Anuradhapura kingdom

1670:(Buddhist priesthood) since the introduction of Buddhism to the country. This relationship was further strengthened during Dutthagamani's reign. The monks often advised and even guided the king on decisions. This association was initially with the Mahavihara sect, but by the middle of the 1st century BC, the Abhayagiri sect had also begun to have a close link to the ruling of the country. By the end of the 3rd century AD, the Jetavana sect had also become close to the ruler. Estrangements between the ruler and the priesthood often weakened the government, as happened during the reign of Lanjatissa. Even Valagamba's resistance movement was initially hampered because of a rift with the Mahavihara, and he succeeded only after a reconciliation was affected. Some rulers patronized only one sect, but this often led to unrest in the country and most rulers equally supported all sects. Despite this, religious establishments were often plundered during times of internal strife by the rulers themselves, such as during the reigns of Dathopatissa I (639–650) and Kashyapa II (650–659). 1919: 2524: 1239: 2575: 1356: 1503:, the conquest of Anuradhapura was completed in the 36th year of the reign of the Sinhalese monarch Mahinda V, i.e. about 1017–18. But the south of the island, which lacked large and prosperous settlements to tempt long-term Chola occupation, was never really consolidated by the Chola. Thus, under Rajendra, Chola's predatory expansion in Ceylon began to reach a point of diminishing returns. According to the Culavamsa and Karandai plates, Rajendra Chola led a large army into Anuradhapura and captured Mahinda's crown, queen, daughter, a vast amount of wealth and the king himself whom he took as a prisoner to India, where he eventually died in exile in 1029. 2511:(god of Minneriya) for this construction and is still referred to as such by the people in that area. The Kavudulu reservoir, Pabbatanta canal and Hurulu reservoir were among the large irrigation constructions carried out during this period. These constructions contributed immensely to the improvement of agriculture in the northern and eastern parts of the dry zone. Reservoirs were also constructed using tributaries of the Daduru Oya during this period, thereby supplying water to the southwestern part of the dry zone. This conservation and distribution of water resources ensured that the water supply was sufficient throughout the dry zone. 2287: 357: 1538: 1698:, was responsible for upholding justice in that area. The laws and legal measures to be followed by them were proclaimed by the king. Several rock inscriptions that record these proclamations have been found in archaeological excavations. Punishments differed from ruler to ruler. Some kings, such as Sanghabodhi (247–249) and Voharika Tissa (209–231) were lenient in this aspect, while rulers like Ilanaga (33–43) and Jettha Tissa I (263–273) were harsher. However, crimes such as treason, murder, and slaughter of cattle were generally punishable by death. 2070: 2488: 962: 1819: 1690:. Apart from them, village headmen and provincial governors were also given the power to issue judgments. The king was the final judge in legal disputes, and all cases against members of the royal family and high dignitaries of the state were judged by him. However, the king had to exercise this power with care and after consulting with his advisers. Udaya I recorded judgments that were regarded as important precedents in the royal library in order to maintain uniformity in judicial decisions. 343: 8865: 7547: 5472: 2636: 897: 621: 8875: 5482: 2168:(249–262) expelled several monks from the order for supporting such views. A change in this occurred when Mahasena embraced Mahayana teachings and acted against Theravada institutions. However, he too accommodated Theravada teachings after the population rebelled against him. As the kingdom and the authority of kings declined, Mahayana and Tantric doctrines again began to spread, however, Theravada remained the main and most widespread doctrine. 246: 1867:, writes that “The Greeks whom King Pandukabhaya settled in the West Gate of Anuradhapura were not the second or third generation of Greeks who arrived in NW India but were men who, just two decades ago at the most, left Greek homelands as Alexander’s camp followers and come to Sri Lanka with or in the wake of Alexander’s troops. When their fellow Greeks showed reluctance to push further south, these Greeks apparently had done so.” 2503:. The Alahara canal, constructed by damming the Amban river to divert water to the west for 30 miles (48 km), was constructed during this period. Among the reservoirs constructed during the reign of Vasabha, Mahavilacchiya and Nocchipotana reservoirs both have circumferences of about 2 miles (3.2 km). During the reign of Mahasen, the Alahara canal was widened and lengthened to supply water to the newly constructed 6168: 147: 188: 5492: 2412: 1215:(455–473), Aggabodhi I (571–604) and Aggabodhi II (604–614) were among the rulers who held sway over the entire country after Dutthagamani and Valagamba. Rulers from Kutakanna Tissa (44–22 BC) to Amandagamani (29–19 BC) also managed to keep the whole country under the rule of the Anuradhapura Kingdom. Other rulers could not maintain their rule over the whole island, and independent regions often existed in 1497:

1014 Rajaraja I died and was succeeded by his son the Rajendra Chola I, perhaps the most aggressive king of his line. Chola raids were launched southward from Rajarata into Rohana. By his fifth year, Rajendra claimed to have completely conquered the island. The whole of Anuradhapura including the south-eastern province of Rohana was incorporated into the Chola Empire. As per the Sinhalese chronicle

2172: 1119:(543–505 BC) arrived in Sri Lanka, having been banished from his homeland in India. He eventually brought the island under his control and established himself as king. After this, his retinue established villages and colonies throughout the country. One of these was established by Anuradha, a minister of King Vijaya, on the banks of a stream called Kolon and was named Anuradhagama. 1324:. He ordered this procession to be held annually which is still taking place in the country. The Tooth Relic of the Buddha soon became one of the most sacred objects in the country and a symbol of kingship. The person who was in possession of the Tooth Relic was identified to be the rightful ruler of the country. Therefore, it was often enshrined within the royal palace itself. 2595:

interconnected by an intricate network, so that excess water from one will flow into the other. The locations of these constructions indicate that the ancient engineers were aware of geological formations in the sites as well, and made effective use of them. Underground conduits have also been constructed to supply water to and from artificial ponds, such as in the

1300:. on his kingdom. Prince Aritta along with other men was ordained by Arahat Madinda, thus establishing the order of the monks in Sri Lanka. Similarly Lady Anula, a member of the royal family was ordained along with 400 other women. This was the origin of the order of the nuns. Subsequently Buddhism was established as the main religion of Sri Lanka. 2228:. Poems written from the 6th century to the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom are found among the graffiti on the mirror wall at Sigiriya. Most of these verses are describing or even addressed the female figures depicted in the frescoes of Sigiriya. The majority of these poems have been written between the 8th and 10th centuries. 2060:

Women appear to have enjoyed considerable freedom and independence during this period. Dutthagamani frequently sought his mother's advice during his military campaign. Rock inscriptions show that women donated caves and temples for the use of the sangha. However, there are no records of women holding

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often took the place of the reservoir. Inland fishing was widespread during the Anuradhapura Kingdom period because of the numerous reservoirs. Although not entirely absent, sea fishing was not common during this period mainly because of the rudimentary nature of transporting sea fish to cities which

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Villages were usually concentrated around irrigation reservoirs to enable easy access to water for agriculture. Houses stood immediately below the reservoir embankment, between the water and the paddy fields below. This facilitated easy control of the water supply to the fields and also supported the

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in the north, but the Cholas were bent on control of the whole island. There is practically no trace of Chola rule in Anuradhapura. When Sinhalese sovereignty was restored under Vijayabahu I, he crowned himself at Anuradhapura but continued to have his capital at Polonnaruwa for it being more central

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had succeeded the initial season of plunder. With the intention to transform Chola encampments into more permanent military enclaves, Saivite temples were constructed in Polonnaruva and in the emporium of Mahatittha. Taxation was also instituted, especially on merchants and artisans by the Cholas. In

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in 437 BC, the kingdom's authority extended throughout the country, although several independent areas emerged from time to time which expanded towards the end of the kingdom. Nonetheless, the king of Anuradhapura was seen as the supreme ruler of the entire island throughout the Anuradhapura period.

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stupa, constructed by Mahasen, is the largest in the country. Stupas had deep and well-constructed foundations, and the builders were clearly aware of the attributes of the materials used for construction. Suitable methods for each type of material have been used to lay foundations on a firm basis.

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with only a minor loss of influence. After this, the rulers were expected to be the protectors of Buddhism in the country and it became a legitimizing factor of royal authority. Three fraternities of Buddhism had come into existence by the end of the Anuradhapura Kingdom; Mahavihara, Abhayagiri and

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was an important functionality in the city. Trade was limited in villages since they were mostly self-sufficient, but essential commodities such as salt and metal had to be obtained from outside. The country's position in the Indian Ocean and its natural bays made it a centre of international trade

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The kingdom was under the rule of a king. The consecration ceremonies and rituals associated with kingship began during the reign of Devanampiya Tissa, under the influence of Ashoka of India. The whole country was brought under the rule of a single monarch by Dutthagamani for the first time. Before

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king. Gajabahu I also launched an invasion against South India to rescue 12,000 captives, and brought back 12,000 prisoners as well as the freed captives. Surprisingly, however, a navy was not considered important during the Anuradhapura Kingdom, and one was rarely maintained. This would have been

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King Pandukabhaya, the founder and first ruler of the united Anuradhapura, fixed village boundaries in the country and established an administration system by appointing village headmen. He constructed hermitages, houses for the poor, cemeteries, and irrigation tanks. He brought a large portion of

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date back to the late Anuradhapura period, and may even belong to the same period as the Sigiriya paintings. The paintings of Sigiriya and Hindagala are the only surviving specimens of the art of the Anuradhapura Kingdom. However, remnants of paintings indicate that the walls and ceilings of some

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During the early stages, the Anuradhapura Kingdom did not have a strong regular army except for a small body of soldiers. These were assigned to guarding the capital and the royal palace. The King had the right to demand an able-bodied son for military service from every family in his kingdom. In

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in the dry zone of Sri Lanka is limited to 50-75 inches. Under these conditions, rain-fed cultivation was difficult, forcing early settlers to develop means to store water in order to maintain a constant supply of water for their cultivations. Small irrigation tanks were constructed at the

1193:(274–301) and Dhatusena, the construction of large irrigation tanks and canals was given priority. Vasabha constructed 11 tanks and 12 canals, Mahasen constructed 16 tanks and a large canal, and Dhatusena built 18 tanks. Most of the other kings have also built irrigation tanks throughout 2594:

watercourses. Two different techniques were used in construction; one method involved making an embankment using natural rock formations across a valley and the other involved diverting water courses through constructed canals to reservoirs. All the reservoirs and canals in an area were

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describes his reign with much praise, and devotes 11 chapters out of 37 for his reign. He is described as both a warrior king and a devout Buddhist. After unifying the country, he helped establish Buddhism on a firm and secure base and built several monasteries and shrines including the

