270:(1731)|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> Awarded every year, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal still in use, having first been awarded in 1731 to ], who received it for "his new Electrical Experiments: - as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1744|title=Copley archive winners 1799 - 1731|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> The Medal was created following a donation of £100 to be used for carrying out experiments by ], something which the ] on the amount was used for several years.<ref name="cop2">{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/CopleyMedal.html|title=Copley Medal|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> The conditions for the medal have been changed
249:(1731)|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> Awarded every year, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal still in use, having first been awarded in 1731 to ], who received it for "his new Electrical Experiments: - as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1744|title=Copley archive winners 1799 - 1731|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> The Medal was created following a donation of £100 to be used for carrying out experiments by ], something which the ] on the amount was used for several years.<ref name="cop2">{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/CopleyMedal.html|title=Copley Medal|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> The conditions for the medal have been changed
337:
Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> and is one of four people to have won multiple Nobel Prizes, having won the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry in 1958 and 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/|title=All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> The person awarded the Copley Medal more than any other is ], who won the medal in 1734, 1736 and 1741 respectively. The medal was most recently awarded to ] in 2008 "for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang."<ref name="cop1"/>
598:|1862 ||{{sortname|Thomas|Graham|Thomas Graham (chemist)}}||"For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1454/411.pdf|title=Darwin and the Copley Medal|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
6627:"In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics - analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying - and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing"
605:|1862 ||{{sortname|Thomas|Graham|Thomas Graham (chemist)}}||"For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1454/411.pdf
641:|1863 ||{{sortname|Adam|Sedgwick|}}||"For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/s/sedgwick.htm|title=Adam Sedgwick Collection|publisher=American Philosophical Society|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
634:|1863 ||{{sortname|Adam|Sedgwick|}}||"For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/s/sedgwick.htm|title=Adam Sedgwick Collection|publisher=American Philosophical Society|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
929:
1750:"For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit. (Brownrigg) For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations. (Delaval) For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air. (Cavendish)"
3213:"For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. (Becquerel) For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836. (Daniell)"
6669:"In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B12"
6648:"In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth"
312:]s; 17 winners of the ], 21 winners of the ] and 14 winners of the ]. These include ] who was awarded the Copley Medal in 1977 "n recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1741|title=Copley recent winners: 1900 - present|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> and is one of
6540:"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems"
549:|1801 ||{{sortname|Astley Paston|Cooper|}}||"For his Papers - on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=6888&inst_id=9|title=Cooper, Sir Astley Paston (1768-1841)|publisher=Aim25|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>
542:|1801 ||{{sortname|Astley Paston|Cooper|}}||"For his Papers - on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=6888&inst_id=9|title=Cooper, Sir Astley Paston (1768-1841)|publisher=Aim25|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>
414:|1770 ||{{sortname|William|Hamilton|William Hamilton (diplomat)}}||"For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJH%2FBJH39_01%2FS0007087405007600a.pdf&code=f55e6aa4b80edf3a215d621ee092fd38|title=Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref>
3475:"For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains"
71:
481:|1799 ||{{sortname|John|Hellins|}}||"For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleH.html#hel|title=British Society for the History of Mathematics|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref>
474:|1799 ||{{sortname|John|Hellins|}}||"For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleH.html#hel|title=British Society for the History of Mathematics|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref>
3187:"For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works. (Bezelius) For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833. (Kiernan)"
3751:"For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861"
2964:"For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago) For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)"
2985:"For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions"
6690:"For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells"
992:, who was awarded the Copley Medal in 1977 "n recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids" and is one of four people to have won multiple Nobel Prizes, having won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1958 and 1980. The person awarded the Copley Medal more than any other is
506:|1800 ||{{sortname|Edward|Howard|Edward Howard (scientist)}}||"For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uark.edu/depts/cosmo/publications/pub%20by%20year/1976%20papers/sears%201976.pdf|title=Edward Charles Howard|last=Sears|first=Derek|publisher=University of Arkansas|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>
782:|1913 ||{{sortname|Ray|Lankester|}}||"On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sabella.mba.ac.uk/1304/01/Obituary_Edwin_Ray_Lankester_.pdf|title=Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester|publisher=National Marine Biological Laboratory|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
3412:"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation"
321:
respectively. The medal was most recently awarded to ] in 2008 "for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang."<ref name="cop1"/>
952:, who received it for "his new Electrical Experiments: - as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge". The Medal was created following a donation of £100 to be used for carrying out experiments by
9008:
2058:"For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this start has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers"
336:
who was awarded the Copley Medal in 1977 "n recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1741|title=Copley recent winners: 1900 - present|publisher=The Royal
874:|1920 ||{{sortname|Horace Tabberer|Brown|}}||"On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biochemj.org/bj/019/0165/0190165.pdf|title=Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown|publisher=Biochemical Journal|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
6733:"For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology"
690:|1878 ||{{sortname|Jean Baptiste|Boussingault|}}||"For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/84/1/1.pdf|title=Jean Baptiste Boussingault|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
274:
of times; in 1736 it was suggested that "a medal or other honorary prize should be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved", and this remained the rule until 1831 when the conditions were changed so that the medal would be awarded to the researcher that the Royal
Society
253:
of times; in 1736 it was suggested that "a medal or other honorary prize should be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved", and this remained the rule until 1831 when the conditions were changed so that the medal would be awarded to the researcher that the Royal
Society
269:
The '''Copley Medal''' is an award given by the ] for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science, and alternates between the physical sciences and the biological sciences".<ref name="cop1">{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1736|title=The Copley Medal
248:
The '''Copley Medal''' is an award given by the ] for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science, and alternates between the physical sciences and the biological sciences".<ref name="cop1">{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1736|title=The Copley Medal
7358:
960:
on the amount was used for several years. The conditions for the medal have been changed several of times; in 1736 it was suggested that "a medal or other honorary prize should be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved", and this remained the rule until 1831 when the
320:
in 1958 and 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/|title=All Nobel
Laureates in Chemistry|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> The person awarded the Copley Medal more than any other is ], who won the medal in 1734, 1736 and 1741
8736:
7421:
7309:
3961:"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones"
1431:"On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. - containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects."
8478:
7263:
3772:"For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire"
3347:"For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements"
3898:"For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaries au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours"
3582:"For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin"
733:|1879 ||{{sortname|Rudolf|Clausius|}}||"For his well-known researches upon heat"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clausius.html|title=Clausius summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>
726:|1879 ||{{sortname|Rudolf|Clausius|}}||"For his well-known researches upon heat"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clausius.html|title=Clausius summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>
917:|1921 ||{{sortname|Joseph|Larmor|}}||"For his researches in mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Larmor.html|title=Larmour summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
910:|1921 ||{{sortname|Joseph|Larmor|}}||"For his researches in mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Larmor.html|title=Larmour summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
757:|1912 ||{{sortname|Felix|Klein|}}||"On the ground of his researches in mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Klein.html|title=Klein summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
750:|1912 ||{{sortname|Felix|Klein|}}||"On the ground of his researches in mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Klein.html|title=Klein summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
425:|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJH%2FBJH39_01%2FS0007087405007600a.pdf&code=f55e6aa4b80edf3a215d621ee092fd38|title=Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref>
6755:"in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science"
3284:"For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. (Liebig) For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835. (Sturm)"
8649:
3079:"For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, - On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society"
947:
for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science, and alternates between the physical sciences and the biological sciences". Awarded every year, the medal is the oldest Royal
Society medal still in use, having first been awarded in 1731 to
1000:
in 2008 "for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang."
665:|1877 ||{{sortname|James Dwight|Dana|}}||"For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published"||<ref name="od"/>
658:|1877 ||{{sortname|James Dwight|Dana|}}||"For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published"||<ref name="od"/>
158:
63:
3104:"For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year. (Faraday) For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire. (Poisson)"
1978:"On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form"
283:. was made by Sir Joseph William Copley in 1881, and the interest from that amount is used to pay for the medal.<ref name="cop2"/> The medal in its current format is made of silver gilt and awarded with a £5000 prize.<ref name="cop1"/>
262:. was made by Sir Joseph William Copley in 1881, and the interest from that amount is used to pay for the medal.<ref name="cop2"/> The medal in its current format is made of silver gilt and awarded with a £5000 prize.<ref name="cop1"/>
6841:"for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang"
3433:"For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825"
573:|1861 ||{{sortname|Louis|Agassiz|}}||"For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse"||<ref name="od"/>
566:|1861 ||{{sortname|Louis|Agassiz|}}||"For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse"||<ref name="od"/>
2678:"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons"
1957:"For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public"
6584:"In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects"
2367:"For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies"
3390:"For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Bflanzen"
1515:"For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: - which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials"
513:|1800 ||{{sortname|Edward|Howard|Edward Howard (scientist)}}||"For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uark.edu/depts/cosmo/publications/pub%20by%20year/1976%20papers/sears%201976.pdf
4193:"For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics"
789:|1913 ||{{sortname|Ray|Lankester|}}||"On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sabella.mba.ac.uk/1304/01/Obituary_Edwin_Ray_Lankester_.pdf
3940:"For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: - 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat"
6433:"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response"
7722:"Digital Collections - Manuscripts - Item 15a - 15z, 15(1) - 15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal, 1778-1796"
3305:"For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet"
6819:"for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance"
697:|1878 ||{{sortname|Jean Baptiste|Boussingault|}}||"For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/84/1/1.pdf
6245:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and , in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry"
2346:"For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates"
2875:"For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. (Sabine) For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Herschel)"
1771:"For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands"
6224:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject"
1615:"On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills"
1573:"On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer"
389:|1769 ||{{sortname|William|Hewson|William Hewson (surgeon)}}||"For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, - and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish"||—
382:|1769 ||{{sortname|William|Hewson|William Hewson (surgeon)}}||"For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, - and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish"||—
1040:"For his new Electrical Experiments: - as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge"
969:. was made by Sir Joseph William Copley in 1881, and the interest from that amount is used to pay for the medal. The medal in its current format is made of silver gilt and awarded with a £5000 prize.
