Operation Auca: Difference between revisions

725:, but others, including missionary anthropologist James Yost, came to believe that his death was a result of the bullet wound. Rachel Saint continued to defend the missionaries and believed that eyewitnesses supported her position, but researcher Laura Rival suggests that it is now commonly believed among Huaorani that Nampa died of the wound. The other missionary in the river, before being speared, desperately reiterated friendly overtures and asked the Huaorani why they were killing them. Meanwhile, the other Huaorani warriors, led by Gikita, attacked the three missionaries still on the beach, killing all three before they had a chance to report the attack over the radio. They then threw the men's bodies and their belongings in the river, and ripped the fabric from their airplane. Afterward, several of the Huaorani reported hearing strange music and seeing moving lights in the sky, an experience that they described as 697:, and the visitors soon relaxed and began conversing freely, apparently not realizing that the men's language skills were weak. Nankiwi, who the missionaries nicknamed "George", showed interest in the missionary's airplane, so Nate took off with him aboard. They first completed a circuit around the camp, but Nankiwi appeared eager for a second trip, so they flew toward Terminal City. Upon reaching a familiar clearing, Nankiwi recognized his neighbors, and leaning out of the plane, wildly waved and shouted to them. Later that afternoon, the younger woman became restless, and though the missionaries offered their visitors sleeping quarters, Nankiwi and the young woman left the beach with little explanation. The older woman apparently had more interest in conversing with the missionaries, and remained there most of the night. 885:. Others are somewhat less negative—Brysk, after noting that the work of the missionaries opened the area to outside intervention and led to the deterioration of the culture, says that the SIL also informed the Huaorani of their legal rights and taught them how to protect their interests from developers. Boster goes even further, suggesting that the "pacification" of the Huaorani was a result of "active effort" by the Huaorani themselves, not the result of missionary imposition. He argues that Christianity served as a way for the Huaorani to escape the cycle of violence in their community, since it provided a motivation to abstain from killing. 704:. On the way, they encountered Nankiwi and the girl, returning unescorted. The girl's brother, Nampa, was furious at this, and to diffuse the situation and divert attention from himself, Nankiwi claimed that the foreigners had attacked them on the beach, and in their haste to flee, they had been separated from their chaperone. Gikita, a senior member of the group whose experience with outsiders had taught him that they could not be trusted, recommended that they kill the foreigners. The return of the older woman and her account of the friendliness of the missionaries was not enough to dissuade them, and they soon continued toward the beach. 587:, receiving flight training as a member of the Army Air Corps. After being discharged in 1946, he too studied at Wheaton College, but quit after a year and joined the Mission Aviation Fellowship in 1948. He and his wife Marj traveled to Ecuador by the end of the year, and they settled at MAF headquarters in Shell Mera. Nate began transporting supplies and equipment shortly after their arrival to missionaries spread throughout the jungle. This work ultimately led to his meeting the other four missionaries who he joined in Operation Auca. 693:, after several days of waiting and shouting basic Huaorani phrases into the jungle, the first Huaorani visitors arrived. A young man and two women emerged on the opposite river bank around 11:15 a.m., and soon joined the missionaries at their encampment. The younger of the two women had come against the wishes of her family, and the man, named Nankiwi and romantically interested in her, followed. The older woman (about thirty years old) acted as a self-appointed chaperone. The men gave them several gifts, including a 605: 721:

greet them, but were attacked from behind by Nampa. Apparently attempting to scare him, the first missionary to be speared drew his pistol and began firing. One of these shots mildy injured Dawa, still hidden, and another grazed the missionary's attacker after he was grabbed from behind by one of the women. Accounts differ on the effect of that bullet. Dawa, Dayuma, and other Huaorani relate that Nampa was killed months later while

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Meanwhile, Elliot learned several phrases in the language of the Huaorani from Dayuma, a young Huaorani woman who had left her society and became friends with ], a missionary and the sister of Nate Saint. The missionaries hoped that by regularly giving gifts to the Huaorani and attempting to communicate with them in their language that they would be able to win them over as friends.<ref>Elliot, 128-33</ref>