2224:, but this was not complete by the end of the Anuradhapura Kingdom. The first reference in historical sources to any written work is about 80 BC, but both Sinhala and Pali literature existed even two centuries before this, if not earlier. The oldest Sinhala literature is found at 2081:

Before the adoption of Buddhism by the royalty, there was no single organized religion or proper state religion but a wide variety of different belief systems were practiced some of which received royal patronage. These include worship of yakśas and yakśanis (female yakśas),

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were also present to some extent during the Anuradhapura Kingdom. There were a number of them in Rajarata during Elara's reign. Mahasen destroyed several Hindu temples during his reign in the 2nd century. Particularly Indian merchant communities living near ports such as

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The kingdom was largely based on agriculture, hence the construction of irrigation works was a major achievement of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, ensuring water supply in the dry zone and helping the country grow mostly self-sufficient. Several kings, most notably

2611:, a cistern sluice used to control the outward flow of water in reservoirs, indicates a major advancement in irrigation technology. Since the 3rd century, these sluices, made of brick and stone, were placed at various levels in the embankments of reservoirs. 2551:

and feeds a network of smaller canals. The construction of this network is also attributed to Dhatusena. The Jayaganga supplied water to 180 square kilometres of paddy fields. By the end of the 5th century, two major irrigation networks, one supported by the

2519:... there seems every reason to believe that from their own subsequent experience and the prodigious extent to which they occupied themselves in the formulation of works of this kind, they attained a facility unsurpassed by the people of any other country. 2468:(twin pond). Hospital complexes have also been found close to monasteries. Buildings were constructed using timber, bricks and stones. Stones were used for foundations and columns, while brick was used for walls. Lime mortar was used for plastering walls. 2435:

The Anuradhapura dagabas which date from the early centuries of the Anuradhapura period, are of such colossal proportions that they constitute the largest structures of their type anywhere in the Buddhist World, even rivalling the Pyramids of Egypt in

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Initially, the administration of justice at the village level was the responsibility of village assemblies, which usually consisted of the elders of the village. However, towards the end of the Anuradhapura Kingdom a group of ten villages, known as

1514:, a military outpost of the Sinhalese kingdom, was renamed Jananathamangalam, after a title assumed by Rajaraja I, and became the new centre of administration for the Cholas. This was because earlier Tamil invaders had only aimed at overlordship of 2004:

and cattle, was uncommon. Elephants and horses were prestige symbols, and could only be afforded by the nobility. The skills needed to train and care for these animals were highly regarded . Cattle and buffalo were used for ploughing and preparing

1126:, grandson of King Panduvasudeva (437–367 BC) made it his capital and developed the city. Anuradhapura (Anurapura) was named after the minister who first established the village. The name was also derived from the city's establishment on the 1473:. The Mahavamsa describes the rule of Mahinda V as weak, and the country was suffering from poverty by this time. It further mentions that his army rose against him due to lack of wages. Taking advantage of this internal strife Chola Emperor 2606:

The 54 miles (87 km) long Jayaganga has a gradient of six inches to the mile, which indicates that the builders had expert knowledge and accurate measuring devices to achieve the minimum gradient in the water flow. The construction of

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and payments for goods or services. However, remuneration for services to the king, officials and temples were often made in the form of land revenue. The oldest coins found at Anuradhapura date up to 200 BC. These earliest coins were

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was established immediately after the introduction of Buddhism to the country. Representing the Theravada teachings, it remained strictly conventional throughout the Anuradhapura Kingdom. The Abhayagiri fraternity, established after

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was built, represented several schools of Buddhist thought. It did not restrict itself to Theravada and accepted Mahayana and Tantric ideas as well. Little evidence exists on the Jetavana fraternity which was established after the

1555:, or if that cannot be the case, inherited by the eldest brother of the previous king. The king of Anuradhapura was seen as the supreme ruler throughout the island, even at times when he did not have absolute control over it. 2306:(ruled 477 — 495 AD). Depicting female figures carrying flowers, they are the oldest surviving paintings of the Anuradhapura period. Various theories exist as to who are shown in these paintings. Some suggest that they are 1273:

poya day. After this meeting, king Devanampiya Tissa embraced Buddhism and the order of monks was established in the country. The king, guided by Arahat Mahinda, took steps to firmly establish Buddhism in the country.

2427:, built by Devanampiya Tissa, is one of the earliest built and was constructed immediately after the arrival of Buddhism. The construction of large stupas was begun by King Dutthagamani with the construction of the 1858:

were imported from other countries. The city of Anuradhapura itself became an important commercial centre as the residence of many foreign merchants from around the world. From very early times was a settlement of

1296:. The king sent his cousin, Prince Aritta to Dambakolapatuna to escort the delegation back to Anuradhapura. The bo sapling was then planted at the Mahamevna Gardens in Anuradhapura and bestowed the newly planted 1993: 2560:

area. The Mahavamsa records that many other rulers constructed a number of irrigation tanks, some of which have not yet been identified. By the 8th century, large tanks such as Padaviya, Naccaduva, Kantale and

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Royal officials were divided into three categories; officials attached to the palace, officials of central administration and officials of provincial administration. One of the most important positions was the

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played a major role in the Anuradhapura period, influencing its culture, laws, and methods of governance. The society and the culture were revolutionized when the faith was introduced during the reign of King

2339:, was an art perfected by the Sri Lankan sculptors during the Anuradhapura Kingdom. The earliest Buddha statues belonging to the Anuradhapura period date back to the 1st century AD. Standard postures such as 2565:

had come into existence, further expanding the irrigation network. However, from the 8th century to the end of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, there wasn't much activity in the construction of irrigation works.

2543:, covering an area of 6,380 acres (25.8 km) with an embankment 3.75 miles (6.04 km) long and 40 feet (12 m) high, was done during Dhatusena's reign. A 54 miles (87 km) canal named the 1745:

during succession disputes to secure the throne. However, the Anuradhapura kingdom appears to have had strong armies during some periods, such as when Sena II sent his armies to South India against the

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of the Lambakanna clan seized power in 66 AD. His ascension to the throne saw the start of the first Lambakanna dynasty, which ruled the country for more than three centuries. A new dynasty began with

8251: 4918: 8038: 6014: 5435: 1454:, the southern part of the country, and Sri Lankan rulers and their heirs always organized their armies from this area and managed to regain their throne. Throughout the history of Sri Lanka, 2000:

Culture in the Anuradhapura Kingdom was largely based on Buddhism with the slaughter of animals for food considered low and unclean. As a result, animal husbandry, except for the rearing of

1197:, the area around Anuradhapura. By the end of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, a large and intricate irrigation network was available throughout Rajarata to support the agriculture of the country. 2134:. It spread rapidly throughout the country under his patronage becoming the official religion of the kingdom. Despite this status, the tolerance of Buddhist society ensured the survival of 1087:

area throughout the Anuradhapura period. These constructions are an indication of the advanced technical and engineering skills used to create them. The famous paintings and structures at

6019: 1352:(205–161 BC). Elara ruled for 44 years before being defeated by Dutthagamani (Duttugamunu) However, the Mahavamsa records that these foreign kings ruled the country fairly and lawfully. 8068: 2040:

and hoes were widely used. Weapons and tools of iron and steel were produced on a large scale for the military. A good indication of the development of metalwork of this period is the

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in these imports and exports. By the ninth century these Muslim traders had established themselves around the ports of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, they would soon form the still extant

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invaded Anuradhapura sometime in 993 AD and conquered the northern part of the country and incorporated it into his kingdom as a province named "Mummudi-sola-mandalam" after himself.

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were also imposed in ports. Those unable to pay these taxes in cash were expected to take part in services such as repairing reservoirs. The administration of taxes was the duty of

1445:(935–938). The final invasion during the Anuradhapura Kingdom, which ended the kingdom and left the country under the rule of the Cholas, took place during the reign of Mahinda V. 1155:(161–137 BC) that the whole country was unified under the Anuradhapura Kingdom. He defeated 32 rulers in different parts of the country before he defeated the South Indian invader 2452:

All buildings have been adorned with elaborate carvings and sculptures and were supported by large stone columns. These stone columns can be seen in several buildings such as the

1734:, often lasting several months, were common during warfare. Single combat between the opposing kings or commanders, mounted on elephants, often decided the outcome of the battle. 1707:

times of war, a larger army was formed using this method. An army consisted of four main divisions; an elephant corps, cavalry, chariots and infantry. This combination was called

1562:(60–67) are generally considered as the Vijayan dynasty. Pandukabhaya was the first ruler of the Anuradhapura Kingdom belonging to this dynasty. The Vijayan dynasty existed until 7858: 2480:

village level, to support the cultivations of that village. The earliest medium-scale irrigation tank is the Basawakkulama reservoir built by King Pandukabhaya. Nuwara wewa and

2312:(celestial nymphs), others suggest that they are the ladies of the king's court or even a representation of lightning and rain clouds. Although they bear some similarity to the 1223:(hill country) for limited periods. During the final years of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, rebellions sprang up and the authority of the kings gradually declined. By the time of 7464: 5733: 2390:

art of the Anuradhapura Kingdom. Skill in arts was a respected and valued trait during this period and artists were well rewarded by the rulers. The Mahavamsa records that

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beliefs. Rulers such as Aggabodhi I, Kashyapa V (914–923) and Mahinda IV (956–972) promulgated disciplinary rules for the proper conduct of the Sangha. Voharika Tissa and

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while goddess named pachchimarājinī meaning “western queen” is also mentioned. Buddhism while not prevalent was brought by traders from India who built places of worship.

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maintenance of domestic gardens for fruit and vegetable production. A village typically consisted of a cluster of dwellings, paddy fields, a reservoir, a grazing ground,

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is similar to this, and dates to the later stages of the Anuradhapura Kingdom. Notable standing Buddha statues dating from the Anuradhapura period include the ones at

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was noticeable not only during the Anuradhapura Kingdom but throughout the history of Sri Lanka. Stupas were built enshrining an object of worship. The stupa of

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in Anuradhapura, considered one of the finest examples of ancient Sri Lankan art, shows the Buddha in a seated position in deep meditation, and is sculpted from

2118:. Known yakśas that received royal patronage during the reign of King Pandukabhaya include Chitrarāja, Kālavēla and yakśani Valavāmukhī. Named gods to include 1227:(982–1017), the last king of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, the power of the king had deteriorated that he could not even properly organize the collection of taxes. 8916: 8713: 7024: 1189:

from South India. He regained his throne after defeating these invaders one by one and unified the country again under his rule. During the times of Vasabha,

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were often employed in the armies of the Anuradhapura Kingdom during its latter stages. Manavanna and Moggallana I (491–508) obtained the assistance of the

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This flag, depicting the moon, sun and a lion bearing a sword, is believed to have been used as the royal standard of Dutthagamani, and subsequent rulers.