6369:"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials"
5861:"In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy"
6712:"For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology"
2125:"For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series"
15:
2471:"For his Papers - on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness"
5396:"For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics"
4066:"For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published"
881:|1920 ||{{sortname|Horace Tabberer|Brown|}}||"On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biochemj.org/bj/019/0165/0190165.pdf
5585:"For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes"
6605:"In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology"
5480:"For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications"
3730:"For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse"
4721:"On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection"
4637:"For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects"
2183:"For his three Papers, - On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787"
5776:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations"
4299:"For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years"
332:, the medal has been awarded to a number of notable scientists, including 52 winners of ]s; 17 winners of the ], 21 winners of the ] and 14 winners of the ]. These include ]
2408:"For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Evelyn); For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Hatchett)"
2104:"For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol. (Goodricke); For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation. (Hutchins)"
6562:"In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease"
5375:"For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution"
1177:"For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society"
7599:
5712:"In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology"
5925:"In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology"
2429:"For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers"
3010:"For his Paper, entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general"
6519:"In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome"
961:
conditions were changed so that the medal would be awarded to the researcher that the Royal
Society Council decided most deserved it. A second donation of £1666 13
5228:"For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory"
1347:"On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles"
6390:"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis"
1452:"On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones"
6498:"In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology"
4150:"For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry"
6327:"In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity"
3518:"On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works"
421:|1770 ||{{sortname|William|Hamilton|William Hamilton (diplomat)}}||"For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna"||<ref>{{cite web
5968:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction"
4616:"For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'"
213:
141:
5839:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles"
6305:"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins"
1705:"For his very ingenious and elegent Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids"
10577:
6476:"In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project"
6203:"In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry"
5333:"In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems"
6348:"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them"
1594:"On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society"
8579:
6284:"In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules"
1305:"For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum"
1241:"For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year."
7606:
7534:
5522:"For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions"
4595:"In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery"
1389:"On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion"
1199:"For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea"
10688:
6455:"In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces"
4489:"In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist"
3646:"For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, andf for his researches on the contrast of coulours"
2037:"For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
2715:"For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
1813:"For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, - and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish"
1473:"On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society"
10662:
8217:
3454:"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto"
849:|1919 ||{{sortname|William|Bayliss|}}||"On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics"||<ref name="od2"/>
842:|1919 ||{{sortname|William|Bayliss|}}||"On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics"||<ref name="od2"/>
825:|1914 ||{{sortname|Joseph John|Thompson|J. J. Thomson}}||"On the ground of his discoveries in physical science"||<ref name="od2"/>
818:|1914 ||{{sortname|Joseph John|Thompson|J. J. Thomson}}||"On the ground of his discoveries in physical science"||<ref name="od2"/>
9907:
3162:"For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834"
1220:"For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein"
6054:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses"
6033:"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types"
5904:"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis"
3238:"For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. (Gauss) For his researches in specific electrical induction. (Faraday)"
2396:
2266:"For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions"
2225:"For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"
1262:"For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay"
4228:
2534:"For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"
10591:
6412:"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics"
2670:
6182:"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids"
5947:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction"
5606:"For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron"
2641:"For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions"
10911:
6161:"In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin"
10621:
5312:"In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age"
4320:"For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author"
1936:"In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, - on Schehallien"
153:
93:
8029:
5990:"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids"
5818:"In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy"
5058:"For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences"
8804:
4024:"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia"
981:
72:
31:
28:
6097:"In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction"
5270:"In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering"
2000:"For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments"
457:|1771 ||{{sortname|Matthew|Raper|}}||"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money"||—
450:|1771 ||{{sortname|Matthew|Raper|}}||"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money"||—
5438:"For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry"
187:
118:
9819:
9228:
191:
1156:"For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour"
793:|title=Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester|publisher=National Marine Biological Laboratory|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
517:|title=Edward Charles Howard|last=Sears|first=Derek|publisher=University of Arkansas|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>
8829:"Humboldt - Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander - von - 1769-1859 - Baron - German naturalist, geologist and explorer"
6382:
5733:"In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism"
3326:"For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy"
4889:"For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases"
4185:
1254:
4868:"On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system"
3688:"For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics"
3279:
10794:
10568:
8742:
3856:"For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology"
966:
9882:
9540:
7400:
6811:
5564:"For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues"
4524:
953:
176:
10284:
9840:
9140:
6140:"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology"
5543:"For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years"
10667:
8904:
8078:
885:|title=Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown|publisher=Biochemical Journal|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
149:
111:
89:
9582:
9248:
10371:
10350:
10308:
10242:
10221:
10158:
10137:
10116:
10053:
10032:
10011:
9969:
9927:
9774:
9753:
9669:
9519:
8715:
7725:
5050:
4214:"For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science"
1326:"On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments"
10440:
10074:
9690:
9077:
8987:
8237:
7983:
7895:
7874:
7578:
7509:
7446:
7217:
7175:
5648:"In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics"
10738:
10396:
10179:
9903:
9732:
9269:
9056:
8370:
7853:
7196:
7133:
7061:
3709:"For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches"
1410:"On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time"
1368:"On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets"
1212:
972:
Since its inception, the medal has been awarded to a number of notable scientists, including 52 winners of
9182:
9119:
8966:
8945:
8762:
8537:
7941:
7112:
7091:
6776:"for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division"
6119:"In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals"
5627:"For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes"
2079:"As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts"
10683:
10095:
9561:
9477:
9203:
9161:
9098:
7962:
7769:
7695:
7647:
7425:
7334:
7238:
6989:
6237:
5896:
5430:
5409:
5283:
2729:
1827:
1233:
1127:
1090:
993:
932:
165:
10263:
9948:
9387:
9290:
8876:
8783:
8673:
8603:
8436:
8280:
8121:
8099:
8053:
2204:"For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions"
10843:
10616:
10420:
9498:
8653:
8516:
7675:
6319:
5354:"In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure"
4079:
2931:
2505:
2217:
1318:
100:
10329:
7488:
4467:"For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc"
3201:
10652:
9990:
9408:
8322:
6532:
5691:"For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics"
5501:"For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases"
5165:"For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory"
2442:
1628:
1507:
9795:
9711:
3638:
10546:
10531:
10513:
10485:
8694:
8607:
8259:
7839:
7749:
7745:
7288:
6993:
6153:
6076:"In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics"
6012:"In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance"
5853:
5577:
5135:
4692:
3005:
2619:"For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
1805:
1297:
1053:
1032:
985:
949:
8004:
7284:
4784:"On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects"
3574:
2844:
2324:"For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani"
10901:
10657:
8832:
8502:
8395:
7920:
7065:
5789:
5768:
4362:"For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory"
3932:
3743:
3251:
2611:
1763:
962:
944:
183:
9224:
7790:
7330:
3175:
996:, who won the medal in 1734, 1736 and 1741 respectively. The medal was most recently awarded to
10906:
5939:
5669:"For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology"
5472:
4121:
4016:
3667:"For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology"
3531:
2816:"For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
2484:
1891:
1565:
1536:"For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society"
977:
10200:
9603:
7530:
1636:"For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year"
10858:
10853:
10601:
10596:
9432:
8558:
8008:
6195:
5797:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology"
5556:
5493:
4966:
4713:
4396:
4142:
3890:
3552:
3208:
2707:
2597:"For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
2175:
66:
10392:
8213:
7671:
5291:"For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties"
4826:"On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him"
10561:
10416:
10288:
9624:
9036:
8301:
7555:"AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England Ellis, John (c 1710-1776)"
5535:
5514:
4776:
4354:
4270:
4087:"For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry"
3911:
3680:
3489:
3226:
2568:
2463:
1792:"For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances"
8828:
7034:
5755:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine"
8:
10647:
5178:
5114:
4734:
4545:
4481:
4291:
4249:
3848:
3616:
3339:
3154:
3071:
172:
8343:
4383:"For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology"
3259:"For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation"
2261:
10465:
9628:
9366:
8924:
8808:
8191:
6640:
5367:
5262:
5220:
3869:
3467:
308:, the medal has been awarded to a number of notable scientists, including 52 winners of
195:
107:
10461:
4911:"On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy"
2737:"For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
316:
four people to have won multiple Nobel Prizes, having won the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry
10500:
8852:
8493:
7826:
6798:"For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. "
6258:
5982:
5459:"For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood"
5093:
5008:
4671:
4058:
3974:
3953:
3404:
2279:
1878:"On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations"
1734:
1486:
275:
Council decided most deserved it.<ref name="cop2"/> A second donation of £1666
254:
Council decided most deserved it.<ref name="cop2"/> A second donation of £1666
9648:
8391:
7811:
3827:
2952:
1856:"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money"
10694:
9799:
8074:
7626:
7467:
7154:
7038:
6174:
5831:
5725:
5683:
4650:
4438:
4417:
3446:
3318:
2888:
2633:
2526:
2403:
2316:
2050:
1870:
1275:
989:
16:
9453:
8897:
8415:
3595:
2758:"For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies"
609:|title=Darwin and the Copley Medal|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
10868:
10863:
10848:
10838:
10804:
10709:
10642:
10554:
9029:
8856:
8583:
7600:"Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei"
6790:
6619:
6511:
6361:
5810:
5451:
5199:
5072:
4945:
4924:
4629:
4503:
4278:"For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller"
4100:
3382:
3361:
3233:
3182:
3092:
2808:
2576:"For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
2196:
2099:
1928:
1745:
1339:
701:|title=Jean Baptiste Boussingault|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
8457:
10828:
10820:
10774:
10743:
6682:
6661:
6468:
6425:
6404:
6276:
6111:
6025:
5661:
5598:
5241:
4755:
4459:
4375:
4037:
3835:"For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis"
3806:
3785:
3133:
3099:
2750:
2092:
2071:
1992:
1741:
1423:
135:
9861:
7916:
2896:"For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale"
928:
10895:
10799:
10637:
10611:
10527:
8627:
7721:
6833:
6576:
6490:
6297:
6132:
6089:
6004:
5747:
5704:
5388:
4987:
4839:
4818:
4587:
4566:
4333:
4312:
4164:
3995:
3764:
3722:
3701:
3659:
3425:
3272:
2998:
2870:
2863:
2359:
2338:
2254:
2117:
1848:
1402:
1381:
1191:
1148:
997:
9649:"Award of the Copley Medal of the Royal Society to Professor Theobald Smith"
4172:"For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics"
3793:"For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology"
2555:"For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions"
47:
10784:
10764:
10606:
8347:
7285:"Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You - Timeline - James Bradley"
7013:
6963:
6942:
6908:
6893:
6878:
6863:
6747:
6554:
6046:
5960:
5917:
5619:
5417:"For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart"
5304:
4608:
3539:"For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years"
3510:
2959:
2589:
2547:
2513:"For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
2421:
2029:
1784:
1607:
1586:
1465:
1360:
1169:
7379:
5249:"For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man"
5186:"For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity"
5080:"For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory"
1098:"In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society"
10789:
10779:
10748:
7554:
6725:
6597:
6447:
6068:
5874:
5029:
4881:
4860:
4797:
4679:"On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology"
4225:
4206:
2977:
2787:
2138:
1697:
1528:
1444:
973:
10222:"Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed)"
9991:"Royal Society: Anniversary Address By Sir Robert Robinson, O.M., F.R.S"
4953:"On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics"
4511:"For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies"
4129:"For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics"
3560:"For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth"
10833:
10769:
7092:"Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed)"
6768:
6704:
6340:
6216:
5640:
5346:
5325:
5157:
4932:"On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics"
4903:
1970:
1949:
1494:"On account of his curious Experiments and Observations on Electricity"
239:], who has won the medal three times, more than any other individual.]]
