys were given not only to Peter but to all the Apostles equally. Such an interpretation, it is claimed, has been accepted by many

875:, deciding that the “infallibility” of the Christian community extended to the pope himself, at least when speaking on matters of faith. 3840:

Ray, S. K., (1999) Upon this rock: St. Peter and the primacy of Rome in scripture and the early church, (Ignatius Press; San Francisco).

2080: 300:

of each of the five patriarchates, with regard to the metropolitans of each circumscription; and universally, for the bishop of Rome as

9340: 9041: 8340: 7695: 5928: 4957: 4860: 3391:"For your justly-renowned presbytery, being worthy of God, is fitted as exactly to the bishop as the strings are to the harp." Ignatius 3209:. Homily X.10 cited in Whelton, M., (1998) Two Paths: Papal Monarchy - Collegial Tradition, (Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA), p28 3074:. Homily X.10 cited in Whelton, M., (1998) Two Paths: Papal Monarchy - Collegial Tradition, (Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA), p28 2214: 939: 777:, Gregory X had sent an embassy to Michael VIII Palaeologus, who had reconquered Constantinople, putting an end to the remnants of the 813:

began preaching against several practices in the Catholic Church, including some itinerant friars' abuses involving indulgences. When

7246: 6176: 5893: 5755: 4673: 1830: 106: 94: 8794: 7198: 7150: 4268: 1997: 8058: 5840: 4934: 8488: 8430: 7128: 7118: 6882: 4168: 4163: 2170: 1354: 1264:

or primacy attaches to Paul, then it is not from his co-foundation of the church of Rome that the Roman Pontiff claims primacy.

110: 90: 1979: 832:

also broke away from the Catholic Church at this time, although for reasons different than Martin Luther and the Protestants.

102: 9333: 7707: 6186: 6181: 5872: 5820: 4452: 3893: 2900: 2540: 2424: 1936: 1793: 1009:, to the Vatican, Runcie appealed to Anglicans to consider accepting papal primacy in a reunified church. At the same time, 589:", which refers to the same apostle, began to be used exclusively of the see of Rome, a usage found also in the Acts of the 8298: 8194: 7832: 6333: 5810: 5546: 4064: 3999: 2694: 1499:

Ignatius' Epistle to the Romans is used by Catholic apologists to suggest Roman primacy. In particular his opening remarks

1444:

said that it was James who stated the decision of the Council, not Peter. John Chrysostom noted James made the decision.

2376:

atmosphere. Everyone continued to regard the Bishop of Rome as the first bishop of the Empire, and the head of the church.

9160: 9058: 8945: 7870: 6130: 5850: 5680: 4588: 4335: 793: 78: 37: 9198: 8500: 8251: 6150: 5509: 5006: 4615: 4340: 3352:"It is manifest, therefore, that we should look upon the bishop even as we would look upon the Lord Himself." Ignatius 8330: 7756: 6855: 6117: 6097: 5492: 5094: 4741: 4575: 4026: 3874: 2850:

Joint Coordinating Committee for the Theological Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church,

1516:("presides in the place of the region of the Romans" and "presides over love") refers to. He argues that the act of 1137: 170: 10378: 9101: 8581: 8471: 8000: 6135: 6006: 5554: 5307: 5252: 5117: 4852: 4848: 4593: 4378: 4325: 3095:

Whelton, M., (1998) Two Paths: Papal Monarchy - Collegial Tradition, (Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA), p.59.

1488:

he states that God is Polycarp’s bishop, implying that there is no intermediary between the local bishop and God.

10403: 9666: 9384: 8596: 8520: 8140: 8118: 7267: 7165: 7133: 6338: 6155: 6015: 5357: 5332: 5297: 5292: 5257: 5137: 4736: 4620: 4210: 4173: 4056: 4036: 3992: 3458: 3218:

Whelton, M., (1998) Two Paths: Papal Monarchy - Collegial Tradition, (Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA), p.36

1040: 903:(1962–1965) the debate on papal primacy and authority re-emerged, and in the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church 561: 137: 67: 26: 3958:

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, "The Primacy of the Successor of Peter in the Mystery of the Church"

2571:

Mansi, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, ed. G. D. Mansi, Firenze-Venezia 1759-1789, XIX, 738;

1043:

in 381 (when they were still one Church) though disagreements about the extent of his authority still continue.

10748: 10743: 10328: 9379: 8835: 8454: 8101: 8093: 8081: 7959: 7208: 7123: 6619: 5953: 5665: 5352: 5322: 5302: 5242: 5032: 4748: 4286: 4278: 4190: 4051: 4031: 1119: 1115: 6926: 350:

In later times, theories of various kinds were advanced, most notably that of an analogy with the position of

10348: 10028: 9425: 9130: 8709: 8684: 8293: 7766: 7088: 5327: 5317: 4643: 4514: 4412: 4109: 1891: 1573: 817:

refused to support Luther’s position, Luther claimed belief in an "invisible church" and called the pope the

10444: 2438:

The claims of Constantinople compelled Rome to move further along the road to a fully efficacious primacy...

9403: 9170: 8689: 8679: 8135: 7771: 6848: 6440: 5908: 5879: 5862: 5770: 5382: 5347: 5337: 4915: 4896: 4758: 4509: 4422: 2828:

First of all, a balanced position concerning the question about the primacy in the church must be accepted.

1694:

Any changes to the understanding of the church would reflect a change in the understanding of the Trinity.

6066: 3939:

Popes and Patriarchs: An Orthodox Perspective on Roman Catholic Claims, (Concillar Press; Ben Lomond, CA).

10303: 9135: 8505: 8278: 7842: 7623: 7485: 6203: 5918: 4668: 4536: 4405: 959: 501: 250:

Writers such as Nicholas Afanassieff and Alexander Schmemann have declared that the phrase "presiding in

199:, some understand the primacy of the Bishop of Rome to be merely one of greater honour, treating him as " 2761: 2738: 10454: 10393: 9356: 9144: 8169: 7952: 7914: 7401: 6474: 5835: 5633: 5287: 4939: 4905: 4864: 1565: 731:

The dispute about the authority of Roman bishops reached a climax in the year 1054, when the legate of

10217: 10197: 3808:

Crisis in Byzantium: The Filioque Controversy and the Patriarchate of Gregory II of Cyprus (1283-1289)

3540: 3271:"But observe how Peter does everything with the common consent; nothing imperiously." John Chrysostom 2795: 9203: 8905: 8216: 7995: 7985: 7947: 7702: 7512: 7480: 7434: 7411: 6752: 6125: 6025: 5971: 5642: 5592: 5282: 5237: 4345: 1375: 1371: 1220: 1213: 1212:("first among equals") . Many theologians also believe that Peter is the 'rock' referred to by Jesus 942:

reiterated that, in the view of the Roman Catholic Church, the Christian communities born out of the

797: 594: 1374:. However other texts may be interpreted to imply that the other Apostles also received the keys in 547: 320:

early period the Church of Rome was looked to as the centre of reference for the whole Church. Thus

10368: 9561: 9453: 9396: 9036: 8611: 8128: 7975: 7880: 7875: 7690: 7655: 7581: 7537: 7532: 7329: 7155: 7000: 6897: 6892: 6759: 6055: 5991: 5913: 5884: 5504: 5499: 5377: 5277: 5262: 5247: 5089: 4910: 4800: 4718: 4542: 4519: 4470: 4143: 3644:

Church unity and the papal office: an ecumenical dialogue on John Paul II's Encyclical Ut Unum Sint

2632: 1466: 762: 568:, however, shall have the prerogative of honour after the Bishop of Rome because Constantinople is 260: 440:

was the first to make appeal to the primacy of Peter as a basis for the Bishop of Rome's primacy.

10479: 10423: 10343: 9739: 8654: 8510: 8237: 7660: 7394: 7299: 7188: 7138: 6995: 6912: 6887: 6519: 5976: 5608: 5569: 5536: 4982: 4962: 4830: 4708: 4658: 4437: 4238: 4178: 1737: 1548: 1108: 951: 505: 228: 196: 74: 33: 3672:

After Nine Hundred Years – The Background of the Schism between the Eastern and Western Churches

2453: 1602:, which acknowledges the primacy of the pope but refuses to accept papal decrees concerning the 10564: 10529: 10363: 9982: 9483: 9125: 9011: 8724: 7980: 7571: 7429: 7371: 7262: 7241: 7006: 6831: 6547: 6045: 5986: 5981: 5615: 5421: 5342: 5267: 5147: 4825: 4713: 4653: 4330: 4218: 3979: 3497: 1732: 1663:

of the church. It is not defined by adherence to any particular See. It is the position of the

1611: 1607: 1413: 988: 943: 900: 825: 758: 418: 141: 10398: 10358: 10318: 3815:

The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy', (St Vladimir’s Seminary Press; Crestwood, NY).

3693:

Papalism: A Treatise on the Claims on the Papacy as set forth in the Encyclical Satis cognitum

2849: 2827: 2414: 1783: 10489: 10408: 10277: 10272: 10222: 9699: 9542: 9391: 9021: 9006: 8719: 8576: 8483: 8283: 8266: 8179: 8123: 8039: 7638: 7364: 7173: 7076: 7031: 6960: 5750: 5577: 5002: 4783: 4648: 4494: 4200: 4138: 4097: 4082: 3971: 2725: 2530: 2297: 1712: 1599: 841: 489: 10534: 9071: 1654: 597:("You are Peter and on this rock I will build my church") is used to support Roman primacy. 10665: 10635: 10584: 10262: 10147: 10077: 9867: 9842: 9822: 9802: 9764: 9759: 9724: 9606: 9500: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9180: 9107: 8950: 8910: 8729: 8631: 8606: 8545: 8350: 8325: 8261: 7860: 7810: 7795: 7672: 7381: 7281: 7231: 7226: 7183: 7143: 7071: 6514: 6435: 6355: 6247: 6225: 6140: 5154: 5123: 5020: 4901: 4815: 4695: 4598: 4315: 4310: 4233: 4183: 4114: 4092: 3796: 1880: 1644:

was achieved which lasted, albeit with crises, down to the middle of the eleventh century."

1441: 1407: 1187: 1167:, i.e., that there can be no intermediaries between a Christian and God except for Christ. 947: 740: 736: 614: 590: 472: 10650: 10182: 3482: 2320: 1618:

Professor John J. Paris disregarded a papal directive on euthanasia as lacking authority.

