Church of the East: Difference between revisions

299:

and Dietmar W. Winkler said, "Nestorius himself was no Nestorian" in terms of doctrine.<ref>Baum, W. & Winkler, D., (2000, 2003) ''The Church of the East'', London, RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 4–5</ref> Even from the beginning, not all churches called "Nestorian" adhered to the Nestorian doctrine; in China, it has been noted that none of the various sources for the local Nestorian church refer to Christ as having two natures. As such, in 2006 an academic conference changed its name from "Research on Nestorianism in China", explaining in the Preface, "...it was decided not to keep the term "Nestorianism" in the title of the future conferences and the present book, but to use the term Church of the East, which is correct and wide enough to cover the whole field of the research."<ref>{{cite book|title=Jingjiao: the Church of the East in China and Central Asia|editors=Malek, Roman; Hofrichter, Peter (editors)|year=2006|isbn=978-3-8050-0534-0|publisher=Steyler Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH| chapter=Preface|author=Hofrichter, Peter L.}}</ref>

291:

425:

new leader|url= http://rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/260920151|newspaper= ] |location= |access-date= }}</ref> There have also been talks of reunification. In the ] in 1994, the two churches recognized the legitimacy and rightness of each other's titles for Mary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_11111994_assyrian-church_en.html|date=November 11, 1994|accessdate=January 25, 2010|publisher=]|title=Common Christological declaration between the Catholic church and the Assyrian Church of the East}}</ref> In 2015, Chaldean Catholic Patriarch ] proposed unifying the three modern Patriarchates into a reestablished Church of the East.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Valente|first1=Gianni|title=Chaldean Patriarch gambles on re-establishing "Church of the East"|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/world-news/detail/articolo/sako-41976/|website=]|date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

257:|url=http://www.monachos.net/content/patristics/patristictexts/135-cyril-of-alexandria-third-epistle-to-nestorius-including-the-twelve-anathemas |title=Cyril of Alexandria, Third epistle to Nestorius, including the twelve anathemas |publisher=Monachos.net}}</ref> Nestorianism was officially anathematized, a ruling reiterated at the ] in 451. However, a number of churches, particularly those associated with the ] in Assyria and northern Mesopotamia, supported Nestorius—though not necessarily the doctrine ascribed to him—and broke with the churches of the Roman and Byzantine Empires. Many of Nestorius' supporters relocated to Sasanian Persia.<ref name=Britannica/><ref name=BritannicaNestorius>. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved January 29, 2010.</ref> These events are known as the ]. 265:

63</ref> He suggested that the title denied Christ's full humanity, arguing instead that Jesus had two loosely joined natures, the divine ] and the human Jesus, and proposed '']'' (literally, "Bearer of the Christ") as a more suitable alternative title. These statements drew criticism from other prominent churchmen, particularly from ], ], leading to the ] in 431, which condemned Nestorius for ] and deposed him as patriarch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monachos.net/content/patristics/patristictexts/135-cyril-of-alexandria-third-epistle-to-nestorius-including-the-twelve-anathemas |title=Cyril of Alexandria, Third epistle to Nestorius, including the twelve anathemas |publisher=Monachos.net

1079: 523: 5094: 403:

Thousands of Assyrian Christians fled the country, and Patriarch ] was exiled. In 1940-41, Shimun settled in the sizable diaspora community in ] and relocated the see of the patriarchate there.<ref>Baum & Winkler, pp. 143–144.</ref> The church split again in 1964, when some traditionalists responded to ecclesiastical reforms brought on by Patriarch ] (1908–1975) by forming the independent ].<ref>Baum & Winkler, p. 148.</ref> Today the Assyrian Church has about 170,000 members, mostly living in the ], ], ], and ].<ref name=Britannica/>

395:

2073: 269:}}</ref> Nestorianism was officially anathematized, a ruling reiterated at the ] in 451. However, a number of churches, particularly those associated with the ] in Assyria and northern Mesopotamia, supported Nestorius—though not necessarily the doctrine ascribed to him—and broke with the churches of the Roman and Byzantine Empires. Many of Nestorius' supporters relocated to Sasanian Persia.<ref name=Britannica/><ref name=BritannicaNestorius>. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved January 29, 2010.</ref> These events are known as the ]. 2631: 1869: 1392: 2401: 1337:

Empire (and later the Caliphate), but very early on, provinces formed beyond the empire's borders as well. By the 10th century, the church had between 20 and 30 metropolitan provinces including in China and India. The Chinese provinces were lost in the 11th century, and in the subsequent centuries, other exterior provinces went into decline as well. However, in the 13th century, during the Mongol Empire, the church added two new metropolitan provinces in

254:

6020: 4993: 2416:, whose campaigns during the 1390s spread havoc throughout Persia and Central Asia, but in many parts of Central Asia, Christianity had died out decades before Tamerlane's campaigns. The surviving evidence from Central Asia, including a large number of dated graves, indicates that the crisis for the Church of the East occurred in the 1340s rather than the 1390s. Several contemporary observers, including the papal envoy 433:

71: 449:}}</ref> In 2015, Chaldean Catholic Patriarch ] proposed unifying the three modern Patriarchates into a reestablished Church of the East.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Valente|first1=Gianni|title=Chaldean Patriarch gambles on re-establishing "Church of the East"|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/world-news/detail/articolo/sako-41976/|website=]|date=25 June 2015}}</ref> 1469:

two natures. As such, in 2006 an academic conference changed its name from "Research on Nestorianism in China", explaining in the Preface, "...it was decided not to keep the term "Nestorianism" in the title of the future conferences and the present book, but to use the term Church of the East, which is correct and wide enough to cover the whole field of the research."

1785:. However, through the 6th century the church was frequently beset with internal strife and persecution from the Zoroastrians. The infighting led to a schism, which lasted from 521 until around 539, when the issues were resolved. However, immediately afterward Byzantine-Persian conflict led to a renewed persecution of the church by the Sasanid King 2224: 323:], the last in the ''Eliya'' hereditary line in Alqosh, made a ] profession of faith in 1780. He entered ] with the ] in 1804, but he was recognized as Patriarch by the Pope only in 1830. This merged the majority of the Patriarchate of Alqosh with the ''Josephite'' line of Amid, thus forming the modern ]. 316:], the last in the ''Eliya'' hereditary line in Alqosh, made a ] profession of faith in 1780. He entered ] with the ] in 1804, but he was recognized as Patriarch by the Pope only in 1830. This merged the majority of the Patriarchate of Alqosh with the ''Josephite'' line of Amid, thus forming the modern ]. 2574:

Sulaqa was consecrated "patriarch of Athura and Mosul" in Rome in April 1553 and returned to northern Mesopotamia towards the end of the same year. In December 1553 he obtained documents from the Ottoman authorities recognizing him as an independent "Chaldean" patriarch, and in 1554, during a stay of

1730:. The Persian Church increasingly aligned itself with the Nestorian schismatics, a measure encouraged by the Zoroastrian ruling class. The church became increasingly Nestorian in doctrine over the next decades, furthering the divide between Roman and Nestorian Christianity. In 486 the Metropolitan of 1468:

and Dietmar W. Winkler said, "Nestorius himself was no Nestorian" in terms of doctrine. Even from the beginning, not all churches called "Nestorian" adhered to the Nestorian doctrine; in China, it has been noted that none of the various sources for the local Nestorian church refer to Christ as having

298:

In modern times some scholars have sought to avoid the Nestorian label, preferring "Church of the East" or one of the other alternatives. This is due both to the term's derogatory connotations, and because it implies a stronger connection to Nestorian doctrine than may have historically existed. As ]

290:

2563:, which set out his claims to be recognized as patriarch. On April 9, having satisfied the Vatican that he was a good Catholic, Sulaqa was consecrated bishop and archbishop in the basilica of Saint Peter. On April 28 he was recognized as "patriarch of Athura and Mosul" by pope Julius III in the bull 2408:

The "exterior provinces" of the Church of the East, with the important exception of India, collapsed during the second half of the fourteenth century. Although little is known of the circumstances of the demise of the Nestorian dioceses in Central Asia (which may never have fully recovered from the

1463:

1383:

churches with little regard for theological consideration. While often used disparagingly in the West to emphasize the Church of the East's connections to a heretical doctrine, many writers of the Middle Ages and since have simply used the label descriptively, as a neutral and conventional term for

432:

In September 2015, Warda Sliwa was consecrated Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East in ] as ]. Church leaders have proposed moving the patriarchal see from Chicago back to Erbil.<ref>{{cite news |last= Nagl|first=Kurt |date= September 26, 2015|title= Assyrian Church of the East elects

424:

1493:

in 1842), and as a neutral and convenient descriptive term by others. Nowadays it is generally felt that the term carries a stigma, and students of the Church of the East are advised to avoid its use. In this thesis the theologically neutral adjective 'East Syrian' has been used wherever possible,

1480:

The terminology used in this study deserves a word of explanation. Until recently the Church of the East was usually called the 'Nestorian' church, and East Syrian Christians were either 'Nestorians' or (after the schism of 1552) by the ethnic and geographic misnomer 'Chaldeans'. During the period

1336:

For most of its history the church had six or so Interior Provinces in its heartland in northern Mesopotamia, southeastern Anatolia, and northwestern Iran and an increasing number of Exterior Provinces elsewhere. Most of these latter were located farther afield within the territory of the Sasanian

1272:

further distinguished itself from the Assyrian Church of the East in the 20th century over reforms such as the use of the Gregorian Calendar. In the early 21st century, both the Assyrian Church of the East and Chaldean Catholic Church had approximately 500,000 members, while the Ancient Assyrian

264:

Nestorius's doctrine represented the culmination of a philosophical current developed by scholars at the ], most notably Nestorius's mentor ]. This became a source of controversy when Nestorius publicly challenged usage of the title '']'' (literally, "Bearer of ]") for the ].<ref>Foltz, p.

253:

402:

The ] faced a further split in 1898, when a bishop and a number of followers from the ] area in Iran entered communion with the ] due to a ] running from 1898 until 1918.{{cn|date=August 2016}} In 1933, the Assyrian Church was roiled by conflicts with the Iraqi government, culminating in the ].

394:

1575:, although the date and circumstances of this are not entirely clear. The translators may have been Syriac-speaking Jews or early Jewish converts to Christianity. The translation could have been done separately for different texts, and the whole work was probably done by the second century. 2297:

and Christianity, causing it to decline sharply in China. A Syrian monk visiting China a few decades later described many churches in ruin. The Church disappeared from China in the early 10th century, coinciding with the collapse of the Tang Dynasty and the tumult of the next years (the

2111:, had a long connection with the Church of the East. The earliest known organized Christian presence in Kerala dates to the 3rd century, when Nestorian Christian settlers and missionaries from Persia settled in the region. The Saint Thomas Christians traditionally credit the mission of 352:

The ''Shimun'' line of patriarchs at Qochanis, which extended mainly in the Northern mountains, remained independent of the Chaldean Church, and the patriarchate of the present-day ], now located in ], USA, forms the continuation of this line.<ref name="Murre">{{cite

344:

2435:

in 1338. In China, the last references to Nestorian and Latin Christians date from the 1350s. It is likely that all foreign Christians were expelled from China soon after the revolution of 1368, which replaced the Mongol Yuan dynasty with the xenophobic Ming dynasty.