232:], who has won the medal three times, more than any other individual.]]
5207:"For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism"
8192:"Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed)"
4974:"On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c"
3297:
2909:
10576:
3877:"For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism"
2287:"For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat"
935:, who has won the medal three times, more than any other individual.
7627:"Berkshire History: Biographies: Lieut-Col. John Walsh (1726-1795)"
957:
9520:"Oxford DNB article: Hopkins, Sir Frederick (subscription needed)"
7917:"Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed)"
4341:"For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy"
2492:"For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"
9970:"Oxford DNB article:Hill, Archibald Vivian (subscription needed)"
7176:"Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed)"
5882:"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology."
4425:"For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry"
3919:"For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat"
9928:"Oxford DNB article:Adrian, Edgar Douglas (subscription needed)"
5047:
1835:"For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna"
9670:"Oxford DNB article: Haldane, John Scott (subscription needed)"
4257:"For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics"
2843:
10285:"Emeritus Professor Sir John Cornforth - Alumni & Friends"
7218:"Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed)"
6234:
5280:
1230:
1124:
1087:
7812:"John Hunter: 'Founder of Scientific Surgery' - HemOnc Today"
7558:
6316:
5016:"For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure"
4076:
4045:"For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology"
3814:"For his historical and original researches in pure geometry"
7984:"Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed)"
7380:"Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed)"
7155:"Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed)"
7854:"Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed)"
7510:"Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed)"
6150:
5850:
5574:
5132:
4742:"On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy"
4689:
2393:
10243:"Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed)"
10012:"Oxford DNB article:Chadwick, James (subscription needed)"
9904:"The Oswald T. Avery Collection: Biographical Information"
7875:"Oxford DNB article:Morgan, William (subscription needed)"
5786:
5765:
3929:
3198:
2667:
10372:"Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed)"
10117:"Oxford DNB article:Florey, Howard (subscription needed)"
7896:"Oxford DNB article:Rennell, James (subscription needed)"
7468:"Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed)"
7134:"Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed)"
7113:"Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed)"
5936:
5469:
5101:"For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry"
4532:"In recognition of his contributions to physical science"
4118:
4013:
3635:
3528:
2481:
10033:"Oxford DNB article:Keilin, David (subscription needed)"
8628:"Oxford DNB article:Brown, Robert (subscription needed)"
7062:"Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed)"
6192:
5553:
5490:
4963:
4710:
4658:"For his contributions to chemical and physical science"
4404:"For his researches and discoveries in physical science"
4393:
4139:
3887:
3571:
3549:
3141:"For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune"
2704:
1251:
10351:"Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed)"
7447:"Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed)"
7197:"Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed)"
5532:
5511:
4836:
4773:
4351:
4267:
3908:
3624:"For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology"
3486:
3223:
3172:
2565:
2460:
10393:"Press Release - James Watson to receive Othmer Medal"
5175:
5111:
4847:"On the ground of his discoveries in physical science"
4731:
4542:
4478:
4288:
4246:
3845:
3613:
3336:
3151:
3068:
54:
10054:"Oxford DNB article:Dirac, Paul(subscription needed)"
7422:"Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution"
6637:
5364:
5259:
5217:
3866:
3464:
2939:"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"
2917:"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"
9225:"Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, c 1863-1883"
8418:. The British Society for the History of Mathematics
8416:"The British Society for the History of Mathematics"
7531:"The British Society for the History of Mathematics"
6255:
5979:
5090:
5005:
4668:
4055:
4003:"For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine"
3971:
3950:
3603:"For his various researches in experimental physics"
3401:
2276:
1731:
1562:
1483:
10462:"John Maynard Smith January 6, 1920–April 19, 2004"
6171:
5828:
5722:
5680:
4647:
4435:
4414:
3443:
3315:
2885:
2630:
2523:
2502:
2313:
2047:
1867:
1824:
1272:
1209:
6787:
6616:
6508:
6358:
5807:
5448:
5427:
5196:
5069:
4942:
4921:
4626:
4500:
4182:
4097:
3379:
3369:"For his various researches in animal electricity"
3358:
3089:
2805:
2193:
1925:
1625:
1336:
9009:"Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science"
8122:"PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals"
8100:"PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals"
6679:
6658:
6465:
6422:
6401:
6273:
6108:
6022:
5893:
5658:
5595:
5238:
4752:
4456:
4372:
4034:
3824:
3803:
3782:
3130:
2949:
2747:
2214:
2146:"For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath"
2089:
2068:
1989:
1802:
1420:
1315:
10893:
10578:Awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society
8005:"British Society for the History of Mathematics"
6830:
6573:
6529:
6487:
6294:
6129:
6086:
6001:
5744:
5701:
5385:
4984:
4815:
4805:"On the ground of his researches in mathematics"
4584:
4563:
4553:"For his brilliant services to chemical science"
4521:
4330:
4309:
4161:
3992:
3761:
3740:
3719:
3698:
3677:
3656:
3592:
3422:
3269:
2995:
2928:
2860:
2608:
2439:
2356:
2335:
2251:
2114:
1845:
1504:
1399:
1378:
1188:
1145:
9367:"Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal"
6744:
6551:
6043:
5957:
5914:
5616:
5406:
5301:
4700:"On the ground of his investigations in optics"
4605:
4574:"For his contributions to mathematical physics"
3507:
3248:
2586:
2544:
2418:
2026:
1781:
1604:
1583:
1462:
1357:
1166:
1061:"For the Experiments he made for the year 1732"
1050:
1029:
8479:"[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]"
7607:The British Society for the History of Science
7535:British Society for the History of Mathematics
6722:
6594:
6444:
6379:
6065:
5871:
5143:"For his contributions to engineering science"
5026:
4878:
4857:
4794:
4203:
3982:"For his researches in physics and physiology"
2974:
2784:
2726:
2172:
2135:
1694:
1525:
1441:
1294:
10562:
8805:"Own, Richard: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences"
6808:
6765:
6701:
6337:
6213:
5637:
5343:
5322:
5154:
4900:
4763:"On the ground of his researches in heredity"
1967:
1946:
1888:
1760:
10689:Royal Society University Research Fellowship
8650:"Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper"
8392:"William Buckland & Reliquae Diluvianae"
5037:"For his researches in mathematical physics"
4995:"For his researches in mathematical physics"
4446:"For his investigations in pure mathematics"
3294:
2906:
2450:"For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury"
131:
8218:United States National Agricultural Library
10569:
10555:
9908:United States National Library of Medicine
7356:
7307:
7261:
3497:"For his researches in physical astronomy"
1135:"For his experiments made during the year"
10159:"Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet - Biography"
8260:"Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862)"
5122:"For his distinguished work on neurology"
4236:"For his researches in organic chemistry"
4108:"For his well-known researches upon heat"
9454:"Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown"
9433:"Notes and Records of the Royal Society"
9361:
9359:
9357:
9355:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9329:
9327:
927:
9651:. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
9414:. National Marine Biological Laboratory
9325:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9307:
8738:Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography
8365:
8363:
8054:"Cooper, Sir Astley Paston (1768-1841)"
7352:
7350:
7257:
7255:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7056:
7054:
7014:"Copley recent winners: 1900 - present"
6909:"Copley recent winners: 1900 - present"
10894:
10622:Royal Society Prizes for Science Books
10508:Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
9625:"George Ellery Hale: Acknowledgements"
8186:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8158:
7834:Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7666:
7664:
7489:"Engineering Timelines - John Smeaton"
6984:
6982:
6980:
6937:
6935:
6933:
4229:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz
2850:"For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries"
924:Revision as of 06:24, 22 February 2009
150:Revision as of 06:24, 22 February 2009
90:Revision as of 01:17, 22 February 2009
10592:Armourers and Brasiers' Company Prize
10550:
9541:"Sir Charles Sherrington - Biography"
8647:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8138:
2795:"For his Experiments on the Pendulum"
1004:
982:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
10703:Royal Society Research Professorship
9304:
8360:
8323:"Henry Kater (1777-1835), Scientist"
8257:
8119:
8097:
7347:
7301:
7252:
7079:
7051:
6964:"Copley archive winners 1799 - 1731"
6894:"Copley archive winners 1989 - 1900"
6879:"Copley archive winners 1899 - 1800"
6864:"Copley archive winners 1799 - 1731"
1283:"For his Experiments on the Polypus"
80:
46:
9796:"Medal Awards of the Royal Society"
9712:"Sir Arthur Evans, F.R.S: Abstract"
9229:Science and Society Picture Library
7709:
7672:"Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal"
7661:
6977:
6930:
212:
207:
164:
147:
140:
130:
99:
87:
13:
10733:highest award of the Royal Society
