Church of the East: Difference between revisions

461:] (341),<ref>Richard W. Burgess, “The Dates of the Martyrdom of Simeon bar Sabba'e and the ‘Great Massacre’”, ''Analecta Bollandiana'' 117 (1999): 9–66.</ref> ] (342), and ] (346).<ref>Donald Attwater & Catherine Rachel John, ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints'', 3rd edn. (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 116, 245.</ref> Afterward, the office of Catholicos lay vacant nearly 20 years (346–363).<ref>Nahal Tajadod, ''Les porteurs de lumière'' (Paris: Plon, 1993), 110–133.</ref> In 363, under the terms of a peace treaty, ] was ceded to the Persians, causing ], accompanied by a number of teachers, to leave the ] for ] still in Roman territory.<ref></ref> The church grew considerably during the Sasanian period,<ref name=Britannica/> but the pressure of persecution led the Catholicos Dadisho I in 424 to convene the Synod of Markabta at Seleucia and declare the Catholicate independent from the Patriarch of Antioch.<ref>M. Jugie, “”, ''Échos d'Orient'' 34(177) (1935): 5–25.</ref> 449:] (341),<ref>Richard W. Burgess, “The Dates of the Martyrdom of Simeon bar Sabba'e and the ‘Great Massacre’”, ''Analecta Bollandiana'' 117 (1999): 9–66.</ref> ] (342), and ] (346).<ref>Donald Attwater & Catherine Rachel John, ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints'', 3rd edn. (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 116, 245.</ref> Afterward, the office of Catholicos lay vacant nearly 20 years (346–363).<ref>Nahal Tajadod, ''Les porteurs de lumière'' (Paris: Plon, 1993), 110–133.</ref> In 363, under the terms of a peace treaty, ] was ceded to the Persians, causing ], accompanied by a number of teachers, to leave the ] for ] still in Roman territory.<ref></ref> The church grew considerably during the Sasanian period,<ref name=Britannica/> but the pressure of persecution led the Catholicos Dadisho I in 424 to convene the Synod of Markabta at Seleucia and declare the Catholicate independent from the Patriarch of Antioch.<ref>M. Jugie, “”, ''Échos d'Orient'' 34(177) (1935): 5–25.</ref> 491:

increasingly Nestorian in doctrine over the next decades, furthering the divide between Roman and Nestorian Christianity. In 486 the Metropolitan of ], ], convened the ] where he publicly accepted Nestorius' mentor, ], as a spiritual authority. In 489, when the ] in ] was closed by Byzantine Emperor ] for its Nestorian teachings, the school relocated to its original home of Nisibis, becoming again the ], leading to a wave of Nestorian immigration into the Persian Empire.<ref>Sebastian P. Brock, ''Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy'' (Burlington, VT–Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 73.</ref> The Patriarch of the East ] (497–502) reiterated and expanded upon his predecessors' esteem for Theodore, solidifying the church's adoption of Nestorianism.<ref name=Britannica/>

483:

1093: 537: 5112: 2091: 2649: 1887: 1406: 2419: 1351:

Empire (and later the Caliphate), but very early on, provinces formed beyond the empire's borders as well. By the 10th century, the church had between 20 and 30 metropolitan provinces including in China and India. The Chinese provinces were lost in the 11th century, and in the subsequent centuries, other exterior provinces went into decline as well. However, in the 13th century, during the Mongol Empire, the church added two new metropolitan provinces in

6038: 5011: 2434:, whose campaigns during the 1390s spread havoc throughout Persia and Central Asia, but in many parts of Central Asia, Christianity had died out decades before Tamerlane's campaigns. The surviving evidence from Central Asia, including a large number of dated graves, indicates that the crisis for the Church of the East occurred in the 1340s rather than the 1390s. Several contemporary observers, including the papal envoy 71: 415:.</ref> This position received an additional title in 410, becoming ].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Eastern Christian Churches: a brief survey|author=Roberson, Ronald |year=1999 |origyear=1986 |publisher=Edizioni Orientalia Christiana |isbn=8872103215}}</ref><ref>Jean-Michel Fiey, “Les étapes de la prise de conscience de son identité patriarcale par l' 320:.</ref> This position received an additional title in 410, becoming ].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Eastern Christian Churches: a brief survey|author=Roberson, Ronald |year=1999 |origyear=1986 |publisher=Edizioni Orientalia Christiana |isbn=8872103215}}</ref><ref>Jean-Michel Fiey, “Les étapes de la prise de conscience de son identité patriarcale par l' 1483:

two natures. As such, in 2006 an academic conference changed its name from "Research on Nestorianism in China", explaining in the Preface, "...it was decided not to keep the term "Nestorianism" in the title of the future conferences and the present book, but to use the term Church of the East, which is correct and wide enough to cover the whole field of the research."