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840:, and as a result, SIL ended its support of the settlement in 1976, leading to its disintegration and the dispersion of the Huaorani into the surrounding area. SIL had hoped that the Huaorani would return to the isolation in which they had lived twenty years prior, but instead they sought out contact with the outside world, forming villages of which many received the recognition of the Ecuadorian government. 71: 828:. By 1973, over 500 people lived in Tihueno, of which more than half had arrived in the previous six years. The settlement relied on missions aid from SIL, and as a Christian community set up by missionaries, all those living there were obliged to follow specific rules completely foreign to traditional Huaorani culture, most notably the prohibitions of killing and 821:

Baihuari joined them. Elliot had returned to the United States in the early 1960s, so Saint and Dayuma worked to alleviate the resulting conflict. They succeeded in securing cohabitation of the two groups by overseeing numerous cross-band weddings, leading to an end of inter-clan warfare but obscuring the cultural identity of each group.

442:) to live among the Huaorani, eventually leading to the conversion of many, including some of the killers of the men. While largely eliminating tribal violence, their efforts exposed the tribe to exploitation and increased influence from the outside. This has caused Huaorani culture to begin to disappear, but 620:

Because of the difficulty and risk of meeting the Huaorani on the ground, the missionaries chose to drop gifts to the Huaorani by airplane. Their drop technique, developed by Nate Saint, involved flying around the drop location in tight circles while lowering the gift from the plane on a rope. This

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Saint and Elliot returned to Ecuador to work among the Huaorani, establishing a camp called Tihueno near a former Huaorani settlement. The first Huaorani to settle there were primarily women and children from a Huaorani group called the Guiquetairi, but in 1968, an enemy Huaorani band known as the

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was an uneventful day of waiting—they expected a larger group of Huaorani to arrive sometime that afternoon, if only to get airplane rides. Nate and Pete made several trips over Huaorani settlements, and while the natives seemed abnormally fearful at first, their spirits seemed to improve by

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Anthropologists generally have less favorable views of the missionary work begun by Operation Auca, viewing the intervention as the cause for the recent and widely recognized decline of Huaorani culture. Leading Huaorani researcher Laura Rival says that the work of the SIL "pacified" the Huaorani

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After several visits to the Auca village, which the missionaries called "Terminal City", they observed that the Huaorani seemed excited to receive their gifts. Encouraged, they began using a loudspeaker to shout simple Huaorani phrases as they circled. After several more drops, in November, the

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Jim Elliot first heard of the Huaorani in 1950 from a former missionary to Ecuador, and soon concluded that God was calling him to Ecuador to evangelize the Huaorani. He began corresponding with his friend Pete Fleming about his desire to minister in Ecuador, and in 1952, the two men set sail for

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of the tribe, beginning with Nate Saint's own journal entry in 1955 and continuing through today. However, many continue to view as positive both Operation Auca and the subsequent missionary efforts of Steve Saint and others. Specifically, they note the decline in violence among tribe members,

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The Huaorani arrived at Palm Beach around 3:00 p.m., and in order to divide the foreigners before attacking them, they sent three women to the other side of the river. One, Dawa, remained hidden in the jungle, but the other two showed themselves. Two of the missionaries waded into the water to

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and successfully landed on the sandy beach along the Curaray river. Nate then flew Jim and Roger to the camp, and then made several more flights, carrying equipment. After the last flight, he flew over a Huaorani settlement and, using a loudspeaker, told the Huaorani to visit the missionaries'

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employees during the 1940s, in addition to any lowland Quechua or other outsiders who encroached on their land. Furthermore, they were prone to internal violence, often engaging in vengeance-motived killing of other Huaorani. Raids were carried out in extreme anger by groups of men who attacked

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The first stage of Operation Auca began in September 1955. Saint, McCully, Elliot, and fellow missionary Johnny Keenan decided to initiate contact with the Huaorani and began periodically searching for them by air. By the end of the month, they had identified several clearings in the jungle.