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stupa in the Abhayagiriya monastic complex is another large stupa of the Anuradhapura period the original height of which was 350 feet (110 m). The

7051: 5718: 1603:(Commander-in-Chief of the Army) was a second position only to the king and held by a member of the nobility. This position, and also the positions of 945: 2586:

Advanced technology was required for the planning and construction of large reservoirs and canals. When constructing reservoirs, the gaps between low

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were also painted. Saddhatissa had employed painters to decorate the Ruwanweli Seya when his brother Dutthagamani wanted to see it on his death bed.

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in India, there are significant differences in style and composition suggesting that these are examples of a distinctive Sri Lankan school of art.

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any administrative posts. It is not clear if women were given equal footing with men, but they did have complete freedom in religious matters.

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Customs, traditions and moral principles based on Buddhism were used as the bases of law. Specific laws were eventually developed and adopted.

126: 106: 8140: 7030: 6091: 6055: 5756: 118: 7012: 5528: 2507:, which covered 4,670 acres (18.9 km) and had a 1.25 miles (2.01 km) long and 44 feet (13 m) high embankment. He was named 1815:

was grown as a substitute for rice, particularly in the dry zone of the country. Surpluses of these products, mainly rice, were exported.

8080: 5554: 2257:, a set of disciplinary rules for Buddhist monks. Both these have been written during the last two centuries of the Anuradhapura period. 1609:(sub king), administrative positions in the country's provinces and major ports and provinces, were often held by relatives of the king. 1107:; and religious works (like the numerous Buddha statues) are landmarks demonstrating the Anuradhapura period's advancement in sculpting. 1130:

called Anura. Anuradhapura was the capital of all the monarchs who ruled the country in the Anuradhapura Kingdom, with the exception of

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King Dutthagamani constructed Ruwanweli Seya, the first large stupa, beginning a practice which would be followed by subsequent rulers.

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of the army was usually a member of the nobility. The King and his generals led the army from the front during battles, mounted on

8931: 7696: 854: 86: 37: 3930: 2531:, believed to have been constructed during the latter stage of the kingdom, is one of many tanks that form an intricate network. 1320:

to Sri Lanka because of unrest in their country. Kithsirimevan carried it in procession and placed the relic in a mansion named

8234: 8130: 8033: 8026: 4390: 1682:, a 5th-century commentary, gives details of complex regulations on the theft of fish. The chief judicial officer was known as 938: 2278:

have been written during the Anuradhapura Kingdom, and are still useful as resources for studying the history of the country.

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the first line of defence for the island nation and would also have been helpful in dealing with invasions from South India.

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and Hindu temples were constructed in these areas. By the end of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, large Hindu temples such as the

75: 26: 8826: 8467: 8452: 8355: 7988: 4892: 4744: 8165: 7899: 5406: 4925: 5002: 1409:. Another invasion occurred in 433, and the country fell under the control of six rulers from South India. These were 1355: 8063: 8058: 7853: 5793: 5396: 2153:

was built, later than the other two. However, it too was receptive to new and more liberal views regarding Buddhism.

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reservoirs were constructed a century later. These reservoirs were enlarged in subsequent years by various rulers.

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in 455. Named the Moriya dynasty, the origins of this line are uncertain although some historians trace them to

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says that the capital at Anuradhapura was "utterly destroyed in every way by the Chola army. The capital was at

1469:(981-1017), distracted by a revolt of his own Dravidian mercenary troops, fled to the south-eastern province of 8926: 8811: 8758: 8609: 8552: 8532: 8442: 8338: 8328: 8229: 7797: 7732: 7624: 7578: 6986: 6103: 5761: 5629: 5411: 5201: 5170: 5111: 4964: 2841: 1767:, the cultivation of which was supported by an intricate irrigation network. Rice cultivation began around the 1551:

this, it had several principalities independent of the Anuradhapura Kingdom. The succession of the throne was

1309: 918: 664: 205: 8738: 8557: 8522: 8507: 8170: 8043: 7848: 5326: 2675:, p.196 asserts, "The island of Lanka belonged to the Buddha himself; it was like a treasury filled with the 1711:(fourfold army). However, the majority of the army was infantry composed of swordsmen, spearmen and archers. 596: 2464:

pipes were used to carry water to drainage pits. Large ponds were attached to some monasteries, such as the

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are notable for dispatching forces to the South Indian mainland, and gaining several victories such as the

2733:, the use of coins in transactions involving the purchasing of items had become common by the 5th century. 1811:

were also grown and there are frequent references in classical literature to these agricultural products.

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was prevalent among the ruling elite until the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka during the reign of

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During the Anuradhapura era, the country was invaded by the South Indians several times. Rulers such as

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The Sigiriya frescoes are the oldest and best preserved paintings belonging to the Anuradhapura period.

1578:

to Sri Lanka. The last dynasty of the Anuradhapura period, the second Lambakanna dynasty, started with

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who regained power in 459. More invasions and raids from South India occurred during the reigns of

1332:

Several invasions have been made against the Anuradhapura Kingdom, all of which were launched from

1582:(684–718) seizing the throne in 684 and continued till the last ruler of Anuradhapura, Mahinda V. 1151:

the country under the control of the Anuradhapura Kingdom. However, it was not until the reign of

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Four dynasties have ruled the kingdom from its founding to its ending. The rulers from Vijaya to

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Spencer, George W. (May 1976). "The Politics of Plunder:The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon".

1992: 1083:, built large reservoirs and canals, which created a vast and complex irrigation network in the 8846: 8626: 8616: 8487: 8472: 8279: 8274: 8261: 8224: 8100: 7958: 7916: 7747: 7737: 7217: 6819: 6439: 6391: 6379: 5723: 5646: 5634: 5254: 5226: 4740: 2087: 1874:

in addition to Tamil and Arab merchants. These foreign merchants, mainly Arabs, often acted as

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The water resources of the dry zone were further exploited during the times of Upatissa I and

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Ancient coins belonging to the Anuradhapura period on display at the museum of Anuradhapura.

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Typical layout of the tank, settlements and paddy fields in a traditional dry zone village.

1780: 913: 908: 114: 5281: 2499:

Construction of large scale reservoirs began in the 1st century AD under the direction of

1616:, the area around the capital, was under the direct administration of the king, while the 1537: 270: 8: 8698: 8621: 8105: 7767: 7671: 7515: 7503: 7392: 7384: 6561: 6421: 6409: 6197: 6176: 5661: 5607: 5331: 5296: 5024: 4921: 2528: 1382: 1297: 1186: 1116: 1062:

are noted for defeating the South Indians and unifying the country. Other rulers such as

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have also been written during the reign of Mahanama (406–428). Pali chronicles such as

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One of the most notable events during the Anuradhapura Kingdom was the introduction of

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This is disputed by some historians however since there is no mention of this in the

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The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi today, to which the Kingdom was offered by Devanampiya Tissa.

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used in this article refer to the ancient texts on the history of Sri Lanka, mainly

1783:

was also done during the rainy seasons. Rice was produced in two main seasons named

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Metalwork was an important and well-developed craft, and metal tools such as axes,

1977: 1936: 1879: 1478: 1336:. The first invasion recorded in the history of the country is during the reign of 1024: 992: 901: 782: 712: 7712: 6040: 2235:, was written in the 9th or 10th century on the art of poetry and is based on the 1612:

The kingdom was often divided into sections or provinces and governed separately.

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From the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD, inscriptions are recorded in the

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from 1845 to 1850. He has written several books on the country and its history.

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known as Yavanas. Professor Merlin Peris, former Professor of Classics at the

1288:(order of nuns) in the country. She brought along with her a sapling from the 8895: 7717: 7244: 7201: 7153: 7111: 7093: 6855: 6783: 6771: 6723: 6717: 6609: 6549: 6501: 6307: 6186: 6128: 5973: 5953: 5348: 5034: 3995: 2596: 2579: 2562: 2465: 2395: 2387: 2119: 2030: 1812: 1368: 1092: 4771: 2231:

Only three Sinhala books survive from the Anuradhapura period. One of them,

1632:. These administrative units were further divided into smaller units called 8380: 7792: 7782: 7491: 7318: 7288: 7081: 6891: 6849: 6813: 6747: 6681: 6543: 6289: 6229: 6155: 6142: 5872: 5776: 4946: 2688:

This is also known as the Anuradhapura dynasty, starting from Pandukabhaya.

2676: 2453: 2376: 2313: 2145: 2111: 2041: 2006: 1945:. These eventually became circular in shape, which was in turn followed by 1843: 1719: 1507: 1200: 1175: 1152: 1104: 1051: 1028: 1012: 806: 568: 455: 391: 1972:(grain tax) and charged for land used for cultivation. A water tax, named 1714:

When such an army was prepared, it was commanded by several generals. The

1185:(103, 89–77 BC), also known as Vatthagamani Abhaya, who was overthrown by 7609: 7448: 7404: 7342: 7159: 7129: 7099: 6885: 6873: 6837: 6831: 6741: 6705: 6615: 6537: 6525: 6459: 6337: 6301: 6295: 5892: 5887: 5867: 5343: 5291: 5266: 5239: 5216: 3986: 3969: 2461: 2424: 2383: 2253:, providing Sinhala words and synonyms for Pali words. The third book is 1962: 1912: 1760: 1738: 1595:, the advisor of the king. The king also had a board of ministers called 1552: 1511: 1486: 1398: 1333: 1281: 8385: 7165: 7117: 7087: 6994: 6963: 6927: 6915: 6867: 6861: 6795: 6675: 6603: 6567: 6489: 6433: 6367: 6361: 6331: 6283: 5902: 5584: 5378: 4876: 2760: 2372: 2336: 2266:

was written in palm leaves. Several commentaries on Buddhism, known as

2204:

had been constructed. Historical sources indicate that there were also

2165: 2140: 2022: 1883: 1818: 1772: 1474: 1434: 1394: 1208: 2873:"The downfall of the Anuradhapura kingdom and South Indian influences" 1344:(215–205 BC), who was in turn overthrown by another invasion led by a 1043:; this cultural change was further strengthened by the arrival of the 8768: 8763: 8390: 7594: 7398: 7183: 6975: 6951: 6933: 6921: 6843: 6801: 6693: 6669: 6627: 6519: 6513: 6471: 6349: 6319: 6313: 6259: 6024: 5999: 5994: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5506: 5455: 5244: 5080: 5054: 2754: 2748: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2320: 2299: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2157: 1923: 1891: 1804: 1567: 1499: 1482: 1406: 1386: 1373: 1360: 1278: 1266: 1224: 1212: 1165: 1127: 1059: 1055: 1020: 876: 611: 467: 372: 4868: 2286: 620: 7563: 7171: 6945: 6939: 6651: 6253: 6235: 5927: 5912: 5897: 5877: 5358: 5271: 5249: 5085: 2600: 2476: 2295: 2236: 2225: 2197: 2184: 2161: 2135: 2115: 2107: 2077:, dated to the 8th century, found in the eastern coast of Sri Lanka 1958: 1941: 1875: 1839: 1827: 1605: 1515: 1506:

The Chola conquest had one permanent result in that the capital of

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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science

2009:. Dairy products formed an important part of people's diets while 1791:. Due to the extensive production of rice, the country was mostly 1644:

were in charge of these. The smallest administrative unit was the

982:, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. 7485: 6957: 6909: 6903: 6699: 6663: 6657: 6639: 6477: 6453: 6343: 6277: 5907: 5007: 2591: 2500: 2487: 2368: 2205: 2123: 2103: 2037: 2001: 1851: 1742: 1563: 1430: 1426: 1414: 1402: 1349: 1204: 1156: 1076: 6167: 4763: 2411: 2083: 1957:, were used for trading as well. Patterns of elephants, horses, 6969: 6897: 6373: 6325: 6247: 5958: 5882: 5206: 3351:

as noted by its native name of Kandavura Nuvara (the camp city)

2778: 2587: 2457: 2420: 2307: 1954: 1895: 1808: 1796: 1731: 1666: 1571: 1390: 1259: 1255: 1915:) were used as trading ports during the Anuradhapura Kingdom. 1826:

The primary goods exported during the Anuradhapura period are

66: 5963: 5932: 4723:

Commentary on Sinhala Kingship — Vijaya to Kalinga Magha

2556:

and the other by Malvatu Oya and Kala Oya, were covering the

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and there were several judicial officers under him, known as

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reserves and a village forest. In areas of high rainfall, a

1759:

The economy of the Anuradhapura Kingdom was based mainly on

4593:

The Mistique of Sigiriya — Whispers of the Mirror Wall

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and made the task of controlling the turbulent province of

1448:

However, none of these invaders could extend their rule to

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Buddhism was such an important factor in this period that

2017:

often refer to five products obtained from the cow: milk,

1481:

son of Rajaraja I, launched a large invasion in 1017. The

64:

to this revision, which may differ significantly from the

3970:"The Pre Buddhist Religious Beliefs in Ancient Sri Lanka" 3646: 3644: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3258: 3047: 3045: 8902:

States and territories established in the 4th century BC

4706:. Vol. 1. International Centre for Ethnic Studies. 4692: 3584: 3548: 3380: 3378: 3359: 3357: 3251: 3249: 3221: 3219: 3084: 3068: 3066: 2855: 2853: 4800:

A Study of the Economic History of Pre Modern Sri Lanka

4581: 4344: 4146: 3527: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3195: 1265:, and a novice. They encountered Devanampiya Tissa at 1047:

in Sri Lanka and the patronage extended by her rulers.

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was also charged for the water used from reservoirs.

1965:

were commonly imprinted on the coins of this period.

1930:

Currency was often used for settling judicial fines,

1722:. The major cities of the kingdom were defended with 1258:

of India, who sent a missionary of 5 monks including

208:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 4704:

The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon from Inscriptions

3922: 3450: 1303: 1181:

Another notable king of the Anuradhapura Kingdom is

349:

The flag used by Dutthagamani and subsequent rulers.