1803:. However, through the 6th century the church was frequently beset with internal strife and persecution from the Zoroastrians. The infighting led to a schism, which lasted from 521 until around 539, when the issues were resolved. However, immediately afterward Byzantine-Persian conflict led to a renewed persecution of the church by the Sasanid King 2242: 2592:

Sulaqa was consecrated "patriarch of Athura and Mosul" in Rome in April 1553 and returned to northern Mesopotamia towards the end of the same year. In December 1553 he obtained documents from the Ottoman authorities recognizing him as an independent "Chaldean" patriarch, and in 1554, during a stay of

1748:. The Persian Church increasingly aligned itself with the Nestorian schismatics, a measure encouraged by the Zoroastrian ruling class. The church became increasingly Nestorian in doctrine over the next decades, furthering the divide between Roman and Nestorian Christianity. In 486 the Metropolitan of 1482:

and Dietmar W. Winkler said, "Nestorius himself was no Nestorian" in terms of doctrine. Even from the beginning, not all churches called "Nestorian" adhered to the Nestorian doctrine; in China, it has been noted that none of the various sources for the local Nestorian church refer to Christ as having

2581:, which set out his claims to be recognized as patriarch. On April 9, having satisfied the Vatican that he was a good Catholic, Sulaqa was consecrated bishop and archbishop in the basilica of Saint Peter. On April 28 he was recognized as "patriarch of Athura and Mosul" by pope Julius III in the bull 2426:

The "exterior provinces" of the Church of the East, with the important exception of India, collapsed during the second half of the fourteenth century. Although little is known of the circumstances of the demise of the Nestorian dioceses in Central Asia (which may never have fully recovered from the

1477:

In modern times some scholars have sought to avoid the Nestorian label, preferring "Church of the East" or one of the other alternatives. This is due both to the term's derogatory connotations, and because it implies a stronger connection to Nestorian doctrine than may have historically existed. As

1397:

churches with little regard for theological consideration. While often used disparagingly in the West to emphasize the Church of the East's connections to a heretical doctrine, many writers of the Middle Ages and since have simply used the label descriptively, as a neutral and conventional term for

1507:

in 1842), and as a neutral and convenient descriptive term by others. Nowadays it is generally felt that the term carries a stigma, and students of the Church of the East are advised to avoid its use. In this thesis the theologically neutral adjective 'East Syrian' has been used wherever possible,

1494:

The terminology used in this study deserves a word of explanation. Until recently the Church of the East was usually called the 'Nestorian' church, and East Syrian Christians were either 'Nestorians' or (after the schism of 1552) by the ethnic and geographic misnomer 'Chaldeans'. During the period

1350:

For most of its history the church had six or so Interior Provinces in its heartland in northern Mesopotamia, southeastern Anatolia, and northwestern Iran and an increasing number of Exterior Provinces elsewhere. Most of these latter were located farther afield within the territory of the Sasanian

1286:

further distinguished itself from the Assyrian Church of the East in the 20th century over reforms such as the use of the Gregorian Calendar. In the early 21st century, both the Assyrian Church of the East and Chaldean Catholic Church had approximately 500,000 members, while the Ancient Assyrian

456:

These early Christian communities in Mesopotamia, Elam and Fars were reinforced in the 4th and 5th centuries by large-scale deportations of Christians from the eastern ].<ref name=culture-61>''Culture and customs of Iran'', p. 61</ref> However, the Persian Church faced several severe

440:

331:

Christians were already forming communities in ] as early as the 1st century under the ]. In 266, the area was annexed by the Persian ] (becoming the province of ]), and there were significant Christian communities in ], ], and ].<ref name=concise-1>Winkler, ''Church of the East: a concise

253:

490:

Meanwhile, in the Roman Empire, the ] had led many of Nestorius' supporters to relocate to the Persian Empire, mainly around the theological ]. The Persian Church increasingly aligned itself with the Nestorian schismatics, a measure encouraged by the Zoroastrian ruling class. The church became

482:

1589:, although the date and circumstances of this are not entirely clear. The translators may have been Syriac-speaking Jews or early Jewish converts to Christianity. The translation could have been done separately for different texts, and the whole work was probably done by the second century. 2315:

and Christianity, causing it to decline sharply in China. A Syrian monk visiting China a few decades later described many churches in ruin. The Church disappeared from China in the early 10th century, coinciding with the collapse of the Tang Dynasty and the tumult of the next years (the

2129:, had a long connection with the Church of the East. The earliest known organized Christian presence in Kerala dates to the 3rd century, when Nestorian Christian settlers and missionaries from Persia settled in the region. The Saint Thomas Christians traditionally credit the mission of 2453:

in 1338. In China, the last references to Nestorian and Latin Christians date from the 1350s. It is likely that all foreign Christians were expelled from China soon after the revolution of 1368, which replaced the Mongol Yuan dynasty with the xenophobic Ming dynasty.