152: 8: 10640: 10604: 10574: 10338: 10242: 10082: 10043: 10023: 9951: 9837: 9646: 9489: 9476: 9465: 9302: 9026: 9016: 8965: 8823: 8809: 8669: 8411: 8174: 8029: 8005: 7990: 7909: 7899: 7885: 7865: 7855: 7825: 7805: 7734: 7465: 7294: 7221: 7051: 6980: 6907: 6738: 6405: 5943: 5845: 5638: 5622: 5142: 5052: 4503: 4447: 4395: 4296: 4258: 3509: 1722: 1318: 1298: 1005:

At a joint service during the first official visit of the then Archbishop of Canterbury,

963: 872: 853: 375: 321: 255: 53: 10685: 10142: 828:, during which numerous Protestant sects broke away from the Roman Catholic Church. The 10715: 10655: 10267: 10207: 10177: 10092: 10087: 9956: 9852: 9749: 9729: 9689: 9631: 9596: 9591: 9435: 9314: 9091: 8860: 8784: 8752: 8571: 8540: 8377: 8365: 8226: 8164: 7904: 7850: 7761: 7751: 7542: 7457: 7406: 7016: 6360: 5963: 5780: 4638: 4630: 4373: 4074: 4041: 3530:

A Statement of Reservations Concerning the Impending Beatification of Pope John Paul II

2095: 1686:

The church is in the image of the Trinity and reflects the reality of the incarnation.

1561: 1387: 1232: 955: 784:

On 29 June (Feast of Peter & Paul patronal feast of popes), Gregory X celebrated a

210: 201: 187:

is an ecclesiastical doctrine concerning the respect and authority that is due to the

10449: 10107: 10008: 8880: 2957:"Peter's Primacy in the New Testament and the Early Tradition" in The Primacy of Peter 2229: 1418: 1278: 10645: 10630: 10519: 10383: 10323: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10168: 10137: 10117: 10003: 9961: 9941: 9857: 9817: 9792: 9681: 9651: 9601: 9586: 9260: 9165: 8940: 8926: 8900: 8885: 8789: 8774: 8704: 8694: 8563: 8495: 8396: 8360: 8256: 7941: 7820: 7726: 7650: 7549: 7522: 7441: 7389: 7339: 7098: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7046: 7036: 6985: 6807: 5923: 5159: 4484: 4364: 4131: 4087: 3889: 3870: 2896: 2852:

The Role of the Bishop of Rome in the Communion of the Church in the First Millennium

2536: 2420: 1789: 1010: 244: 21: 10464: 10373: 10202: 10192: 3104: 2969: 1925: 1491:

John Chrysostom referred to Ignatius of Antioch as a "teacher equivalent to Peter".

667:

The historical and juridical development of the "primacy of the Roman Pontiff" from

10554: 10549: 10474: 10459: 10439: 10227: 10152: 10013: 9897: 9882: 9862: 9807: 9787: 9774: 9719: 9611: 9443: 9150: 8955: 8935: 8855: 8840: 8739: 8641: 8515: 8355: 8313: 8308: 8288: 8271: 8184: 7685: 7527: 7502: 7081: 7041: 6802: 6785: 6770: 6627: 6457: 6343: 6105: 5785: 5559: 5521: 5479: 5407: 5402: 5369: 5176: 5109: 5072: 5067: 5047: 5042: 4967: 4820: 4810: 4770: 4301: 4119: 4102: 3965: 3447:

Upon this rock: St. Peter and the primacy of Rome in scripture and the early church

3146: 3011: 2893:

Upon This Rock: St. Peter and the Primacy of Rome in Scripture and the Early Church

2682:

Responses to some questions regarding certain aspects of the doctrine on the Church

1717: 1615: 1569: 1533: 1431: 1257: 936:

Responses to some questions regarding certain aspects of the doctrine on the Church

864:, i.e., supreme, full, immediate, and universal ordinary jurisdiction of the pope. 766: 726: 493: 460: 452: 10670: 10559: 10298: 10097: 5025: 1845: 10680: 10569: 10504: 10494: 10418: 10313: 10308: 10212: 10187: 10018: 9998: 9971: 9966: 9936: 9877: 9621: 9448: 9208: 9175: 9119: 9113: 8970: 8875: 8779: 8591: 8085: 8050: 7894: 7800: 7591: 7289: 6780: 6695: 6652: 6642: 6637: 6595: 6585: 6506: 6370: 6285: 6267: 6242: 6109: 6020: 5903: 5760: 5725: 5531: 5526: 5451: 5446: 5387: 5312: 5062: 4992: 4524: 4465: 4015: 3613:

The Papacy: Its Historic Origin and Primitive Relations with the Eastern Churches

3564:

Epistle to the Smyrnaeans - Chapter VIII.-Let Nothing Be Done Without the Bishop.

3434:

The Papacy: Its Historic Origin and Primitive Relations with the Eastern Churches

3181:

The Papacy: Its Historic Origin and Primitive Relations with the Eastern Churches

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The Papacy: Its Historic Origin and Primitive Relations with the Eastern Churches

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Ignatius sets out what he believes consists of the church in an epistle to the

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Luther’s rejection of the primacy of the Roman Pontiff led to the start of the

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The Gospel According to Rome: Comparing Catholic Tradition and the Word of God

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Fr. Nicholas Afanassieff: "The Primacy of Peter" Ch. 4, pgs. 126-127 (c. 1992)

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have regarded popes as the leader of the westerners (not of the whole church).

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Papal Primacy and the Universal Church: Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue V

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Greek Orthodox Patrology - An introduction to the Study of the Church Fathers

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Papal Primacy and the Universal Church: Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue V

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Greek Orthodox Patrology - An introduction to the Study of the Church Fathers

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Catholics and Orthodox Discuss the Role of the Pope of Rome in Vienna Meeting

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of his diocese with regard to his presbyters and people; regionally, for the

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at each of the established ecclesiastical levels: locally, for the bishop as

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of each metropolis with regard to the bishops of his province, and for the

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The Truth: What Every Roman Catholic Should Know about the Orthodox Church

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Epochs of the Papacy, from Its Rise to the Death of Pope Pius IX. in 1878

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The most substantial body of defined doctrine on the subject is found in

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Dancing Alone: The Quest for Orthodox Faith in the Age of False Religion

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The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787) Their History and Theology

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Wetterau, Bruce. World history. New York: Henry Holt and company. 1994.

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The Life of St Paul" (Paulist Press 2008 ISBN 978-0-8091-0519-9), p. 88

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of Rome as the first bishop of the Empire, and the head of the church."

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Cases which had been decided by Rome were appealed to bishops in other

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How the Pope Became Infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persuasion

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Early manuscript illustration of the First Council of Constantinople

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As many Sees are of Peter, Peter serves as an archetype of Apostle.

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The doctrine of papal primacy was further developed in 1870 at the

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The primacy of the Roman Pontiff was again challenged in 1517 when

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The Primacy of Peter: essays in ecclesiology and the early church

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to reunite the Eastern church with the West. Wishing to end the

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The church at Rome was founded (or organised) by both Peter and

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dogged in defending but which only encountered one externally,"

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Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

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Rome had primacy, but it was one of honour, rather than power.

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had been the founders of the Church in Rome and had appointed

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Extracts from the Acts of the Council of Chalcedon. Session I

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A general council may overrule decisions of the Roman Pontiff

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enriched the Church of Rome with large buildings such as the

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Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church AD450-680

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Persons in Communion – A Theology of Authentic Relationships

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The Divine Right of the Papacy in Recent Ecumenical Theology

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Eastern Orthodox opposition to the doctrine of Papal Primacy

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Eastern Orthodox opposition to the doctrine of Papal Primacy

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The church triumphant: a history of Christianity up to 1300

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Patrick J. Reilly, "Teaching Euthanasia" (Catholic Culture)

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The Orthodox church considers the Bishop of Rome to be the

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Knowledge neutral point of view disputes from October 2011

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Power and the Holy in the Age of the Investiture Conflict,

2348:(T & T Clark 1992 ISBN 978-1-58617-282-4), pp. 202-203 1982:

Papacy and Development: Newman and the Primacy of the Pope

1961:(Taylor and Francis 2002 ISBN 978-0-415-94229-4), p. 198). 1697: 1321:

were equal; nothing was withheld from any of the Apostles.

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to this revision, which may differ significantly from the

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Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

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The test of catholicity is adherence to the authority of

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stressed that his office must be more than a figurehead.

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but argues that it is unclear as to what area the act of

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Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue

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Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue

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Joint worship service with the Archbishop of Canterbury

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Historical development of the doctrine of Papal Primacy

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Hymn of Entry: Liturgy and Life in the Orthodox Church

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Homily III on Acts 1:12 quoted in Whelton, M., (1998)

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A Treatise Concerning the Correction of the Donatists.

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A Treatise Concerning the Correction of the Donatists.

2204:(Eerdmans 2005 ISBN 978-0-8028-2416-5), vol. 4, p. 273 2200:

Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley (editors),

1303:

Cases which had been decided by Rome were appealed to

572:." It has been asserted by many that a synod held by 191:

from other bishops and their sees. Together with the

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Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

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Orthodox-Catholic Commission Studies Primacy of Peter

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The Roman Pontiff is also styled "universal bishop" (

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Through The Ages: A History Of The Christian Church.

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Thomas Shahan, "First Council of Constantinople" in

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Orthodox Christians accept that Peter had a certain

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Byzantium: The surprising life of a Medieval Empire

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History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century

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Book I. Chapter 18.17 The Keys Given to the Church.

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Book I. Chapter 18.17 The Keys Given to the Church.