6070: 1882:of the island. Luxury cloth was also imported from 1405:, who ruled until 89 BC when they were defeated by 4914: 4471: 2471: 1799:was grown extensively to meet the requirements of 1250:to the country. A strong alliance existed between 4455:( ed.). Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications. 3687:Did Anuradhapura Greeks come east with Alexander? 1624:(hill country) were governed by officials called 8893: 4567:] (in Sinhala). M. D. Gunasena and Company. 2701:by the later period of the Anuradhapura Kingdom. 2179:was constructed in the Anuradhapura Kingdom era. 2110:, various ascetic groups such as Paribbrājakas, 138:Ancient Sinhalese kingdom from 437 BC to 1017 CE 2401: 2208:in Anuradhapura during the reign of Valagamba. 1664:A close link existed between the ruler and the 2460:of these buildings are also well planned, and 2363:marble and is datable to the 4th century. The 2160:and often took steps to stop the spreading of 2044:, which had been roofed entirely with copper. 1138:to be his capital. The city is also marked on 8917:States and territories disestablished in 1017 7579: 6056: 5522: 4900: 4469: 2515:described the ancient irrigation network as: 1284:arrived from India in order to establish the 1203:(137–119 BC), Mahaculi Mahatissa (77–63 BC), 1163:, and ascended to the throne. The chronicle 996: 939: 5125: 4835: 4669: 8937:11th-century disestablishments in Sri Lanka 4816: 4753: 4720: 4590: 2394:(328–337) was himself skilled in stone and 2220:. This gradually developed into the modern 1894:in Anuradhapura implies that the market or 1574:princes who accompanied the sapling of the 1458:served as a base for resistance movements. 1381:The country was invaded again in 103 BC by 1292:, the tree under which the Buddha attained 1110: 1006: 175:Learn how and when to remove these messages 8907:4th-century BC establishments in Sri Lanka 7586: 7572: 6063: 6049: 5529: 5515: 4907: 4893: 4693:Nicholas, C. W.; Paranavitana, S. (1961). 4530: 4391:"The beautiful twin ponds of Anuradhapura" 1648:(village), under a village chief known as 1526: 1492:A partial consolidation of Chola power in 946: 932: 381: Principality of Ruhuna (Ruhunu Rata) 355: 269:. Please do not remove this message until 8039:Deputy speaker and chairman of committees 4797: 4778: 4492: 3985: 3931:"Unsurpassed heroism: Women in Mahavamsa" 3928: 3325:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSastri1935 ( 3274:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSastri1935 ( 2582:was obtained through underground conduits 2355:were used when making these statues. The 1968:The primary tax of this period was named 307:Learn how and when to remove this message 289:Learn how and when to remove this message 228:Learn how and when to remove this message 4758:. Navrang Booksellers & Publishers. 4617:. Navrang Booksellers & Publishers. 4558: 4549: 4450: 3709: 3697: 3429:Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 143 3420:Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 123 2859: 2831: 2573: 2547:carries water from the Kala wewa to the 2522: 2486: 2410: 2285: 2260:During the reign of Valagamba, the Pali 2170: 2073:Gilded bronze statue of the Bodhisattva 2068: 1991: 1917: 1817: 1536: 1354: 1237: 265:Relevant discussion may be found on the 204:Relevant discussion may be found on the 47: 4854: 4678:] (in Sinhala). Rathna Publishers. 4609: 4584:Irrigation and Water Management in Asia 3629:Goonaratne and Hirashima (1990), p. 153 3411:Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 77 3402:Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 54 3339: 3303: 3288: 1620:(southern part of the country) and the 1489:which was renamed "Jananathamangalam". 1461: 74:Revision as of 11:02, 18 March 2022 by 73: 14: 8894: 5536: 4739: 4701: 4650: 4631: 4582:Gooneratne, W.; Hirashima, S. (1990). 3929:Wettimuny, Samangie (17 August 2008). 3320: 3269: 2672: 2246:is another, and is a glossary for the 1939:rectangular pieces of silver known as 1659: 1233: 1001:, translit: Anurādhapura Rājadhāniya, 7567: 6044: 5510: 4888: 4511: 2590:in the dry zone plains were used for 2386:are some of the best examples of the 1949:coins. Uncoined metals, particularly 44: 25: 8136:Directorate of Military Intelligence 7593: 4838:A Comprehensive History of Sri Lanka 4783:. Dayawansa Jayakodi & Company. 2836:. Penguin Books India. p. 100. 1763:. The main agricultural product was 1754: 1541:Subdivisions of Anuradhapura Kingdom 1312:(301–328), Sudatta, the sub king of 239: 181: 140: 17: 5491: 4821:. Participatory Development Forum. 4756:The Springs of Sinhala Civilization 4595:. Godage International Publishers. 1779:and spread throughout the country. 135: 104: 96:→‎Arrival of the Sacred Tooth Relic 53:→‎Arrival of the Sacred Tooth Relic 4672:සිංහල ථුපවංසය—Sinhala Thupavansaya 2773:Sir James Emerson Tennent was the 2324:buildings and the inside walls of 1922:Bronze imitation of a Roman coin, 136: 8953: 8141:Criminal Investigation Department 4632:Mendis, Ranjan Chinthaka (1999). 4554:. Department of Cultural Affairs. 4397:. 2 November 2008. Archived from 2302:were painted during the reign of 1304:Arrival of the Sacred Tooth Relic 156:This article has multiple issues. 60:. The present address (URL) is a 8873: 8864: 8863: 7546: 7545: 7223:House of Senasammata Vikramabahu 6166: 5840:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha 5490: 5480: 5471: 5470: 5050:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha 4495:Sri Lankan Monastic Architecture 4431: 4422: 4413: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4038: 4029: 4020: 4011: 4002: 3962: 3953: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3886: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3787: 2767: 2736: 2634: 960: 895: 619: 573: 559: 534: 341: 244: 186: 145: 7763:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century 7064:House of Vijayabahu (1211–1212) 7060:House of Vijayabahu (1209–1210) 7056:House of Vijayabahu (1197–1200) 5107:Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya 4749:. Madras: University of Madras. 4443: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3632: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3575: 3566: 3539: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3366: 3345: 3237: 3228: 3207: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3075: 3054: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2721: 2704: 2691: 2682: 2472:Irrigation and water management 2406: 2335:Statue making, most noticeably 2294:The Sigiriya Frescoes found at 164:or discuss these issues on the 8932:1017 disestablishments in Asia 7733:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura 6202:House of Vijaya (89 BCE–66 CE) 5112:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura 4754:Seneviratna, Anuradha (1989). 4591:Lokubandara, W. J. M. (2007). 4561:සිංහල සැරසිලි—Sinhala Sarasili 4552:Social History of Early Ceylon 4535:. Asian Educational Services. 4516:. Asian Educational Services. 4470:Bandaranayake, Senake (2007). 2907: 2898: 2889: 2865: 2825: 2799: 2718:describes the event in detail. 2665: 2656: 2033:were also used for transport. 371: Principality of Malaya ( 13: 1: 8044:Deputy Chairman of Committees 6195:House of Vijaya (161–103 BCE) 6191:House of Vijaya (215–205 BCE) 5440: 5165: 4651:Mendis, Vernon L. B. (2000). 4211:"Sacred city of Anuradhapura" 2788: 2569: 2211: 1599:. In central administration, 1510:was destroyed by the Cholas. 365: Kingdom of Anuradhapura 7058:House of Kalinga (1200–1209) 5388: 5318: 5040:Gajabahu's invasion of Chola 4857:The Journal of Asian Studies 4702:Perera, Lakshman S. (2001). 4670:Moratuwagama, H. M. (1996). 4655:. S. Godage & Brothers. 4497:. Sri Satguru Publications. 2793: 2402:Architecture and engineering 1870:By the fifth century one of 1585: 1327: 1015:, was the first established 7: 7465:House of Vimaladharmasuriya 6193:Chola dynasty (205–161 BCE) 4840:. Vijitha Yapa Publishers. 4836:Yogasundaram, Nath (2008). 4819:A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa 4721:Rambukwelle, P. B. (1993). 4697:. Colombo University Press. 4695:A Concise History of Ceylon 4419:Bandaranayake (2007), p. 15 4182:Bandaranayake (2007), p. 12 4173:Bandaranayake (2007), p. 11 3012:Moratuwagama (1996), p. 238 3003:Moratuwagama (1996), p. 252 2976:Moratuwagama (1996), p. 225 2807:"Sri Lanka's National Flag" 2621:List of Sri Lankan monarchs 2614: 2064: 1701: 1316:, and Hemamala brought the 1103:; large buildings like the 271:conditions to do so are met 24:of this page, as edited by 10: 8958: 8131:State Intelligence Service 5287:Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya 4802:. Vikas Publishing House. 4164:Bandaranayake (2007), p. 8 3602:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 110 3593:Yogasundaram (2008), p. 67 3563:Yogasundaram (2008), p. 66 3243:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 112 3234:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 108 3093:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 114 2940:Bandaranayake (2007), p. 6 2922:Yogasundaram (2008), p. 41 2539:. The construction of the 2255:Mula Sikha Ha Sikhavalanda 1987: 1545: 1530: 1145: 93: 50: 8859: 8789: 8679: 8587: 8578: 8411: 8290:Grama Niladhari divisions 8260: 8205: 8156: 8091: 8007: 7957: 7944:National Security Council 7908: 7885: 7876: 7826: 7705: 7654: 7645: 7602: 7537: 7458: 7211: 7040: 6985: 6175: 6164: 6112: 6082: 5987: 5941: 5918:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte 5848: 5817: 5794:Sinhalese female monarchs 5747: 5684: 5594: 5553: 5544: 5466: 5387: 5317: 5225: 5191: 5124: 5094: 5068: 4990: 4983: 4945: 4935: 4798:Siriweera, W. I. (1994). 4779:Siriweera, W. I. (2004). 4634:The Story of Anuradhapura 4533:Ceylon Coins and Currency 4531:Codrington, H.W. (1994). 4493:Basnayake, H. T. (1986). 4478:. Central Cultural Fund. 4437:Seneviratna (1989), p. 76 4380:Seneviratna (1989), p. 89 4107:Lokubandara (2007), p. 29 4098:Lokubandara (2007), p. 37 3980:(6): 203–206. June 2019. 3668:Seneviratna (1989), p. 54 3536:Rambukwelle (1993), p. 38 3497:Rambukwelle (1993), p. 46 3488:Rambukwelle (1993), p. 45 3372:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 30 3213:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 49 3204:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 47 3192:Rambukwelle (1993), p. 51 3174:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 89 3147:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 41 3120:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 38 3111:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 34 3060:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 75 3039:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 93 3030:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 88 3021:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 81 2958:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 28 2931:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 27 2904:Wijesooriya (2006), p. 20 2697:This position was called 2319:Paintings from a cave at 2057:were located far inland. 2029:and butter. Bullocks and 1318:Tooth Relic of the Buddha 1068:sacking of Madurai in 862 1045:Tooth Relic of the Buddha 1007: 997: 513: 509: 499: 489: 485: 477: 473: 461: 449: 445: 435: 427: 411: 397: 387: 354: 338: 333: 323: 8270:Administrative divisions 8148:Sri Lanka Police Service 8054:Leader of the Opposition 7697:Sri Lanka (1948–present) 6987:Anuradhapura from Rohana 5235:Administrative divisions 5177: 4817:Wijesooriya, S. (2006). 