1718:

still in Roman territory. The church grew considerably during the Sasanian period, but the pressure of persecution led the Catholicos Dadisho I in 424 to convene the Synod of Markabta at Seleucia and declare the Catholicate independent from the Patriarch of Antioch.

1187:

and a subsequent exodus of Nestorius' supporters to Sasanian Persia. The existing Christians in Persia welcomed these refugees and gradually adopted Nestorian doctrine by the 5th century, leading the Church of Persia to be known alternately as the Nestorian Church.

1455:

in Assyria and northern Mesopotamia, supported Nestorius—though not necessarily the doctrine ascribed to him—and broke with the churches of the Roman and Byzantine Empires. Many of Nestorius' supporters relocated to Sasanian Persia. These events are known as the

159: 345:

web|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html |title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries |publisher=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies |accessdate=2009-02-04 |author=Heleen H.L. Murre}}</ref>

1494:

and the term 'traditionalist' to distinguish the non-Catholic branch of the Church of the East after the schism of 1552. The modern term 'Assyrian', often used in the same sense, was unknown for most of the period covered in this study, and has been avoided.

63: 1481:

covered in this study, the word 'Nestorian' was used both as a term of abuse by those who disapproved of the traditional East Syrian theology, as a term of pride by many of its defenders (including Abdisho of Nisibis in 1318, the Mosul patriarch

2843: 353:

2352:. It was at this point, in the late 13th century, that the Church of the East reached its greatest geographical extent. But Mongol power was already waning, as the Empire dissolved into civil war, and it reached a turning point in 1295, when 1890:

minority group headed by the Patriarch of the East. As with all other Christian and Jewish groups given the same status, the Church was restricted within the Caliphate, but also given a degree of protection. Nestorians were not permitted to

267:|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112203517/https://www.monachos.net/content/patristics/patristictexts/135-cyril-of-alexandria-third-epistle-to-nestorius-including-the-twelve-anathemas |archivedate=2012-01-12 |df= 447:|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104205725/http://www.vatican.va:80/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_11111994_assyrian-church_en.html |archivedate=January 4, 2009 |df= 2634:

Mar Elias (Eliya), the Nestorian bishop of the Urmia plain village of Geogtapa, c.1831 .The image comes from Justin Perkins, 'A Residence of Eight Years in Persia among the Nestorians, with Notes of the Mohammedans' (Andover,

2158:, supposedly a Nestorian ruler of India who held the offices of both king and priest. The geographically remote Malabar church survived the decay of the Nestorian hierarchy elsewhere, enduring until the 16th century when the 2709:

All Joseph I's successors took the name of Joseph. The life of this patriarchate was difficult: the leadership was continually vexed by traditionalists, while the community struggled under the tax burden imposed by the

2479:

on IV Basidi made the patriarchal succession hereditary, normally from uncle to nephew. This practice, which resulted in a shortage of eligible heirs, eventually led to a schism in the Church of the East. The patriarch

3171: 1228:

From its peak of geographical extent, the church experienced a rapid period of decline starting in the 14th century, due in large part to outside influences. The Mongol Empire dissolved into civil war, the Chinese

2643:. The last patriarch to be formally recognized by the Pope died in the 1600, and the heredity of the office was reintroduced, and thus by 1660 the Church of the East had become divided into two patriarchates, the 2162:

arrived in India. The Portuguese at first accepted the Nestorian sect, but by the end of the century they had determined to actively bring the Saint Thomas Christians into full communion with Rome under the

2080:

The Church of the East had a vigorous corps of missionaries, who proceeded eastward from their base in Persia, having particular success in India, among the Mongols, and reaching as far as China and Korea.

3900: 1796:

By the end of the 5th century and the middle of the 6th, the area occupied by the Church of the East included "all the countries to the east and those immediately to the west of the Euphrates", including

2313:

in the 13th century and other medieval Western writers described many Nestorian communities remaining in China and Mongolia; however, they clearly were not as vibrant as they had been during Tang times.

2282:, gives the names of several prominent Christians in China, including the metropolitan Adam, the bishop Yohannan, the 'country-bishops' Yazdbuzid and Sargis and the archdeacons Gigoi of Khumdan ( 2455:, the same general region where the Church of the East had first emerged between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD. Small Nestorian communities were located further west, notably in Jerusalem and 15: 4268: 1895:

or attempt to convert Muslims, but their missionaries were otherwise given a free hand, and they increased missionary efforts farther afield. Missionaries established dioceses in

2431:

At the end of the 19th century, tombstones in two East Syrian cemeteries were discovered and dated in Mongolia. They dated from 1342, and several commemorated deaths during a

3175: 4381: 4324:

Seleznyov, Nikolai N., "Nestorius of Constantinople: Condemnation, Suppression, Veneration, With special reference to the role of his name in East-Syriac Christianity" in:

5028: 100: 2552:

missionaries were already at work among the Nestorians, and they persuaded Sulaqa's supporters to legitimize their position by seeking their candidate's consecration by

1678:

These early Christian communities in Mesopotamia, Elam and Fars were reinforced in the 4th and 5th centuries by large-scale deportations of Christians from the eastern

2807:

and relocated the see of the patriarchate there. The church split again in 1964, when some traditionalists responded to ecclesiastical reforms brought on by Patriarch

1690:

majority who accused it of Roman leanings. Shapur II attempted to dismantle the Catholicate's structure and put to death some of the clergy including the Catholicoses

1482: 2763:

line of patriarchs at Qochanis, which extended mainly in the Northern mountains, remained independent of the Chaldean Church, and the patriarchate of the present-day

1490: 677: 1281:

The Church of the East was headed by the Patriarch of the East, an office that traces its origin to the Apostolic Age. The head of the church also bears the title "

206: 142: 2559:

Sulaqa went to Rome to put his case in person. At Rome he made a satisfactory Catholic profession of faith and presented a letter, drafted by his supporters in

3908: 1241:(1336–1405) nearly eradicated the remaining Christians in Persia; thereafter, Nestorian Christianity remained largely confined to Upper Mesopotamia and to the 1065: 2607:

yahb responded by consecrating two more underage members of the patriarchal family as metropolitans for Nisibis and Gazarta. He also won over the governor of

3491:, 47 (Armenia), 72 (Damascus), 74 (Dailam and Gilan), 94–6 (India), 105 (China), 124 (Rai), 128–9 (Sarbaz), 128 (Samarqand and Beth Turkaye) and 139 (Tibet) 2179:, led to a revolt among the Saint Thomas Christians; the majority of them broke with the Catholic Church and vowed never to submit to the Portuguese in the 1431:(literally, "Bearer of the Christ") as a more suitable alternative title. These statements drew criticism from other prominent churchmen, particularly from 1950:, took a particularly keen interest in the missionary expansion of the Church of the East. He is known to have consecrated metropolitans for Damascus, for 5788: 5747: 5742: 5686: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5514: 5489: 5419: 5259: 5115: 2660: 2332:. Several Mongol tribes had already been converted by Nestorian missionaries in the 7th century, and Christianity was therefore a major influence in the 355:|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222173041/http://syrcom.cua.edu:80/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html |archivedate=2008-12-22 |df= 1379:. Although the "Nestorian" label was initially a theological one, applied to followers of the Nestorian doctrine, it was soon applied to all associated 5850: 5778: 5768: 5737: 5691: 5605: 5519: 5494: 5484: 5329: 5120: 5078: 4374: 2884: 2879: 5021: 4165: 2580: 2459:, but the Malabar Christians of India represented the only significant survival of the once-thriving exterior provinces of the Church of the East. 2695: 667: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5783: 5696: 5641: 5610: 5584: 5464: 5434: 5409: 5374: 5344: 5324: 5314: 5249: 5110: 1021: 5986: 5971: 5966: 5951: 5946: 5936: 5921: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5871: 5866: 5855: 5793: 5712: 5701: 5681: 5666: 5661: 5651: 5620: 5524: 5474: 5454: 5364: 5354: 5349: 5339: 5304: 5284: 5269: 5130: 5125: 5083: 2348:, Nestorian Christianity was the primary religious influence in the Empire, and this also carried over to Mongol-conquered China, during the 1974:. By the 10th century the Church of the East had a number of dioceses stretching from across the Caliphate's territories to India and China. 522: 6058: 5636: 5569: 5444: 5399: 5254: 5183: 4411: 4367: 2889: 2375:, so it is possible that there was a Nestorian presence in the city ca.1300. There was certainly a recognizable Nestorian presence at the 2270: 1672: 1233:

overthrew the Mongols (1368) and ejected Christians and other foreign influences from China, and many Mongols in Central Asia converted to

1152: 154: 93: 2842:. Church leaders have proposed moving the patriarchal see from Chicago back to Erbil. There have also been talks of reunification. In the 1325:. The office of metropolitan bishop is an important one, and comes with additional duties and powers; canonically, only metropolitans can 5188: 5014: 2698:" as leader of the Assyrian people who stayed in communion with Rome, and thus forming the third patriarchate of the Church of the East. 2128: 2094: 1971: 1202: 31: 28: 2846:

in 1994, the two churches recognized the legitimacy and rightness of each other's titles for Mary. In 2015, Chaldean Catholic Patriarch

2512:(1558–91). These appointments, combined with other accusations of impropriety, caused discontent throughout the church, and by 1552 Shem 5834: 5823: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5773: 5752: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5676: 5671: 5656: 5646: 5625: 5615: 5600: 5595: 5579: 5574: 5564: 5554: 5529: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5479: 5469: 5459: 5449: 5439: 5424: 5414: 5404: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5369: 5359: 5334: 5319: 5309: 5299: 5289: 5279: 5264: 5239: 5223: 5218: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5135: 5073: 2874: 1967: 1133: 1058: 2748:

in 1804, but he was recognized as Patriarch by the Pope only in 1830. This merged the majority of the Patriarchate of Alqosh with the

5429: 5213: 3811: 1955: 1252:, rival patriarchs were appointed within the Church of the East, leading to the emergence of two distinct churches, the contemporary 2412:

The blame for the destruction of the Nestorian communities east of northern Iraq has often been thrown upon the Turco-Mongol leader

6043: 2567:

and received the pallium from the pope's hands at a secret consistory in the Vatican. These events, which marked the birth of the

2409:

destruction caused by the Mongols a century earlier), it was probably due to a combination of persecution, disease, and isolation.