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History of the Reformation in the sixteenth century

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Bishop of Rome becomes "Rector of the whole Church"

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Had the teaching of primacy formed part of 1087: 593:. From the time of Pope Damasus, the text of 267:, Prologue), occupied the first place in the 1993: 1991: 1959:John Henry Newman, Selected Writings to 1845 1916:Authority in the Church II, ARCIC, para 2, 6 1866:Patrick Granfield, Peter C. Phan (editors), 1508:J.H. Srawley concedes that the Roman church 969: 3906:. (Denise Harvey Publisher; Limni, Greece). 3823:(Holy Cross Orthodox Press; Brookline, MA). 3786:, (American Unitarian Association; Boston). 3763:The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church 3584:The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church 2522: 2443: 2352: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 1622:Opposition arguments from orthodox doctrine 1401: 930:Relation with other Christian denominations 735:excommunicated Patriarch of Constantinople 488:granted Christianity legal status, Emperor 479: 9348: 9334: 9092:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 9042:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 8073: 8059: 6863: 6849: 6089: 6075: 5929:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 4007: 3993: 3962: 3861:(Holy Cross Orthodox Press; Brookline, MA) 3845:An Outline of Orthodox Patristic Dogmatics 3756:Golden Mouth: The Story of John Chrysostom 3719:Empie, P. C., & Murphy, T. A., (1974) 3637:Cyprian – His Life – Hist Times – His Work 3301:Empie, P. C., & Murphy, T. 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Please do not remove this message until 6177:Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts 3947:, (Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA). 3934:, (The Banner of Truth Trust; Edinburgh). 3660:, (Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA). 3207:Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John 3072:Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John 1988: 1775: 1588:Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical ) 1564:was called by a pope; all were called by 1555:Opposition arguments from Church Councils 1138:Learn how and when to remove this message 894: 752: 631:Relationship with bishops of other cities 389: 308: 171:Learn how and when to remove this message 3932:The Church of Rome at the Bar of History 3835:The Primitive Saints and the See of Rome 3821:Spiritual Dimensions of the Holy Canons, 3653:(Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA). 3179:. Tractate CXXIV.7 Abbé Guettée (1866). 3108:The Church of Rome at the Bar of History 3044:. 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Fordham University Press. p. 47 2134: 2132: 2130: 2043:(Ravenna, 13 October 2007), section 44 1984:(Brill 1976 ISBN 90-04-04466-3), p. 72 1781: 1520:may be simply of those churches in the 1451: 1307:of bishops in other metropolitan areas 1158:are perhaps the greatest obstacles to 9329: 8054: 6844: 6187:Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom 6182:Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great 6070: 3988: 3292:, (Orthodox Research Institute), p14. 2529:Richard P. McBrien (25 August 2008). 2402:Catechism of the Catholic Church, 884 2324:, Christian Classics Ethereal Library 1856:Catechism of the Catholic Church, 883 1846:Catechism of the Catholic Church, 882 1649:Orthodox understanding of Catholicity 1527: 1330:Summus Pontifex Ecclesiae Universalis 747: 693:The 3 October 1054 the Council has a 361: 44: 25: 6334:Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament 3975:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3918:Saint Chrysostom: His Life and Times 3273:Homilies on the Acts of the Apostles 3256:Homilies on the Acts of the Apostles 3227: 2458: 2161: 1120:adding citations to reliable sources 1091: 564:(381) which decreed: "The Bishop of 121: 17: 8946:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 4014: 3408:. Chapter VII.— The same continued. 2296:Jean Henri Merle d'Aubigné (1846). 2219:(Gregorian University 1980), p. 203 2127: 2052: 1154:The doctrines of papal primacy and 1055:themselves in the canonical order ( 720: 119: 88: 10754:Christianity-related controversies 8501:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 3923:Vasileios of Stavronikita (1998), 3884:Schimmelpfennig, Bernhard (1992). 3436:, (Minos Publishing Co; NY), p165. 3395:– Chapter IV – the same continued. 2919:, Harvest House Publishers, p. 240 2274:The Church of the Ancient Councils 1339:(New Rome) were on the same level. 1170: 987:Unlike many other Churches of the 476:succession of Bishops originated. 120: 10770: 3963:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 3951: 3837:, (Longmans, Green & Co; NY). 3716:, (Fordham University Press, NY). 3674:, (Fordham University Press, NY). 3555:(Mystic: Twenty–Third), pp. 26–27 2631:Collins, Paul (24 October 1997). 2618:"Vatican I And The Papal Primacy" 1894:Open Letter to Confused Catholics 1632:Catholic Cardinal and theologian 403: 52:. 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In 2005 the Roman Catholic 804: 211:the entire body of the bishops 84:(make Disregard a sub-section) 49:(make Disregard a sub-section) 13: 1: 10029:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 9426:History of Christian theology 8710:Fourth Council of the Lateran 8685:Second Council of the Lateran 8294:Apostles in the New Testament 3888:. Columbia University Press. 3758:, (Cornell University Press). 3702:, (Sheed & Ward; London). 3632:(Bedord/StMartins; New York). 2535:. 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W., (2005) 3911:The Epistles of St Ignatius 3700:Studies on the Early Papacy 3471:The Epistles of St Ignatius 2915:McCarthy, James G. (1995), 2881:Crete draft document, 20-22 2096:Ellis L. Knox, "The Papacy" 1706: 1574:early history of the church 1412:The New Testament records ( 960:Assyrian Church of the East 663:From Gregory I to Clement V 504:, and with endowments. The 222:Development of the doctrine 153:conditions to do so are met 24:of this page, as edited by 10: 10775: 10455:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 10445:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange 9730:Transubstantiation dispute 8170:History of the Roman Curia 7953:World Evangelical Alliance 7915:Traditionalist Catholicism 6832:Catholic Church portal 6475:Divine Worship: The Missal 6046:Catholic Church portal 3830:(G. Bell and sons; London) 3726:Fitzgerald, K. K., (2006) 3639:, (Macmillan & Co; NY) 3605: 2662:cf. Catechism, nos. 894-95 2081:John Meyendorff (editor), 2029:(Ravenna, 13 October 2007) 1998:John Meyendorff (editor), 1957:, in Albert E. Radcliffe, 1831:John Meyendorff (editor), 1625: 1405: 1201: 1088:Opposition to the doctrine 852:with the pronouncement of 724: 416: 312: 10704: 10623: 10432: 10291: 10161: 10037: 9916: 9773: 9680: 9540: 9434: 9372: 9363: 9291: 9191: 9057: 8984: 8919: 8906:European wars of religion 8803: 8738: 8640: 8562: 8453: 8376: 8236: 8225: 8217:Eastern Catholic Churches 8092: 8018: 7968: 7948:World Council of Churches 7923: 7841: 7725: 7716: 7671: 7456: 7440: 7435:Latter Day Saint movement 7420: 7380: 7280: 7261: 7207: 7164: 7109: 7015: 6994: 6953: 6921: 6878: 6822: 6751: 6665: 6618: 6541: 6530: 6505: 6369: 6322:Other liturgical services 6321: 6241: 6164: 6116: 6034: 5972:Aid to the Church in Need 5962: 5819: 5632: 5593:Vatican Television Center 5568: 5478: 5368: 5238:Eastern Catholic Churches 5219: 5108: 5001: 4948: 4873: 4844: 4769: 4694: 4629: 4574: 4493: 4363: 4277: 4209: 4154: 4073: 4050: 4022: 3826:Pennington, A. R. (1881) 3512:The History of the Church 3380:Epistle to the Magnesians 2653:Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger 2390:The Catholic Encyclopedia 2359:Dvornik, Francis (1966). 1524:that is, those in Italy. 970:Efforts at reconciliation 705:quod solus Romanae sedis 10369:Matthias Joseph Scheeben 9562:Athanasius of Alexandria 9454:First Epistle of Clement 9037:Mary of the Divine Heart 8660:Clash against the empire 8612:Second Council of Nicaea 8506:Old St. Peter's Basilica 7976:Anti-Christian sentiment 7156:Christian biblical canon 6270:(first hour of daylight) 5914:Communion and Liberation 5378:Eastern Catholic liturgy 4543:Mystici Corporis Christi 4471:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 3909:Srawley, J. H., (1919), 3782:Morrison, J. H., (1872) 3775:Meyendorff, J., (1992), 3754:Kelly, J. N. D., (1995) 3698:Dom Chapman, J., (1923) 3663:Chrestou, P. K., (2005) 3469:Srawley, J. H., (1919), 3406:Epistle to the Trallians 3393:Epistle to the Ephesians 3367:Epistle to the Smyrneans 3354:Epistle to the Ephesians 3341:Epistle to the Trallians 3288:Chrestou, P. K., (2005) 1549:First Ecumenical Council 1402:The Council of Jerusalem 642: 618:strength and stability. 480:After the Edict of Milan 261:First Epistle of Clement 10480:Dietrich von Hildebrand 10344:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi 10218:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet 10198:Mary of Jesus of Ágreda 9740:Paulinus II of Aquileia 9735:Predestination disputes 9303:Vatican City portal 8655:Investiture Controversy 8511:First Council of Nicaea 8030:Christianity portal 7189:Investiture Controversy 6520:Liturgical use of Latin 4729:Philosophy of canon law 4659:Mariology of the saints 4239:Investiture Controversy 3852:The Byzantine Theocracy 3833:Puller, F. W., (1893), 3819:Patsavos, L. J., (2003) 3768:Meyendorff, J., (1989) 3695:, (Rivingtons; London). 3681:(Mystic: Twenty–Third). 3679:Diversity and Communion 3635:Benson, E. W., (1897), 3553:Diversity and Communion 3314:Srawley, J. H., (1910) 3123:. Book VII. Chapter XXI 2988:. Book VII. Chapter XXI 2955:Veselin Kesich (1992). 2872:Crete draft document, 9 2863:Crete draft document, 4 1906:Ravenna Document, 43-44 1782:Kasper, Walter (2006). 1738:Donation of Constantine 1480:Thus when he writes to 952:Eastern Orthodox Church 689:Council of Reims (1049) 506:First Council of Nicaea 502:Basilica of Saint Peter 471:, the beginning of the 455:(AD 189) believed that 197:Eastern Orthodox Church 10716:Catholicism portal 10565:Hans Urs von Balthasar 10364:Tommaso Maria Zigliara 10304:Félicité de La Mennais 9983:The Cloud of Unknowing 9484:The Shepherd of Hermas 9315:Catholicism portal 9126:Second Vatican Council 9012:Our Lady of La Salette 8819:Protestant Reformation 8806:Protestant Reformation 8725:Second Council of Lyon 8114:Ecclesiastical history 7981:Christian universalism 7372:Western Rite Orthodoxy 7217:Protestant Reformation 6300:(Anglican Use Vespers) 5982:Catholic Charities USA 5616:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 5604:Vatican Polyglot Press 4654:Mariology of the popes 4292:Protestant Reformation 3865:Schatz, Klaus (1996). 