4565:Sinhala Decorational Art 4559:Fernando, G. S. (2001). 4451:De Silva, K. M. (2014). 4428:Siriweera (2004), p. 175 4371:Siriweera (2004), p. 174 4353:Siriweera (2004), p. 170 4332:Siriweera (2004), p. 169 4323:Siriweera (2004), p. 168 4314:Siriweera (2004), p. 281 4305:Siriweera (2004), p. 280 4296:Basnayake (1986), p. 109 4287:Siriweera (2004), p. 284 4253:Siriweera (2004), p. 283 4235:Siriweera (2004), p. 287 4200:Siriweera (2004), p. 286 4155:Siriweera (2004), p. 290 4134:Siriweera (2004), p. 271 4116:Siriweera (2004), p. 268 4089:Siriweera (2004), p. 267 4062:Siriweera (2004), p. 254 4053:Siriweera (2004), p. 250 4044:Siriweera (2004), p. 247 4035:Siriweera (2004), p. 246 4026:Siriweera (2004), p. 248 4017:Siriweera (2004), p. 245 4008:Siriweera (2004), p. 244 3901:Siriweera (2004), p. 201 3892:Siriweera (2004), p. 187 3865:Siriweera (2004), p. 195 3856:Siriweera (2004), p. 194 3847:Siriweera (2004), p. 193 3838:Siriweera (2004), p. 200 3829:Siriweera (1994), p. 170 3820:Siriweera (1994), p. 169 3811:Siriweera (1994), p. 168 3802:Siriweera (1994), p. 167 3793:Codrington (1994), p. 19 3784:Siriweera (2004), p. 215 3775:Siriweera (2004), p. 214 3766:Siriweera (2004), p. 213 3748:Siriweera (2004), p. 228 3739:Siriweera (2004), p. 218 3730:Siriweera (2004), p. 212 3721:Siriweera (2004), p. 207 3677:Siriweera (1994), p. 114 3659:Siriweera (2004), p. 192 3650:Siriweera (2004), p. 182 3638:Siriweera (2004), p. 190 3620:Siriweera (2004), p. 183 3051:Siriweera (2004), p. 171 2649: 2244:Dampiya Atuva Gatapadaya 1984:, the king's treasurer. 1865:University of Peradeniya 1111:The city of Anuradhapura 665:Anuradhapura from Rohana 8922:Kingdom of Anuradhapura 8349:Knuckles Mountain Range 8344:Hanthana Mountain Range 8285:Divisional Secretariats 8240:Sri Lanka Freedom Party 7667:Pre Anuradhapura period 7425:Senasammata Vikramabahu 6114:Pre-Anuradhapura period 5729:Senasammata Vikramabahu 5030:Fourth Buddhist council 4975:Pre Anuradhapura period 4653:The Rulers of Sri Lanka 4191:Ellawala (1969), p. 153 3910:Siriweera (1994), p. 39 3883:Ellawala (1969), p. 152 3874:Ellawala (1969), p. 151 3757:Siriweera (1994), p 120 3572:Siriweera (2004), p. 89 3545:Siriweera (2004), p. 93 3515:Siriweera (2004), p. 92 3470:Siriweera (2004), p. 91 3447:Siriweera (2004), p. 88 3438:Siriweera (2004), p. 90 3384:Siriweera (2004), p. 87 3363:Siriweera (2004), p. 86 3255:Siriweera (2004), p. 44 3225:Siriweera (2004), p. 42 3081:Siriweera (2004), p. 36 3072:Siriweera (2004), p. 35 2985:Siriweera (2004), p. 27 2967:Siriweera (2004), p. 25 2493:ancient irrigation lake 2491:A small and now unused 2177:Koneswaram Hindu temple 1899:transit. Ports such as 1527:Government and military 980:question marks or boxes 325:Kingdom of Anuradhapura 8942:370s BC establishments 8827:International rankings 8468:Science and technology 8453:Information technology 8166:Provincial governments 7939:Administrative Service 7900:Constitutional Council 7218:House of Siri Sanga Bo 6820:Unhanagara Hatthadatha 6220:House of Lambakanna II 4586:. Sterling Publishers. 4453:A history of Sri Lanka 4125:Ellawala (1969), p. 86 4080:Ellawala (1969), p. 87 3959:Ellawala (1969), p. 83 3919:Ellawala (1969), p. 82 3581:Ellawala (1969), p.148 3506:Siriweera (1994), p. 7 3479:Siriweera (1994), p. 6 3461:Siriweera (1994), p. 8 2834:A History of Sri Lanka 2832:De Silva, K.M (2005). 2583: 2532: 2521: 2496: 2438: 2416: 2291: 2281: 2180: 2078: 1997: 1927: 1823: 1673: 1542: 1433:, who was defeated by 1378: 1243: 968:This article contains 689:Kingdom of Dambadeniya 677:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa 501:• Disestablished 8927:Kingdoms of Sri Lanka 8245:United National Party 8064:Chief Opposition Whip 8059:Chief Government Whip 7808:Independence movement 7692:British Ceylon period 7528:Sri Vikrama Rajasinha 7522:Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha 7498:Vimaladharmasuriya II 7072:Eastern Ganga dynasty 7062:Lokissara (1210–1211) 6712:Silakala Ambosamanera 6205:House of Lambakanna I 5018:Battle of Vijithapura 4994:(377 BC–463 AD) 4550:Ellawala, H. (1969). 4362:Mendis (2000), p. 248 4244:Fernando (2001), p. 3 4071:Mendis (1999), p. 104 3524:Mendis (1999), p. 144 3156:Ludowyk (1985), p. 55 3138:Ludowyk (1985), p. 49 3129:Ludowyk (1985), p. 46 2994:Ludowyk (1985), p. 61 2577: 2526: 2517: 2513:James Emerson Tennent 2490: 2433: 2414: 2337:statues of the Buddha 2289: 2174: 2072: 2054:perennial watercourse 1995: 1921: 1821: 1540: 1383:five Dravidian chiefs 1358: 1277:Soon afterwards, the 1241: 1161:battle at Vijithapura 1134:(473–491), who chose 877:Republic of Sri Lanka 826:British Ceylon period 658:437 BCE–1017 CE 641:Kingdom of Tambapanni 542:Kingdom of Tambapanni 451:• 437 BC-367 BC 398:Common languages 8671:World Heritage Sites 7510:Sri Vijaya Rajasinha 7480:Vimaladharmasuriya I 7437:Karalliyadde Bandara 6730:Kittisiri Meghavanna 6416:Mahadathika Mahanaga 4938:Anuradhapura kingdom 4781:History of Sri Lanka 4725:. Sridevi Printers. 4512:Blaze, L. E (1995). 4341:Mendis (1999), p. 74 3987:10.47772/ijriss.2021 3611:Mendis (1999), p. 57 3393:Perera (2001), p. 48 3102:Mendis (1999), p. 11 2641:Sri Lanka portal 2419:The construction of 1781:Shifting cultivation 1462:Fall of Anuradhapura 1308:During the reign of 1008:அனுராதபுர இராச்சியம் 989:Anuradhapura Kingdom 902:Sri Lanka portal 855:Sri Lanka since 1948 653:Anuradhapura kingdom 197:factual accuracy is 45:11:02, 18 March 2022 8220:Electoral districts 8069:Secretaries-General 8049:Leader of the House 7989:Magistrate's Courts 7682:Transitional period 7672:Anuradhapura period 7516:Kirti Sri Rajasinha 7504:Vira Narendra Sinha 7213:Transitional period 7047:House of Vijayabahu 6562:Siri Sangha Bodhi I 6422:Amandagamani Abhaya 6410:Bhatikabhaya Abhaya 6198:The Five Dravidians 6177:Anuradhapura period 5642:Transitional period 5608:Anuradhapura period 5389:Society and culture 5332:Tank cascade system 5302:Mahamevnāwa Gardens 5297:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 5025:The Five Dravidians 5013:Dutugamunu Campaign 5003:Arrival of Buddhism 4922:Anuradhapura period 4615:The Story of Ceylon 4143:Mendis (1999), p. 1 3183:Blaze (1995), p. 59 3165:Blaze (1995), p. 58 2949:Mendis (1999), p. 7 2913:Blaze (1995), p. 19 2895:Perera (2001), p.45 2529:Kandalama Reservoir 2314:paintings of Ajanta 2251:Dhammapadatthakatha 2114:and forms of early 1660:Buddhist priesthood 1636:. Officials called 1377:(王会图), circa 650 CE 1298:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 1234:Arrival of Buddhism 1140:Ptolemy's world map 1128:auspicious asterism 754:Kingdom of Sitawaka 732:Transitional period 555:Polonnaruwa Kingdom 491:• Established 258:of this article is 111:← Previous revision 8797:Capital punishment 8176:Municipal councils 7813:Dominion of Ceylon 7677:Polonnaruwa period 7379:Bhuvanaikabahu VII 7361:Parakramabahu VIII 7283:Bhuvanaikabahu III 7042:Polonnaruwa period 6622:Chattagahaka Jantu 6356:Mahakuli Mahatissa 6210:The Six Dravidians 5734:Vimaladharmasuriya 5625:Polonnaruwa period 5538:Sinhalese monarchy 5374:Port of Mahatittha 5327:Irrigation network 5060:The Six Dravidians 4676:Sinhala Thupavamsa 4636:. Lakshmi Mendis. 4514:The Story of Lanka 3323:, p. 199–200. 3272:, p. 172–173. 2775:Colonial Secretary 2744:historical sources 2584: 2578:The water for the 2533: 2497: 2417: 2292: 2196:were followers of 2181: 2079: 2015:Sinhala literature 1998: 1928: 1824: 1716:Commander-in-Chief 1543: 1533:Sinhalese monarchy 1379: 1244: 1115:In 543 BC, prince 1099:, and other large 1027:. Founded by King 998:අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය 882:1972–present 865:Dominion of Ceylon 701:Kingdom of Gampola 328:අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය 8887: 8886: 8855: 8854: 8812:Gender inequality 8759:Traditional games 8610:Sexual Minorities 8339:Central Highlands 8230:Foreign relations 8201: 8200: 8171:Local governments 8093:National security 7872: 7871: 7864:Sexual Minorities 7778:Portuguese Ceylon 7561: 7560: 7542:indicate regent. 7473: 7355:Parakramabahu VII 7349:Bhuvanaikabahu VI 7331:Parakramabahu Epa 7295:Bhuvanaikabahu IV 7271:Bhuvanaikabahu II 7265:Parakramabahu III 7226: 7075: 6484:Vankanasika Tissa 6466:Yassalalaka Tissa 6386:Darubhatika Tissa 6242:Devanampiya Tissa 6223: 6159:(454 BCE–437 BCE) 6151:(474 BCE–454 BCE) 6145:(504 BCE–474 BCE) 6139:(505 BCE–504 BCE) 6131:(543 BCE–505 BCE) 6122: 6038: 6037: 5942:Related dynasties 5504: 5503: 5369:Port of Jambukola 5307:Mapagala fortress 5282:Abhayagiri vihāra 5202:Foreign relations 5171:Tamil mercenaries 5120: 5119: 4847:978-955-665-002-0 4828:978-955-9140-31-3 4809:978-0-7069-7621-2 4790:978-955-551-257-2 4732:978-955-95565-0-3 4713:978-955-580-055-6 4685:978-955-569-068-3 4662:978-955-20-4847-0 4643:978-955-96704-0-7 4624:978-81-7013-020-8 4611:Ludowyk, E. F. C. 4602:978-955-30-0610-3 4574:978-955-21-0525-8 4542:978-81-206-0913-6 4523:978-81-206-1074-3 4504:978-81-7030-009-0 4485:978-955-613-111-6 4462:978-955-8095-92-8 4217:. 9 December 2007 2813:. 3 February 2008 2643: 2599:and the ponds at 2456:(brazen palace). 2202:Konesvaram temple 2156:Rulers sponsored 2132:Devanampiya Tissa 1926:, 4th-8th century 1892:stone inscription 1755:Trade and economy 1709:Chaturangani Sena 1254:(250–210 BC) and 1252:Devanampiya Tissa 1041:Devanampiya Tissa 976:rendering support 956: 955: 886: 885: 845: 844: 816: 815: 795:Portuguese Ceylon 763: 762: 722: 721: 646:543–437 BCE 614: 589: 588: 585: 584: 581: 580: 547: 546: 317: 316: 309: 299: 298: 291: 238: 237: 230: 179: 77:Chamoda Suraweera 28:Chamoda Suraweera 8949: 8877: 8867: 8866: 8739:National symbols 8585: 8584: 8186:Pradeshiya Sabha 7923:Executive Office 7883: 7882: 7803:Matale rebellion 7652: 7651: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7565: 7564: 7549: 7548: 7463: 7431:Jayavira Bandara 7367:Parakramabahu IX 7337:Parakramabahu VI 7313:Bhuvanaikabahu V 7277:Parakramabahu IV 7251:Bhuvanaikabahu I 7239:Parakramabahu II 7216: 7196:Parakrama Pandya 7052:House of Kalinga 7045: 6808:Dathopa Tissa II 6778:Jettha Tissa III 6688:Kumara Dhatusena 6428:Kanirajanu Tissa 6266:Sena and Guttika 6180: 6170: 6117: 6087:List of monarchs 6065: 6058: 6051: 6042: 6041: 6030:Vijayabā Kollaya 5850:Royal Residences 5830:Amātya Mandalaya 5799:Sinhalese Queens 5630:Chola occupation 5604:Pre Anuradhapura 5531: 5524: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5494: 5493: 5484: 5474: 5473: 5456:Tantric Buddhism 5099: 5098:(691–1017) 5073: 4995: 4988: 4987: 4940:377 BC – 1017 AD 4909: 4902: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4851: 4832: 4813: 4794: 4775: 4750: 4736: 4717: 4698: 4689: 4666: 4647: 4628: 4606: 4587: 4578: 4555: 4546: 4527: 4508: 4489: 4477: 4466: 4438: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4268: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4215:The Sunday Times 4207: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3989: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3941:on 3 August 2009 3937:. 