10417:"MRS Website: Award Presentations"
9864:. Archives of Disease in Childhood
9862:"Sir Joseph Barcroft of Cambridge"
8460:. Lake County Astronomical Society
8458:"Lake County Astronomical Society"
8262:. British Society for Rheumatology
8211:
8135:
7579:"Oxford DNB article:Woulfe, Peter"
7035:"All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry"
926:
35:
10923:
9841:"Sir Robert Robinson - Biography"
8027:
10520:
10478:
10454:
10433:
10409:
10385:
10364:
10343:
10322:
10301:
10277:
10256:
10235:
10214:
10193:
10172:
10151:
10130:
10109:
10088:
10067:
10046:
10025:
10004:
9983:
9962:
9941:
9920:
9896:
9875:
9854:
9833:
9812:
9788:
9767:
9746:
9725:
9704:
9683:
9662:
9641:
9617:
9596:
9575:
9554:
9533:
9512:
9491:
9470:
9446:
9425:
9401:
9380:
9283:
9262:
9241:
8927:. American Philosophical Society
8302:"Sir David Brewster (1781-1868)"
10374:. Oxford University Press. 2004
10353:. Oxford University Press. 2004
10245:. Oxford University Press. 2004
10224:. Oxford University Press. 2004
10119:. Oxford University Press. 2004
10056:. Oxford University Press. 2004
10035:. Oxford University Press. 2004
10014:. Oxford University Press. 2004
9972:. Oxford University Press. 2004
9930:. Oxford University Press. 2004
9672:. Oxford University Press. 2004
9522:. Oxford University Press. 2004
9409:"Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester"
9369:. Oxford University Press. 2004
9217:
9196:
9175:
9154:
9133:
9112:
9091:
9070:
9049:
9022:
9011:. Journal of Industrial Science
9001:
8980:
8959:
8938:
8917:
8890:
8869:
8845:
8821:
8797:
8776:
8755:
8729:
8708:
8687:
8666:
8641:
8630:. Oxford University Press. 2004
8620:
8596:
8572:
8551:
8530:
8509:
8471:
8450:
8429:
8408:
8384:
8336:
8315:
8294:
8273:
8251:
8230:
8205:
8194:. Oxford University Press. 2004
8113:
8091:
8067:
8046:
8021:
7997:
7986:. Oxford University Press. 2004
7976:
7955:
7934:
7909:
7898:. Oxford University Press. 2004
7888:
7867:
7846:
7804:
7783:
7762:
7738:
7688:
7640:
7619:
7592:
7581:. Oxford University Press. 2004
7571:
7547:
7523:
7512:. Oxford University Press. 2004
7502:
7481:
7470:. Oxford University Press. 2004
7460:
7449:. Oxford University Press. 2004
7439:
7414:
7393:
7382:. Oxford University Press. 2004
7372:
7331:"RCP Heritage - George Edwards"
7323:
7277:
7231:
7220:. Oxford University Press. 2004
7210:
7199:. Oxford University Press. 2004
7189:
7178:. Oxford University Press. 2004
7168:
7157:. Oxford University Press. 2004
7147:
7136:. Oxford University Press. 2004
7115:. Oxford University Press. 2004
7094:. Oxford University Press. 2004
10912:Science and engineering awards
10668:Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture
9775:"Thomas H. Morgan - Biography"
8905:American Philosophical Society
8079:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
7126:
7105:
7027:
7006:
6956:
3280:Jacques Charles François Sturm
1899:"For his Paper on the Torpedo"
1:
8898:"Darwin and the Copley Medal"
8344:"SpringerLink - Book Chapter"
7726:National Library of Australia
7401:"Franklin_Benjamin biography"
6850:
5051:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer
922:
877:
870:
785:
778:
693:
686:
601:
594:
509:
502:
417:
410:
324:
300:
265:
244:
10873:UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture
10397:Chemical Heritage Foundation
9733:"Sir Henry Dale - Biography"
9030:"Jean Baptiste Boussingault"
7746:"Friedrich William Herschel"
7629:. Nash Ford Publishing. 2004
7357:Jungnickel, Christa (1996).
7308:Jungnickel, Christa (1996).
7262:Jungnickel, Christa (1996).
18:Browse history interactively
7:
10700:Newton Advanced Fellowships
10697:Senior Research Fellowships
10684:Fellow of the Royal Society
10663:Rutherford Memorial Lecture
9606:. The Astrophysical Journal
9583:"William Bragg - Biography"
8325:. National Portrait Gallery
7426:Manchester University Press
7335:Royal College of Physicians
6238:Derek Harold Richard Barton
5284:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
1234:John Theophilus Desaguliers
1128:John Theophilus Desaguliers
1091:John Theophilus Desaguliers
1008:
994:John Theophilus Desaguliers
933:John Theophilus Desaguliers
10:
10928:
10617:Royal Society Africa Prize
10443:. University of St Andrews
10421:Materials Research Society
10332:. University of St Andrews
10311:. University of St Andrews
10266:. University of St Andrews
10182:. University of St Andrews
10140:. University of St Andrews
10098:. University of St Andrews
10077:. University of St Andrews
9951:. University of St Andrews
9885:. University of St Andrews
9756:. University of St Andrews
9691:"C.T.R.Wilson - Biography"
9564:. University of St Andrews
9501:. University of St Andrews
9480:. University of St Andrews
9435:. Royal Society Publishing
9390:. University of St Andrews
9293:. University of St Andrews
9272:. University of St Andrews
9251:. University of St Andrews
9206:. University of St Andrews
9185:. University of St Andrews
9164:. University of St Andrews
9143:. University of St Andrews
9122:. University of St Andrews
9101:. University of St Andrews
9080:. University of St Andrews
9059:. University of St Andrews
8990:. University of St Andrews
8969:. University of St Andrews
8948:. University of St Andrews
8925:"Adam Sedgwick Collection"
8879:. University of St Andrews
8786:. University of St Andrews
8765:. University of St Andrews
8718:. University of St Andrews
8697:. University of St Andrews
8676:. University of St Andrews
8654:Cambridge University Press
8648:Brock, William H. (2002).
8580:"Chambers Search Chambers"
8561:. University of St Andrews
8540:. University of St Andrews
8519:. University of St Andrews
8481:. The Gentleman's Magazine
8439:. University of St Andrews
8373:. University of St Andrews
8304:. University of St Andrews
8283:. University of St Andrews
8240:. University of St Andrews
8214:"Early Breeding in Europe"
7965:. University of St Andrews
7944:. University of St Andrews
7772:. University of St Andrews
7698:. University of St Andrews
7676:Trinity College, Cambridge
7650:. University of St Andrews
7403:. University of St Andrews
7241:. University of St Andrews
6320:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
4080:Jean Baptiste Boussingault
10876:Blackett Memorial Lecture
10813:
10757:
10719:
10676:
10630:
10584:
10486:"Obituary: John A. Pople"
10309:"Chandrasekhar biography"
7877:. Oxford University Press
7856:. Oxford University Press
6943:"The Copley Medal (1731)"
1017:
1014:
943:is an award given by the
833:
830:
741:
738:
649:
646:
557:
554:
465:
462:
373:
370:
223:
220:
192:Pending changes reviewers
146:
86:
10532:Florida State University
9883:"Taylor_Geoffrey summay"
8608:University of St Andrews
8124:. Platinum Metals Review
8102:. Platinum Metals Review
8035:. University of Arkansas
7750:Florida State University
7289:Florida State University
6994:University of St Andrews
6154:Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
5854:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
5578:George Charles De Hevesy
5136:Charles Algernon Parsons
4693:Albert Abraham Michelson
2397:George Shuckburgh-Evelyn
986:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
365:== List of recipients ==
358:== List of recipients ==
188:Extended confirmed users
119:Extended confirmed users
10658:Rosalind Franklin Award
9141:"Neumann_Franz summary"
8853:"BjS: Academic Lineage"
8833:University of Edinburgh
8501:URL–wikilink conflict (
8396:University of Minnesota
8030:"Edward Charles Howard"
7921:Oxford University Press
7491:. Engineering Timelines
7066:Oxford University Press
5790:Frank Macfarlane Burnet
5769:John Edensor Littlewood
3933:Julius Robert von Mayer
3202:Antoine César Becquerel
2671:Benjamin Collins Brodie
1020:
1011:
945:Royal Society of London
85:
10882:Claude Bernard Lecture
10201:"Sir Hans Adolf Krebs"
8763:"Le Verrier biography"
5940:William Lawrence Bragg
5473:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
4122:James Joseph Sylvester
4017:August Wilhelm Hofmann
3639:Michel Eugène Chevreul
3532:Alexander von Humboldt
2485:William Hyde Wollaston
984:and 14 winners of the
978:Nobel Prize in Physics
956:, something which the
936:
10859:Tercentenary Lectures
10854:Pilgrim Trust Lecture
10602:Michael Faraday Prize
10597:GlaxoSmithKline Prize
9604:"Sir Arthur Schuster"
9459:. Biochemical Journal
9249:"Weierstrass summary"
8009:University of Warwick
7648:"Maskelyne biography"
6196:Robert Burns Woodward
5557:Archibald Vivian Hill
5494:Oswald Theodore Avery
4967:Horace Tabberer Brown
4714:Alfred Russel Wallace
4397:George Gabriel Stokes
4143:Charles-Adolphe Wurtz
3891:Henri Victor Regnault
3575:Johannes Peter Müller
3553:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove
3209:John Frederic Daniell
2845:Hans Christian Ørsted
2708:William Thomas Brande
1255:Christopher Middleton
931:
10879:Humphry Davy Lecture
10706:Industry Fellowships
10289:University of Sydney
10138:"Littlewood summary"
9822:. Cardiology Journal
9754:"Bohr_Niels summary"
9037:Journal of Nutrition
8716:"MacCullagh summary"
5536:Godfrey Harold Hardy
5515:Edgar Douglas Adrian
4840:Joseph John Thompson
4777:George Howard Darwin
4355:Stanislao Cannizzaro
4271:Joseph Dalton Hooker
3912:James Prescott Joule
3490:Peter Andreas Hansen
3227:Carl Friedrich Gauss
3176:Jöns Jakob Berzelius
2569:Thomas Andrew Knight
2464:Astley Paston Cooper
980:, 21 winners of the
976:; 17 winners of the
10648:Leeuwenhoek Lecture
10441:"Lighthill summary"
10203:. nobel-winners.com
10075:"Whittaker summary"
9078:"Sylvester summary"
8988:"Helmholtz summary"
8238:"Troughton Summary"
7793:. Electric Scotland
7016:. The Royal Society
6966:. The Royal Society
6945:. The Royal Society
6911:. The Royal Society
6896:. The Royal Society
6881:. The Royal Society
6866:. The Royal Society
5179:William Henry Bragg
5115:Charles Sherrington
4735:George William Hill
4546:Marcellin Berthelot
4482:Albert von Kolliker
4292:Thomas Henry Huxley
4250:Franz Ernst Neumann
3849:Karl Ernst von Baer
3617:Henri Milne-Edwards
3340:Jean Baptiste Dumas
3155:William Snow Harris
3072:George Biddell Airy
10330:"Atiyah biography"
10180:"Jeffreys summary"
9777:. Nobel Foundation
9735:. Nobel Foundation
9693:. Nobel Foundation
9629:Franklin Institute
9585:. Nobel Foundation
9543:. Nobel Foundation