3857:Schaeffer, F., (1994) 3850:Runciman, S., (1977), 3843:Romanides, J., (2004) 3813:Papadakis, A., (1994) 3806:Papadakis, A., (1997) 3747:Hinson, E. G., (1995) 3733:Hasler, A. B., (1981) 3705:Davis, L. D., (1990), 2286:Schimmelpfennig, p. 47 2259:Rome in Late Antiquity 2173:A History of the Popes 2124:Schimmelpfennig, p. 39 2115:Schimmelpfennig, p. 27 1868:The Gift of the Church 1733:Primacy of Simon Peter 1692: 1684: 1646: 1612:Ottaviani Intervention 1545: 1506: 1475: 1463: 1329: 1081: 998: 993: 944:Protestant Reformation 901:Second Vatican Council 895:Second Vatican Council 848:achieved victory over 826:Protestant Reformation 759:Second Council of Lyon 753:Second Council of Lyon 709:universalis Ecclesiae 552: 435: 419:Primacy of Simon Peter 401: 390:Rome's role as arbiter 348: 335: 309:Historical development 306: 10749:Roman Catholic Church 10744:History of the Papacy 10490:Marie-Dominique Chenu 10409:Marie-Joseph Lagrange 10394:Désiré-Joseph Mercier 10278:Clement Mary Hofbauer 10273:Johann Michael Sailer 9700:Maximus the Confessor 9392:History of the papacy 9022:First Vatican Council 8720:First Council of Lyon 8484:Constantine the Great 8180:Christian monasticism 7639:Anointing of the Sick 6371:Liturgical literature 6306:(West Syriac Vespers) 6165:Eucharistic liturgies 6146:Anointing of the Sick 5736:Good Shepherd Sisters 5578:Holy See Press Office 4816:Doctors of the Church 4649:Immaculate Conception 4604:Anointing of the Sick 4139:History of the papacy 3972:Catholic Encyclopedia 3920:, (Elibron Classics). 3902:Sherrard, P., (1978) 3642:Braaten, C. E.(2001) 3611:Abbé Guettée (1866). 3595:Sherrard, P., (1978) 3459:Epistle to the Romans 3177:On the Gospel of John 3164:On Christian Doctrine 3153:Preface to Homily 1.1 3042:On the Gospel of John 3029:On Christian Doctrine 3018:Preface to Homily 1.1 2928:Carson, D. A.(1984), 2671:Lumen Gentium, no. 22 2573:Anselme de Saint-Remy 2302:. Blackie. p. 27 1713:History of the papacy 1688: 1680: 1638: 1600:Society of St. Pius X 1541: 1522:region of the Romans, 1501: 1471: 1459: 1362:"Keys of the Kingdom" 1077: 1035:In October 2007, the 994: 985: 842:First Vatican Council 836:First Vatican Council 550: 490:Constantine the Great 467:to the office of the 430: 396: 343: 326: 277: 229:developmental history 207:Roman Catholic Church 10666:Raniero Cantalamessa 10636:Alice von Hildebrand 10585:Edward Schillebeeckx 10263:Maria Gaetana Agnesi 10148:Lawrence of Brindisi 10078:Francisco de Vitoria 9868:Beatrice of Nazareth 9843:Hugh of Saint Victor 9823:Bernard of Clairvaux 9803:Anselm of Canterbury 9765:John Scotus Eriugena 9760:Paschasius Radbertus 9607:Gregory of Nazianzus 9501:Epistle to Diognetus 9199:Sexual abuse scandal 9108:Mit brennender Sorge 8951:Age of Enlightenment 8730:Bernard of Clairvaux 8607:Byzantine Iconoclasm 8546:Council of Chalcedon 8326:Council of Jerusalem 8195:Role in civilization 8175:Religious institutes 8107:By country or region 7960:Nondenominationalism 7833:Role in civilization 7300:Independent Catholic 7242:Relations with Islam 7222:Catholic Reformation 6515:Ecclesiastical Latin 6436:Liturgy of the Hours 6356:Liturgy of the Hours 6226:Pontifical High Mass 5609:L'Osservatore Romano 5547:Role in civilisation 5273:Croatian and Serbian 5021:Episcopal conference 4983:St. Peter's Basilica 4341:Sexual abuse scandal 4297:Catholic Reformation 3943:Whelton, M., (1998) 3937:Whelton, M., (2006) 3930:Webster, W. (1995), 3869:. Liturgical Press. 3740:Herrin, J., (2007), 3712:Dvornik, F., (1966) 3656:Carlton, C., (1999) 3649:Carlton, C., (1997) 3618:M. Anastos, (2001), 3327:Carlton, C., (1997) 3106:Webster, W. (1995), 2971:Webster, W. (1995), 2785:Ravenna Document, 43 2497:Terence L. Nichols, 2484:Terence L. Nichols, 2470:Terence L. Nichols, 2244:Martyrdom of St Paul 2083:The Primacy of Peter 2053:Ott, Ludwig (1960). 2000:The Primacy of Peter 1833:The Primacy of Peter 1744:References and notes 1495:Letter to the Romans 1408:Council of Jerusalem 1335:Rome (Old Rome) and 1188:Council of Jerusalem 1116:improve this article 948:apostolic succession 938:of 29 June 2007 the 737:Michael I Cerularius 695:dogmatic declaration 647:The doctrine of the 615:Council of Chalcedon 591:Council of Chalcedon 473:Apostolic succession 193:Filioque controversy 45:20:30, 3 August 2012 10641:Carlo Maria Martini 10605:Johann Baptist Metz 10575:Frederick Copleston 10399:Friedrich von Hügel 10359:Joseph Hergenröther 10339:Gaetano Sanseverino 10319:Ignaz von Döllinger 10243:Nicolas Malebranche 10083:Thomas of Villanova 10044:Counter-Reformation 10024:Girolamo Savonarola 9838:Hildegard of Bingen 9647:Cyril of Alexandria 9490:Aristides of Athens 9477:Epistle of Barnabas 9466:Ignatius of Antioch 9404:Ecumenical councils 9027:Papal infallibility 9017:Our Lady of Lourdes 8966:Shimabara Rebellion 8810:Counter-Reformation 8006:Unlimited atonement 7991:Cultural Christians 7430:Jehovah's Witnesses 7052:Sermon on the Mount 6981:Christian tradition 6908:Lists of Christians 6739:Pre-Tridentine Mass 6507:Liturgical language 5944:Neocatechumenal Way 5909:Charismatic Renewal 5623:Annuario Pontificio 5221:Particular churches 4897:Ecumenical councils 4669:Perpetual virginity 4504:Communitas perfecta 4448:Sermon on the Mount 3803:(Newman Press; NY). 3761:Lossky, V., (2002) 3677:Congar. Y., (1982) 3670:Congar, Y. (1959), 3582:Lossky, V., (2002) 3551:Congar. Y., (1982) 3445:Ray, S. K., (1999) 3418:Epistle to Polycarp 3240:Whelton, M (1998). 2943:The Orthodox Church 2718:The Washington Post 2499:That All May Be One 2486:That All May Be One 2472:That All May Be One 2215:J. Michael Miller, 1972:John Henry Newman, 1953:John Henry Newman, 1723:Papal infallibility 1610:of the Church (see 1452:Ignatius of Antioch 1310:Peter founded many 1260:. As no particular 964:particular Churches 873:papal infallibility 854:papal infallibility 376:Cyprian of Carthage 322:Alexander Schmemann 256:Ignatius of Antioch 140:of this article is 95:← Previous revision 10656:Alasdair MacIntyre 10535:Nouvelle théologie 10424:Thérèse of Lisieux 10268:Alfonso Muzzarelli 10208:Jean-Jacques Olier 10178:Tommaso Campanella 10093:Francisco de Osuna 10088:Ignatius of Loyola 9957:Catherine of Siena 9853:Robert Grosseteste 9750:Benedict of Aniane 9690:Isidore of Seville 9632:Augustine of Hippo 9597:Cyril of Jerusalem 9592:Hilary of Poitiers 9072:Our Lady of Fátima 8861:Ignatius of Loyola 8785:Catherine of Siena 8753:Pope Boniface VIII 8572:Benedict of Nursia 8541:Council of Ephesus 8378:Ante-Nicene period 8331:Split with Judaism 8165:Crusading movement 7851:Crusading movement 7119:Ante-Nicene period 6591:Extraordinary Form 5781:Premonstratensians 4164:Ante-Nicene period 4042:Lists of Catholics 3789:Neill, S., (1984) 3691:Denny, E., (1912) 2798:. 14 November 2007 2272:Peter L'Huillier, 2171:John W. O'Malley, 1566:Byzantine emperors 1562:Ecumenical Council 1528:Easter controversy 1388:Hilary of Poitiers 1349:Faced with exile, 1299:metropolitan areas 1233:Hilary of Poitiers 1210:primus inter pares 956:Oriental Orthodoxy 748:Post-schism period 699:Successor of Peter 622:(492-496) stated: 553: 362:Ante-Nicene period 235:, the divinity of 202:primus inter pares 10724: 10723: 10651:Gustavo Gutiérrez 10646:Pope Benedict XVI 10631:Pope John Paul II 10530:Josemaría Escrivá 10520:Henri Daniel-Rops 10404:Vladimir Solovyov 10384:Neo-scholasticism 10324:John Henry Newman 10258:Louis de Montfort 10253:Alphonsus Liguori 10248:Giambattista Vico 10183:Pierre de Bérulle 10169:French Revolution 10138:Robert Bellarmine 10118:John of the Cross 10004:Julian of Norwich 9962:Bridget of Sweden 9952:John of Ruusbroec 9942:William of Ockham 9858:Francis of Assisi 9848:Dominic de Guzmán 9818:Decretum Gratiani 9793:Berengar of Tours 9682:Early Middle Ages 9652:Peter Chrysologus 9602:Basil of Caesarea 9587:Ephrem the Syrian 9527:Antipope Novatian 9323: 9322: 9283:COVID-19 pandemic 9261:Pope Benedict XVI 9166:Pope John Paul II 8941:Pope Benedict XIV 8927:French Revolution 8911:Thirty Years' War 8901:Robert Bellarmine 8886:John of the Cross 8790:Pope Alexander VI 8775:Council of Vienne 8705:Francis of Assisi 8695:Pope Innocent III 8564:Early Middle Ages 8558: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8496:Arian controversy 8449: 8448: 8397:Apostolic Fathers 8048: 8047: 8014: 8013: 7942:Charta Oecumenica 7452: 7451: 7442:Iglesia ni Cristo 7257: 7256: 7237:French Revolution 7227:Thirty Years' War 7099:Apostolic fathers 7067:Great Commandment 6838: 6837: 6818: 6817: 6747: 6746: 6661: 6660: 6294:(sunset/evening) 6064: 6063: 5474: 5473: 4867: 4690: 4689: 4382: 4359: 4358: 4351:COVID-19 pandemic 4321:French Revolution 4311:Thirty Years' War 4219:Islamic conquests 4132:Apostolic fathers 4067: 3895:978-0-231-07515-2 2902:978-0-89870-723-6 2733:Missing or empty 2720:. 1 October 1989. 2542:978-0-06-124521-3 2426:978-1-58617-282-4 2257:Bertrand Lançon, 1795:978-0-8091-4334-4 1285:Apostolic throne. 1148: 1147: 1140: 1011:Pope John Paul II 245:John Henry Newman 181: 180: 173: 10766: 10714: 10713: 10555:Emmanuel Mounier 10550:Bernard Lonergan 10475:Georges Bernanos 10460:Jacques Maritain 10440:G. K. Chesterton 10329:Henri Lacordaire 10228:Cornelius Jansen 10223:François Fénelon 10153:Francis de Sales 10143:Francisco Suárez 10014:Nicholas of Cusa 9898:Siger of Brabant 9883:Boetius of Dacia 9863:Anthony of Padua 9808:Joachim of Fiore 9788:Gregory of Narek 9775:High Middle Ages 9720:John of Damascus 9612:Gregory of Nyssa 9350: 9343: 9336: 9327: 9326: 9313: 9312: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9278:Patriarch Kirill 9151:Pope John Paul I 8956:Anti-clericalism 8936:Pope Innocent XI 8856:Society of Jesus 8841:Council of Trent 8795:Age of Discovery 8740:Late Middle Ages 8642:High Middle Ages 8632:East–West Schism 8516:Pope Sylvester I 8462: 8461: 8451: 8450: 8361:General epistles 8356:Pauline epistles 8289:John the Baptist 8272:Great Commission 8234: 8233: 8185:Catholic culture 8075: 8068: 8061: 8052: 8051: 8038: 8037: 8028: 8027: 7871:Environmentalism 7821:Church buildings 7723: 7722: 7538:Eastern Orthodox 7533:Eastern Catholic 7445: 7444: 7412:Eastern Catholic 7390:Eastern Orthodox 7278: 7277: 7199:Age of Discovery 7184:East–West Schism 7082:Great Commission 7013: 7012: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6842: 6841: 6830: 6829: 6803:East Syriac Rite 6771:Alexandrian Rite 6760:Eastern Catholic 6753:Eastern Catholic 6628:Benedictine Rite 6616: 6615: 6556: 6555: 6550:liturgical rites 6539: 6538: 6458:Roman Pontifical 6314:(end of the day) 6248:Liturgical hours 6091: 6084: 6077: 6068: 6067: 6054: 6053: 6044: 6043: 5786:Redemptoristines 5634:Religious orders 5560:Anti-Catholicism 5510:Church buildings 5370:Catholic liturgy 5110:Consecrated life 4968:Apostolic Palace 4935:Synod of Bishops 4871: 4870: 4847: 4453:Ten Commandments 4386: 4385: 4368: 4269:Age of Discovery 4103:Great Commission 4071: 4070: 4055: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3976: 3968: 3966:"The Pope" 3899: 3880: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3549: 3543: 3538: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3461: 3456: 3450: 3443: 3437: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3402: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3357: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3312: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3269: 