2167:. They installed Portuguese bishops over the local sees and made liturgical changes to accord with the Latin practice. In 1599 the 1421:. He suggested that the title denied Christ's full humanity, arguing instead that Jesus had two loosely joined natures, the divine 177: 72: 4325: 5956: 2795:

running from 1898 until 1918. In 1933, the Assyrian Church was roiled by conflicts with the Iraqi government, culminating in the

2792: 1766:(497–502) reiterated and expanded upon his predecessors' esteem for Theodore, solidifying the church's adoption of Nestorianism. 5931: 2299: 1132:. Between the 9th and 14th centuries it represented the world's largest Christian church in terms of geographical extent, with 710: 1829:; and possibly also to places called Calliana, Male, and Sielediva (Ceylon). Beneath the Patriarch in the hierarchy were nine 4350: 4293: 4236: 4189: 4036: 3988: 3613: 3252: 1221:

from the 7th to the 9th century. In the 13th and 14th centuries the church experienced a final period of expansion under the

1051: 2115:, a Nestorian from the Middle East, with the further expansion of their community. From at least the early 4th century, the 1702:(346). Afterward, the office of Catholicos lay vacant nearly 20 years (346–363). In 363, under the terms of a peace treaty, 6073: 6048: 687: 166: 150: 118: 89: 3013: 2119:

provided the Saint Thomas Christians with clergy, holy texts, and ecclesiastical infrastructure, and around 650 Patriarch

4390: 2116: 489: 188: 5037: 3426:

Labourt, Jérôme. "St. Ephraem." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 8 Mar. 2015

2502:

as his successor, presumably because no older relatives were available. Several years later, probably because Khnanisho

555: 3352:

Jean-Michel Fiey, “Les étapes de la prise de conscience de son identité patriarcale par l'Église syrienne orientale”,

1931:

as introducing Nestorian Christianity to China in 635. In the 7th century, the Church had grown to have two Nestorian

4771: 4315: 4212: 4102: 3588: 3563: 2018: 559: 3514: 705: 5244: 4902: 4776: 4732: 4727: 4717: 2899: 1553: 575: 1667:

merged all the Mesopotamian and Persian churches into the Catholicate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and took the title of

6006: 4856: 4841: 4694: 4640: 2124: 1943: 1857: 1008: 898: 634: 496: 2496:(1539–58) caused great offense at the beginning of his reign by designating his twelve-year-old nephew Khnanisho 6068: 4836: 3337: 2989: 2914: 2639:

The connections with Rome loosened up under Shimun VIII Sulaqa's successors, who all used the patriarchal name

2323: 2212: 1561: 1210: 111: 3956: 1384:

the church. Other names for the church include "Persian Church", "Syriac" or "Syrian" (often distinguished as

5976: 5916: 5274: 4811: 4620: 4599: 4555: 2679: 2508:

had died in the interim, he designated as successor his fifteen-year-old brother Eliya, the future patriarch

1951: 1395:

Christological spectrum during the 5th–7th centuries showing the views of The Church of the East (light blue)

1013: 672: 506: 2671:. In 1692 he formally broke communion with Rome and he allegedly resumed relations with the line at Alqosh. 1078: 5798: 5757: 5717: 4781: 4737: 4594: 4575: 4570: 4129: 3941: 3847: 3640: 3279: 3200: 2894: 2387:, Cyprus, a Nestorian community was established just before 1300, and a church was built for them ca.1339. 2200: 1751: 1557: 1525: 737: 173: 6063: 5926: 5559: 5055: 4751: 4679: 4565: 4560: 4520: 4308: 3053: 2864: 2780: 2764: 2537: 2236: 1537: 1499: 1399:

Nestorius's doctrine represented the culmination of a philosophical current developed by scholars at the

1372: 1253: 1214: 953: 682: 651: 646: 641: 592: 2131:, one of the church's Provinces of the Exterior. After this point the Province of India was headed by a 445:|title=Common Christological declaration between the Catholic church and the Assyrian Church of the East 5941: 5896: 4791: 4584: 4535: 2859: 2812: 2417: 1726:

had led many of Nestorius' supporters to relocate to the Persian Empire, mainly around the theological

1541: 1269: 596: 1758:

for its Nestorian teachings, the school relocated to its original home of Nisibis, becoming again the

5961: 4173: 2289:

Nestorian Christianity thrived in China for approximately 200 years, but then faced persecution from

2196: 1877: 1330: 1192: 848: 718: 582: 563: 2548:. However, no bishop of metropolitan rank was available to consecrate him, as canonically required. 1447:

and deposed him as patriarch. Nestorianism was officially anathematized, a ruling reiterated at the

5981: 5876: 5051: 4259: 4010: 3901:"Common Christological declaration between the Catholic church and the Assyrian Church of the East" 2869: 2753: 2568: 2541: 1545: 1440: 1257: 1201:

community under Muslim rule. From the 6th century it expanded greatly, establishing communities in

793: 656: 1502:

has shunned the "Nestorian" label in recent times. The church's former head, Catholicos-Patriarch

3386:

Richard W. Burgess, “The Dates of the Martyrdom of Simeon bar Sabba'e and the ‘Great Massacre’”,

2844:

Common Christological Declaration between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East

2788: 2439:

By the 15th century, Nestorian Christianity was largely confined to the Eastern Aramaic speaking

2262: 2090: 1900: 1583: 1436: 1318: 1261: 1206: 692: 3437: 1762:, leading to a wave of Nestorian immigration into the Persian Empire. The Patriarch of the East 2904: 2834:

In September 2015, Warda Sliwa was consecrated Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East in

2808: 2290: 2208: 2100: 1743: 1668: 1587: 1533: 1529: 1404: 621: 571: 547: 4158: 3094: 2963: 2245:

Christianity reached China by 635, and its relics can still be seen in Chinese cities such as

6053: 3708:

Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux.

3526: 3213: 2240: 1919:

tribes. Nestorian missionaries were firmly established in China during the early part of the

1682:. However, the Persian Church faced several severe persecutions, notably during the reign of 1591: 1172: 918: 66: 4061:

Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux

1407:. This became a source of controversy when Nestorius publicly challenged usage of the title 5093: 4285: 4018: 2847: 2022: 1656: 1448: 1121: 1026: 873: 514: 3604:

Ding, Wang (2006). "Renmants of Christianity from Chinese Central Asia in Medieval ages".

3041: 2850:

proposed unifying the three modern Patriarchates into a reestablished Church of the East.

2139:, who had authority over the clergy and also wielded a great amount of secular power. The 8: 6024: 4997: 4979: 3885: 2909: 2481: 2154:

In the 12th century Indian Nestorianism engaged the Western imagination in the figure of

2132: 1830: 1739: 1432: 1375:

from 428 – 431 AD, which emphasizes the disunion between the human and divine natures of

1322: 1117: 1039: 993: 933: 567: 2257:, attributes the introduction of Christianity to a mission under a Persian cleric named 2072: 1659:, leadership and structure remained disorganized until 310 when, at a synod convened in 5534: 4655: 4451: 4359: 4246: 4146: 4112: 3998: 3815: 3623: 3262: 2800: 2344:

clan, as did their sons in turn. During the rule of Genghis's grandson, the Great Khan

2184: 2108: 1986: 1881: 1652: 1644: 1599: 1180: 542: 107: 2974: 1789:; this ended in 545. The church survived these trials under the guidance of Patriarch 1643:. The Church of the East traced its origins ultimately to the evangelical activity of 5006: 4742: 4484: 4346: 4311: 4289: 4232: 4208: 4185: 4098: 4032: 3984: 3924: 3830: 3812:"The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries" 3609: 3584: 3559: 3333: 3248: 3183: 3144: 3028: 2768: 2421: 2286:) and Gabriel of Sarag (Loyang). The names of around seventy monks are also listed. 2192: 2180: 2176: 2172: 1982: 1978: 1759: 1727: 1711: 1707: 1691: 1632: 1400: 1137: 928: 551: 537: 2135:, provided from Persia, who oversaw a varying number of bishops as well as a native 1868: 2933:

Though the "Nestorian" label is well established, it has been contentious. See the

2729: 2368: 2273: 2204: 2168: 2140: 2006: 1778: 1747: 1723: 1671:, or universal leader. This position received an additional title in 410, becoming 1457: 1452: 1380: 1354: 1306: 1184: 1168: 1160: 1148:. Several modern churches claim continuity with the historical Church of the East. 781: 759: 16: 4231:

The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

2630: 2305:

Christianity in China experienced a significant revival during the Mongol-created

4427: 4226: 4222: 3961: 3172:"Cyril of Alexandria, Third epistle to Nestorius, including the twelve anathemas" 2796: 2737: 2553: 2440: 2250: 2228: 2054: 2046: 2038: 1994: 1990: 1947: 1924: 1782: 1624: 1620: 1595: 1572: 1125: 1098: 963: 958: 754: 4023:, London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-29770-2. Google Print, retrieved 16 July 2005. 2783:

faced a further split in 1898, when a bishop and a number of followers from the

2575:

five months in Amid, consecrated five metropolitan bishops (for the dioceses of

2536:

districts in northern Mesopotamia, chose a new patriarch, electing a monk named

2443:

communities of northern Mesopotamia, in and around the rough triangle formed by

2223: 5059: 4897: 4494: 4475: 4432: 4406: 4139:

Light from the East: A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Churches

3880: 2741: 2711: 2687: 2622:

Amadiya, imprisoned him for four months, and put him to death in January 1555.

2468: 2376: 2231:, created in 781, describes the introduction of Nestorian Christianity to China 2112: 2010: 1959: 1755: 1699: 1687: 1628: 1249: 1003: 776: 764: 697: 184: 4305:

Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the first journey from China to the West

3789:

Habbi, "Signification de l'union chaldéenne de Mar Sulaqa avec Rome en 1553",

2345: 1524:, in some cases lightly revised and with missing books added, is the standard 1451:

in 451. However, a number of churches, particularly those associated with the

1391: 6037: 4872: 4066: 4047: 3425: 2816: 2714:

authorities. Nevertheless, its influence expanded from the original towns of

2651:(which comprised those who had not entered into Communion with Rome) and the 2425: 2333: 2199:

hierarchy; by the next year, 84 of the 116 communities returned, forming the

1640: 1579: 1568: 1503: 1242: 1222: 1156: 858: 843: 823: 786: 771: 747: 616: 2815:. Today the Assyrian Church has about 170,000 members, mostly living in the 2803:

was exiled. In 1940-41, Shimun settled in the sizable diaspora community in

2269:. The inscription on the Nestorian Stele, whose dating formula mentions the 2123:

solidified the church's jurisdiction in India. In the 8th century Patriarch

1506:, explicitly rejected the term on the occasion of his consecration in 1976. 1285:". Like the churches from which it developed, the Church of the East has an 47: 4821: 4816: 4761: 4712: 4635: 4530: 3904: 3318:, 2nd edn., vol. 3, s.v. “Papa bar Aggai” (InterVarsity Press, 2014), 3104. 2839: 2524:

yahb had become so unpopular that a group of bishops, principally from the

2349: 2337: 2306: 2266: 2155: 2120: 1920: 1912: 1846: 1679: 1465: 1427: 1360: 1350: 1326: 1230: 1218: 1164: 1113: 1087: 883: 868: 853: 833: 828: 818: 5907: 5897: 5825: 5814: 5759: 5703: 5627: 5586: 5290: 4606: 2617: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2519: 2513: 2503: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2474: 2420:, mention the murder of a Latin bishop in 1339 or 1340 by a Muslim mob in 2275: 4887: 4877: 4846: 4806: 4801: 4766: 4756: 4722: 4689: 4625: 4056: 2835: 2432: 2309:, established after the Mongols had conquered China in the 13th century. 2283: 2254: 1932: 1908: 1892: 1838: 1810: 1774: 1763: 1616: 1418: 1364: 1338: 1083: 998: 863: 742: 3983:. Vol. Volume 5, Eastern Christianity. Cambridge University Press. 1155:, continuing a line that, according to tradition, stretched back to the 4942: 4882: 4851: 4831: 4826: 4796: 4664: 4650: 4645: 4615: 4604: 4437: 2937:

section for the naming issue and alternate designations for the church.