1736:

still in Roman territory. The church grew considerably during the Sasanian period, but the pressure of persecution led the Catholicos Dadisho I in 424 to convene the Synod of Markabta at Seleucia and declare the Catholicate independent from the Patriarch of Antioch.

1201:

and a subsequent exodus of Nestorius' supporters to Sasanian Persia. The existing Christians in Persia welcomed these refugees and gradually adopted Nestorian doctrine by the 5th century, leading the Church of Persia to be known alternately as the Nestorian Church.

1469:

in Assyria and northern Mesopotamia, supported Nestorius—though not necessarily the doctrine ascribed to him—and broke with the churches of the Roman and Byzantine Empires. Many of Nestorius' supporters relocated to Sasanian Persia. These events are known as the

157: 457:

persecutions, notably during the reign of ] (339–79), from the ] majority who accused it of Roman leanings.<ref>Foster, pp. 26–27</ref> Shapur II attempted to dismantle the Catholicate's structure and put to death some of the clergy including the

1508:

and the term 'traditionalist' to distinguish the non-Catholic branch of the Church of the East after the schism of 1552. The modern term 'Assyrian', often used in the same sense, was unknown for most of the period covered in this study, and has been avoided.

63: 1495:

covered in this study, the word 'Nestorian' was used both as a term of abuse by those who disapproved of the traditional East Syrian theology, as a term of pride by many of its defenders (including Abdisho of Nisibis in 1318, the Mosul patriarch

2861: 2370:. It was at this point, in the late 13th century, that the Church of the East reached its greatest geographical extent. But Mongol power was already waning, as the Empire dissolved into civil war, and it reached a turning point in 1295, when 1908:

minority group headed by the Patriarch of the East. As with all other Christian and Jewish groups given the same status, the Church was restricted within the Caliphate, but also given a degree of protection. Nestorians were not permitted to

2652:

Mar Elias (Eliya), the Nestorian bishop of the Urmia plain village of Geogtapa, c.1831 .The image comes from Justin Perkins, 'A Residence of Eight Years in Persia among the Nestorians, with Notes of the Mohammedans' (Andover,

2176:, supposedly a Nestorian ruler of India who held the offices of both king and priest. The geographically remote Malabar church survived the decay of the Nestorian hierarchy elsewhere, enduring until the 16th century when the 2727:

All Joseph I's successors took the name of Joseph. The life of this patriarchate was difficult: the leadership was continually vexed by traditionalists, while the community struggled under the tax burden imposed by the

2497:

on IV Basidi made the patriarchal succession hereditary, normally from uncle to nephew. This practice, which resulted in a shortage of eligible heirs, eventually led to a schism in the Church of the East. The patriarch

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history'', p. 1</ref> The Church of the East traced its origins ultimately to the evangelical activity of ], ] and ]. While under the jurisdiction of the ], leadership and structure remained disorganized until

254:

1242:

From its peak of geographical extent, the church experienced a rapid period of decline starting in the 14th century, due in large part to outside influences. The Mongol Empire dissolved into civil war, the Chinese

2661:. The last patriarch to be formally recognized by the Pope died in the 1600, and the heredity of the office was reintroduced, and thus by 1660 the Church of the East had become divided into two patriarchates, the 2180:

arrived in India. The Portuguese at first accepted the Nestorian sect, but by the end of the century they had determined to actively bring the Saint Thomas Christians into full communion with Rome under the

2098:

The Church of the East had a vigorous corps of missionaries, who proceeded eastward from their base in Persia, having particular success in India, among the Mongols, and reaching as far as China and Korea.

3918: 1814:

By the end of the 5th century and the middle of the 6th, the area occupied by the Church of the East included "all the countries to the east and those immediately to the west of the Euphrates", including

2331:

in the 13th century and other medieval Western writers described many Nestorian communities remaining in China and Mongolia; however, they clearly were not as vibrant as they had been during Tang times.