3263: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3237: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3203: 3197: 3190: 3184: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3154: 3143: 3137: 3130: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3068: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3038: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3008: 3002: 2995: 2989: 2982: 2976: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2952: 2946: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2920: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2891:Ray, Stephen K. 2888: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2836: 2830: 2825: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2776:, sections 40-41 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2467: 2456: 2450: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2410: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2356: 2350: 2341: 2326: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2269: 2263: 2254: 2248: 2242:Henry W. Tajra, 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2212: 2206: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2151: 2145: 2136: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2093: 2087: 2078: 2072: 2067:Richard McBrien 2065: 2059: 2058: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2004: 1995: 1986: 1969: 1963: 1949: 1943: 1934: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1889: 1883: 1878: 1872: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1843: 1837: 1828: 1822: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1779: 1763: 1759: 1718:Pontifex Maximus 1659:and then by the 1539:Eusebius wrote: 1534:Quartodecimanism 1434:only prescribes 1432:Rabbinic Judaism 1143: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1100: 1092: 934:In the document 727:East-West Schism 721:East-West Schism 683:deposit of faith 649:sedes apostolica 494:Lateran Basilica 453:Irenaeus of Lyon 176: 169: 165: 162: 156: 130: 129: 122: 107:Newer revision → 85: 82: 61: 59:current revision 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 10774: 10773: 10769: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10764: 10763: 10759:Christian terms 10729: 10728: 10725: 10720: 10708: 10700: 10681:Jean-Luc Marion 10619: 10570:Marcel Lefebvre 10495:Romano Guardini 10450:Joseph Maréchal 10428: 10419:Maurice Blondel 10314:Antonio Rosmini 10309:Luigi Taparelli 10287: 10213:Louis Thomassin 10188:Pierre Gassendi 10171: 10167: 10157: 10108:Teresa of Ávila 10046: 10042: 10033: 10019:Marsilio Ficino 10009:Thomas à Kempis 9999:Devotio Moderna 9972:Johannes Tauler 9967:Meister Eckhart 9937:Dante Alighieri 9912: 9878:Albertus Magnus 9769: 9676: 9622:John Chrysostom 9550: 9546: 9536: 9449:Clement of Rome 9430: 9368: 9359: 9354: 9324: 9319: 9307: 9297: 9295: 9287: 9209:World Youth Day 9187: 9176:World Youth Day 9120:Pacem in terris 9114:Pope John XXIII 9053: 8980: 8971:Edict of Nantes 8929: 8925: 8915: 8881:Teresa of Ávila 8876:Tridentine Mass 8812: 8808: 8799: 8780:Knights Templar 8734: 8636: 8592:Gregorian chant 8550: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8457: 8445: 8372: 8241: 8229: 8221: 8088: 8086:Catholic Church 8079: 8049: 8044: 8022: 8010: 7964: 7919: 7837: 7718: 7712: 7667: 7592:One true church 7448: 7416: 7376: 7265: 7253: 7203: 7160: 7105: 7032:in Christianity 7018: 7004: 6998: 6990: 6949: 6925: 6917: 6874: 6869: 6839: 6834: 6824: 6814: 6781:Antiochene Rite 6761: 6757: 6754: 6743: 6733:Missa Venatoria 6657: 6653:Norbertine Rite 6643:Cistercian Rite 6638:Carthusian Rite 6614: 6596:Tridentine Mass 6586:Mass of Paul VI 6549: 6545: 6533: 6526: 6501: 6365: 6317: 6264:(early morning) 6246: 6243:Canonical hours 6237: 6160: 6112: 6110:Catholic Church 6095: 6065: 6060: 6038: 6030: 6009: 5992:Relief Services 5958: 5904:Catholic Action 5894:Military orders 5831:Confraternities 5823:of the faithful 5822: 5815: 5637: 5628: 5564: 5470: 5364: 5223: 5215: 5148:Prior, Prioress 5104: 4997: 4993:Vatican Museums 4944: 4877: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4765: 4719:Social teaching 4686: 4625: 4570: 4525:One true church 4489: 4466:Sixtine Vulgate 4462:Official Bible 4376: 4372: 4367: 4355: 4273: 4205: 4150: 4120:Petrine primacy 4063: 4059: 4054: 4046: 4018: 4016:Catholic Church 4013: 3954: 3896: 3877: 3608: 3603: 3594: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3524: 3514:– Book V, xxiv 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3481: 3477: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3440: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3386: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3287: 3283: 3270: 3266: 3253: 3249: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3200: 3191: 3187: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3157: 3144: 3140: 3131: 3127: 3118: 3114: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3052: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3022: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2992: 2983: 2979: 2968: 2964: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2936: 2927: 2923: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2734: 2732: 2723: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2629: 2625: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2527: 2523: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2483: 2479: 2468: 2459: 2451: 2444: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2382: 2368: 2366: 2357: 2353: 2344:Aidan Nichols, 2342: 2329: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2270: 2266: 2255: 2251: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2213: 2209: 2198: 2194: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2169: 2162: 2152: 2148: 2137: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2090: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2062: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2024: 2020: 2011: 2007: 1996: 1989: 1970: 1966: 1950: 1946: 1935: 1931: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1875: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1840: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1814: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1728:Papal supremacy 1709: 1700: 1665:Orthodox Church 1651: 1630: 1624: 1596: 1557: 1530: 1497: 1454: 1410: 1404: 1392:John Chrysostom 1364: 1351:John Chrysostom 1253: 1237:John Chrysostom 1206: 1200: 1173: 1171:Protestant view 1156:papal supremacy 1144: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1113: 1101: 1090: 1033: 1021: 1003: 977: 972: 946:and which lack 932: 927: 897: 869:Pastor aeternus 862:papal supremacy 838: 830:Anglican Church 807: 755: 750: 729: 723: 691: 678:depositum fidei 665: 645: 633: 607:Pope Boniface I 603:Pope Innocent I 545: 536:Valentinian III 527: 515: 482: 450: 421: 415: 406: 392: 374:were martyred. 364: 356:twelve Apostles 317: 311: 224: 177: 166: 160: 157: 146: 131: 127: 118: 117: 116: 115: 114: 99:Latest revision 87: 86: 83: 72: 70: 57: 48: 31: 29: 12: 11: 5: 10772: 10762: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10718: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10627: 10625: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10510:Henri de Lubac 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10485:Gabriel Marcel 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10465:Étienne Gilson 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10436: 10434: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10414:George Tyrrell 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10374:Émile Boutroux 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10354:Giuseppe Pecci 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10295: 10293: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10203:António Vieira 10200: 10195: 10193:René Descartes 10190: 10185: 10180: 10174: 10172: 10164:Baroque period 10162: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10128:Luis de Molina 10125: 10123:Peter Canisius 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10103:Francis Xavier 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10058:Thomas Cajetan 10055: 10049: 10047: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9989:Heinrich Seuse 9986: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9923: 9921: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9893:Thomas Aquinas 9890: 9888:Henry of Ghent 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9833:Anselm of Laon 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9779: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9755:Rabanus Maurus 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9686: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9672:Pope Gregory I 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9553: 9551: 9548:Pope Gregory I 9541: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9480: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9440: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9422: 9421: 9419:Biblical canon 9416: 9409:Catholic Bible 9406: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9353: 9352: 9345: 9338: 9330: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9317: 9305: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9206: 9201: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9183: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9116: 9111: 9104: 9099: 9097:Lateran Treaty 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9063: 9061: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9051: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8932: 8930: 8922:Baroque period 8920: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8891:Peter Canisius 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8866:Francis Xavier 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8830:Exsurge Domine 8826: 8821: 8815: 8813: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8770:Pope Clement V 8767: 8766: 8765: 8763:Avignon Papacy 8758:Western Schism 8755: 8750: 8748:Thomas Aquinas 8744: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8646: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8602:Saint Boniface 8599: 8594: 8589: 8587:Pope Gregory I 8584: 8579: 8574: 8568: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8526:Biblical canon 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8480: 8478: 8459: 8455:Late antiquity 8447: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8422: 8421: 8416: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8402:Pope Clement I 8392:Church Fathers 8389: 8383: 8381: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8248: 8246: 8231: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8153:Biblical canon 8148:Catholic Bible 8145: 8144: 8143: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8098: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8078: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8055: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8032: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7933: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7888: 