2549: 2452: 2380: 2310: 2188: 2164: 2144: 2136: 2057: 2050: 2034: 1998: 1790: 1769:

Now firmly established in the Persian Empire, with centers in Nisibis,

1648: 1286: 1282: 888: 2690:

with Rome, separating from the Patriarchal see of Alqosh. In 1681 the

2400: 2371:

had initially conceived of his journey to the West as a pilgrimage to

4974: 4955: 4916: 4786: 4204: 2509: 2413: 2384: 2372: 2357: 2340:

was a shamanist, but his sons took Christian wives from the powerful

2328:

The Church of the East enjoyed a final period of expansion under the

2061: 2042: 2014: 1936: 1842: 1798: 1786: 1770: 1683: 1664: 1549: 1486: 1409: 1368: 1298: 1176: 973: 893: 838: 4343:

The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

3957:"Chaldean Patriarch gambles on re-establishing "Church of the East"" 3712:

The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

1474:

The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

1086:, in a 7th- or 8th-century wall painting from a Nestorian church in 4964: 4929: 4911: 4684: 4630: 4540: 4489: 4470: 4465: 2799:. Thousands of Assyrian Christians fled the country, and Patriarch 2745: 2691: 2664: 2448: 2294: 2246: 2159: 2148: 2026: 1977:

Nestorian Christians made substantial contributions to the Islamic

1853: 1822: 1735: 1695: 1660: 1582:

of the Peshitta, which originally excluded certain disputed books (

1521: 1515: 1265: 878: 813: 4087:

Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923

3693:

H. C. Luke, "The Christian Communities in the Holy Sepulchre," in

2293:(reigned 840–846). He suppressed all foreign religions, including 1872:

Ecclesiastical provinces of the Church of the East in 10th century

1225:, where influential Nestorian Christians sat in the Mongol court. 6019: 4992: 4969: 4892: 4669: 4550: 4545: 4504: 4499: 4456: 4181: 2804: 2668: 2613: 2576: 2428:, and the forcible conversion of the city's Christians to Islam. 2329: 2076:

Church of the East and its largest extent during the Middle Ages.

2002: 1916: 1818: 1806: 1731: 1703: 1663:, the bishop Mar Papa bar Aggai (310-329) of the see of Seleucia- 1310: 923: 3734:

Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

1781:, the Church of the East began to branch out beyond the Persian 4674: 4228:

Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.

2719: 2648: 2588: 2545: 2533: 2456: 2353: 2341: 2258: 2104: 2030: 1928: 1886: 1802: 1715: 1444: 1314: 1302: 1294: 1290: 1197: 1191:

The church grew rapidly under the Sasanians, and following the

4334:

Nestorian missionary enterprise, the story of a church on fire

4073:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010 ISBN 978-0-230-62125-1 4589: 4446: 2828: 2784: 2723: 2592: 2560: 2473:

Around the middle of the fifteenth century the patriarch Shem

2444: 2404:

Mongol tribes that adopted Syriac Christianity ca. 600 - 1400

2360:, made a formal conversion to Islam when he took the throne. 1963: 1904: 1896: 1852:

The Church of the East also flourished in the kingdom of the

1826: 1814: 1422: 1376: 1317:

communities overseen by priests. Dioceses are organized into

1238: 1234: 1145: 1141: 968: 2975:"CNEWA United States – The Assyrian Church of the East" 1313:, each headed by a bishop and made up of several individual 5906: 4525: 4081:. Great Britain: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 2824: 2820: 2715: 2683: 2584: 2529: 2525: 1966:. He also detached India from the metropolitan province of 1834: 1636: 1129: 202:

Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.2.7.1)

3606:

Jingjiao: the Church of the East in China and Central Asia

3245:

Jingjiao: the Church of the East in China and Central Asia

1856:

until the Islamic conquest, particularly after the ruler

1793:, who had converted to Christianity from Zoroastrianism. 1414: 678:

Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia

4389: 3455:

Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy

2992:. The American Foundation for Syriac Studies. 2012-10-05 2571:, created a permanent schism in the Church of the East. 1935:, and over 20 bishops east of the Iranian border of the 661:

Eastern Rite Community in Germany and the Czech Republic

3504:. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3, p. 4 3134:, p. 34, in the 9th century there were 25 metropolitans 1985:, particularly in translating the works of the ancient 1970:

and made it a separate metropolitan province, known as

1631:), and there were significant Christian communities in 5036: 3578: 3553: 2674:

In the Western regions, a new start for the so-called

2107:, India, who trace their origins to the evangelism of 1915:, where they had significant success converting local 1344: 1329:

a patriarch. The Patriarch also has the charge of the

1217:, which became home to a thriving community under the 698:

P'ent'ay - Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelical Churches

54: 4089:, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02700-4 3795:

Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East

3539:

Christianity in India: from Beginnings to the Present

3403:, 3rd edn. (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 116, 245. 3068:

Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East

2625: 2395: 1602:), had become the standard by the early 5th century. 4017:

Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W (1 January 2003).

3242: 2696:

Patriarch of the Chaldeans deprived of its patriarch

1710:, accompanied by a number of teachers, to leave the 1289:

clergy divided into the three traditional orders of

3814:. Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. Archived from 3515:

Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization

3207: 3143: 1962:of Central Asia, for China, and possibly also for 134: 2253:, set up on 7 January 781 at the then-capital of 1884:designated the Church of the East as an official 6035: 4026: 3327: 1610: 1163:, and theologically, it adopted the doctrine of 4302: 4092: 3978: 3881:"Assyrian Church of the East elects new leader" 3773: 3771: 3769: 3541:, pp. 102–107; 115. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-826377-5. 2195:to re-establish the East Syrian rites under an 1958:in Tabaristan, for Sarbaz in Segestan, for the 1615:Christians were already forming communities in 668:Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile) 4172: 3457:(Burlington, VT–Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 73. 3330:The Eastern Christian Churches: a brief survey 2955: 2211:; from the Malankara Church has also come the 1742:where he publicly accepted Nestorius' mentor, 1623:. In 266, the area was annexed by the Persian 1476:, offers an explanation in the first chapter: 1359:The Church of the East became associated with 5084:Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552 5079:Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552 5022: 4375: 4331: 4279: 4273:Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions 3809: 3465: 3463: 3399:Donald Attwater & Catherine Rachel John, 3060: 2885:Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1552–1913 2880:Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552 1997:. Nestorians made their own contributions to 1746:, as a spiritual authority. In 489, when the 1276: 1059: 3766: 3748: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 2990:"The Church of the East – Mark Dickens" 2890:List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East 2771:, USA, forms the continuation of this line. 2663:, moved his seat to the Assyrian village of 2379:from the 1348 through 1575, as contemporary 2317: 1927:describes a mission under a proselyte named 4198: 3793:11 (1966), 99–132 and 199–230; Wilmshurst, 3011: 2390: 2095:India (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1923:(618–907); the Chinese source known as the 1195:(633-654) it was designated as a protected 1167:, which emphasizes the distinctness of the 5136:Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 5074:Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318 5029: 5015: 4382: 4368: 4340: 4221: 3603: 3579:Baum, Wilhelm; Dietmar W. Winkler (2003). 3554:Baum, Wilhelm; Dietmar W. Winkler (2003). 3460: 3359: 2875:Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318 2151:, where the shrine of Thomas was located. 1954:, for Dailam and Gilan in Azerbaijan, for 1528:for churches in the Syriac tradition: the 1159:. Liturgically, the church adhered to the 1066: 1052: 4164:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4020:The Church of the East: A Concise History 3581:The Church of the East: A Concise History 3556:The Church of the East: A Concise History 3549: 3547: 3295: 3229:Baum, W. & Winkler, D., (2000, 2003) 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3073: 2701: 1151:The Church of the East was headed by the 3805: 3803: 3785: 3783: 3710:(Beirut, 1993) p. 71. David Wilsmhurst, 3243:Hofrichter, Peter L. (2006). "Preface". 3019:. Catholic Near East Welfare Association 2787:area in Iran entered communion with the 2740:profession of faith in 1780. He entered 2629: 2399: 2222: 2071: 1946:(780–823), a contemporary of the caliph 1867: 1390: 1077: 4266: 4097:(in Russian). Moscow: Onyx Publishers. 3954: 3697:(London: John Murray, 1924), pp. 46–56. 3665: 3286: 3005: 2811:(1908–1975) by forming the independent 2793:Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Urmia 2363: 2207:, soon entered into communion with the 6036: 4076: 3544: 3104: 2752:line of Amid, thus forming the modern 2300:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2203:. The rest, which became known as the 1686:(339–79), from the ethnically Persian 1655:. While under the jurisdiction of the 1619:as early as the 1st century under the 1443:in 431, which condemned Nestorius for 1305:. Also like other churches, it has an 711:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India 484:Revision as of 18:19, 24 November 2016 151:Revision as of 18:19, 24 November 2016 90:Revision as of 09:59, 23 November 2016 5010: 4363: 3981:The Cambridge History of Christianity 3800: 3780: 3303:Church of the East: a concise history 2187:responded by sending a delegation of 1833:, and clergy were recorded among the 1124:. It was the Christian church of the 1082:Nestorian priests in a procession on 664:Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia 4326:Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 4136: 3878: 3608:. Steyler Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH. 3316:Encyclopedia of Ancient Christianity 3247:. Steyler Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH. 3014:"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2010" 2678:Patriarchate began in 1672 when Mar 1722:Meanwhile, in the Roman Empire, the 1673:Catholicos and Patriarch of the East 1571:of the Peshitta was translated from 1128:, and quickly spread widely through 1102: 706:Society for Eastern Rite Anglicanism 688:Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church 80: 46: 6059:Christianity in the Sasanian Empire 4178:The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410 3907:. November 11, 1994. Archived from 2935:Nestorianism and naming conventions 2655:line. In 1672 the Patriarch of the 2117:Patriarch of the Church of the East 1706:was ceded to the Persians, causing 1345:Nestorianism and naming conventions 490:Church of the East (disambiguation) 205: 200: 165: 148: 141: 130: 99: 87: 13: 3332:. Edizioni Orientalia Christiana. 3233:, London, RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 4–5 2736:hereditary line in Alqosh, made a 2626:Sees in Qochanis, Amid, and Alqosh 2396:Collapse of the exterior provinces 2053:of the Abbasid Caliphs were often 1425:and the human Jesus, and proposed 1403:, most notably Nestorius's mentor 1175:. This doctrine and its namesake, 486: 35: 6085: 3879:Nagl, Kurt (September 26, 2015). 2934: 2462: 1911:presence there, and they entered 1179:(386–451), were condemned by the 657:Believers Eastern Church of India 6018: 5092: 4991: 4201:The Lost History of Christianity 4141:. Toronto: Anglican Book Centre. 3955:Valente, Gianni (25 June 2015). 3860:Baum & Winkler, pp. 143–144. 3714:(Louvain: Peeters, 2000), p. 66. 3401:The Penguin Dictionary of Saints 3054:CNEWA - Chaldean Catholic Church 2900:Second Council of Constantinople 2726:, where they relocated the see. 2129:Ecclesiastical Province of India 1860:officially converted in c. 592. 1754:was closed by Byzantine Emperor 1605: 1554:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 1388:Syriac/Syrian), and "Assyrian". 1273:Church of the East had 100,000. 521: 6044:Ancient Christian controversies 5355:Beth Tabyathe and the Kartawaye 4980:Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–58) 4336:. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark. 4079:The Church of the T'ang Dynasty 3972: 3948: 3893: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3757: 3739: 3726: 3717: 3700: 3687: 3674: 3656: 3647: 3597: 3572: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3502:Islamic Science and Engineering 3494: 3481: 3472: 3447: 3430: 3419: 3406: 3393: 3380: 3371: 3346: 3321: 3308: 3236: 3223: 3164: 2774: 2127:organised the community as the 1863: 497:The Assyrian Church of the East 135:→‎Parthian and Sasanian periods 4046:"Nestorius and Nestorianism". 4031:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 3438:L'ecclésiologie des nestoriens 3174:. Monachos.net. Archived from 3155: 3137: 3124: 2927: 2915:Christians in the Persian Gulf 2324:Christianity among the Mongols 2213:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 1903:). They made some advances in 1880:in 644, the newly established 1876:After the Sasanian Empire was 1562:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 1: 4267:Moffett, Samuel Hugh (1999). 4095:Poiski vymyshlennogo tsarstva 3979:Angold, Michael, ed. (2006). 3416:(Paris: Plon, 1993), 110–133. 3220:. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 3101:. Retrieved January 28, 2010. 2944: 1611:Parthian and Sasanian periods 1509: 673:Evangelical Church of Romania 482: 428: 420: 348: 340: 260: 249: 5932:Erbil (Chaldean archeparchy) 5804:Tus and Abrashahr (Nishapur) 4485:Shemʿon Bar Sabbaʿe (329–41) 3151:. Doubleday. pp. 20–23. 2949: 2895:Schism of the Three Chapters 2201:Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 2147:, or (perhaps nominally) in 2067: 1858:Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir 1558:Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 1341:, Tangut and Katai and Ong. 439:|accessdate=January 25, 2010 18:Browse history interactively 7: 6074:Non-Chalcedonian Christians 6049:Assyrian Church of the East 5927:Erbil (East Syriac diocese) 5908: 5898: 5826: 5815: 5760: 5704: 5628: 5587: 5291: 5056:Assyrian Church of the East 5050:Hierarchy divided into the 4607: 4309:Kodansha International Ltd. 4029:Culture and customs of Iran 3869:Baum & Winkler, p. 148. 3366:Culture and customs of Iran 2970:. Retrieved April 19, 2010. 2865:Assyrian Church of the East 2853: 2781:Assyrian Church of the East 2765:Assyrian Church of the East 2682:, then the metropolitan of 2618: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2565:Divina disponente clementia 2520: 2514: 2504: 2498: 2490: 2484: 2475: 2276: 2237:Church of the East in China 1841:, Media, and the island of 1538:Assyrian Church of the East 1500:Assyrian Church of the East 1373:Patriarch of Constantinople 1254:Assyrian Church of the East 1237:. The Muslim Mongol leader 683:Evangelical Orthodox Church 652:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 647:Assyrian Evangelical Church 642:Armenian Evangelical Church 10: 6090: 5851:dioceses from 1318 to 1552 4898:Yahballaha III (1281–1317) 4341:Wilmshurst, David (2000). 4071:Religions of the Silk Road 3328:Roberson, Ronald (1999) . 3314:Angelo Di Berardino, ed., 3132:Church of the Tang Dynasty 3130:According to John Foster, 2860:Ancient Church of the East 2813:Ancient Church of the East 2694:granted him the title of " 2544:near the Assyrian town of 2466: 2356:, the Mongol ruler of the 2321: 2234: 2088: 1627:(becoming the province of 1542:Ancient Church of the East 1513: 1348: 1277:Organization and structure 1270:Ancient Church of the East 715:St. Valentine's Fellowship 702:Russian Evangelical Church 494: 487: 132: 6015: 5843: 5280:Ardashir Khurrah (Shiraf) 5232: 5144: 5101: 5090: 5066: 5048: 4988: 4873:Yahballaha II (1190–1222) 4865: 4705: 4513: 4420: 4401: 4027:Daniel, Elton L. (2006). 3583:. Routledge. p. 53. 3558:. Routledge. p. 52. 3537:Frykenberg, Eric (2008). 3149:The Realm of Prester John 3046:Information sourced from 3021:. Retrieved December 2010 2318:Mongolia and Central Asia 2060:such as the long serving 1878:conquered by Muslim Arabs 1331:Province of the Patriarch 1321:under the authority of a 1193:Muslim conquest of Persia 1022:Index of related articles 1009:Eastern Christian history 719:Ukrainian Lutheran Church 307: 304: 216: 213: 189:Pending changes reviewers 147: 86: 5052:Chaldean Catholic Church 4912:Denha II (1336/7–1381/2) 4303:Rossabi, Morris (1992). 