9270:"Rayleigh summary"
9120:"Thompson summary"
9057:"Clausius summary"
8809:Wiley InterScience
8371:"Herschel summary"
7361:. DIANE publishing
7312:. DIANE publishing
7266:. DIANE publishing
7239:"Robins biography"
6641:John Maynard Smith
5368:Thomas Hunt Morgan
5263:John Scott Haldane
5221:George Ellery Hale
3870:Charles Wheatstone
3468:Roderick Murchison
1005:List of recipients
954:Sir Godgery Copley
937:
162:
97:
10889:
10888:
10825:Esso Energy Award
9478:"Larmour summary"
9183:"Newcomb summary"
8967:"Plucker summary"
8946:"Chasles summary"
8559:"Plana biography"
8538:"Poisson summary"
7963:"Attwood summary"
7942:"Ramsden summary"
6848:
6847:
6259:Peter D. Mitchell
5983:Tadeus Reichstein
5094:Frederick Hopkins
5009:Ernest Rutherford
4672:Elias Metchnikoff
4059:James Dwight Dana
3975:Hermann Helmholtz
3954:Friedrich Woehler
3405:Urbain Le Verrier
2280:Benjamin Thompson
1735:William Brownrigg
1566:Charles Cavendish
1487:Benjamin Franklin
921:
148:
88:
68:
10919:
10795:Leverhulme Medal
10695:Leverhulme Trust
10653:Paterson Lecture
10571:
10564:
10557:
10548:
10547:
10542:
10541:
10539:
10538:
10528:"FSU highlights"
10524:
10518:
10517:
10511:
10510:|publisher=
10506:
10504:
10496:
10494:
10493:
10482:
10476:
10475:
10473:
10472:
10458:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10448:
10437:
10431:
10430:
10428:
10427:
10413:
10407:
10406:
10404:
10403:
10389:
10383:
10382:
10380:
10379:
10368:
10362:
10361:
10359:
10358:
10347:
10341:
10340:
10338:
10337:
10326:
10320:
10319:
10317:
10316:
10305:
10299:
10298:
10296:
10295:
10281:
10275:
10274:
10272:
10271:
10260:
10254:
10253:
10251:
10250:
10239:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10229:
10218:
10212:
10211:
10209:
10208:
10197:
10191:
10190:
10188:
10187:
10176:
10170:
10169:
10167:
10166:
10161:. nobelprize.org
10155:
10149:
10148:
10146:
10145:
10134:
10128:
10127:
10125:
10124:
10113:
10107:
10106:
10104:
10103:
10096:"Fisher summary"
10092:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10082:
10071:
10065:
10064:
10062:
10061:
10050:
10044:
10043:
10041:
10040:
10029:
10023:
10022:
10020:
10019:
10008:
10002:
10001:
9999:
9998:
9987:
9981:
9980:
9978:
9977:
9966:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9956:
9945:
9939:
9938:
9936:
9935:
9924:
9918:
9917:
9915:
9914:
9900:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9890:
9879:
9873:
9872:
9870:
9869:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9848:
9843:. nobelprize.org
9837:
9831:
9830:
9828:
9827:
9816:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9806:
9792:
9786:
9785:
9783:
9782:
9771:
9765:
9764:
9762:
9761:
9750:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9740:
9729:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9719:
9708:
9702:
9701:
9699:
9698:
9687:
9681:
9680:
9678:
9677:
9666:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9656:
9645:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9635:
9621:
9615:
9614:
9612:
9611:
9600:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9590:
9579:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9569:
9562:"Planck summary"
9558:
9552:
9551:
9549:
9548:
9537:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9527:
9516:
9510:
9509:
9507:
9506:
9495:
9489:
9488:
9486:
9485:
9474:
9468:
9467:
9465:
9464:
9458:
9450:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9440:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9419:
9413:
9405:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9384:
9378:
9377:
9375:
9374:
9363:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9298:
9287:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9277:
9266:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9256:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9235:
9221:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9211:
9204:"Stokes summary"
9200:
9194:
9193:
9191:
9190:
9179:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9162:"Salmon summary"
9158:
9152:
9151:
9149:
9148:
9137:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9127:
9116:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9099:"Cayley summary"
9095:
9089:
9088:
9086:
9085:
9074:
9068:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9053:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9043:
9034:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9016:
9005:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8995:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8974:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8953:
8942:
8936:
8935:
8933:
8932:
8921:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8911:
8902:
8894:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8884:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8863:
8849:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8839:
8825:
8819:
8818:
8816:
8815:
8801:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8791:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8770:
8759:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8749:
8733:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8723:
8712:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8702:
8691:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8681:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8660:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8614:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8590:
8576:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8555:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8534:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8524:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8499:
8497:
8489:
8487:
8486:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8465:
8454:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8433:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8423:
8412:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8402:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8378:
8367:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8340:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8319:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8288:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8267:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8234:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8224:
8209:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8188:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8129:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8107:
8095:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8085:
8071:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8040:
8034:
8025:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8015:
8001:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7980:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7970:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7938:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7861:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7837:
7836:|publisher=
7832:
7830:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7787:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7770:"Waring summary"
7766:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7742:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7718:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7696:"Hutton summary"
7692:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7668:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7623:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7613:
7604:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7541:
7527:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7397:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7376:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7354:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7259:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7246:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7130:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7088:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7058:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7039:Nobel Foundation
7031:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7010:
7004:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6986:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6939:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6175:Frederick Sanger
6158:
6157:
6156:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6009:
6008:
6007:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5832:Hans Adolf Krebs
5815:
5814:
5813:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5726:Patrick Blackett
5709:
5708:
5707:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5684:Edmund Whittaker
5666:
5665:
5664:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5013:
5012:
5011:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4651:Dmitri Mendeleev
4634:
4633:
4632:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4439:Karl Weierstrass
4422:
4421:
4420:
4418:Edward Frankland
4401:
4400:
4399:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3447:John Couch Adams
3430:
3429:
3428:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3319:James MacCullagh
3302:
3301:
3300:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2889:William Buckland
2868:
2867:
2866:
2847:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2634:Edward Troughton
2616:
2615:
2614:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2527:Smithson Tennant
2510:
2509:
2508:
2506:Richard Chenevix
2489:
2488:
2487:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2404:Charles Hatchett
2401:
2400:
2399:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2317:Alessandro Volta
2284:
2283:
2282:
2262:Jean-André Deluc
2259:
2258:
2257:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2051:William Herschel
2034:
2033:
2032:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1871:Joseph Priestley
1853:
1852:
1851:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1828:William Hamilton
1810:
1809:
1808:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1276:Abraham Trembley
1259:
1258:
1257:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1213:Alexander Stuart
1196:
1195:
1194:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1009:
990:Frederick Sanger
988:. These include
210:
202:
180:
161:
156:
138:
133:
125:
115:
96:
69:
60:
59:
57:
52:
50:
42:
39:
21:
19:
10927:
10926:
10922:
10921:
10920:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10892:
10891:
10890:
10885:
10869:Microsoft Award
10864:Wilkins Lecture
10849:Philips Lecture
10839:Medawar Lecture
10814:Previous awards
10809:
10805:Sylvester Medal
10753:
10721:
10715:
10710:Dorothy Hodgkin
10672:
10643:Ferrier Lecture
10626:
10580:
10575:
10545:
10536:
10534:
10526:
10525:
10521:
10509:
10507:
10498:
10497:
10491:
10489:
10484:
10483:
10479:
10470:
10468:
10460:
10459:
10455:
10446:
10444:
10439:
10438:
10434:
10425:
10423:
10415:
10414:
10410:
10401:
10399:
10391:
10390:
10386:
10377:
10375:
10370:
10369:
10365:
10356:
10354:
10349:
10348:
10344:
10335:
10333:
10328:
10327:
10323:
10314:
10312:
10307:
10306:
10302:
10293:
10291:
10283:
10282:
10278:
10269:
10267:
10264:"Hodge summary"
10262:
10261:
10257:
10248:
10246:
10241:
10240:
10236:
10227:
10225:
10220:
10219:
10215:
10206:
10204:
10199:
10198:
10194:
10185:
10183:
10178:
10177:
10173:
10164:
10162:
10157:
10156:
10152:
10143:
10141:
10136:
10135:
10131:
10122:
10120:
10115:
10114:
10110:
10101:
10099:
10094:
10093:
10089:
10080:
10078:
10073:
10072:
10068:
10059:
10057:
10052:
10051:
10047:
10038:
10036:
10031:
10030:
10026:
10017:
10015:
10010:
10009:
10005:
9996:
9994:
9989:
9988:
9984:
9975:
9973:
9968:
9967:
9963:
9954:
9952:
9949:"Hardy summary"
9947:
9946:
9942:
9933:
9931:
9926:
9925:
9921:
9912:
9910:
9902:
9901:
9897:
9888:
9886:
9881:
9880:
9876:
9867:
9865:
9860:
9859:
9855:
9846:
9844:
9839:
9838:
9834:
9825:
9823:
9818:
9817:
9813:
9804:
9802:
9794:
9793:
9789:
9780:
9778:
9773:
9772:
9768:
9759:
9757:
9752:
9751:
9747:
9738:
9736:
9731:
9730:
9726:
9717:
9715:
9710:
9709:
9705:
9696:
9694:
9689:
9688:
9684:
9675:
9673:
9668:
9667:
9663:
9654:
9652:
9647:
9646:
9642:
9633:
9631:
9623:
9622:
9618:
9609:
9607:
9602:
9601:
9597:
9588:
9586:
9581:
9580:
9576:
9567:
9565:
9560:
9559:
9555:
9546:
9544:
9539:
9538:
9534:
9525:
9523:
9518:
9517:
9513:
9504:
9502:
9497:
9496:
9492:
9483:
9481:
9476:
9475:
9471:
9462:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9451:
9447:
9438:
9436:
9431:
9430:
9426:
9417:
9415:
9411:
9407:
9406:
9402:
9393:
9391:
9388:"Klein summary"
9386:
9385:
9381:
9372:
9370:
9365:
9364:
9305:
9296:
9294:
9291:"Gibbs summary"
9289:
9288:
9284:
9275:
9273:
9268:
9267:
9263:
9254:
9252:
9247:
9246:
9242:
9233:
9231:
9223:
9222:
9218:
9209:
9207:
9202:
9201:
9197:
9188:
9186:
9181:
9180:
9176:
9167:
9165:
9160:
9159:
9155:
9146:
9144:
9139:
9138:
9134:
9125:
9123:
9118:
9117:
9113:
9104:
9102:
9097:
9096:
9092:
9083:
9081:
9076:
9075:
9071:
9062:
9060:
9055:
9054:
9050:
9041:
9039:
9032:
9028:
9027:
9023:
9014:
9012:
9007:
9006:
9002:
8993:
8991:
8986:
8985:
8981:
8972:
8970:
8965:
8964:
8960:
8951:
8949:
8944:
8943:
8939:
8930:
8928:
8923:
8922:
8918:
8909:
8907:
8900:
8896:
8895:
8891:
8882:
8880:
8877:"Weber summary"
8875:
8874:
8870:
8861:
8859:
8857:Yale University
8851:
8850:
8846:
8837:
8835:
8827:
8826:
8822:
8813:
8811:
8803:
8802:
8798:
8789:
8787:
8784:"Adams summary"
8782:
8781:
8777:
8768:
8766:
8761:
8760:
8756:
8747:
8745:
8735:
8734:
8730:
8721:
8719:
8714:
8713:
8709:
8700:
8698:
8695:"Ohm biography"
8693:
8692:
8688:
8679:
8677:
8674:"Sturm summary"
8672:
8671:
8667:
8658:
8656:
8646:
8642:
8633:
8631:
8626:
8625:
8621:
8612:
8610:
8604:"Gauss summary"
8602:
8601:
8597:
8588:
8586:
8584:Chambers Harrap
8578:
8577:
8573:
8564:
8562:
8557:
8556:
8552:
8543:
8541:
8536:
8535:
8531:
8522:
8520:
8515:
8514:
8510:
8500:
8491:
8490:
8484:
8482:
8477:
8476:
8472:
8463:
8461:
8456:
8455:
8451:
8442:
8440:
8437:"Arago summary"
8435:
8434:
8430:
8421:
8419:
8414:
8413:
8409:
8400:
8398:
8390:
8389:
8385:
8376:
8374:
8369:
8368:
8361:
8352:
8350:
8342:
8341:
8337:
8328:
8326:
8321:
8320:
8316:
8307:
8305:
8300:
8299:
8295:
8286:
8284:
8281:"Ivory summary"
8279:
8278:
8274:
8265:
8263:
8258:Buchanan, W.W.
8256:
8252:
8243:
8241:
8236:
8235:
8231:
8222:
8220:
8210:
8206:
8197:
8195:
8190:
8189:
8136:
8127:
8125:
8118:
8114:
8105:
8103:
8096:
8092:
8083:
8081:
8073:
8072:
8068:
8059:
8057:
8052:
8051:
8047:
8038:
8036:
8032:
8026:
8022:
8013:
8011:
8003:
8002:
7998:
7989:
7987:
7982:
7981:
7977:
7968:
7966:
7961:
7960:
7956:
7947:
7945:
7940:
7939:
7935:
7926:
7924:
7915:
7914:
7910:
7901:
7899:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7880:
7878:
7873:
7872:
7868:
7859:
7857:
7852:
7851:
7847:
7835:
7833:
7824:
7823:
7817:
7815:
7810:
7809:
7805:
7796:
7794:
7789:
7788:
7784:
7775:
7773:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7754:
7752:
7744:
7743:
7739:
7730:
7728:
7720:
7719:
7710:
7701:
7699:
7694:
7693:
7689:
7680:
7678:
7670:
7669:
7662:
7653:
7651:
7646:
7645:
7641:
7632:
7630:
7625:
7624:
7620:
7611:
7609:
7602:
7598:
7597:
7593:
7584:
7582:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7563:
7561:
7553:
7552:
7548:
7539:
7537:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7515:
7513:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7494:
7492:
7487:
7486:
7482:
7473:
7471:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7452:
7450:
7445:
7444:
7440:
7431:
7429:
7420:
7419:
7415:
7406:
7404:
7399:
7398:
7394:
7385:
7383:
7378:
7377:
7373:
7364:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7339:
7337:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7315:
7313:
7306:
7302:
7293:
7291:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7269:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7244:
7242:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7223:
7221:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7202:
7200:
7195:
7194:
7190:
7181:
7179:
7174:
7173:
7169:
7160:
7158:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7139:
7137:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7118:
7116:
7111:
7110:
7106:
7097:
7095:
7090:
7089:
7080:
7071:
7069:
7060:
7059:
7052:
7043:
7041:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7019:
7017:
7012:
7011:
7007:
6998:
6996:
6988:
6987:
6978:
6969:
6967:
6962:
6961:
6957:
6948:
6946:
6941:
6940:
6931:
6927:
6914:
6912:
6907:
6899:
6897:
6892:
6884:
6882:
6877:
6869:
6867:
6862:
6853:
6832:
6831:
6810:
6809:
6791:Stephen Hawking
6789:
6788:
6767:
6766:
6746:
6745:
6724:
6723:
6703:
6702:
6681:
6680:
6660:
6659:
6639:
6638:
6620:James Lighthill
6618:
6617:
6596:
6595:
6575:
6574:
6553:
6552:
6531:
6530:
6512:James D. Watson
6510:
6509:
6489:
6488:
6467:
6466:
6446:
6445:
6424:
6423:
6403:
6402:
6381:
6380:
6362:Rudolph Peierls
6360:
6359:
6339:
6338:
6318:
6317:
6296:
6295:
6275:
6274:
6257:
6256:
6236:
6235:
6215:
6214:
6194:
6193:
6173:
6172:
6152:
6151:
6131:
6130:
6110:
6109:
6088:
6087:
6067:
6066:
6045:
6044:
6024:
6023:
6003:
6002:
5981:
5980:
5959:
5958:
5938:
5937:
5916:
5915:
5895:
5894:
5873:
5872:
5852:
5851:
5830:
5829:
5811:Harold Jeffreys
5809:
5808:
5788:
5787:
5767:
5766:
5746:
5745:
5724:
5723:
5703:
5702:
5682:
5681:
5660:
5659:
5639:
5638:
5618:
5617:
5597:
5596:
5576:
5575:
5555:
5554:
5534:
5533:
5513:
5512:
5492:
5491:
5471:
5470:
5452:Joseph Barcroft
5450:
5449:
5431:Robert Robinson
5429:
5428:
5408:
5407:
5387:
5386:
5366:
5365:
5345:
5344:
5324:
5323:
5303:
5302:
5282:
5281:
5261:
5260:
5240:
5239:
5219:
5218:
5200:Arthur Schuster
5198:
5197:
5177:
5176:
5156:
5155:
5134:
5133:
5113:
5112:
5092:
5091:
5073:Albert Einstein
5071:
5070:
5049:
5048:
5028:
5027:
5007:
5006:
4986:
4985:
4965:
4964:
4946:William Bayliss
4944:
4943:
4925:Hendrik Lorentz
4923:
4922:
4902:
4901:
4880:
4879:
4859:
4858:
4838:
4837:
4817:
4816:
4796:
4795:
4775:
4774:
4754:
4753:
4733:
4732:
4712:
4711:
4691:
4690:
4670:
4669:
4649:
4648:
4630:William Crookes
4628:
4627:
4607:
4606:
4586:
4585:
4565:
4564:
4544:
4543:
4523:
4522:
4504:William Huggins
4502:
4501:
4480:
4479:
4458:
4457:
4437:
4436:
4416:
4415:
4395:
4394:
4374:
4373:
4353:
4352:
4332:
4331:
4311:
4310:
4290:
4289:
4269:
4268:
4248:
4247:
4227:
4226:
4205:
4204:
4186:William Thomson
4184:
4183:
4163:
4162:
4141:
4140:
4120:
4119:
4101:Rudolf Clausius
4099:
4098:
4078:
4077:
4057:
4056:
4036:
4035:
4015:
4014:
3994:
3993:
3973:
3972:
3952:
3951:
3931:
3930:
3910:
3909:
3889:
3888:
3868:
3867:
3847:
3846:
3826:
3825:
3805:
3804:
3784:
3783:
3763:
3762:
3742:
3741:
3721:
3720:
3700:
3699:
3679:
3678:
3658:
3657:
3637:
3636:
3615:
3614:
3594:
3593:
3573:
3572:
3551:
3550:
3530:
3529:
3509:
3508:
3488:
3487:
3466:
3465:
3445:
3444:
3424:
3423:
3403:
3402:
3383:Theodor Schwann
3381:
3380:
3362:Carlo Matteucci
3360:
3359:
3338:
3337:
3317:
3316:
3296:
3295:
3271:
3270:
3250:
3249:
3234:Michael Faraday
3225:
3224:
3200:
3199:
3183:Francis Kiernan
3174:
3173:
3153:
3152:
3132:
3131:
3093:Michael Faraday
3091:
3090:
3070:
3069:
2997:
2996:
2976:
2975:
2951:
2950:
2930:
2929:
2908:
2907:
2887:
2886:
2862:
2861:
2809:Robert Seppings
2807:
2806:
2786:
2785:
2749:
2748:
2728:
2727:
2706:
2705:
2669:
2668:
2632:
2631:
2610:
2609:
2588:
2587:
2567:
2566:
2546:
2545:
2525:
2524:
2504:
2503:
2483:
2482:
2462:
2461:
2441:
2440:
2420:
2419:
2395:
2394:
2358:
2357:
2337:
2336:
2315:
2314:
2278:
2277:
2253:
2252:
2216:
2215:
2197:Charles Blagden
2195:
2194:
2174:
2173:
2137:
2136:
2116:
2115:
2100:Thomas Hutchins
2091:
2090:
2070:
2069:
2049:
2048:
2028:
2027:
1991:
1990:
1969:
1968:
1948:
1947:
1929:Nevil Maskelyne
1927:
1926:
1890:
1889:
1869:
1868:
1847:
1846:
1826:
1825:
1804:
1803:
1783:
1782:
1762:
1761:
1746:Henry Cavendish
1733:
1732:
1696:
1695:
1629:Benjamin Wilson
1627:
1626:
1606:
1605:
1585:
1584:
1564:
1563:
1527:
1526:
1506:
1505:
1485:
1484:
1464:
1463:
1443:
1442:
1422:
1421:
1401:
1400:
1380:
1379:
1359:
1358:
1340:Benjamin Robins
1338:
1337:
1317:
1316:
1296:
1295:
1274:
1273:
1253:
1252:
1232:
1231:
1211:
1210:
1190:
1189:
1168:
1167:
1147:
1146:
1126:
1125:
1089:
1088:
1052:
1051:
1031:
1030:
1007:
918:
911:
902:
895:
886:
884:
875:
866:
859:
850:
843:
826:
819:
810:
803:
794:
792:
783:
774:
767:
758:
751:
734:
727:
718:
711:
702:
700:
691:
682:
675:
666:
659:
642:
635:
626:
619:
610:
608:
599:
590:
583:
574:
567:
550:
543:
534:
527:
518:
516:
507:
498:
491:
482:
475:
458:
451:
442:
435:
426:
424:
415:
406:
399:
390:
383:
366:
359:
350:
345:
338:
335:
331:
322:
319:
315:
311:
307:
296:
291:
284:
282:
278:
273:
263:
261:
257:
252:
240:
233:
216:
211:
208:
206:
205:
204:
200:
198:
170:
168:
163:
157:
152:
144:
142:← Previous edit
139:
134:
129:
128:
127:
123:
121:
105:
103:
98:
92:
84:
83:
82:
81:
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
74:
65:
61:
55:
53:
48:
45:
43:
40:
38:Content deleted
37:
34:
29:← Previous edit
26:
25:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10925:
10915:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10902:British awards
10887:
10886:
10884:
10883:
10880:
10877:
10874:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10829:Florey Lecture
10826:
10823:
10821:Bernal Lecture
10817:
10815:
10811:
10810:
10808:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10775:Buchanan Medal
10772:
10767:
10761:
10759:
10755:
10754:
10752:
10751:
10746:
10744:Croonian Medal
10741:
10739:Bakerian Medal
10736:
10725:
10723:
10717:
10716:
10714:
10713:
10707:
10704:
10701:
10698:
10693:Royal Society
10691:
10686:
10680:
10678:
10674:
10673:
10671:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10634:
10632:
10631:Prize lectures
10628:
10627:
10625:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10588:
10586:
10582:
10581:
10574:
10573:
10566:
10559:
10551:
10544:
10543:
10519:
10488:. The Observer
10477:
10453:
10432:
10408:
10384:
10363:
10342:
10321:
10300:
10276:
10255:
10234:
10213:
10192:
10171:
10150:
10129:
10108:
10087:
10066:
10045:
10024:
10003:
9982:
9961:
9940:
9919:
9895:
9874:
9853:
9832:
9820:"Thomas Lewis"
9811:
9787:
9766:
9745:
9724:
9703:
9682:
9661:
9640:
9616:
9595:
9574:
9553:
9532:
9511:
9499:"Lamb summary"
9490:
9469:
9445:
9424:
9400:
9379:
9303:
9282:
9261:
9240:
9216:
9195:
9174:
9153:
9132:
9111:
9090:
9069:
9048:
9021:
9000:
8979:
8958:
8937:
8916:
8889:
8868:
8844:
8820:
8796:
8775:
8754:
8728:
8707:
8686:
8665:
8640:
8619:
8595:
8571:
8550:
8529:
8517:"Airy summary"
8508:
8470:
8449:
8428:
8407:
8383:
8359:
8335:
8314:
8293:
8272:
8250:
8229:
8204:
8134:
8120:Griffith, WP.
8112:
8098:Griffith, WP.
8090:
8066:
8045:
8028:Sears, Derek.
8020:
7996:
7975:
7954:
7933:
7908:
7887:
7866:
7845:
7814:. HemOnc Today
7803:
7782:
7761:
7737:
7708:
7687:
7660:
7639:
7618:
7591:
7570:
7546:
7522:
7501:
7480:
7459:
7438:
7413:
7392:
7371:
7346:
7322:
7300:
7276:
7251:
7230:
7209:
7188:
7167:
7146:
7125:
7104:
7078:
7050:
7026:
7005:
6990:"Copley Medal"
6976:
6955:
6928:
6921:
6920:
6905:
6890:
6875:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6820:
6817:
6806:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6742:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6699:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6683:Jacques Miller
6677:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6662:Alan Battersby
6656:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6603:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6571:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6527:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6469:Sydney Brenner
6463:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6442:
6438:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6426:Cesar Milstein
6420:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6405:Michael Atiyah
6399:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6335:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6314:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6277:John Cornforth
6271:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6112:W. V. D. Hodge
6106:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6084:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6026:Alexander Todd
6020:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6010:
5999:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5897:Sydney Chapman
5891:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5662:Albert Kluyver
5656:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5599:James Chadwick
5593:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5242:Theobald Smith
5236:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4756:Francis Galton
4750:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4460:Karl Gegenbaur
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4376:Rudolf Virchow
4370:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4038:Claude Bernard
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3828:Julius Plücker
3822:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3807:Michel Chasles
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3786:Charles Darwin
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3134:Giovanni Plana
3128:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:Simeon Poisson
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3008:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2953:François Arago
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2751:David Brewster
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2218:William Morgan
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2093:John Goodricke
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2072:Richard Kirwan
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1993:Charles Hutton
1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1806:William Hewson
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1742:Edward Delaval
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1424:George Edwards
1418:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1319:William Watson
1313:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1003:
925:
920:
919:
916:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
900:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
882:
880:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
864:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
848:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
832:
828:
827:
824:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
808:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
790:
788:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
772:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
756:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
740:
736:
735:
732:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
716:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
698:
696:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
680:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
664:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
648:
644:
643:
640:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
624:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
606:
604:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
588:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
572:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
532:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
514:
512:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
496:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
480:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
464:
460:
459:
456:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
440:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
422:
420:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
404:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
388:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
372:
368:
367:
364:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
348:
346:
343:
340:
339:
333:
329:
327:
325:
323:
317:
313:
309:
305:
303:
301:
298:
297:
294:
292:
289:
286:
285:
280:
276:
271:
268:
266:
264:
259:
255:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
238:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
222:
218:
217:
199:
182:
181:
166:
145:
122:
117:
116:
101:
70:
64:
62:
44:
36:
27:
23:
22:
14:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10924:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10907:Royal Society
10905:
10903:
10900:
10899:
10897:
10881:
10878:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10818:
10816:
10812:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10800:Rumford Medal
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10762:
10760:
10756:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10734:
10730:
10727:
10726:
10724:
10718:
10711:
10708:
10705:
10702:
10699:
10696:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10681:
10679:
10675:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10638:Crick Lecture
10636:
10635:
10633:
10629:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10612:Mullard Award
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10589:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10572:
10567:
10565:
10560:
10558:
10553:
10552:
10549:
10533:
10529:
10523:
10515:
10502:
10487:
10481:
10467:
10463:
10457:
10442:
10436:
10422:
10418:
10412:
10398:
10394:
10388:
10373:
10367:
10352:
10346:
10331:
10325:
10310:
10304:
10290:
10286:
10280:
10265:
10259:
10244:
10238:
10223:
10217:
10202:
10196:
10181:
10175:
10160:
10154:
10139:
10133:
10118:
10112:
10097:
10091:
10076:
10070:
10055:
10049:
10034:
10028:
10013:
10007:
9992:
9986:
9971:
9965:
9950:
9944:
9929:
9923:
9909:
9905:
9899:
9884:
9878:
9863:
9857:
9842:
9836:
9821:
9815:
9801:
9797:
9791:
9776:
9770:
9755:
9749:
9734:
9728:
9713:
9707:
9692:
9686:
9671:
9665:
9650:
9644:
9630:
9626:
9620:
9605:
9599:
9584:
9578:
9563:
9557:
9542:
9536:
9521:
9515:
9500:
9494:
9479:
9473:
9455:
9449:
9434:
9428:
9410:
9404:
9389:
9383:
9368:
9362:
9360:
9358:
9356:
9354:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9336:
9334:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9310:
9308:
9292:
9286:
9271:
9265:
9250:
9244:
9230:
9226:
9220:
9205:
9199:
9184:
9178:
9163:
9157:
9142:
9136:
9121:
9115:
9100:
9094:
9079:
9073:
9058:
9052:
9038:
9031:
9025:
9010:
9004:
8989:
8983:
8968:
8962:
8947:
8941:
8926:
8920:
8906:
8899:
8893:
8878:
8872:
8858:
8854:
8848:
8834:
8830:
8824:
8810:
8806:
8800:
8785:
8779:
8764:
8758:
8744:
8740:
8739:
8732:
8717:
8711:
8696:
8690:
8675:
8669:
8655:
8651:
8644:
8629:
8623:
8609:
8605:
8599:
8585:
8581:
8575:
8560:
8554:
8539:
8533:
8518:
8512:
8504:
8495:
8480:
8474:
8459:
8453:
8438:
8432:
8417:
8411:
8397:
8393:
8387:
8372:
8366:
8364:
8349:
8345:
8339:
8324:
8318:
8303:
8297:
8282:
8276:
8261:
8254:
8239:
8233:
8219:
8215:
8208:
8193:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8149:
8147:
8145:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8123:
8116:
8101:
8094:
8080:
8076:
8070:
8055:
8049:
8031:
8024:
8010:
8006:
8000:
7985:
7979:
7964:
7958:
7943:
7937:
7922:
7918:
7912:
7897:
7891:
7876:
7870:
7855:
7849:
7841:
7828:
7813:
7807:
7792:
7791:"William Roy"
7786:
7771:
7765:
7751:
7747:
7741:
7727:
7723:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7697:
7691:
7677:
7673:
7667:
7665:
7649:
7643:
7628:
7622:
7608:
7601:
7595:
7580:
7574:
7560:
7556:
7550:
7536:
7532:
7526:
7511:
7505:
7490:
7484:
7469:
7463:
7448:
7442:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7402:
7396:
7381:
7375:
7360:
7353:
7351:
7336:
7332:
7326:
7311:
7304:
7290:
7286:
7280:
7265:
7258:
7256:
7240:
7234:
7219:
7213:
7198:
7192:
7177:
7171:
7156:
7150:
7135:
7129:
7114:
7108:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7067:
7063:
7057:
7055:
7040:
7036:
7030:
7015:
7009:
6995:
6991:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6965:
6959:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6910:
6906:
6895:
6891:
6880:
6876:
6865:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6843:
6840:
6835:
6834:Roger Penrose
6829:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6813:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6778:
6775:
6770:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6749:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6735:
6732:
6727:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6692:
6689:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6642:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6621:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6599:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6578:
6577:Alan Cottrell
6572:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6556:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6534:
6533:Charles Frank
6528:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6513:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6492:
6491:George Porter
6486:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6475:
6470:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6427:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6406:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6384:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6342:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6299:
6298:Rodney Porter
6293:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6278:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6134:
6133:Francis Crick
6128:
6125:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6091:
6090:Andrew Huxley
6085:
6082:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6027:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6006:
6005:Peter Medawar
6000:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5962:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5898:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5833:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5770:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5749:
5748:Howard Florey
5743:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5727:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5706:
5705:Ronald Fisher
5700:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5621:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5390:
5389:Paul Langevin
5384:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5243:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4989:
4988:Joseph Larmor
4983:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4819:Ray Lankester
4814:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4588:Joseph Lister
4583:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4568:
4567:Willard Gibbs
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4526:
4525:Lord Rayleigh
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4335:
4334:Simon Newcomb
4329:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4313:George Salmon
4308:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4165:Arthur Cayley
4160:
4157:
4156:
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2999:William Prout
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2932:John Brinkley
2927:
2924:
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2902:
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2898:
2895:
2890:
2884:
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2871:John Herschel
2865:
2864:Edward Sabine
2859:
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2255:James Rennell
2250:
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2118:Edward Waring
2113:
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2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1994:
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1985:
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1977:
1972:
1966:
1963:
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1849:Matthew Raper
1844:
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1508:William Lewis
1503:
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1403:John Harrison
1398:
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1382:James Bradley
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1179:
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1149:John Belchier
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999:
998:Roger Penrose
995:
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983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
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771:
769:
764:
762:
761:
755:
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748:
746:
745:
737:
731:
729:
724:
722:
721:
715:
713:
708:
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695:
688:
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679:
677:
672:
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267:
246:
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237:
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197:
193:
189:
185:
184:Autopatrolled
178:
174:
169:
160:
155:
151:
143:
137:
120:
113:
109:
104:
95:
91:
73:
58:
51:
41:Content added
33:
30:
20:
10844:Pfizer Award
10785:Hughes Medal
10765:Darwin Medal
10732:
10729:Copley Medal
10728:
10607:Milner Award
10535:. Retrieved
10522:
10490:. Retrieved
10480:
10469:. Retrieved
10456:
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10435:
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8778:
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8473:
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8452:
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8431:
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8410:
8399:. Retrieved
8386:
8375:. Retrieved
8351:. Retrieved
8348:SpringerLink
8338:
8327:. Retrieved
8317:
8306:. Retrieved
8296:
8285:. Retrieved
8275:
8264:. Retrieved
8253:
8242:. Retrieved
8232:
8221:. Retrieved
8212:Darrow, GM.
8207:
8196:. Retrieved
8126:. Retrieved
8115:
8104:. Retrieved
8093:
8082:. Retrieved
8069:
8058:. Retrieved
8048:
8037:. Retrieved
8023:
8012:. Retrieved
7999:
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6923:
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6883:. Retrieved
6868:. Retrieved
6856:
6855:
6748:Harold Kroto
6555:Frank Fenner
6047:Norman Pirie
5961:Bernard Katz
5918:Alan Hodgkin
5620:David Keilin
5410:Thomas Lewis
5305:Arthur Evans
4609:Eduard Suess
3511:Richard Owen
3252:Robert Brown
3114:
3052:
3036:
3020:
3006:Henry Foster
2960:Peter Barlow
2827:
2768:
2688:
2651:
2590:Everard Home
2548:Humphry Davy
2422:John Hellins
2377:
2297:
2235:
2156:
2030:Samuel Vince
2010:
1909:
1785:Peter Woulfe
1715:
1678:
1662:
1646:
1608:John Smeaton
1587:John Dollond
1546:
1466:John Pringle
1361:Gowin Knight
1170:James Valoue
1108:
1071:
1054:Stephen Gray
1033:Stephen Gray
974:Nobel Prizes
971:
950:Stephen Gray
941:Copley Medal
940:
938:
10790:Kavli Medal
10780:Gabor Medal
10749:Royal Medal
10712:Fellowships
10677:Fellowships
8075:"Wollaston"
7359:"Cavendish"
7310:"Cavendish"
7264:"Cavendish"
6726:John Gurdon
6598:Hugh Huxley
6448:Abdus Salam
6383:Robert Hill
6069:Nevill Mott
5875:Paul Fildes
5030:Horace Lamb
4882:James Dewar
4861:Ivan Pavlov
4798:Felix Klein
4207:Carl Ludwig
2978:James South
2788:Henry Kater
2730:James Ivory
2176:John Hunter
2139:William Roy
1698:John Canton
1529:John Huxham
1445:John Canton
1298:Henry Baker
883:|format=PDF
791:|format=PDF
699:|format=PDF
607:|format=PDF
515:|format=PDF
423:|format=PDF
214:Next edit →
196:Rollbackers
32:Next edit →
10896:Categories
10834:Kohn Award
10770:Davy Medal
10537:2009-02-15
10492:2009-02-15
10471:2009-02-15
10447:2009-02-05
10426:2009-02-15
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7516:2009-01-29
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6915:2009-02-04
6900:2009-02-04
6885:2009-02-04
6870:2009-02-04
6851:References
6812:Robert May
6769:Paul Nurse
6705:John Pople
6341:Aaron Klug
6217:Max Perutz
5641:Paul Dirac
5347:Niels Bohr
5326:Henry Dale
5158:Max Planck
4904:Emile Roux
1971:John Mudge
1950:James Cook
1892:John Walsh
1764:John Ellis
1018:Rationale
328:Since its
304:Since its
3298:Georg Ohm
2910:John Pond
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330:inception
167:Ironholds
10501:cite web
10466:Genetics
9993:. Nature
9714:. Nature
8743:Springer
8494:cite web
7827:cite web
6924:Specific
3115:No Award
3053:No Award
3037:No Award
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2828:No Award
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2011:No Award
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1072:No Award
958:interest
374:Line 90:
371:Line 90:
306:creation
251:a number
177:contribs
112:contribs
102:Dabomb87
56:Wikitext
10720:Premier
8056:. Aim25
6857:General
310:various
272:several
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136:WP:PUNC
10758:Medals
10722:Medals
10585:Awards
9800:Nature
7923:. 2004
7428:. 1969
7068:. 2004
1021:Notes
201:79,705
124:66,457
67:Inline
49:Visual
9457:(PDF)
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