7883: 7881:Fundamentalism 7878: 7876:Existentialism 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7847: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7767:God the Father 7764: 7759: 7754: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7731: 7729: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7688: 7683: 7677: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7653: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7587:Body of Christ 7584: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7462: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7437: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7422:Restorationist 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7386: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7284: 7275: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7170: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7131: 7126: 7124:Late antiquity 7121: 7115: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7094:Church fathers 7091: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7023: 7021: 7010: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6931: 6929: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6868: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6845: 6836: 6835: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6800: 6798:Byzantine Rite 6795: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6778: 6773: 6767: 6765: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6680: 6678:Aquileian Rite 6675: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6648:Dominican Rite 6645: 6640: 6635: 6633:Carmelite Rite 6630: 6624: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6588: 6578: 6576:Mozarabic Rite 6573: 6568: 6566:Ambrosian Rite 6562: 6560: 6553: 6536: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6511: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6399:Roman Breviary 6391: 6386: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6301: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6252: 6250: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6172:Divine Liturgy 6168: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6094: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6071: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6048: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6010: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5939:Legion of Mary 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5868:Lay Carmelites 5865: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5827: 5825: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5716:Conceptionists 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5651:Assumptionists 5647: 5645: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5484: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5374: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5353:Syro-Malankara 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5303:Italo-Albanian 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5191: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5157: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5121: 5114: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5012: 5010: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4973:Lateran Treaty 4970: 4965: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4899: 4894: 4885: 4883: 4868: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4775: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4734: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4709:Moral theology 4706: 4700: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4635: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4499: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4392: 4390: 4383: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4294: 4283: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4224:Pope Gregory I 4221: 4215: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4196:Biblical canon 4193: 4191:Late antiquity 4188: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4127:Church fathers 4124: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4079: 4077: 4068: 4061:Ecclesiastical 4048: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4012: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3960: 3953: 3952:External links 3950: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3894: 3881: 3875: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3794: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3724: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3626:Annales Romani 3623: 3616: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3588: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3544: 3533: 3522: 3502: 3490: 3485:Church History 3475: 3462: 3451: 3438: 3422: 3410: 3397: 3384: 3371: 3358: 3345: 3333: 3320: 3307: 3294: 3281: 3264: 3247: 3220: 3211: 3198: 3185: 3168: 3155: 3138: 3134:On the Trinity 3125: 3112: 3097: 3088: 3076: 3063: 3050: 3033: 3020: 3003: 2999:On the Trinity 2990: 2977: 2962: 2947: 2941:Timothy Ware, 2934: 2932:, vol. 8, 368. 2921: 2908: 2901: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2842: 2831: 2820: 2809: 2787: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2744: 2709: 2700: 2686: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2623: 2609: 2600: 2598:The CLC Press. 2587: 2577: 2564: 2555: 2541: 2521: 2503: 2490: 2477: 2457: 2442: 2425: 2405: 2394: 2380: 2351: 2327: 2313: 2288: 2279: 2264: 2249: 2234: 2222: 2207: 2192: 2178: 2160: 2146: 2126: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2088: 2073: 2060: 2057:. p. 289. 2045: 2033: 2018: 2005: 1987: 1964: 1944: 1937:Klaus Schatz, 1929: 1918: 1909: 1898: 1884: 1873: 1858: 1849: 1838: 1823: 1812: 1794: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1661:Holy Tradition 1650: 1647: 1626:Main article: 1623: 1620: 1595: 1592: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1570:Holy Tradition 1556: 1553: 1529: 1526: 1496: 1493: 1484:the bishop of 1453: 1450: 1406:Main article: 1403: 1400: 1380:Church Fathers 1363: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1347: 1340: 1337:Constantinople 1333: 1322: 1315: 1312:Episcopal sees 1308: 1301: 1295: 1292:Church Fathers 1289: 1286: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1252: 1249: 1225:Church Fathers 1202:Main article: 1199: 1196: 1192:James the Just 1179:sola scriptura 1172: 1169: 1165:solus Christus 1146: 1145: 1104: 1102: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1032: 1029: 1020: 1015: 1002: 999: 976: 973: 971: 968: 931: 928: 926: 923: 896: 893: 846:ultramontanism 837: 834: 806: 803: 775:Constantinople 754: 751: 749: 746: 725:Main article: 722: 719: 703:declaratum est 690: 687: 673:Pope Clement V 669:Pope Gregory I 664: 661: 644: 641: 632: 629: 628: 627: 574:Pope Damasus I 566:Constantinople 544: 541: 526: 523: 514: 511: 498:Lateran Palace 486:Edict of Milan 481: 478: 449: 446: 438:Pope Stephen I 417:Main article: 414: 411: 405: 404:Peter and Paul 402: 391: 388: 380:Pope Damasus I 372:Pope Sixtus II 368:Pope Stephen I 363: 360: 313:Main article: 310: 307: 223: 220: 189:Bishop of Rome 179: 178: 134: 132: 125: 68: 54:permanent link 27: 16: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10771: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10727: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10706: 10703: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10691:Aidan Nichols 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10671:Michał Heller 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10661:Walter Kasper 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10628: 10626: 10622: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10590:Thomas Merton 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10560:Jean Daniélou 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10299:Joseph Görres 10297: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10283:Bruno Lanteri 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10238:Blaise Pascal 10236: 10233: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10133: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10098:John of Ávila 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10041: 10036: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9984: 9980: 9978: 9977:Walter Hilton 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9947:Richard Rolle 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9915: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9828:Peter Lombard 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9813:Peter Abelard 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9772: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9705:Monothelitism 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9695:John Climacus 9693: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9679: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9582:Monophysitism 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9502: 9498: 9496: 9495:Justin Martyr 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9485: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9433: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9397:Papal primacy 9395: 9394: 9393: 9390: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9362: 9358: 9351: 9346: 9344: 9339: 9337: 9332: 9331: 9328: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9304: 9294: 9293: 9290: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9273: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9156:Mother Teresa 9154: 9152: 9149: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9109: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9082:Pope Pius XII 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9048:Rerum novarum 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9032:Pope Leo XIII 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9002:United States 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8992:Pope Pius VII 8990: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8807: 8802: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8675:Scholasticism 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8650:Pope Urban II 8648: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8639: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8561: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8467: 8463: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8426:Justin Martyr 8424: 8420: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8336:New Testament 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8299:Commissioning 8297: 8296: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8243:Apostolic Age 8239: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8130: 8129:Papal primacy 8127: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8071: 8069: 8064: 8062: 8057: 8056: 