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Also on the team was Roger Youderian, a 32-year-old missionary who had been working in Ecuador since 1953. Under the mission board Gospel Missionary Union, he and his wife Barbara and daughter Beth settled in Macuma, a mission station in the southern jungle of Ecuador. There, he and his wife

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people, learning their language and transcribing it. After working with them for about a year, Roger and his family began ministering to a tribe related to the Shuar, the Achuar people. He worked with Nate Saint to provide important medical supplies, but after a period of attempting to build

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Huaorani began tying gifts for the missionaries to the line after removing the gifts the missionaries gave them. The men took this as a gesture of friendliness and developed plans for meeting the Huaorani on the ground. Saint soon identified a 200 yard (180 m) sandbar along the

479:, an area of approximately 20,000 km² (7,700 mi²). They numbered approximately 600 people, and were split into three groups, all mutually hostile—the Geketaidi, the Baïidi, and the Wepeidi. They lived on the gathering and cultivation of plant foods like 877:

during the 1960s, and argues that missionary intervention caused significant changes in fundamental components of Huaorani society. Prohibitions of polygamy, violence, chanting, and dancing were directly contrary to cultural norms, and the relocation of Huaorani and subsequent

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The deaths of the men galvanized the missionary effort in the United States, sparking an outpouring of funding for evangelization efforts around the world. Their work is still frequently remembered in evangelical publications, and in 2006, was the subject of the film production

857:. Anniversaries of their deaths have been accompanied by stories in major Christian publications, and the story of their deaths and the subsequent acceptance of Christianity among the Huaorani has been turned into several motion pictures, including the 2006 production 761:, and on Thursday, Ed McCully's body was identified by a group of Quechua indians. They took his watch as evidence of the finding but did not move his body from its location on the bank of the Curaray. It later washed away, and two more bodies were found on 717:

the last fly-over. The following morning, Nate made another pass, and noted a group of Huaorani men traveling toward Palm Beach. He excitedly relayed this information to his wife over the radio at 12:30 p.m., promising to make contact again at 4:30 p.m.

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relationships with them, he failed to see any positive effect and, growing depressed, considered returning to the United States. However, during this time Nate Saint approached him about joining their team to meet the Huaorani, and he assented.

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and some taken by the five men before their deaths. The ensuing worldwide publicity gave several missionary organizations significant political power, especially in the United States and Latin America. Most notable among these was the

487:, as well as fishing and hunting with spear and blowgun. Family units consisted of a man and his wife or wives, their unmarried sons, their married daughters and sons-in-law, and their grandchildren. All of these would reside in a 617:, a missionary and the sister of Nate Saint. The missionaries hoped that by regularly giving gifts to the Huaorani and attempting to communicate with them in their language that they would be able to win them over as friends. 527:

their victims' longhouse by night and then fled. Attempts to build truces through gifts and exchange of spouses became more frequent as their numbers decreased and the tribes fragmented, but the cycle of violence continued.

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with his family as a Plymouth Breathren missionary, planning to soon join Jim and Pete in Shandia. In 1953, however, the station in Shandia was wiped out by a flood, delaying their move until September of that year.

676:, Roger had arrived and Pete had confirmed his involvement, so the five met in Arajuno to prepare to leave the following day. After minor mechanical trouble with the plane, Nate and Ed took off at 8:02 a.m. on 824:

Saint and Dayuma, in conjunction with SIL, negotiated the creation of an official Huaorani reservation in 1969, consolidating the Huaorani and consequently opening up the area to commerce and

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Not receiving word from Nate at 4:30 p.m. immediately caused Marj Saint to worry, but she did not tell anyone about the lack of communication until that evening. The next morning,

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word for "savage"), were an isolated tribe known for their violence, both against their own people and outsiders who entered their territory. With the intention of being the first

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to evangelize the Huaorani, the missionaries began making regular flights over Huaorani settlements in September 1955, dropping gifts. After several months of exchanging gifts, on

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This book gives details about the collusion of the Summer Institute of Linguistics in general and Rachel Saint in particular with US oil companies and the Ecuadorian military.