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1704: 1680:Samantapasadika 1676: 1662: 1588: 1548: 1535: 1529: 1464: 1330: 1306: 1236: 1230: 1148: 1113: 1097:Jetavana stupas 1073: 985: 984: 983: 974:Without proper 965: 961: 952: 923: 896: 894: 888: 887: 879: 870:1948–1972 867: 857: 847: 846: 841:1815–1948 838: 828: 818: 817: 812:1658–1796 809: 800:1597–1658 797: 788:1469–1815 785: 775: 765: 764: 759:1521–1594 756: 747:1232–1620 744: 734: 724: 723: 718:1371–1597 715: 706:1341–1371 703: 694:1232–1341 691: 682:1055–1232 679: 670:1017–1055 667: 655: 643: 633: 631:Sinhala kingdom 600: 574: 560: 535: 502: 492: 464: 452: 419: 383: 382: 378: 376: 368: 366: 362: 350: 347: 346: 329: 326: 313: 302: 301: 300: 295: 284: 278: 275: 264: 249: 245: 234: 223: 217: 214: 203: 195:This article's 191: 187: 150: 146: 139: 134: 133: 132: 131: 130: 115:Latest revision 103: 102: 94: 91: 80: 78: 65: 51: 48: 31: 29: 12: 11: 5: 8955: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8871: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8793: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8685: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8652: 8651: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8634: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8597: 8591: 8589: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8501: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8473:Stock Exchange 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8438:Communications 8435: 8434: 8433: 8423: 8417: 8415: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8363: 8358: 8356:National parks 8353: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8334:Pidurutalagala 8326: 8321: 8319:Extreme points 8316: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8266: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8211: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8181:Urban councils 8178: 8168: 8162: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8125: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8097: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8022:Prime Minister 8011: 8009: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7994:Primary Courts 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7963: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7912: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7891: 7889: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7788:British Ceylon 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7687:Kandyan period 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7658: 7656: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7591: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7476: 7474: 7460:Kandyan period 7456: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7415: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7389: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7373:Vijayabahu VII 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7321:(1391/92–1397) 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7233:Vijayabahu III 7229: 7227: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7136:Vikramabahu II 7133: 7127: 7124:Nissanka Malla 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7078: 7076: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 7001:Mahalana–Kitti 6998: 6991: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6880:Aggabodhi VIII 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6766:Silameghavanna 6763: 6760:Moggallana III 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6646:Khudda Parinda 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6586:Sirimeghavanna 6583: 6577: 6574:Jettha Tissa I 6571: 6565: 6559: 6556:Sangha Tissa I 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6532:Voharika Tissa 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6508:Kanittha Tissa 6505: 6499: 6496:Mahallaka Naga 6493: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6226: 6224: 6173: 6172: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6132: 6125: 6123: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6068: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6045: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5854: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5669:Kandyan period 5666: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5600: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5559: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5488: 5478: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5323: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5231: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5077: 5075: 5070: 5069:Middle period 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5010: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4889: 4882: 4881: 4863:(3): 405–419. 4852: 4846: 4833: 4827: 4814: 4808: 4795: 4789: 4776: 4751: 4737: 4731: 4718: 4712: 4699: 4690: 4684: 4667: 4661: 4648: 4642: 4629: 4623: 4607: 4601: 4588: 4579: 4573: 4556: 4547: 4541: 4528: 4522: 4509: 4503: 4490: 4484: 4467: 4461: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4412: 4401:on 5 June 2011 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3961: 3952: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3547: 3538: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3374: 3365: 3353: 3344: 3342:, p. 417. 3332: 3308: 3306:, p. 416. 3293: 3291:, p. 411. 3281: 3257: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3215: 3206: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3083: 3074: 3062: 3053: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2864: 2849: 2842: 2824: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2766: 2735: 2720: 2703: 2690: 2681: 2664: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2628: 2623: 2616: 2613: 2571: 2568: 2554:Mahaweli river 2505:Minneriya tank 2473: 2470: 2429:Ruwanweli Seya 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2357:Samadhi statue 2283: 2280: 2222:sinhala script 2213: 2210: 2151:Jetavanaramaya 2066: 2063: 1989: 1986: 1978:Customs duties 1777:Mahaweli Ganga 1756: 1753: 1703: 1700: 1684:viniccayamacca 1675: 1672: 1661: 1658: 1587: 1584: 1576:Sri Maha Bodhi 1547: 1544: 1528: 1525: 1463: 1460: 1441:(833–853) and 1419:Khudda Parinda 1329: 1326: 1322:Datadhatughara 1305: 1302: 1290:Sri Maha Bodhi 1235: 1232: 1172:Ruwanweli Seya 1147: 1144: 1112: 1109: 978:, you may see 966: 959: 958: 957: 954: 953: 951: 950: 943: 936: 928: 925: 924: 922: 921: 916: 911: 905: 890: 889: 884: 883: 880: 875: 872: 871: 868: 863: 858: 853: 852: 849: 848: 843: 842: 839: 836:British Ceylon 834: 829: 824: 823: 820: 819: 814: 813: 810: 805: 802: 801: 798: 793: 790: 789: 786: 781: 776: 773:Kandyan period 771: 770: 767: 766: 761: 760: 757: 752: 749: 748: 745: 742:Jaffna kingdom 740: 735: 730: 729: 726: 725: 720: 719: 716: 711: 708: 707: 704: 699: 696: 695: 692: 687: 684: 683: 680: 675: 672: 671: 668: 663: 660: 659: 656: 651: 648: 647: 644: 639: 634: 629: 628: 625: 624: 616: 615: 602: 601: 594: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 571: 565: 564: 557: 548: 545: 544: 539: 527: 526: 521: 511: 510: 507: 506: 503: 500: 497: 496: 493: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 475: 474: 471: 470: 465: 462: 459: 458: 453: 450: 447: 446: 443: 442: 439: 433: 432: 429: 425: 424: 413: 409: 408: 399: 395: 394: 389: 385: 384: 377: 367: 361: 360: 352: 351: 348: 340: 339: 336: 335: 334:437 BC–1017 AD 331: 330: 327: 324: 315: 314: 297: 296: 252: 250: 243: 236: 235: 194: 192: 185: 180: 154: 153: 151: 144: 137: 76: 62:permanent link 27: 16: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8954: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8890: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8870: 8862: 8861: 8858: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8678: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8127:Intelligence 8126: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7968:Supreme Court 7965: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7798:Uva Rebellion 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7596: 7589: 7584: 7582: 7577: 7575: 7570: 7569: 7566: 7554: 7553: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7536: 7529: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7393:Sitawaka Line 7391: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7325:Vijayabahu VI 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7245:Vijayabahu IV 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7203: 7202:Kalinga Magha 7200: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7154:Sahassa Malla 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7112:Vijayabahu II 7110: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7094:Vikramabahu I 7092: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7068: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7007:Vikrama Pandu 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6856:Aggabodhi VII 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6784:Aggabodhi III 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6772:Aggabodhi III 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6724:Moggallana II 6722: 6719: 6718:Dathappabhuti 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6550:Vijaya Kumara 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6502:Bhatika Tissa 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6412:(20 BCE–9 CE) 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6322:(103–100 BCE) 6321: 6318: 6316:(104–103 BCE) 6315: 6312: 6310:(109–104 BCE) 6309: 6308:Khallata Naga 6306: 6304:(119–109 BCE) 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6292:(137–119 BCE) 6291: 6288: 6286:(161–137 BCE) 6285: 6282: 6280:(205–161 BCE) 6279: 6276: 6274:(215–205 BCE) 6273: 6270: 6268:(237–215 BCE) 6267: 6264: 6262:(247–237 BCE) 6261: 6258: 6256:(257–247 BCE) 6255: 6252: 6250:(267–257 BCE) 6249: 6246: 6244:(307–267 BCE) 6243: 6240: 6238:(367–307 BCE) 6237: 6234: 6232:(437–367 BCE) 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6199: 6189:(237–215 BCE) 6188: 6187:Chola dynasty 6184:(543–237 BCE) 6183: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6129:Prince Vijaya 6127: 6126: 6124: 6121:(543–237 BCE) 6120: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6054: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5979:Madurai Nayak 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5724:Siri Sanga Bo 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5709:Lambakanna II 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5527: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5497: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5407:Constructions 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5159:Lambakanna II 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4991:Early period 4989: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4898: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4348: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4265: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4150: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3712:, p. 47. 3711: 3710:De Silva 2014 3706: 3700:, p. 46. 3699: 3698:De Silva 2014 3694: 3688: 3683: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3645: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3542: 3533: 3531: 3521: 3512: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3467: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3379: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3348: 3341: 3336: 3328: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3290: 3285: 3277: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3088: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3057: 3048: 3046: 3036: 3027: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2874: 2868: 2862:, p. 58. 