445:] majority who accused it of Roman leanings.<ref>Foster, pp. 26–27</ref> Shapur II attempted to dismantle the Catholicate's structure and put to death some of the clergy including the 2300:, gives the names of several prominent Christians in China, including the metropolitan Adam, the bishop Yohannan, the 'country-bishops' Yazdbuzid and Sargis and the archdeacons Gigoi of Khumdan ( 2473:, the same general region where the Church of the East had first emerged between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD. Small Nestorian communities were located further west, notably in Jerusalem and 15: 4286: 1913:

or attempt to convert Muslims, but their missionaries were otherwise given a free hand, and they increased missionary efforts farther afield. Missionaries established dioceses in

1685:, imposed the primacy of his see over the other Mesopotamian and Persian bishoprics which were grouped together into the Catholicate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon; Papa took the title of 2449:

At the end of the 19th century, tombstones in two East Syrian cemeteries were discovered and dated in Mongolia. They dated from 1342, and several commemorated deaths during a

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Seleznyov, Nikolai N., "Nestorius of Constantinople: Condemnation, Suppression, Veneration, With special reference to the role of his name in East-Syriac Christianity" in:

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missionaries were already at work among the Nestorians, and they persuaded Sulaqa's supporters to legitimize their position by seeking their candidate's consecration by

1696:

These early Christian communities in Mesopotamia, Elam and Fars were reinforced in the 4th and 5th centuries by large-scale deportations of Christians from the eastern

2825:

and relocated the see of the patriarchate there. The church split again in 1964, when some traditionalists responded to ecclesiastical reforms brought on by Patriarch

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line of patriarchs at Qochanis, which extended mainly in the Northern mountains, remained independent of the Chaldean Church, and the patriarchate of the present-day

1708:

majority who accused it of Roman leanings. Shapur II attempted to dismantle the Catholicate's structure and put to death some of the clergy including the catholicoi

1504: 691: 1295:

The Church of the East was headed by the Patriarch of the East, an office that traces its origin to the Apostolic Age. The head of the church also bears the title "

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Sulaqa went to Rome to put his case in person. At Rome he made a satisfactory Catholic profession of faith and presented a letter, drafted by his supporters in

3926: 1255:(1336–1405) nearly eradicated the remaining Christians in Persia; thereafter, Nestorian Christianity remained largely confined to Upper Mesopotamia and to the 1079: 2625:

yahb responded by consecrating two more underage members of the patriarchal family as metropolitans for Nisibis and Gazarta. He also won over the governor of

3509:, 47 (Armenia), 72 (Damascus), 74 (Dailam and Gilan), 94–6 (India), 105 (China), 124 (Rai), 128–9 (Sarbaz), 128 (Samarqand and Beth Turkaye) and 139 (Tibet) 2197:, led to a revolt among the Saint Thomas Christians; the majority of them broke with the Catholic Church and vowed never to submit to the Portuguese in the 1445:(literally, "Bearer of the Christ") as a more suitable alternative title. These statements drew criticism from other prominent churchmen, particularly from 1968:, took a particularly keen interest in the missionary expansion of the Church of the East. He is known to have consecrated metropolitans for Damascus, for 5806: 5765: 5760: 5704: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5532: 5507: 5437: 5277: 5133: 2678: 2350:. Several Mongol tribes had already been converted by Nestorian missionaries in the 7th century, and Christianity was therefore a major influence in the 1393:. Although the "Nestorian" label was initially a theological one, applied to followers of the Nestorian doctrine, it was soon applied to all associated 5868: 5796: 5786: 5755: 5709: 5623: 5537: 5512: 5502: 5347: 5138: 5096: 4392: 2902: 2897: 5039: 4183: 2598: 2477:, but the Malabar Christians of India represented the only significant survival of the once-thriving exterior provinces of the Church of the East. 2713: 681: 6019: 6014: 6009: 5801: 5714: 5659: 5628: 5602: 5482: 5452: 5427: 5392: 5362: 5342: 5332: 5267: 5128: 1035: 6004: 5989: 5984: 5969: 5964: 5954: 5939: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5889: 5884: 5873: 5811: 5730: 5719: 5699: 5684: 5679: 5669: 5638: 5542: 5492: 5472: 5382: 5372: 5367: 5357: 5322: 5302: 5287: 5148: 5143: 5101: 2366:, Nestorian Christianity was the primary religious influence in the Empire, and this also carried over to Mongol-conquered China, during the 1992:. By the 10th century the Church of the East had a number of dioceses stretching from across the Caliphate's territories to India and China. 536: 6076: 5654: 5587: 5462: 5417: 5272: 5201: 4429: 4385: 2907: 2393:, so it is possible that there was a Nestorian presence in the city ca.1300. There was certainly a recognizable Nestorian presence at the 2288: 1690: 1247:

overthrew the Mongols (1368) and ejected Christians and other foreign influences from China, and many Mongols in Central Asia converted to