629:, Saint made the first drop, releasing a small kettle containing buttons and rock salt. The gift giving continued during the following weeks, with the missionaries dropping 1643: 853:

Among evangelical Christians, the five men are commonly considered martyrs and missionary heroes. Books have been written about them by numerous biographers, most notably

741:, Johnny Keenan flew to the camp site, and at 9:30 a.m. reported via radio to the wives that the plane was stripped of its fabric and that the men were not there. The 548:

with the goal of learning Spanish. They then moved to Shandia, a Quechua mission station deep in the Ecuadorian jungle. There they worked under the supervision of a

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were flying over the jungle, and a ground search party consisting of missionaries and military personnel was organized. The first two of the bodies were found on

803:'s death for the salvation of humanity. In 1957, Saint and her Huaorani companion Dayuma toured across the United States, and appeared on the television show 613:

Meanwhile, Elliot learned several phrases in the language of the Huaorani from Dayuma, a young Huaorani woman who had left her society and became friends with

661:. They agreed to take weapons, but decided that they would only be used to fire into the air to scare the Huaorani if they attacked. They built a sort of 649:

At this point, Pete Fleming had still not decided to participate in the operation, and Roger Youderian was still working in the jungle farther south. On

218: 147: 729:. They then returned to their village and, in expectation of the typical retribution of foreigners, burned it to the ground and fled into the jungle. 563:. Following graduation, he married Marilou Hobolth and enrolled in a one year basic medical treatment program at the School of Missionary Medicine in 769:, all four of the bodies found were positively identified and Ed's body was not among them, confirming that all five were dead. In the midst of a 742: 753:

released a news bulletin saying that five men were missing in Hauorani territory. Soon, aircraft from the United States Air Rescue Service in

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Boster, James S. (2003). "Rage, Revenge, and Religion: Honest Signaling of Aggression and Nonaggression in Waorani Coalitional Violence".

765:. The searchers hoped that one of the unidentified bodies would be Ed, thinking that perhaps one of the men had escaped. However, on 863:, which grossed over $ 11 million. Even so, Christians have noted with concern the disintegration of traditional Huaorani culture and 700:

After seeing Nankiwi in the plane, a small group of Huaorani decided to make the trip to Palm Beach, and left the following morning,

817:, contributing to Saint's increasing popularity among evangelical Christians and generating significant monetary donations for SIL. 159: 93: 832:. By the early 1970s, SIL began to question whether their impact on the Huaorani was positive, so they sent James Yost, a staff 31: 28: 72: 641:

about 4.5 miles (7 km) from Terminal City that could serve as a runway and camp site, and dubbed it "Palm Beach".

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Brysk, Alison (2004). "From Civil Society to Collective Action". In Edward L. Cleary and Timothy J. Steigenga (ed.).

491:, which was separated by several miles from another longhouse in which close relatives lived. Marriage was always 182: 111: 155: 89: 468: 653:, the Flemings, Saints, Elliots and McCullys together hatched a plan to land at Palm Beach and build a camp on 1523: 971: 925: 171: 100: 1648: 1638: 549: 322: 403: 560: 189: 118: 559:

Another team member was Ed McCully, a man Jim Elliot had met and befriended while both attended

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by a group of Huaorani warriors. The news of their deaths was broadcast around the world, and

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missionary, Wilfred Tidmarsh, and began exposing themselves to the culture and studying the

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camp. He then returned to Arajuno, and the next day, he and Pete flew out to Palm Beach.

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Resistance In An Amazonian Community: Huaorani Organizing Against The Global Economy

438:, returned to Ecuador as missionaries with the Summer Institute of Linguistics (now 1611: 1605: 979: 859: 854: 770: 553: 431: 426: 359: 16: 836:, to assess the situation. He found extensive economic dependence and increasing 825: 786: 446:

argue over the ultimate effect—some negatively view the missionary work as

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Movie based on these and subsequent events, titled "Trinkets and Beads" (1996)

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kept the bundle in roughly the same position as it approached the ground. On

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around the time of Operation Auca were a small tribe occupying the jungle of

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IMDb page for movie based on these events, titled "End of the Spear" (2006)

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covered the deaths of the men with a photo essay, including photographs by

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numerous conversions to Christianity, and growth of the local church.