2861: 2860:De Silva 2014 2856: 2854: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2739: 2732: 2731: 2727:According to 2724: 2717: 2714:although the 2713: 2707: 2700: 2694: 2685: 2678: 2674: 2673:Mendis (2000) 2668: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2597:Kuttam Pokuna 2593: 2589: 2581: 2580:Kuttam Pokuna 2576: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2509:Minneri Deiyo 2506: 2502: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2478: 2469: 2467: 2466:Kuttam Pokuna 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2399: 2397: 2396:ivory carving 2393: 2389: 2388:stone carving 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2349:Vitarka Mudra 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2233:Siyabaslakara 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:Brāhmī script 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2183:Followers of 2178: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2071: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2031:bullock carts 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884:Eastern India 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1813:Finger millet 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1737:South Indian 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1699: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1539: 1534: 1524: 1523:much easier. 1522: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1369:Liang dynasty 1366: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1348:prince named 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310:Kithsirimevan 1301: 1299: 1295: 1294:enlightenment 1291: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1240: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187:five invaders 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093:Ruwanwelisaya 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1011:), named for 1004: 994: 990: 981: 977: 973: 971: 949: 944: 942: 937: 935: 930: 929: 927: 926: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 906: 904: 903: 892: 891: 881: 878: 874: 873: 869: 866: 862: 861: 856: 851: 850: 840: 837: 833: 832: 827: 822: 821: 811: 808: 804: 803: 799: 796: 792: 791: 787: 784: 780: 779: 774: 769: 768: 758: 755: 751: 750: 746: 743: 739: 738: 733: 728: 727: 717: 714: 710: 709: 705: 702: 698: 697: 693: 690: 686: 685: 681: 678: 674: 673: 669: 666: 662: 661: 657: 654: 650: 649: 645: 642: 638: 637: 632: 627: 626: 622: 618: 617: 613: 609: 604: 603: 598: 593: 592: 572: 570: 567: 566: 558: 556: 553: 552: 549: 543: 540: 533: 532: 529: 528: 525: 522: 520: 517: 516: 512: 508: 504: 498: 494: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 469: 466: 460: 457: 454: 448: 444: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418:(from 267 BC) 417: 414: 410: 407: 403: 400: 396: 393: 390: 386: 374: 358: 353: 344: 337: 332: 322: 319: 311: 308: 293: 290: 282: 272: 268: 262: 261: 257: 251: 242: 241: 232: 229: 221: 211: 207: 201: 200: 193: 184: 183: 178: 176: 169: 168: 163: 162: 157: 152: 143: 142: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 97: 88: 84: 79: 72: 71: 68: 63: 54: 39: 35: 30: 23: 8889: 8832:LGBT history 8817:Human rights 8689:Architecture 8666:Social class 8600:Demographics 8493:Unemployment 8431:Central Bank 8215:Capital city 8101:Armed Forces 8014: 7966: 7932: / 7915: 7895:Constitution 7793:Kandyan Wars 7783:Dutch Ceylon 7728:Anuradhapura 7727: 7620:Bibliography 7550: 7539: 7492:Rajasinha II 7427:(1469– 1511) 7419:Kandyan Line 7319:Vira Bahu II 7289:Vijayabahu V 7256: 7082:Vijayabahu I 6892:Aggabodhi IX 6850:Aggabodhi VI 6814:Aggabodhi IV 6748:Aggabodhi II 6682:Moggallana I 6544:Siri Naga II 6445: 6328:(100–98 BCE) 6290:Saddha Tissa 6230:Pandukabhaya 6200:(103–89 BCE) 6154: 6143:Panduvasdeva 6134: 6010:Crown Jewels 5873:Anuradhapura 5863:Upatissagāma 5818:Institutions 5767:Interregnums 5699:Lambakanna I 5618:Anuradhapura 5617: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5424:in Sinhalese 5402:Caste system 5397:Architecture 5183:Capital city 5149:Lambakanna I 5095:Late period 4960:Bibliography 4937: 4860: 4856: 4837: 4818: 4799: 4780: 4755: 4745: 4741:Sastri, K. A 4722: 4703: 4694: 4675: 4671: 4652: 4633: 4614: 4592: 4583: 4564: 4560: 4551: 4532: 4513: 4494: 4473: 4452: 4444:Bibliography 4433: 4424: 4415: 4405:17 September 4403:. Retrieved 4399:the original 4394: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4271:. Retrieved 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4221:17 September 4219:. Retrieved 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3977: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3943:. 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2843:9558095923 2789:References 2761:Rajavaliya 2716:Rajavaliya 2677:three gems 2609:Bisokotuva 2570:Technology 2549:Tissa Wewa 2482:Tissa Wewa 2442:Abhayagiri 2373:Maligavila 2330:vahalkadas 2268:Atthakatha 2212:Literature 2190:Mahatittha 2166:Gothabhaya 2141:Mahavihara 2139:Jetavana. 2128:Brahmanism 2100:Brahmanism 2050:shift crop 2023:buttermilk 1982:Badagarika 1970:bojakapati 1947:die struck 1901:Mahatittha 1773:Deduru Oya 1531:See also: 1475:Rajaraja I 1435:Dhathusena 1395:Panya Mara 1221:Malayarata 1209:Gajabahu I 1207:(67–111), 1132:Kashyapa I 970:Indic text 428:Government 256:neutrality 161:improve it 8847:Terrorism 8769:Cheena di 8764:Angampora 8627:Languages 8617:Education 8488:Transport 8443:Companies 8329:Mountains 8280:Districts 8275:Provinces 8262:Geography 8225:Elections 8106:Air Force 7959:Judiciary 7917:President 7909:Executive 7854:Education 7818:Civil War 7713:Mahāvaṃsa 7603:Overviews 7595:Sri Lanka 7399:Mayadunne 7184:Lokissara 6976:Mahinda V 6966:(975–991) 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1720:elephants 1586:Officials 1580:Manavanna 1568:Dhatusena 1560:Subharaja 1500:Mahavamsa 1483:Culavamsa 1467:Mahinda V 1443:Udaya III 1407:Valagamba 1387:Pulahatta 1374:Wanghuitu 1361:Sri Lanka 1338:Suratissa 1328:Invasions 1279:bhikkhuni 1267:Mihintale 1225:Mahinda V 1213:Dhatusena 1183:Valagamba 1166:Mahavamsa 1060:Dhatusena 1056:Valagamba 1021:Sri Lanka 612:Sri Lanka 468:Mahinda V 423:(~267 BC) 412:Religion 373:Maya Rata 267:talk page 206:talk page 167:talk page 8869:Category 8724:Folklore 8661:Religion 8543:Graphite 8518:Cinnamon 8478:Taxation 8403:Wildlife 8376:Malvathu 8371:Mahaweli 8252:Scandals 8207:Politics 7859:Military 7849:Economic 7839:Monarchs 7768:Sitawaka 7625:Timeline 7552:Category 7190:Lilavati 7178:Lilavati 7172:Anikanga 7148:Lilavati 6946:Sena III 6940:Udaya II 6652:Tiritara 6610:Mahanama 6580:Mahasena 6480:(66–110) 6400:(47 BCE) 6394:(47 BCE) 6388:(47 BCE) 6382:(47 BCE) 6376:(47 BCE) 6254:Mahasiva 6236:Mutasiva 6207:(66–436) 6136:Upatissa 6092:by reign 6072:Monarchs 5928:Sitawaka 5923:Rayigama 5913:Dedigama 5898:Yapahuwa 5878:Sigiriya 5804:Usurpers 5757:By reign 5749:Monarchs 5662:Sitawaka 5555:Timeline 5476:Category 5446:Buddhism 5441:Religion 5431:Perahera 5359:Kahavanu 5354:Kahapana 5272:Sigiriya 5250:Rajarata 5193:Politics 5166:Military 5139:Monarchs 5134:Monarchy 5086:Sigiriya 4965:Timeline 4772:21524601 4764:89906331 4613:(1985). 4474:Sigiriya 4269:. UNESCO 2615:See also 2601:Sigiriya 2563:Giritale 2558:Rajarata 2477:Rainfall 2446:Jetavana 2296:Sigiriya 2237:Sanskrit 2226:Sigiriya 2198:Hinduism 2185:Hinduism 2162:Mahayana 2136:Hinduism 2116:Buddhism 2112:Ᾱjīvakas 2108:Śaivisam 2065:Religion 1974:dakapati 1959:swastika 1942:kahavanu 1872:Persians 1852:perfumes 1842:, while 1743:Pallavas 1702:Military 1654:gamladda 1614:Rajarata 1606:yuvaraja 1601:senapati 1593:purohita 1516:Rajarata 1494:Rajarata 1423:Tiritara 1365:Shiziguo 1248:Buddhism 1195:Rajarata 1191:Mahasena 1136:Sigiriya 1089:Sigiriya 1085:Rajarata 1081:Mahasena 1036:Buddhism 919:Timeline 597:a series 595:Part of 431:Monarchy 421:Hinduism 416:Buddhism 260:disputed 199:disputed 87:contribs 38:contribs 8842:Poverty 8781:Theatre 8714:Fashion 8704:Cuisine 8681:Culture 8632:Sinhala 8580:Society 8568:Tourism 8528:Coconut 8508:Apparel 8498:Welfare 8426:Banking 8413:Economy 8324:Islands 8235:Parties 8081:Members 8034:Speaker 7930:Cabinet 7753:Gampola 7655:Periods 7647:History 7615:Outline 7540:Italics 7486:Senarat 6958:Sena IV 6910:Udaya I 6904:Sena II 6700:Siva II 6664:Pithiya 6658:Dathiya 6640:Parindu 6478:Vasabha 6474:(60–66) 6468:(52–60) 6462:(44–52) 6456:(38–44) 6454:Ilanaga 6450:(35–38) 6442:(35–35) 6436:(33–35) 6430:(30–33) 6424:(21–30) 6344:Dathika 6074:of the 5974:Mauryan 5969:Pandyan 5949:Kalinga 5908:Gampola 5719:Kalinga 5652:Gampola 5596:Periods 5420:in Pali 5319:Economy 5212:Mahinda 4984:History 4955:Outline 4924:topics 4877:2053272 4273:18 July 3945:17 July 2592:damming 2501:Vasabha 2369:Avukana 2309:apsaras 2194:Gokanna 2124:Upulvan 2002:buffalo 1988:Culture 1909:Gokanna 1748:Pandyan 1696:dasagam 1564:Vasabha 1546:Monarch 1431:Pithiya 1427:Dathiya 1415:Parinda 1403:Dathika 1314:Kalinga 1263:Mahinda 1205:Vasabha 1159:at the 1146:History 1077:Vasabha 1064:Sena II 1017:kingdom 993:Sinhala 914:History 909:Capital 505:1017 AD 478:History 437:Monarch 402:Sinhala 388:Capital 8912:377 BC 8879:Portal 8790:Issues 8699:Cinema 8622:Health 8588:Topics 8553:Rubber 8533:Coffee 8448:Energy 8381:Kelani 8366:Rivers 8295:Cities 8027:Office 7827:Topics 7743:Jaffna 7718:Vijaya 7706:Epochs 7597:topics 7357:(1477) 7174:(1209) 7138:(1196) 7132:(1196) 7120:(1187) 6970:Sena V 6898:Sena I 6440:Sivali 6418:(9–21) 6392:Niliya 6380:Vatuka 6374:Siva I 6326:Bahiya 6248:Uttiya 6149:Abhaya 6099:Queens 6005:Titles 5959:Shakya 5883:Rohana 5739:Nayaks 5704:Moriya 5694:Vijaya 5606:& 5486:Portal 5349:Pearls 5278:Sites 5262:Cities 5255:Ruhuna 5207:Ashoka 5154:Moriya 5144:Vijaya 4875: 4844: 4825: 4806: 4787: 4770: 4762: 4729: 4710: 4682: 4659: 4640: 4621: 4599: 4571: 4539: 4520: 4501: 4482: 4459: 3994: 2840: 2817:4 July 2779:Ceylon 2588:ridges 2421:stupas 2326:stupas 2120:Sumana 2094:, the 2090:, the 1955:silver 1907:) and 1905:Mannar 1896:bazaar 1861:Greeks 1836:pearls 1832:spices 1809:Sesame 1797:Cotton 1732:Sieges 1667:Sangha 1650:gamika 1642:ratika 1638:ratiya 1618:Ruhuna 1572:Shakya 1521:Rohana 1471:Rohana 1456:Ruhuna 1451:Ruhuna 1439:Sena I 1391:Bahiya 1260:Arahat 1256:Ashoka 1217:Ruhuna 1117:Vijaya 1101:stupas 1091:; the 1058:, and 608:states 599:on the 495:437 BC 481: 441: 379: 369: 363: 8802:Crime 8754:Sport 8749:Radio 8734:Music 8709:Dance 8644:Media 8637:Tamil 8605:Women 8595:Birth 8558:Sugar 8523:Cocoa 8483:Trade 8463:Rupee 8300:Towns 8193:Wards 7773:Kandy 7758:Kotte 7630:Years 6822:(691) 6774:(623) 6756:(608) 6696:(524) 6654:(447) 6642:(441) 6634:Pandu 6618:(434) 6398:Anula 6278:Elara 6272:Asela 6156:Tissa 5988:Other 5964:Vedda 5954:Vanga 5933:Kandy 5674:Kandy 5657:Kotte 5344:Ivory 5008:Elara 4970:Years 4873:JSTOR 4674:[ 4563:[ 4267:(PDF) 2876:(PDF) 2650:Notes 2436:size. 2206:Jains 2084:Nāgās 1932:taxes 1888:China 1856:wines 1848:silks 1801:cloth 1728:moats 1411:Pandu 1363:(獅子國 1350:Elara 1346:Chola 1342:Asela 1271:Poson 1269:on a 1157:Elara 1003:Tamil 406:Tamil 8719:Flag 8548:Rice 8538:Gems 8513:Beer 8386:Kalu 8116:Navy 8111:Army 7635:2024 7025:Loka 5339:Gems 4842:ISBN 4823:ISBN 4804:ISBN 4785:ISBN 4768:OCLC 4760:LCCN 4727:ISBN 4708:ISBN 4680:ISBN 4657:ISBN 4638:ISBN 4619:ISBN 4597:ISBN 4569:ISBN 4537:ISBN 4518:ISBN 4499:ISBN 4480:ISBN 4457:ISBN 4407:2009 4275:2009 4223:2009 3992:ISSN 3947:2009 3327:help 3276:help 2883:2018 2838:ISBN 2819:2009 2758:and 2752:and 2527:The 2440:The 2375:and 2351:and 2328:and 2274:and 2248:Pali 2192:and 2175:The 2122:and 2075:Tara 2027:ghee 2019:curd 2013:and 2011:Pali 1961:and 1953:and 1951:gold 1890:. 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Anuradhapura kingdom

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