8053: 8041: 8033: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8020: 8017: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7816:Popular piety 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7597:People of God 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7443: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7264: 7263:Denominations 7260: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7232:Enlightenment 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6945:New Testament 6943: 6941: 6940:Old Testament 6938: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6861: 6859: 6854: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6833: 6828: 6821: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6776:Armenian Rite 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6756: 6750: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6719:Missa Nautica 6716: 6714: 6713:Gallican Rite 6711: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6571:Rite of Braga 6569: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6529: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6389:Book of hours 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6313: 6310: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6215:Missa Cantata 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6092: 6087: 6085: 6080: 6078: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6057: 6049: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5987:Home Missions 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5880:Saint Francis 5878: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5863:Saint Dominic 5861: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5676:Bethlehemites 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5598:Vatican Radio 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5583:Vatican Media 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880:List of popes 4876: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:Mother of God 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4549:People of God 4547: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4538: 4537:Infallibility 4535: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4413:Body and soul 4411: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4316:Enlightenment 4314: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4287:Protestantism 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4264:Scholasticism 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4249:Schism (1378) 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4234:Schism (1054) 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3946: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3876:0-8146-5522-X 3872: 3868: 3867:Papal Primacy 3863: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3598: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3537: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3486: 3479: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3401: 3394: 3388: 3381: 3375: 3368: 3362: 3355: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3196:Chapter 10.45 3195: 3189: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3135: 3129: 3122: 3116: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3067: 3061:Chapter 10.45 3060: 3054: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3030: 3024: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3000: 2994: 2987: 2981: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2925: 2918: 2912: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2840: 2835: 2829: 2824: 2818: 2813: 2797: 2791: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2748: 2740: 2727: 2719: 2713: 2704: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2613: 2604: 2597: 2591: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2559: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2525: 2518:. New Advent. 2517: 2515: 2507: 2500: 2494: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2473: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2455: 2449: 2447: 2439: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2403: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2364: 2363: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2325: 2323: 2317: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2253: 2247: 2245: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2203: 2196: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2158: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2142: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2097: 2092: 2086: 2084: 2077: 2070: 2064: 2056: 2049: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2028: 2022: 2015: 2014:Papal Primacy 2009: 2003: 2001: 1994: 1992: 1985: 1983: 1980:Paul Misner, 1977: 1975: 1968: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1933: 1927: 1922: 1913: 1907: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1888: 1882: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1862: 1853: 1847: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1827: 1821: 1816: 1809: 1797: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1778: 1774: 1758: 1754: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1704: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1645: 1643: 1642:modus vivendi 1637: 1635: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1500: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1462: 1458: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1409: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376:Matthew 18:18 1373: 1372:Matthew 16:18 1369: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:Matthew 16:18 1217: 1215: 1214:Matthew 16:18 1211: 1205: 1198:Orthodox view 1195: 1193: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1142: 1139: 1131: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1110: 1105:This section 1103: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1028: 1026: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1007:Robert Runcie 997: 992: 990: 984: 982: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 922: 918: 914: 912: 911:Lumen Gentium 908: 907: 906:Lumen Gentium 902: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 874: 870: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 833: 831: 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 811:Martin Luther 802: 799: 798:Andronicus II 795: 789: 787: 782: 781:in the East. 780: 776: 772: 769:that divided 768: 764: 760: 745: 742: 738: 734: 728: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 686: 684: 680: 679: 674: 671:(590-604) to 670: 660: 658: 654: 653:apostolic see 650: 640: 637: 625: 624: 623: 621: 620:Pope Gelasius 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599:Pope Siricius 596: 595:Matthew 16:18 592: 588: 587:Apostolic See 582: 580: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 549: 540: 537: 533: 532:Theodosius II 522: 520: 510: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 477: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 445: 441: 439: 434: 429: 427: 420: 410: 400: 395: 387: 385: 384:Apostolic See 381: 377: 373: 369: 359: 357: 353: 347: 342: 340: 337:In the West, 334: 332: 325: 323: 316: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 276: 274: 270: 266: 265:To the Romans 262: 257: 253: 248: 246: 240: 238: 234: 230: 219: 215: 212: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 190: 186: 175: 172: 164: 154: 150: 144: 143: 139: 133: 124: 123: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 80: 76: 71: 69:Laurel Lodged 64: 63: 60: 55: 39: 35: 30: 28:Laurel Lodged 23: 10726: 10676:Peter Kreeft 10624:21st century 10615:Henri Nouwen 10525:Jean Guitton 10505:Fulton Sheen 10433:20th century 10334:Jaime Balmes 10292:19th century 10113:Luis de León 9994:Geert Groote 9981: 9798:Peter Damian 9637:John Cassian 9577:Nestorianism 9499: 9482: 9475: 9458: 9436:Early Church 9270: 9266:Pope Francis 9192:21st century 9141:Pope Paul VI 9118: 9106: 9059:20th century 9046: 8997:Pope Pius IX 8985:19th century 8961:Pope Pius VI 8828: 8700:Latin Empire 8670:Universities 8622:Pope Leo III 8489:Christianity 8474:state church 8466:Great Church 8267:Resurrection 8230:(30–325/476) 8227:Early Church 8212:Latin Church 8207:Papal States 8202:Vatican City 7940: 7735:Architecture 7629:Confirmation 7577:Ecclesiology 7508:Original sin 7498:Nicene Creed 7295:Old Catholic 7179:Papal States 7111:Great Church 7077:Resurrection 7019:Christianity 6976:New Covenant 6927:(Scriptures) 6872:Christianity 6731: 6724: 6717: 6696:Hereford Use 6673:African Rite 6603:Anglican Use 6543:Latin Church 6497:Sacramentary 6492:Roman Ritual 6480:Roman Missal 6288:(ninth hour) 6276:(third hour) 6213: 6199:Holy Qurbono 6194:Holy Qurbana 6131:Confirmation 6026:Universities 5858:Third orders 5821:Associations 5811:Visitandines 5806:Trinitarians 5756:Mercedarians 5741:Hieronymites 5686:Camaldoleses 5671:Benedictines 5661:Augustinians 5621: 5614: 5607: 5588:Vatican News 5542:Distinctions 5348:Syro-Malabar 5233:Latin Church 5155:Grand master 5053:Metropolitan 4950:Vatican City 4845:Organisation 4724:Philosophers 4589:Confirmation 4566:In canon law 4560:Subsistit in 4558: 4554:Three states 4541: 4502: 4495:Ecclesiology 4477:Nova Vulgata 4475: 4433:Original sin 4428:Nicene Creed 4418:Divine grace 4377: 4259:Universities 4229:Papal States 4156:Great Church 4098:Resurrection 4075:Early Church 3970: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3885: 3866: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3834: 3827: 3820: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3612: 3596: 3591: 3583: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3552: 3547: 3536: 3525: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3493: 3484: 3478: 3470: 3465: 3454: 3446: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3400: 3392: 3387: 3379: 3374: 3366: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3323: 3315: 3310: 3302: 3297: 3289: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3214: 3206: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3163: 3158: 3150: 3141: 3136:. Book VI.37 3133: 3128: 3120: 3115: 3107: 3100: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3066: 3058: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3028: 3023: 3015: 3006: 3001:. Book VI.37 2998: 2993: 2985: 2980: 2972: 2965: 2956: 2950: 2942: 2937: 2929: 2924: 2916: 2911: 2892: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2851: 2845: 2834: 2823: 2812: 2800:. Retrieved 2790: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2747: 2735:|title= 2726:cite journal 2717: 2712: 2703: 2689: 2681: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2637:. Retrieved 2626: 2612: 2603: 2595: 2590: 2580: 2567: 2558: 2546:. Retrieved 2531: 2524: 2513: 2506: 2498: 2493: 2485: 2480: 2471: 2437: 2430:. Retrieved 2415: 2408: 2397: 2389: 2383: 2374: 2367:. Retrieved 2361: 2354: 2345: 2321: 2316: 2304:. Retrieved 2298: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2267: 2258: 2252: 2243: 2237: 2225: 2216: 2210: 2201: 2195: 2181: 2172: 2155: 2149: 