430:. Several years after the death of the men, the widow of Jim Elliot, 382:, a few miles from Huaorani settlements. Their efforts culminated on 1107: 738: 713: 701: 690: 677: 673: 666: 654: 622: 604: 537: 488: 383: 367: 829: 492: 484: 464: 347: 313: 1038:"5 U.S. Missionaries Lost; Jungle Murder Feared". New York Times. 722: 630: 355: 583:

The team's pilot, Nate Saint, had served in the military during

800: 754: 519: 480: 937:. London: Rutgers University. pp. 25–42. ISBN 0813534607. 746: 745:, Lieutenant General William K. Harrison, was contacted, and 592: 576: 545: 411: 1159: 1134:

Trekking through history: the Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador

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that could be assembled upon arrival, and collected gifts,

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Before their first peaceful contact with outsiders (

1581:. New York / Oxford: Berghahn. ISBN 1-57181-448-5. 732: 633:, ribbons, clothing, pots, and various trinkets. 1630: 1072:"Four Bodies Found in Ecuador". New York Times. 993:Jungle Pilot: The Life and Witness of Nate Saint 522:tappers around the turn of the 20th century and 321:'s plane, on display at the headquarters of the 986:. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale. ISBN 0842371516. 358:. The Huaorani, also known as the Aucas (the 1576: 1391: 1389: 1136:. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231118449. 608:Map denoting key locations in Operation Auca. 202: 131: 1442: 1440: 949:. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0060167645. 743:Commander in Chief of the Caribbean Command 1386: 1361: 1359: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1000:"5 U.S. Missionaries Are Believed Slain". 1437: 603: 312: 1356: 1234: 871: 777:by members of the ground search party. 420:covered the event with a photo essay. 1631: 1105: 978: 894: 1178: 1172:Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire? 1166: 1140: 1128: 941: 932: 1184:Is Latin America Turning Protestant? 990: 881:of previously hostile groups eroded 503:by the parents of the young people. 208: 80: 46: 1596:(Intervarsity Christian Fellowship) 1594:Remembering Five Missionary Martyrs 530: 217: 201: 170: 153: 146: 130: 99: 87: 13: 1570: 848: 599: 311: 309:Revision as of 04:05, 11 June 2006 156:Revision as of 04:05, 11 June 2006 35: 1660: 1587: 935:Resurgent Voices in Latin America 90:Revision as of 12:49, 5 June 2006 1577:Ziegler-Otero, Lawrence (2004). 1404:Rival, 158; Stoll (1982), 305-07 544:. For six months they lived in 434:, and the sister of Nate Saint, 1557: 1548: 1539: 1530: 1476: 1467: 1458: 1449: 1428: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1377: 1368: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1320: 1311: 1302: 1293: 1284: 1174:. London: Zed. ISBN 0862321115. 797:Summer Institute of Linguistics 669:equipment, and language notes. 458: 137: 1275: 1266: 1257: 1248: 1225: 1216: 1207: 1198: 809:. The two also appeared in a 733:Searching for the missionaries 684: 1: 1326:Elliot, 146-48, 156, 161, 163 888: 707: 644: 453: 307: 268: 261: 780: 142:linking for date preferences 18:Browse history interactively 7: 550:Mission Aviation Fellowship 323:Mission Aviation Fellowship 317:The reconstructed frame of 10: 1665: 206: 135: 1299:Elliot, 81, 92-94, 151-54 984:Through Gates of Splendor 843: 540:as missionaries with the 410:—were attacked and 346:to make contact with the 228: 225: 152: 86: 1621:First Run / Icarus Films 1191: 1600:Five Missionary Martyrs 1413:Elliot, 195-200, 233-39 1146:"Did They Have to Die?" 518:predators, they killed 332:was an attempt by five 85: 1502:Check date values in: 1317:Elliot, 134-43, 149-50 1106:Rainey, Clint (2006). 