1166: 152: 93: 2860:. Church leaders have proposed moving the patriarchal see from Chicago back to Erbil. There have also been talks of reunification. In the 1339:. The office of metropolitan bishop is an important one, and comes with additional duties and powers; canonically, only metropolitans can 5206: 5032: 2716:" as leader of the Assyrian people who stayed in communion with Rome, and thus forming the third patriarchate of the Church of the East. 2146: 2112: 1989: 1216: 31: 28: 2864:

in 1994, the two churches recognized the legitimacy and rightness of each other's titles for Mary. In 2015, Chaldean Catholic Patriarch

2530:(1558–91). These appointments, combined with other accusations of impropriety, caused discontent throughout the church, and by 1552 Shem 5852: 5841: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5791: 5770: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5694: 5689: 5674: 5664: 5643: 5633: 5618: 5613: 5597: 5592: 5582: 5572: 5547: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5497: 5487: 5477: 5467: 5457: 5442: 5432: 5422: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5387: 5377: 5352: 5337: 5327: 5317: 5307: 5297: 5282: 5257: 5241: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5153: 5091: 2892: 1985: 1147: 1072: 2766:

in 1804, but he was recognized as Patriarch by the Pope only in 1830. This merged the majority of the Patriarchate of Alqosh with the

5447: 5231: 3829: 1973: 1266:, rival patriarchs were appointed within the Church of the East, leading to the emergence of two distinct churches, the contemporary 2430:

The blame for the destruction of the Nestorian communities east of northern Iraq has often been thrown upon the Turco-Mongol leader

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and received the pallium from the pope's hands at a secret consistory in the Vatican. These events, which marked the birth of the

2427:

destruction caused by the Mongols a century earlier), it was probably due to a combination of persecution, disease, and isolation.

2185:. They installed Portuguese bishops over the local sees and made liturgical changes to accord with the Latin practice. In 1599 the 1435:. He suggested that the title denied Christ's full humanity, arguing instead that Jesus had two loosely joined natures, the divine 111: 72: 4343: 5974: 2813:

running from 1898 until 1918. In 1933, the Assyrian Church was roiled by conflicts with the Iraqi government, culminating in the

2810: 1784:(497–502) reiterated and expanded upon his predecessors' esteem for Theodore, solidifying the church's adoption of Nestorianism. 5949: 2317: 1146:. Between the 9th and 14th centuries it represented the world's largest Christian church in terms of geographical extent, with 724: 1847:; and possibly also to places called Calliana, Male, and Sielediva (Ceylon). Beneath the Patriarch in the hierarchy were nine 4368: 4311: 4254: 4207: 4054: 4006: 3631: 3270: 1235:

from the 7th to the 9th century. In the 13th and 14th centuries the church experienced a final period of expansion under the

1065: 2133:, a Nestorian from the Middle East, with the further expansion of their community. From at least the early 4th century, the 1720:(346). Afterward, the office of Catholicos lay vacant nearly 20 years (346–363). In 363, under the terms of a peace treaty, 6091: 6066: 701: 182: 148: 100: 89: 3031: 2137:

provided the Saint Thomas Christians with clergy, holy texts, and ecclesiastical infrastructure, and around 650 Patriarch

4408: 2134: 503: 122: 5055: 3444:

Labourt, Jérôme. "St. Ephraem." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 8 Mar. 2015

2520:

as his successor, presumably because no older relatives were available. Several years later, probably because Khnanisho

569: 3370:

Jean-Michel Fiey, “Les étapes de la prise de conscience de son identité patriarcale par l'église syrienne orientale”,

1949:

as introducing Nestorian Christianity to China in 635. In the 7th century, the Church had grown to have two Nestorian

4789: 4333: 4230: 4120: 3606: 3581: 2036: 573: 3532: 719: 5262: 4920: 4794: 4750: 4745: 4735: 2917: 1567: 589: 6024: 4874: 4859: 4712: 4658: 2142: 1961: 1875: 1022: 912: 648: 510: 2514:(1539–58) caused great offense at the beginning of his reign by designating his twelve-year-old nephew Khnanisho 6086: 4854: 3355: 3007: 2932: 2657:

The connections with Rome loosened up under Shimun VIII Sulaqa's successors, who all used the patriarchal name