2140: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2091: 2082: 2076: 2068: 2063: 2054: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2031:, section 41 2026: 2021: 2013: 2008: 1999: 1981: 1973: 1967: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1938: 1932: 1921: 1912: 1901: 1893: 1887: 1876: 1867: 1861: 1852: 1841: 1832: 1826: 1815: 1806: 1799:. Retrieved 1784: 1777: 1757: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1641: 1639: 1631: 1597: 1585: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1531: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1490: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1446: 1440: 1436:Noahide Laws 1417: 1411: 1367: 1365: 1282: 1274: 1261: 1245: 1219:However, in 1218: 1209: 1207: 1184: 1177: 1174: 1153: 1149: 1134: 1125: 1114:Please help 1109:verification 1106: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1034: 1025:Ut Unum Sint 1022: 1018:Ut Unum Sint 1017: 1004: 995: 986: 978: 935: 933: 925:21st century 919: 915: 904: 898: 889: 885: 881: 877: 866: 850:conciliarism 839: 823: 808: 790: 783: 779:Latin Empire 767:Great Schism 763:Michael VIII 756: 730: 692: 682: 676: 666: 648: 646: 638: 634: 583: 579:Nicene Creed 554: 528: 516: 483: 451: 442: 436: 431: 422: 407: 397: 393: 365: 349: 344: 336: 330: 327: 318: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 278: 272: 268: 264: 251: 249: 243:by Cardinal 241: 225: 216: 200: 184: 182: 167: 161:October 2011 158: 136: 22:old revision 19: 18: 10686:Tomáš Halík 10610:Jean Vanier 10595:René Girard 10580:Alfred Delp 10545:Yves Congar 10540:Karl Rahner 10515:Dorothy Day 10500:Edith Stein 10470:Ronald Knox 10068:John Fisher 10063:Thomas More 10040:Reformation 9932:Duns Scotus 9927:Ramon Llull 9920:and reforms 9908:Roger Bacon 9873:Bonaventure 9783:Roscellinus 9572:Pelagianism 9543:Constantine 9366:Key figures 9272:Laudato si' 9067:Pope Pius X 8896:Philip Neri 8871:Pope Pius V 8846:Thomas More 8715:Inquisition 8617:Charlemagne 8577:Monasticism 8387:Persecution 8279:Holy Spirit 8262:Crucifixion 8141:First seven 7996:Persecution 7931:Christendom 7924:Cooperation 7861:Charismatic 7772:Holy Spirit 7681:Natural law 7644:Holy orders 7493:Christology 7486:Holy Spirit 7355:Pentecostal 7335:Evangelical 7330:Charismatic 7174:Monasticism 7166:Middle Ages 7129:Constantine 7072:Crucifixion 6954:Foundations 6786:West Syriac 6726:Missa sicca 6691:Durham Rite 6686:Celtic Rite 6448:Martyrology 6416:Gospel Book 6411:Euchologion 6384:Antiphonary 6258:(nighttime) 6221:Solemn Mass 6151:Holy Orders 6016:Health care 6002:Pax Christi 5954:Schoenstatt 5919:Sant'Egidio 5751:Legionaries 5731:Franciscans 5706:Cistercians 5701:Carthusians 5656:Annonciades 5515:Altarpieces 5408:West Syriac 5403:East Syriac 5383:Alexandrian 5007:Holy orders 4988:Swiss Guard 4928:Dicasteries 4923:Roman Curia 4821:Evangelists 4779:Holy Family 4714:Personalism 4704:Natural law 4682:Josephology 4616:Holy orders 4254:Inquisition 4211:Middle Ages 4201:Monasticism 4169:Constantine 4093:Crucifixion 3499:Millennium" 1801:22 December 1634:Yves Congar 1424:circumcised 989:Reformation 858:ex cathedra 805:Reformation 794:John Bekkos 733:Pope Leo IX 715:Apostolicus 352:Saint Peter 20:This is an 10733:Categories 10696:Scott Hahn 10073:Johann Eck 9725:Iconoclasm 9657:Pope Leo I 9517:Tertullian 9145:coronation 8851:Pope Leo X 8436:Tertullian 8366:Revelation 8341:Background 7910:Prosperity 7886:Liberation 7826:Cathedrals 7811:Pilgrimage 7796:Literature 7673:Philosophy 7609:Sacraments 7582:Four marks 7543:Protestant 7518:Born again 7315:Anabaptist 7305:Protestant 7247:Influences 7209:Modern era 6913:By country 6581:Roman Rite 6532:Liturgical 6453:Pontifical 6431:Lectionary 6426:Horologion 6361:Procession 6231:Papal Mass 6118:Sacraments 6098:Sacraments 5771:Oratorians 5726:Dominicans 5696:Carmelites 5691:Camillians 5639:institutes 5452:Tridentine 5388:Antiochian 5308:Macedonian 5253:Belarusian 5143:Provincial 5058:Archbishop 4978:Roman Rota 4940:Properties 4865:By country 4861:Precedence 4826:Confessors 4806:Archangels 4796:Patriarchs 4696:Philosophy 4674:Veneration 4639:Assumption 4609:Last rites 4576:Sacraments 4520:Four marks 4331:Vatican II 4279:Modern era 4115:Succession 3886:The Papacy 3510:Eusebius, 3487:, V, xxiii 3483:Eusebius, 3238:quoted in 3228:Eusebius. 3121:On Modesty 2986:On Modesty 2802:22 January 2639:20 January 2548:1 November 2432:14 October 2369:17 October 2306:1 November 2069:The Church 1978:quoted in 1428:Mosaic law 1384:Tertullian 1344:patriarchs 1277:Apostolic 1229:Tertullian 1160:ecumenical 819:Antichrist 815:Pope Leo X 657:Pope Leo I 611:Pope Leo I 484:After the 469:episcopate 465:Pope Linus 354:among the 339:Ludwig Ott 138:neutrality 10600:Hans Küng 10389:Léon Bloy 10379:Modernism 10232:Jansenism 9918:Mysticism 9512:Montanism 9161:Communism 9131:Ecumenism 8477:(380–451) 8469:(180–451) 8458:(313–476) 8380:(100–325) 7986:Criticism 7936:Ecumenism 7900:Mysticism 7866:Democracy 7856:Anarchism 7843:Movements 7806:Mythology 7784:Catechism 7779:Education 7696:Evolution 7619:Eucharist 7602:Canon law 7560:Theotokos 7555:Mariology 7513:Salvation 7503:Tradition 7350:Methodist 7310:Adventist 7144:Chalcedon 6791:Malankara 6701:Sarum Use 6608:Zaire Use 6406:Customary 6156:Matrimony 6136:Eucharist 6106:liturgies 6012:See also: 5964:Charities 5873:Discalced 5801:Trappists 5796:Theatines 5766:Olivetans 5711:Clarisses 5681:Blue nuns 5666:Basilians 5643:societies 5551:See also: 5437:Mozarabic 5427:Ambrosian 5413:Malankara 5398:Byzantine 5358:Ukrainian 5333:Ruthenian 5298:Hungarian 5283:Ethiopian 5258:Bulgarian 5225:sui iuris 5209:Postulant 5118:Religious 5073:Auxiliary 5068:Coadjutor 5038:Patriarch 4906:Cardinals 4853:Canon law 4849:Hierarchy 4831:Disciples 4754:Relations 4742:Evolution 4733:See also: 4678:See also: 4631:Mariology 4621:Matrimony 4594:Eucharist 4515:Ecumenism 4443:Salvation 4379:Catechism 4374:Tradition 4336:Communism 4184:Chalcedon 3799:, (1985) 3797:Palladius 2763:Document" 2016:, pp. 4-6 1770:Citations 1749:Footnotes 1656:Scripture 1608:cardinals 1586:See also 1518:presiding 1514:presiding 1467:Trallians 1396:Augustine 1241:Augustine 860:) and of 713:esset et 519:decretals 513:Decretals 149:talk page 10132:Molinism 9710:Ecthesis 9662:Boethius 9567:Arianism 9557:Eusebius 9507:Irenaeus 9471:Polycarp 9385:Timeline 9171:HIV/AIDS 8665:Crusades 8419:Irenaeus 8412:Ignatius 8407:Polycarp 8257:Ministry 8245:(30–100) 8119:Timeline 8040:Category 7905:Pacifism 7719:features 7703:Politics 7656:Ablution 7624:Marriage 7528:Catholic 7458:Theology 7365:Reformed 7345:Lutheran 7340:Holiness 7320:Anglican 7290:Catholic 7194:Crusades 7139:Nicaea I 7089:Apostles 7062:Miracles 7057:Parables 7047:Ministry 7037:Nativity 7001:timeline 6898:Prophets 6893:Glossary 6755:Churches 6706:York Use 6682:British 6394:Breviary 6339:Exorcism 6329:Asperges 6312:Compline 6298:Evensong 6209:Low Mass 6056:Category 5949:Opus Dei 5934:Scouting 5924:Focolare 5791:Servites 5776:Piarists 5721:Crosiers 5457:Anglican 5393:Armenian 5323:Romanian 5313:Maronite 5288:Georgian 5278:Eritrean 5263:Chaldean 5248:Armenian 5243:Albanian 5124:Superior 5083:Emeritus 5063:Diocesan 4916:Advisers 4875:Holy See 4801:Prophets 4759:Politics 4530:Catholic 4510:Councils 4365:Theology 4244:Crusades 4179:Nicaea I 4110:Apostles 4088:Ministry 4057:Timeline 4037:Glossary 2501:, p. 116 2488:, p. 114 2012:Schatz, 1707:See also 1673:catholic 1560:Not one 1510:presides 1482:Polycarp 1442:Eusebius 1419:gentiles 1342:Eastern 1319:Apostles 1273:Rome is 1128:May 2012 958:and the 707:pontifex 570:New Rome 558:New Rome 500:and the 142:disputed 79:contribs 38:contribs 10053:Erasmus 9903:Thomism 9642:Orosius 9617:Ambrose 9532:Cyprian 9460:Didache 9414:Vulgate 9373:General 9136:Judaism 8536:Vulgate 8346:Gospels 8321:Stephen 8238:Origins 8158:Vulgate 8094:General 8084:of the 8082:History 7969:Related 7762:Trinity 7727:Culture 7691:Science 7661:Hygiene 7651:Mission 7634:Penance 7614:Baptism 7550:Worship 7523:Liturgy 7471:Trinity 7382:Eastern 7360:Quakers 7325:Baptist 7282:Western 7272:members 7042:Baptism 6996:History 6986:Worship 6888:Outline 6808:Malabar 6762:liturgy 6666:Defunct 6559:Current 6465:Psalter 6421:Gradual 6349:Requiem 6344:Funeral 6292:Vespers 6141:Penance 6126:Baptism 6108:of the 6021:Schools 5977:Caritas 5885:Secular 5851:Workers 5746:Jesuits 5532:Museums 5527:Library 5505:Writers 5500:Artists 5480:Culture 5447:Paul VI 5328:Russian 5318:Melkite 5160:Brother 5138:General 5078:Titular 5048:Primate 5026:Eparchy 5016:Diocese 4963:Outline 4902:College 4892:Francis 4836:Virgins 4811:Martyrs 4737:Science 4644:History 4599:Penance 4584:Baptism 4485:Worship 4458:Vulgate 4406:Kingdom 4401:Trinity 4389:General 4144:Primacy 4052:History 4032:Outline 3606:Sources 3086:, p153. 1669:de jure 1636:stated 1604:liturgy 1414:Acts 15 1368:primacy 1262:charism 1190:it was 899:At the 613:to the 534:and of 341:wrote: 324:wrote: 286:kephale 233:Trinity 9745:Alcuin 9627:Jerome 9522:Origen 9102:Nazism 8924:to the 8531:Jerome 8441:Origen 8124:Papacy 7686:Ethics 7567:Saints 7476:Father 7395:Church 7007:spread 6971:Gospel 6961:Church 6903:People 6620:Orders 6487:Tonary 6470:Missal 6379:Agpeya 6304:Ramsha 6282:(noon) 6256:Matins 6104:, and 5899:Fimcap 5841:Marian 5761:Minims 5493:Marian 5343:Syriac 5338:Slovak 5268:Coptic 5204:Oblate 5199:Master 5194:Novice 5189:Hermit 5177:Sister 5133:Abbess 5100:Deacon 5095:Priest 5090:Parish 5033:Bishop 5003:Polity 4789:Joseph 4771:Saints 4438:Saints 4326:Nazism 3892: 3873: 3145:"For ( 3010:"For ( 2899: 2539: 2423: 1808:union. 1792: 1616:Jesuit 1486:Smyrna 1353:- the 1305:synods 1281:, not 1279:throne 1069:protos 1065:protos 1053:protoi 1049:protoi 844:where 741:schism 711:Primas 302:protos 298:protos 294:protos 290:protos 282:protos 273:protos 237:Christ 9204:Islam 8472:Roman 8431:Canon 8304:Peter 8252:Jesus 7895:Right 7801:Music 7752:Jesus 7717:Other 7572:Angel 7027:Jesus 7017:Early 6966:Creed 6935:Canon 6923:Bible 6883:Index 6548:Latin 6534:rites 6286:Nones 6274:Terce 6268:Prime 6262:Lauds 6102:rites 5997:CIDSE 5846:Youth 5570:Media 5537:Music 5462:Zaire 5442:Roman 5432:Braga 5422:Latin 5293:Greek 5165:Friar 5129:Abbot 5043:Major 4958:Index 4857:Laity 4423:Dogma 4370:Bible 4346:Islam 4302:Trent 4083:Jesus 4065:Legal 4027:Index 3084:Ibid. 2585:2008. 1326:Latin 1061:taxis 1057:taxis 643:Leo I 457:Peter 426:Linus 331:agape 269:taxis 252:agape 9715:Bede 9444:Paul 9254:2023 9249:2019 9244:2016 9239:2013 9234:2011 9229:2008 9224:2005 9219:2002 9214:2000 9181:1995 8351:Acts 8314:Paul 8309:John 8284:Mary 7891:Left 7791:Flag 7757:Mary 7268:list 6280:Sext 6204:Mass 5522:Folk 5170:Monk 4911:List 4889:Pope 4784:Mary 3890:ISBN 3871:ISBN 3147:John 3012:John 2897:ISBN 2804:2009 2739:help 2641:2009 2550:2011 2537:ISBN 2434:2011 2421:ISBN 2371:2011 2308:2011 1803:2011 1790:ISBN 1317:The 1258:Paul 979:The 786:Mass 773:and 771:Rome 757:The 496:and 461:Paul 459:and 183:The 135:The 111:diff 105:) | 103:diff 91:diff 75:talk 34:talk 8240:and 8190:Art 7747:Art 7481:Son 7466:God 5836:Lay 5488:Art 5182:Nun 4904:of 4396:God 1675:). 1430:. 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