1093:Check date values in: 1059:Check date values in: 1025:Check date values in: 991:Hitt, Russell (1959). 712:For the missionaries, 609: 390:, when all five— 326: 1464:Stoll (1982), 296-305 1281:Hitt, 94, 136-45, 265 1222:Boster, 473, 475, 480 838:cultural assimilation 749:-based radio station 607: 316: 1473:See Saint and Rainey 1254:Elliot, 25-26, 28-32 1245:Stoll (1982), 282-83 872:Anthropologist views 448:cultural imperialism 1487:. Retrieved March 3 1484:"Boxofficemojo.com" 995:. New York: Harper. 256:==Initial contact== 249:==Initial contact== 1649:History of Ecuador 1644:Ecuadorian culture 1639:Christian missions 1608:(Avant Ministries) 1520:|access-date= 1514:Unknown parameter 1151:Christianity Today 962:Unknown parameter 916:Unknown parameter 610: 591:ministered to the 327: 168: 97: 1606:Piercing memories 1516:|accessyear= 1504:|accessdate= 1263:Elliot, 48, 53-54 1231:Elliot, 19-21, 24 1108:"Five-Man Legacy" 980:Elliot, Elisabeth 883:cultural identity 806:This Is Your Life 542:Plymouth Brethren 524:Shell Oil Company 440:SIL International 306: 209:→‎Initial contact 154: 88: 68: 1656: 1582: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1490: 1488: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1273: 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813:crusade in 685:First visit 651:December 23 569:December 10 565:Los Angeles 364:Protestants 334:Evangelical 219:Next edit → 32:Next edit → 1633:Categories 1118:January 28 1074:January 13 1040:January 11 1006:January 12 889:References 775:January 14 767:January 13 763:January 12 759:January 11 708:The attack 663:tree house 645:Palm Beach 493:endogamous 454:Background 400:Ed McCully 396:Nate Saint 392:Jim Elliot 378:along the 352:rainforest 319:Nate Saint 173:Spangineer 102:Spangineer 1518:ignored ( 1365:Saint, 25 1162:): 20–27. 1124:): 20–27. 1086:cite news 1052:cite news 1018:cite news 966:ignored ( 955:cite book 920:ignored ( 781:Aftermath 739:January 9 714:January 7 702:January 7 691:January 6 678:January 3 674:January 2 667:first aid 655:January 3 623:October 6 538:Guayaquil 489:longhouse 485:plantains 432:Elisabeth 384:January 8 368:January 2 342:from the 337:Christian 1495:cite web 1425:articles 1272:Hitt, 65 1182:(1990). 1170:(1982). 1144:(1996). 1132:(2002). 982:(2005). 945:(1995). 830:polygamy 631:machetes 465:Huaorani 348:Huaorani 229:Line 20: 226:Line 20: 183:contribs 112:contribs 56:Wikitext 723:hunting 501:decided 412:speared 376:sandbar 360:Quechua 356:Ecuador 844:Legacy 801:Christ 755:Panama 567:. On 520:rubber 512:cowodi 508:cowodi 499:, and 481:manioc 436:Rachel 406:, and 213:period 195:16,439 124:16,439 67:Inline 49:Visual 1192:Notes 897:Ethos 747:Quito 593:Shuar 577:Quito 546:Quito 197:edits 126:edits 1524:help 1508:help 1160:1996 1122:2006 1099:help 1078:1956 1065:help 1044:1956 1031:help 1010:1956 972:help 926:help 751:HCJB 659:1956 627:1955 573:1952 483:and 475:and 473:Napo 463:The 388:1956 372:1956 179:talk 165:undo 160:edit 108:talk 94:edit 689:On 672:By 514:as 354:of 1635:: 1512:; 1499:: 1497:}} 1493:{{ 1439:^ 1388:^ 1358:^ 1236:^ 1158:, 1148:. 1120:, 1110:. 1090:: 1088:}} 1084:{{ 1076:, 1056:: 1054:}} 1050:{{ 1042:, 1022:: 1020:}} 1016:{{ 1008:, 1004:. 959:: 957:}} 953:{{ 913:: 911:}} 907:{{ 901:31 899:. 657:, 625:, 571:, 556:. 402:, 398:, 394:, 386:, 370:, 211:: 181:| 140:: 110:| 1623:) 1619:( 1526:) 1510:) 1506:( 1489:. 1154:( 1116:( 1101:) 1097:( 1067:) 1063:( 1033:) 1029:( 974:) 928:) 325:. 272:] 265:] 203:m 185:) 177:( 132:m 114:) 106:(

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