2341: 2230: 1575: 1224: 175: 3974: 1398:

the church. Other names for the church include "Persian Church", "Syriac" or "Syrian" (often distinguished as

5994: 5934: 5292: 4829: 4638: 4617: 4573: 2697: 2526:

had died in the interim, he designated as successor his fifteen-year-old brother Eliya, the future patriarch

1969: 1409:

Christological spectrum during the 5th–7th centuries showing the views of The Church of the East (light blue)

1027: 686: 520: 2689:. In 1692 he formally broke communion with Rome and he allegedly resumed relations with the line at Alqosh. 1092: 5816: 5775: 5735: 4799: 4755: 4612: 4593: 4588: 4147: 3959: 3865: 3658: 3297: 3218: 2912: 2405:, Cyprus, a Nestorian community was established just before 1300, and a church was built for them ca.1339. 2218: 1769: 1571: 1539: 751: 107: 6081: 5944: 5577: 5073: 4769: 4697: 4583: 4578: 4538: 4326: 3071: 2882: 2798: 2782: 2555: 2254: 1551: 1513: 1413:

Nestorius's doctrine represented the culmination of a philosophical current developed by scholars at the

1386: 1267: 1228: 967: 696: 665: 660: 655: 606: 2149:, one of the church's Provinces of the Exterior. After this point the Province of India was headed by a 5959: 5914: 4809: 4602: 4553: 2877: 2830: 2435: 1744:

had led many of Nestorius' supporters to relocate to the Persian Empire, mainly around the theological

1555: 1283: 610: 1776:

for its Nestorian teachings, the school relocated to its original home of Nisibis, becoming again the

5979: 4191: 2307:

Nestorian Christianity thrived in China for approximately 200 years, but then faced persecution from

2214: 1895: 1344: 1206: 862: 732: 596: 577: 2566:. However, no bishop of metropolitan rank was available to consecrate him, as canonically required. 1461:

and deposed him as patriarch. Nestorianism was officially anathematized, a ruling reiterated at the

5999: 5894: 5069: 4277: 4028: 3919:"Common Christological declaration between the Catholic church and the Assyrian Church of the East" 2887: 2771: 2586: 2559: 1559: 1454: 1271: 1215:

community under Muslim rule. From the 6th century it expanded greatly, establishing communities in

807: 670: 1516:

has shunned the "Nestorian" label in recent times. The church's former head, Catholicos-Patriarch

3404:

Richard W. Burgess, “The Dates of the Martyrdom of Simeon bar Sabba'e and the ‘Great Massacre’”,

3336:, 2nd edn., 3 vols., ed. Angelo Di Berardino (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2014), 3:47. 2862:

Common Christological Declaration between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East

2806: 2457:

By the 15th century, Nestorian Christianity was largely confined to the Eastern Aramaic speaking

2280: 2108: 1918: 1597: 1450: 1332: 1275: 1220: 706: 3455: 1780:, leading to a wave of Nestorian immigration into the Persian Empire. The Patriarch of the East 2922: 2852:

In September 2015, Warda Sliwa was consecrated Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East in

2826: 2308: 2226: 2118: 1761: 1686: 1601: 1547: 1543: 1418: 635: 585: 561: 4176: 3112: 2981: 2263:

Christianity reached China by 635, and its relics can still be seen in Chinese cities such as

6071: 3726:

Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux.

3544: 3231: 2258: 1937:

tribes. Nestorian missionaries were firmly established in China during the early part of the

1700:. However, the Persian Church faced several severe persecutions, notably during the reign of 1605: 1186: 932: 66: 4079:

Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux

1421:. This became a source of controversy when Nestorius publicly challenged usage of the title 5111: 4303: 4036: 2865: 2040: 1670: 1462: 1135: 1040: 887: 528: 3622:

Ding, Wang (2006). "Renmants of Christianity from Chinese Central Asia in Medieval ages".

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proposed unifying the three modern Patriarchates into a reestablished Church of the East.