4137:Hill, Henry, ed (1988). 4093:Gumilev, Lev N. (2003). 2920: 2870:Chaldean Catholic Church 2754:Chaldean Catholic Church 2616:, who invited Sulaqa to 2569:Chaldean Catholic Church 2542:Rabban Hormizd Monastery 2391:Schism and later history 2261:in 635, in the reign of 2218: 2084: 1546:Chaldean Catholic Church 1483:Eliya X Yohannan Marogin 1441:First Council of Ephesus 1258:Chaldean Catholic Church 1169:divine and human natures 794:Eastern Catholic liturgy 731:Eastern liturgical rites 495:Not to be confused with 119:Extended confirmed users 6025:Christianity portal 5240:Abiward and Shahr Piroz 4998:Christianity portal 4847:ʿAbdishoʿ III (1139–48) 4822:Sabrishoʿ III (1064–72) 4328:62:3–4 (2010): 165–190. 3414:Les porteurs de lumière 3218:Encyclopædia Britannica 3099:Encyclopædia Britannica 2968:Encyclopædia Britannica 2789:Russian Orthodox Church 2418:Giovanni de' Marignolli 2383:accounts indicate. At 2263:Emperor Taizong of Tang 2091:Saint Thomas Christians 1901:Saint Thomas Christians 1657:patriarchate of Antioch 1584:Second Epistle of Peter 1437:Patriarch of Alexandria 1413:(literally, "Bearer of 1367:doctrine attributed to 1262:Eastern Catholic Church 1207:Saint Thomas Christians 1183:in 431, leading to the 693:Mar Thoma Syrian Church 436:|date=November 11, 1994 85: 4832:Makkikha I (1092–1110) 4827:ʿAbdishoʿ II (1074–90) 4817:Yohannan VII (1049–57) 4636:Ishoʿyahb III (649–59) 4345:. Peeters Publishers. 4332:Stewart, John (1928). 4280:Morgan, David (2007). 3763:Wilmshurst, pp. 21–22. 3231:The Church of the East 3036:Check date values in: 2905:Syriac Orthodox Church 2809:Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII 2636: 2405: 2291:Emperor Wuzong of Tang 2232: 2209:Syriac Orthodox Church 2101:Saint Thomas Christian 2077: 1873: 1744:Theodore of Mopsuestia 1669:Catholicos of the East 1588:Second Epistle of John 1534:Syrian Catholic Church 1530:Syriac Orthodox Church 1496: 1405:Theodore of Mopsuestia 1396: 1264:in communion with the 1090: 611:Independent communions 6069:Christian terminology 5626:Niffar, Nil and al-Nu 5455:Harran and Callinicus 5145:Exterior metropolitan 5102:Interior metropolitan 4965:Shemʿon V (1497–1502) 4888:Makkikha II (1257–65) 4883:Sabrishoʿ V (1226–56) 4878:Sabrishoʿ IV (1222–5) 4852:Ishoʿyahb V (1149–75) 4807:Ishoʿyahb IV (1020–5) 4802:Yohannan VI (1012–20) 4713:Ishoʿ bar Nun (823–8) 4690:Hnanishoʿ II (773–80) 4626:Ishoʿyahb II (628–45) 4616:Sabrishoʿ I (596–604) 4531:Yahballaha I (415–20) 4077:Foster, John (1939). 4049:Catholic Encyclopedia 3444:34(177) (1935): 5–25. 2633: 2403: 2241:Christianity in China 2226: 2075: 1907:, despite the strong 1871: 1592:Third Epistle of John 1478: 1394: 1213:in Central Asia, and 1153:Patriarch of the East 1108:), also known as the 1081: 899:Eastern Protestantism 635:Eastern Protestantism 532:Mainstream communions 5753:Shenna d'Beth Ramman 5335:Beth Mazunaye (Oman) 5199:Kashgar and Nevaketh 5159:Beth Tuptaye (Tibet) 4975:Shemʿon VI (1504–38) 4797:Yohannan V (1000–11) 4787:ʿAbdishoʿ I (963–86) 4772:Abraham III (906–37) 4767:Yohannan IV (900–05) 4762:Yohannan III (893–9) 4757:Yohannan II (884–91) 4723:Sabrishoʿ II (831–5) 4718:Giwargis II (828–31) 4651:Hnanishoʿ I (686–98) 4286:Blackwell Publishing 3682:Mongols and the West 3453:Sebastian P. Brock, 3388:Analecta Bollandiana 2848:Louis Raphael I Sako 2667:in the mountains of 2424:, the chief city of 2364:Jerusalem and Cyprus 2023:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu 1491:Shem'on XVII Abraham 1449:Council of Chalcedon 1136:stretching from the 1122:Eastern Christianity 1027:Western Christianity 515:Eastern Christianity 488:For other uses, see 5856:dioceses after 1552 5580:Mashmahig (Bahrain) 5370:Bih Shabur (Kazrun) 5300:Badisi and Qadistan 5154:Beth Sinaye (China) 4956:Shemʿon IV Basidi ( 4866:13th–16th centuries 4857:Eliya III (1176–90) 4777:Emmanuel I (937–60) 4728:Abraham II (837–50) 4695:Timothy I (780–823) 4665:Sliba-zkha (714–28) 4641:Giwargis I (661–80) 4495:Barbaʿshmin (343–6) 4085:Charles A. Frazee, 3886:Rudaw Media Network 3810:Heleen H.L. Murre. 3695:Jerusalem 1920–1922 3671:Moffett, pp. 14–15. 3048:Annuario Pontificio 2910:Syriac Christianity 2722:toward the area of 2133:metropolitan bishop 2019:Patriarch Eutychius 1740:Synod of Beth Lapat 1323:metropolitan bishop 1040:Christianity portal 994:Christian mysticism 807:Major controversies 583:Eastern Catholicism 6064:Church of the East 5844:Post-1318 dioceses 5733:Seleucia-Ctesiphon 5515:Karka d'Beth Slokh 5194:Islands of the Sea 5042:Church of the East 4842:Bar Sawma (1134–6) 4837:Eliya II (1111–32) 4743:Israel of Kashkar 4733:Theodosius (853–8) 4706:9th–12th centuries 4685:Yaʿqob II (753–73) 4646:Yohannan I (680–3) 4395:Church of the East 4157:has generic name ( 4126:|trans-title= 4122:|trans_title= 4120:Unknown parameter 3932:Unknown parameter 3911:on January 4, 2009 3838:Unknown parameter 3777:Wilmshurst, p. 22. 3754:Wilsmhurst, p. 21. 3631:Unknown parameter 3469:Stewart, pp. 13−14 3270:Unknown parameter 3191:Unknown parameter 3145:Silverberg, Robert 2801:Shimun XXIII Eshai 2732:, the last in the 2637: 2540:, the superior of 2406: 2233: 2193:Chaldean Catholics 2185:Pope Alexander VII 2109:Thomas the Apostle 2078: 1987:Greek philosophers 1983:Abbasid Caliphates 1882:Rashidun Caliphate 1874: 1692:Simeon bar Sabba'e 1653:Thomas the Apostle 1645:Thaddeus of Edessa 1600:Book of Revelation 1397: 1309:: organization by 1181:Council of Ephesus 1116:church within the 1095:Church of the East 1091: 588:Church of the East 543:Oriental Orthodoxy 385:===20th century=== 378:===20th century=== 168:InternetArchiveBot 163: 97: 6031: 6030: 5860: 5672:Qasr and Nahrawan 5147:provinces to 1318 5104:provinces to 1318 5004: 5003: 4903:Timothy II (1318– 4893:Denha I (1265–81) 4812:Eliya I (1028–49) 4546:Dadishoʿ (421–56) 4514:5th–8th centuries 4466:Ahadabui (204–20) 4421:1st–4th centuries 4352:978-90-429-0876-5 4295:978-1-4051-3539-9 4238:978-0-88-141056-3 4199:Jenkins, Philip. 4191:978-0-582-36896-5 4038:978-0-313-32053-8 3990:978-0-521-81113-2 3938:|url-status= 3844:|url-status= 3745:Wilmshurst, p. 19 3615:978-3-8050-0534-0 3390:117 (1999): 9–66. 3377:Foster, pp. 26–27 3254:978-3-8050-0534-0 3197:|url-status= 3038:|accessdate= 3012:Ronald Roberson. 2769:Chicago, Illinois 2767:, now located in 2661:Shimun XIII Denha 2183:of 1653. In 1661 2181:Coonan Cross Oath 2177:Archbishop of Goa 2173:Aleixo de Menezes 1779:metropolitan sees 1760:School of Nisibis 1728:School of Nisibis 1712:School of Nisibis 1708:Ephrem the Syrian 1633:Upper Mesopotamia 1485:in 1672, and the 1439:, leading to the 1401:School of Antioch 1138:Mediterranean Sea 1076: 1075: 622:Spiritual Russian 579: 552:Orthodox Tewahedo 538:Eastern Orthodoxy 481: 149: 88: 68: 6081: 6023: 6022: 5911: 5901: 5846: 5829: 5818: 5763: 5758:Shigar and Beth 5707: 5667:Qarta and Adarma 5631: 5591:altha and Hnitha 5590: 5575:Mashkena d'Qurdu 5485:Hormizd Ardashir 5390:Dasqarta d'Malka 5294: 5233:dioceses to 1318 5096: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5008: 5007: 4996: 4995: 4970:Eliya V (1503–4) 4670:Pethion (731–40) 4631:Maremmeh (646–9) 4610: 4600:Ezekiel (570–81) 4571:Elishaʿ (524–37) 4556:Acacius (485–96) 4551:Babowai (457–84) 4505:Qayyoma (377–99) 4500:Tomarsa (363–71) 4490:Shahdost (341–3) 4471:Shahlufa (220–4) 4452:Abraham (159–71) 4384: 4377: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4337: 4321: 4299: 4284:(2nd ed.). 4276: 4263: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4242: 4223:Meyendorff, John 4218: 4195: 4169: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4150: 4142: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4108: 4082: 4053: 4042: 4014: 4009:has extra text ( 4008: 4004: 4002: 3994: 3967: 3966: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3807: 3798: 3787: 3778: 3775: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3627: 3619: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3551: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3498: 3492: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3458: 3451: 3445: 3434: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3410: 3404: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3356:12 (1967): 3–22. 3350: 3344: 3343: 3325: 3319: 3312: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3258: 3240: 3234: 3227: 3221: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3179: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3122: 3121:Wilmshurst, p. 4 3119: 3102: 3092: 3071: 3064: 3058: 3045: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2959: 2938: 2931: 2730:Yohannan Hormizd 2621: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2523: 2517: 2507: 2501: 2493: 2487: 2478: 2369:Rabban Bar Sauma 2279: 2205:Malankara Church 2197:Eastern Catholic 2169:Synod of Diamper 2143:was probably in 2141:metropolitan see 2049:). The personal 2007:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 1748:School of Edessa 1724:Nestorian Schism 1458:Nestorian Schism 1453:School of Edessa 1381:East Syrian Rite 1355:Nestorian Schism 1307:episcopal polity 1185:Nestorian Schism 1161:East Syrian Rite 1118:Syriac tradition 1110:Nestorian Church 1104: 1068: 1061: 1054: 954:Antiochian Greek 600: 545: 525: 502: 501: 203: 195: 181: 162: 157: 139: 138: 137: 125: 115: 96: 69: 60: 59: 57: 52: 50: 42: 39: 21: 19: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6017: 6011: 5892:Atel and Bohtan 5853: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5652:Prath d'Maishan 5550:Mahoze d'Arewan 5525:Karka d'Maishan 5270:Aoustan d'Arzun 5228: 5146: 5140: 5103: 5097: 5088: 5062: 5044: 5035: 5005: 5000: 4990: 4984: 4861: 4738:Sargis (860–72) 4701: 4675:Aba II (741–51) 4656:Yohannan Garba 4621:Gregory (605–9) 4611:yahb I (582–95) 4595:Joseph (552–67) 4561:Babai (497–503) 4521:Isaac (399–410) 4509: 4416: 4397: 4388: 4353: 4318: 4296: 4255: 4253: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4215: 4192: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4144: 4143: 4125: 4121: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4045: 4039: 4006: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3975: 3970: 3962:Vatican Insider 3953: 3949: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3922: 3921: 3914: 3912: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3843: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3819: 3808: 3801: 3791:L'Orient Syrien 3788: 3781: 3776: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3705: 3701: 3692: 3688: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662:Stewart, p. 183 3661: 3657: 3653:Stewart, p. 169 3652: 3648: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3552: 3545: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3499: 3495: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3461: 3452: 3448: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3420: 3412:Nahal Tajadod, 3411: 3407: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3354:L'Orient syrien 3351: 3347: 