2157:, who had authority over the clergy and also wielded a great amount of secular power. The 8: 6042: 5015: 4997: 3903: 2927: 2499: 2172:

In the 12th century Indian Nestorianism engaged the Western imagination in the figure of

2150: 1848: 1757: 1446: 1389:

from 428 – 431 AD, which emphasizes the disunion between the human and divine natures of

1336: 1131: 1053: 1007: 947: 581: 2275:, attributes the introduction of Christianity to a mission under a Persian cleric named 2090: 5552: 4673: 4469: 4377: 4264: 4164: 4130: 4016: 3833: 3641: 3280: 2818: 2362:

clan, as did their sons in turn. During the rule of Genghis's grandson, the Great Khan

2202: 2126: 2004: 1899: 1666: 1658: 1613: 1194: 556: 171: 2992: 1807:; this ended in 545. The church survived these trials under the guidance of Patriarch 1657:. The Church of the East traced its origins ultimately to the evangelical activity of 5024: 4760: 4502: 4364: 4329: 4307: 4250: 4226: 4203: 4116: 4050: 4002: 3942: 3848: 3830:"The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries" 3627: 3602: 3577: 3351: 3266: 3201: 3162: 3046: 2786: 2439: 2304:) and Gabriel of Sarag (Loyang). The names of around seventy monks are also listed. 2210: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2000: 1996: 1777: 1745: 1729: 1725: 1709: 1646: 1414: 1151: 942: 565: 551: 2153:, provided from Persia, who oversaw a varying number of bishops as well as a native 1886: 2951:

Though the "Nestorian" label is well established, it has been contentious. See the

2747: 2386: 2291: 2222: 2186: 2158: 2024: 1796: 1765: 1741: 1689:, or universal leader. This position received an additional title in 410, becoming 1471: 1466: 1394: 1368: 1320: 1198: 1182: 1174: 1162:. Several modern churches claim continuity with the historical Church of the East. 795: 773: 16: 4249:

The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

2648: 2323:

Christianity in China experienced a significant revival during the Mongol-created

4445: 4244: 4240: 3979: 3190:"Cyril of Alexandria, Third epistle to Nestorius, including the twelve anathemas" 2814: 2755: 2571: 2458: 2268: 2246: 2072: 2064: 2056: 2012: 2008: 1965: 1942: 1800: 1638: 1634: 1609: 1586: 1139: 1112: 977: 972: 768: 4041:, London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-29770-2. Google Print, retrieved 16 July 2005. 2801:

faced a further split in 1898, when a bishop and a number of followers from the

2593:

five months in Amid, consecrated five metropolitan bishops (for the dioceses of

2554:

districts in northern Mesopotamia, chose a new patriarch, electing a monk named

2461:

communities of northern Mesopotamia, in and around the rough triangle formed by

2241: 5077: 4915: 4512: 4493: 4450: 4424: 4157:

Light from the East: A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Churches

3898: 2759: 2729: 2705: 2640:

Amadiya, imprisoned him for four months, and put him to death in January 1555.

2486: 2394: 2249:, created in 781, describes the introduction of Nestorian Christianity to China 2130: 2028: 1977: 1773: 1717: 1705: 1642: 1263: 1017: 790: 778: 711: 118: 4323:

Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the first journey from China to the West

3807:

Habbi, "Signification de l'union chaldéenne de Mar Sulaqa avec Rome en 1553",

2363: 1538:, in some cases lightly revised and with missing books added, is the standard 1465:

in 451. However, a number of churches, particularly those associated with the

1405: 6055: 4890: 4084: 4065: 3443: 2834: 2732:

authorities. Nevertheless, its influence expanded from the original towns of

2669:(which comprised those who had not entered into Communion with Rome) and the 2443: 2351: 2217:

hierarchy; by the next year, 84 of the 116 communities returned, forming the

1674: 1654: 1593: 1582: 1517: 1256: 1236: 1170: 872: 857: 837: 800: 785: 761: 630: 2833:. Today the Assyrian Church has about 170,000 members, mostly living in the 2821:

was exiled. In 1940-41, Shimun settled in the sizable diaspora community in

2287:. The inscription on the Nestorian Stele, whose dating formula mentions the 2141:

solidified the church's jurisdiction in India. In the 8th century Patriarch

1520:, explicitly rejected the term on the occasion of his consecration in 1976. 1299:". Like the churches from which it developed, the Church of the East has an 47: 4839: 4834: 4779: 4730: 4653: 4548: 3922: 2857: 2542:

yahb had become so unpopular that a group of bishops, principally from the

2367: 2355: 2324: 2284: 2173: 2138: 1938: 1930: 1864: 1697: 1479: 1441: 1374: 1364: 1340: 1244: 1232: 1178: 1127: 1101: 897: 882: 867: 847: 842: 832: 5925: 5915: 5843: 5832: 5777: 5721: 5645: 5604: 5308: 4624: 2635: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2537: 2531: 2521: 2515: 2507: 2501: 2492: 2438:, mention the murder of a Latin bishop in 1339 or 1340 by a Muslim mob in 2293: 4905: 4895: 4864: 4824: 4819: 4784: 4774: 4740: 4707: 4643: 4074: 2853: 2450: 2327:, established after the Mongols had conquered China in the 13th century. 2301: 2272: 1950: 1926: 1910: 1856: 1828: 1792: 1781: 1630: 1432: 1378: 1352: 1097: 1012: 877: 756: 4001:. Vol. Volume 5, Eastern Christianity. Cambridge University Press. 1169:, continuing a line that, according to tradition, stretched back to the 4960: 4900: 4869: 4849: 4844: 4814: 4682: 4668: 4663: 4633: 4622: 4455: 2955:

section for the naming issue and alternate designations for the church.