3340: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3275: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3241: 3237: 3228: 3224: 3212: 3208: 3196: 3192: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3142: 3138: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3105: 3093: 3074: 3065: 3061: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3006: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2980: 2978: 2973: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2856: 2797:Simele massacre 2777: 2707: 2628: 2554:Pope Julius III 2538:Yohannan Sulaqa 2471: 2465: 2398: 2393: 2366: 2326: 2320: 2251:Nestorian Stele 2243: 2235:Main articles: 2229:Nestorian Stele 2221: 2097: 2089:Main articles: 2087: 2070: 2047:Toma bar Yacoub 2039:Babai the Great 1948:Harun al-Rashid 1925:Nestorian Stele 1866: 1799:Sasanian Persia 1783:Sasanian Empire 1738:, convened the 1625:Sasanian Empire 1621:Parthian Empire 1613: 1608: 1596:Epistle of Jude 1518: 1512: 1472:The 2000 work, 1357: 1349:Main articles: 1347: 1279: 1126:Sasanian Empire 1106:Ēdtāʾ d-Maḏenḥā 1072: 1032: 1031: 1018: 988: 980: 979: 978: 948: 940: 939: 938: 913: 905: 904: 903: 808: 800: 799: 798: 732: 724: 723: 637: 627: 626: 612: 604: 603: 590: 533: 500: 493: 478: 471: 462: 457: 450: 448: 444: 441: 438: 435: 426: 416: 411: 404: 396: 386: 379: 370: 365: 358: 356: 346: 336: 331: 324: 317: 300: 292: 282: 277: 270: 268: 258: 256: 245: 238: 229: 224: 209: 204: 201: 199: 198: 197: 193: 191: 171: 169: 164: 158: 153: 145: 143:← Previous edit 140: 133: 131: 129: 128: 127: 123: 121: 105: 103: 98: 92: 84: 83: 82: 81: 79: 78: 77: 76: 75: 74: 65: 61: 55: 53: 48: 45: 43: 40: 38:Content deleted 37: 34: 29:← Previous edit 26: 25: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6087: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6029: 6028: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5904: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5824:Yemen and Sana 5821: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5738:Shahpur Khwast 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5060:schism of 1552 5049: 5046: 5045: 5034: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5011: 5002: 5001: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4953: 4940: 4927: 4914: 4909: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4752:Enosh (877–84) 4749: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4590:Aba I (540–52) 4587: 4582: 4573: 4568: 4566:Shila (503–23) 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4541:Farbokht (421) 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4454: 4449: 4447:Abris (121–37) 4444: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4407:schism of 1552 4402: 4399: 4398: 4387: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4338: 4329: 4322: 4316: 4300: 4294: 4277: 4264: 4256:|ref=harv 4237: 4219: 4213: 4196: 4190: 4174:Jackson, Peter 4170: 4134: 4103: 4090: 4083: 4074: 4067:Foltz, Richard 4064: 4063:(Beirut, 1993) 4054: 4043: 4037: 4024: 4015: 3989: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3947: 3934:|deadurl= 3892: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3840:|deadurl= 3799: 3779: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3725: 3723:Frazee, p. 55. 3716: 3699: 3686: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3646: 3633:|editors= 3614: 3596: 3589: 3571: 3564: 3543: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3500:Hill, Donald. 3493: 3480: 3471: 3459: 3446: 3442:Échos d'Orient 3429: 3418: 3405: 3392: 3379: 3370: 3358: 3345: 3338: 3320: 3307: 3294: 3285: 3272:|editors= 3253: 3235: 3222: 3206: 3193:|deadurl= 3178:on 2012-01-12. 3163: 3154: 3136: 3123: 3103: 3072: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2986: 2971: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2852: 2776: 2773: 2742:full communion 2706: 2703:Josephite line 2700: 2627: 2624: 2469:Schism of 1552 2467:Main article: 2464: 2463:Schism of 1552 2461: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2377:Holy Sepulchre 2365: 2362: 2322:Main article: 2319: 2316: 2220: 2217: 2171:, overseen by 2113:Thomas of Cana 2086: 2083: 2069: 2066: 2011:Qusta ibn Luqa 1942:The patriarch 1865: 1862: 1777:, and several 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1514:Main article: 1511: 1508: 1365:Christological 1346: 1343: 1278: 1275: 1250:Schism of 1552 1074: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1063: 1056: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1004:Divine Liturgy 1001: 996: 990: 989: 986: 985: 982: 981: 977: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 950: 949: 946: 945: 942: 941: 937: 936: 931: 926: 921: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 902: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 849:Three Chapters 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 810: 809: 806: 805: 802: 801: 797: 796: 791: 790: 789: 779: 774: 769: 768: 767: 762: 752: 751: 750: 745: 734: 733: 730: 729: 726: 725: 722: 721: 716: 713: 708: 703: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 662: 659: 654: 649: 644: 638: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 619: 613: 610: 609: 606: 605: 602: 601: 585: 580: 540: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 518: 517: 511: 510: 485: 480: 479: 476: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 460: 458: 455: 452: 451: 446: 443: 440: 437: 434: 431: 429: 427: 423: 421: 418: 417: 414: 412: 409: 406: 405: 401: 399: 397: 393: 391: 388: 387: 384: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 368: 366: 363: 360: 359: 357:}}</ref> 354: 351: 349: 347: 343: 341: 338: 337: 334: 332: 329: 326: 325: 322: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 306: 302: 301: 297: 295: 293: 289: 287: 284: 283: 280: 278: 275: 272: 271: 266: 263: 261: 259: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 243: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 230: 227: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 192: 183: 182: 167: 146: 122: 117: 116: 101: 70: 64: 62: 44: 36: 27: 23: 22: 14: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6086: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6026: 6021: 6014: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5852: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5606:Mihraganqadaq 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5520:Karka d'Ledan 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5204:Katai and Ong 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5100: 5095: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5020: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5009: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4943:Shemʿon III ( 4941: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4792:Mari (987–99) 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4526:Ahha (410–14) 4524: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4433:Aggai (66–87) 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4317:4-7700-1650-6 4313: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4248: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4214:0-06-147281-6 4210: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4148: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4114: 4106: 4104:5-9503-0041-6 4100: 4096: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4007:|volume= 4000: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3943: 3926: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3849: 3832: 3818:on 2008-12-22 3817: 3813: 3806: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3690: 3683: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3642: 3637:|editor= 3625: 3617: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3590:0-415-29770-2 3586: 3582: 3575: 3567: 3565:0-415-29770-2 3561: 3557: 3550: 3548: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3513:Rémi Brague, 3510: 3503: 3497: 3490: 3484: 3478:Foster, p. 33 3475: 3466: 3464: 3456: 3450: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3402: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3349: 3341: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3304: 3298: 3289: 3281: 3276:|editor= 3264: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3202: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3133: 3127: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3069: 3063: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3050:2010 edition 3049: 3043: 3030: 3015: 3008: 2991: 2987: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2936: 2930: 2926: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2817:United States 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2686:, entered in 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2623: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2477: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2402: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2334:Mongol Empire 2331: 2325: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2103:community of 2102: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2074: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1831:metropolitans 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1606:Early history 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1580:New Testament 1576: 1574: 1570: 1569:Old Testament 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1504:Mar Dinkha IV 1501: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1352: 1342: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1243:Malabar Coast 1240: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1224: 1223:Mongol Empire 1220: 1216: 1212: 1209:), among the 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157:Apostolic Age 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1100: 1096: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 984: 983: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 951: 944: 943: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 916: 909: 908: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 859:Monothelitism 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 844:Caesaropapism 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 824:Monophysitism 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 811: 804: 803: 795: 792: 788: 785: 784: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 756: 753: 749: 746: 744: 741: 740: 739: 736: 735: 728: 727: 720: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 639: 636: 631: 630: 623: 620: 618: 617:Old Believers 615: 614: 608: 607: 598: 594: 589: 586: 584: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 541: 539: 536: 535: 529: 528: 524: 520: 519: 516: 513: 512: 508: 504: 503: 498: 491: 483: 475: 473: 468: 466: 465: 461: 459: 456: 454: 453: 430: 422: 419: 415: 413: 410: 408: 407: 400: 398: 392: 390: 389: 383: 381: 376: 374: 373: 369: 367: 364: 362: 361: 350: 342: 339: 335: 333: 330: 328: 327: 321: 319: 314: 312: 311: 303: 296: 294: 288: 286: 285: 281: 279: 276: 274: 273: 262: 251: 248: 242: 240: 235: 233: 232: 228: 226: 223: 221: 220: 212: 208: 190: 186: 179: 175: 170: 161: 156: 152: 144: 136: 120: 113: 109: 104: 95: 91: 73: 58: 51: 41:Content added 33: 30: 20: 6054:Nestorianism 5847: 5682:Qube d'Arzun 5647:Piroz Shabur 5475:Hesna d'Kifa 5350:Beth Rahimaï 5345:Beth Nuhadra 5340:Beth Moksaye 5067:Time periods 5041: 4957: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4931: 4922: 4918: 4917:Shemʿon II ( 4904: 4782:Israel (961) 4744: 4657: 4577: 4477: 4458: 4439: 4394: 4342: 4333: 4304: 4281: 4272: 4227: 4200: 4177: 4155:|first= 4138: 4128:suggested) ( 4094: 4086: 4078: 4070: 4060: 4048: 4028: 4019: 3980: 3973:Bibliography 3960: 3950: 3940:suggested) ( 3913:. Retrieved 3909:the original 3905:The Holy See 3895: 3884: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3846:suggested) ( 3820:. Retrieved 3816:the original 3794: 3790: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3733: 3732:Wilmshurst, 3728: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3706:J. M. Fiey, 3702: 3694: 3689: 3681: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3639:suggested) ( 3605: 3599: 3580: 3574: 3555: 3538: 3533: 3525:Britannica, 3521: 3509: 3501: 3496: 3488: 3483: 3474: 3454: 3449: 3441: 3432: 3421: 3413: 3408: 3400: 3395: 3387: 3382: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3329: 3323: 3315: 3310: 3302: 3297: 3292:Hill, p. 107 3288: 3278:suggested) ( 3244: 3238: 3230: 3225: 3217: 3209: 3199:suggested) ( 3176:the original 3166: 3161:Foltz, p. 63 3157: 3148: 3139: 3131: 3126: 3098: 3067: 3066:Wilmshurst, 3062: 3047: 3007: 2994:. Retrieved 2979:. Retrieved 2967: 2957: 2929: 2840:Gewargis III 2833: 2778: 2775:20th century 2760: 2758: 2749: 2733: 2728: 2708: 2702: 2675: 2673: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2581:Hesna d'Kifa 2573: 2564: 2558: 2472: 2438: 2430: 2411: 2407: 2367: 2350:Yuan Dynasty 2338:Genghis Khan 2327: 2307:Yuan Dynasty 2304: 2288: 2267:Tang Dynasty 2244: 2156:Prester John 2153: 2121:Ishoyahb III 2098: 2079: 1976: 1941: 1921:Tang Dynasty 1913:Central Asia 1885: 1875: 1864:Islamic rule 1851: 1847:Indian Ocean 1795: 1768: 1721: 1680:Roman Empire 1677: 1614: 1577: 1566: 1526:Syriac Bible 1519: 1497: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1466:Wilhelm Baum 1462: 1428:Christotokos 1426: 1408: 1398: 1385: 1361:Nestorianism 1358: 1351:Nestorianism 1335: 1280: 1247: 1231:Ming dynasty 1227: 1219:Tang dynasty 1196: 1190: 1165:Nestorianism 1150: 1109: 1105: 1094: 1092: 987:Other topics 884:Paulicianism 869:Dyothelitism 854:Monoenergism 834:Dyophysitism 829:Miaphysitism 819:Nestorianism 587: 477:==See also== 470:==See also== 442:|publisher=] 5692:Ram Hormizd 5490:Hrbath Glal 5365:Beth Zabdaï 5320:Beth Daraye 5121:Beth Huzaye 5116:Beth Garmaï 4680:Surin (753) 4536:Maʿna (420) 4282:The Mongols 4057:Fiey, J. M. 3915:January 25, 3797:, pp. 21–22 3436:M. Jugie, “ 3214:"Nestorius" 3095:"Nestorian" 2977:. Cnewa.org 2964:"Nestorian" 2836:Erbil, Iraq 2601:on VII Isho 2518:on VII Isho 2488:on VII Isho 2433:Black Death 2280:II (773–80) 2265:during the 1933:archbishops 1909:Monophysite 1893:proselytize 1839:Persarmenia 1811:Mesopotamia 1775:Gundeshapur 1764:Mar Babai I 1752:Mesopotamia 1700:Barba'shmin 1698:(342), and 1688:Zoroastrian 1617:Mesopotamia 1419:Virgin Mary 1417:") for the 1339:North China 1248:During the 1103:ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ 1084:Palm Sunday 1014:Monasticism 999:Christology 864:Dyoenergism 782:East Syriac 760:West Syriac 738:Alexandrian 207:Next edit → 32:Next edit → 6038:Categories 5848:(See also: 5596:Merw i-Rud 5360:Beth Waziq 5330:Beth Lapat 5325:Beth Dasen 5315:Beth Bgash 5245:Adarbaigan 5058:after the 4960:1450–1497) 4930:Eliya IV ( 4585:Paul (539) 4457:Yaʿqob I ( 4405:Until the 4391:Patriarchs 3822:2009-02-04 3339:8872103215 2996:2012-12-25 2981:2012-06-12 2945:References 2659:line, Mar 2556:(1550–5). 2550:Franciscan 2381:Franciscan 2311:Marco Polo 2191:headed by 2189:Carmelites 2165:Latin Rite 2160:Portuguese 2145:Cranganore 2137:Archdeacon 2058:Christians 2051:physicians 2035:Bar Daisan 1999:philosophy 1937:Oxus River 1791:Mar Abba I 1510:Scriptures 1489:patriarch 1327:consecrate 1283:Catholicos 1245:of India. 1088:Tang China 912:Traditions 889:Bogomilism 874:Iconoclasm 755:Antiochene 5743:Shahrgard 5570:Masabadan 5505:Jerusalem 5385:Darabgard 5295:Aïn Sipne 5265:Al-Rustaq 5250:Al-Bariya 5219:Samarqand 4412:Full list 4247:cite book 4205:HarperOne 4147:cite book 4124:ignored ( 4113:cite book 3999:cite book 3936:ignored ( 3842:ignored ( 3680:Jackson, 3635:ignored ( 3624:cite book 3527:Nestorian 3301:Winkler, 3274:ignored ( 3263:cite book 3195:ignored ( 2950:Citations 2791:due to a 2750:Josephite 2746:Roman see 2744:with the 2688:communion 2510:Eliya VII 2449:Lakes Van 2414:Tamerlane 2385:Famagusta 2373:Jerusalem 2358:Ilkhanate 2271:patriarch 2125:Timothy I 2068:Expansion 2064:dynasty. 2062:Bukhtishu 2043:Nestorius 2029:(such as 2015:Masawaiyh 2005:(such as 1944:Timothy I 1843:Dioscoris 1787:Khosrau I 1771:Ctesiphon 1684:Shapur II 1665:Ctesiphon 1629:Asōristān 1550:Maronites 1487:Qudshanis 1410:Theotokos 1369:Nestorius 1319:provinces 1299:presbyter 1177:Nestorius 1114:Christian 974:Maronites 894:Hesychasm 839:Henotikon 777:Byzantine 765:Malankara 556:Ethiopian 308:Line 133: 305:Line 133: 194:5,326,184 5992:Shemsdin 5887:Ardishai 5769:Shushter 5748:Shahrzur 5728:Segestan 5637:Nihawand 5621:Nahargur 5565:Marmadit 5540:Khanijar 5260:Al-Qabba 5169:Damascus 5111:Adiabene 5054:and the 5038:Dioceses 4745:intrusus 4658:intrusus 4580:(524–37) 4578:intrusus 4480:280–317) 4275:: 14–15. 4269:"Alopen" 4254:Invalid 4225:(1989). 4176:(2005). 3925:cite web 3831:cite web 3184:cite web 3147:(1972). 3029:cite web 2854:See also 2738:Catholic 2692:Holy See 2680:Joseph I 2676:Chaldean 2665:Qochanis 2647:line in 2441:Assyrian 2295:Buddhism 2284:Chang'an 2274:Hnanisho 2255:Chang'an 2149:Mylapore 2055:Assyrian 2027:theology 1854:Lakhmids 1823:Hyrcania 1736:Barsauma 1696:Shahdost 1661:Seleucia 1560:and the 1522:Peshitta 1516:Peshitta 1311:dioceses 1287:ordained 1266:Holy See 1256:and the 1215:in China 1134:dioceses 964:Assyrian 879:Filioque 814:Arianism 772:Armenian 593:Assyrian 564:Armenian 560:Eritrean 507:a series 505:Part of 217:Line 35: 214:Line 35: 178:contribs 112:contribs 102:Torvalu4 56:Wikitext 5972:Nisibis 5947:Hakkari 5942:Gazarta 5917:Berwari 5902:Amadiya 5794:Tamanon 5784:Taimana 5774:Soqotra 5764:Arabaye 5697:Ramonin 5642:Nineveh 5601:Meskene 5535:Kashkar 5500:Istakhr 5495:Ispahan 5445:Hamadan 5435:Haditha 5425:Gubeans 5400:Dinawar 5395:Delasar 5375:Dabarin 5275:Armenia 5131:Nisibis 5126:Maishan 5040:of the 4660:(691–3) 4576:Narsai 4393:of the 4182:Longman 3736:, 345–7 3684:, p. 97 3368:, p. 61 2805:Chicago 2712:Ottoman 2705:of Amid 2669:Hakkari 2614:Amadiya 2595:). Shem 2577:Gazarta 2422:Almaliq 2330:Mongols 2003:science 1979:Umayyad 1952:Armenia 1845:in the 1819:Bactria 1807:Socotra 1732:Nisibis 1704:Nisibis 1694:(341), 1301:), and 1268:). The 1211:Mongols 1112:, is a 929:Russian 924:Melkite 787:Malabar 597:Ancient 568:Cilicia 6002:Tuleki 5977:Salmas 5962:Mardin 5957:Kirkuk 5922:Cyprus 5872:Alqosh 5819:Ukbara 5799:Tirhan 5723:Salmas 5718:Salakh 5687:Radani 5662:Qaimar 5657:Pusang 5632:maniya 5555:Mardin 5545:Lashom 5530:Karman 5465:Hebton 5430:Gurgan 5420:Gawkaï 5415:Eshnuq 5380:Dairin 5310:Barhis 5255:Al-Kuj 5224:Tangut 5184:Hulwan 5164:Dailam 4476:Papa ( 4438:Mari ( 4349: 4314: 4292: 4235: 4211: 4188: 4101: 4035: 3987: 3612: 3587: 3562: 3487:Fiey, 3336: 3305:, p. 1 3251: 3070:, 21–2 2827:, and 2761:Shimun 2720:Mardin 2657:Shimun 2653:Shimun 2649:Alqosh 2641:Shimun 2589:Mardin 2546:Alqosh 2534:Salmas 2457:Cyprus 2426:Tangut 2354:Ghazan 2346:Mongke 2342:Kerait 2259:Alopen 2249:. The 2105:Kerala 2031:Tatian 2025:) and 1995:Arabic 1991:Syriac 1929:Alopen 1917:Tartar 1887:dhimmi 1825:, and 1803:Arabia 1773:, and 1716:Edessa 1639:, and 1573:Hebrew 1556:, the 1552:, the 1548:, the 1544:, the 1540:, the 1536:, the 1532:, the 1445:heresy 1315:parish 1303:bishop 1295:priest 1291:deacon 1198:dhimmi 1099:Syriac 947:Groups 934:Syriac 743:Coptic 576:Indian 572:Syriac 548:Coptic 67:Inline 49:Visual 6007:Zakho 5987:Sehna 5982:Seert 5967:Mosul 5937:Gawar 5882:Anzel 5867:Ahwaz 5789:Tahal 5616:Muqan 5611:Mosul 5560:Marga 5480:Hirta 5470:Herat 5460:Hatta 5450:Hamir 5440:Hagar 5410:Erbil 5405:Egypt 5305:Balad 5285:Arzun 5189:India 5179:Herat 4951:1450) 4947:1425– 4938:1425) 4934:1405– 4925:1405) 4921:1385– 4907:1332) 4747:(877) 4428:Addai 3017:(PDF) 2921:Notes 2829:Syria 2785:Urmia 2734:Eliya 2724:Mosul 2645:Eliya 2635:1843) 2593:Seert 2561:Mosul 2453:Urmia 2445:Mosul 2247:Xi'an 2219:China 2085:India 1972:India 1964:Tibet 1960:Turks 1905:Egypt 1899:(the 1897:India 1837:, in 1827:India 1815:Media 1433:Cyril 1423:Logos 1377:Jesus 1239:Timur 1235:Islam 1205:(the 1203:India 1173:Jesus 1146:India 1142:China 969:Copts 919:Greek 748:Ge'ez 196:edits 126:edits 124:3,716 5952:Jilu 5912:Aqra 5877:Amid 5854:and 5835:Zabe 5809:Urmi 5779:Susa 5713:Rima 5708:aïna 5702:Resh 5677:Qish 5510:Jews 5209:Merv 5174:Fars 4605:Isho 4461:190) 4442:104) 4347:ISBN 4312:ISBN 4290:ISBN 4260:help 4233:ISBN 4209:ISBN 4186:ISBN 4166:link 4159:help 4130:help 4099:ISBN 4033:ISBN 4011:help 3985:ISBN 3942:help 3917:2010 3848:help 3641:help 3610:ISBN 3585:ISBN 3560:ISBN 3489:POCN 3334:ISBN 3280:help 3249:ISBN 3201:help 3042:help 2825:Iraq 2821:Iran 2779:The 2759:The 2718:and 2716:Amid 2684:Amid 2591:and 2585:Amid 2532:and 2530:Sirt 2526:Amid 2494:yahb 2482:Shem 2451:and 2447:and 2239:and 2227:The 2099:The 2093:and 1993:and 1981:and 1968:Fars 1835:Huns 1756:Zeno 1714:for 1651:and 1649:Mari 1641:Fars 1637:Elam 1578:The 1567:The 1520:The 1498:The 1386:East 1363:, a 1353:and 1297:(or 1260:(an 1144:and 1130:Asia 1093:The 959:Arab 595:and 558:and 185:Bots 174:talk 160:undo 155:edit 108:talk 94:edit 5997:Tis 5214:Rai 4440:ob. 3440:”, 2838:as 2302:). 1989:to 1956:Rai 1750:in 1415:God 1171:of 1140:to 1120:of 578:) 562:-, 6040:: 5585:Ma 4958:c. 4949:c. 4945:c. 4936:c. 4932:c. 4923:c. 4919:c. 4905:c. 4478:c. 4459:c. 4307:. 4288:. 4271:. 4251:: 4249:}} 4245:{{ 4207:. 4203:. 4184:. 4180:. 4151:: 4149:}} 4145:{{ 4117:: 4115:}} 4111:{{ 4069:, 4059:, 4003:: 4001:}} 3997:{{ 3959:. 3929:: 3927:}} 3923:{{ 3903:. 3883:. 3835:: 3833:}} 3829:{{ 3802:^ 3782:^ 3768:^ 3628:: 3626:}} 3622:{{ 3546:^ 3462:^ 3267:: 3265:}} 3261:{{ 3216:. 3188:: 3186:}} 3182:{{ 3106:^ 3097:. 3075:^ 3033:: 3031:}} 3027:{{ 2966:. 2831:. 2823:, 2819:, 2756:. 2587:, 2583:, 2579:, 2528:, 2336:. 2215:. 2175:, 2045:, 2041:, 2037:, 2033:, 2021:, 2017:, 2013:, 2009:, 2001:, 1939:. 1849:. 1821:, 1817:, 1813:, 1809:, 1805:, 1801:, 1734:, 1675:. 1647:, 1635:, 1598:, 1594:, 1590:, 1586:, 1564:. 1460:. 1435:, 1371:, 1333:. 1293:, 1101:: 574:, 570:, 566:, 554:- 550:, 509:on 187:, 176:| 110:| 5909:ʿ 5899:ʿ 5858:) 5830:a 5827:ʿ 5816:ʿ 5761:ʿ 5705:ʿ 5629:ʿ 5588:ʿ 5292:ʿ 5030:e 5023:t 5016:v 4608:ʿ 4383:e 4376:t 4369:v 4355:. 4320:. 4298:. 4262:) 4258:( 4241:. 4217:. 4194:. 4168:) 4161:) 4132:) 4107:. 4052:. 4041:. 4013:) 3993:. 3965:. 3944:) 3919:. 3889:. 3850:) 3825:. 3643:) 3618:. 3593:. 3568:. 3342:. 3282:) 3257:. 3203:) 3044:) 3040:( 3023:. 2999:. 2984:. 2619:ʿ 2610:ʿ 2604:ʿ 2598:ʿ 2521:ʿ 2515:ʿ 2505:ʿ 2499:ʿ 2491:ʿ 2485:ʿ 2476:ʿ 2277:ʿ 1097:( 1067:e 1060:t 1053:v 599:) 591:( 546:( 499:. 492:. 244:] 237:] 180:) 172:( 114:) 106:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.