2567: 2470: 2398: 2328: 2206: 2182: 2162: 2154: 2075: 2068: 2052: 2016: 1808: 1787:

Now firmly established in the Persian Empire, with centers in Nisibis,

1662: 1300: 1296: 902: 2708:

with Rome, separating from the Patriarchal see of Alqosh. In 1681 the

2418: 2389:

had initially conceived of his journey to the West as a pilgrimage to

4992: 4973: 4934: 4804: 4222: 2527: 2431: 2402: 2390: 2375: 2358:

was a shamanist, but his sons took Christian wives from the powerful

2346:

The Church of the East enjoyed a final period of expansion under the

2079: 2060: 2032: 1954: 1860: 1816: 1804: 1788: 1701: 1682: 1563: 1500: 1423: 1382: 1312: 1190: 987: 907: 852: 419:

syrienne orientale”, ''L'Orient syrien'' 12 (1967): 3–22.</ref>

324:

syrienne orientale”, ''L'Orient syrien'' 12 (1967): 3–22.</ref>

4361:

The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

3975:"Chaldean Patriarch gambles on re-establishing "Church of the East"" 3730:

The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

1488:

The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

1100:, in a 7th- or 8th-century wall painting from a Nestorian church in 4982: 4947: 4929: 4702: 4648: 4558: 4507: 4488: 4483: 2817:. Thousands of Assyrian Christians fled the country, and Patriarch 2763: 2709: 2682: 2466: 2312: 2264: 2177: 2166: 2044: 1995:

Nestorian Christians made substantial contributions to the Islamic

1871: 1840: 1753: 1713: 1678: 1596:

of the Peshitta, which originally excluded certain disputed books (

1535: 1529: 1279: 892: 827: 4105:

Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923

3711:

H. C. Luke, "The Christian Communities in the Holy Sepulchre," in

2311:(reigned 840–846). He suppressed all foreign religions, including 1890:

Ecclesiastical provinces of the Church of the East in 10th century

1239:, where influential Nestorian Christians sat in the Mongol court. 6037: 5010: 4987: 4910: 4687: 4568: 4563: 4522: 4517: 4474: 4199: 2822: 2686: 2631: 2594: 2446:, and the forcible conversion of the city's Christians to Islam. 2347: 2094:

Church of the East and its largest extent during the Middle Ages.

2020: 1934: 1836: 1824: 1749: 1721: 1324: 937: 3752:

Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

1799:, the Church of the East began to branch out beyond the Persian 1673:, leadership and structure remained disorganized until 315 when 4692: 4246:

Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.

2737: 2666: 2606: 2563: 2551: 2474: 2371: 2359: 2276: 2122: 2048: 1946: 1904: 1820: 1733: 1458: 1328: 1316: 1308: 1304: 1211: 1205:

The church grew rapidly under the Sasanians, and following the

4352:

Nestorian missionary enterprise, the story of a church on fire

4091:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010 ISBN 978-0-230-62125-1 441:

persecutions, notably during the reign of ] (339–79), from the

4607: 4464: 2846: 2802: 2741: 2610: 2578: 2491:

Around the middle of the fifteenth century the patriarch Shem

2462: 2422:

Mongol tribes that adopted Syriac Christianity ca. 600 - 1400

2378:, made a formal conversion to Islam when he took the throne. 1981: 1922: 1914: 1870:

The Church of the East also flourished in the kingdom of the

1844: 1832: 1436: 1390: 1331:

communities overseen by priests. Dioceses are organized into

1252: 1248: 1159: 1155: 982: 2993:"CNEWA United States – The Assyrian Church of the East" 1327:, each headed by a bishop and made up of several individual 5924: 4543: 4099:. Great Britain: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 2842: 2838: 2733: 2701: 2602: 2547: 2543: 1984:. He also detached India from the metropolitan province of 1852: 1650: 1143: 136:

Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.2.7.1)

3624:

Jingjiao: the Church of the East in China and Central Asia

3263:

Jingjiao: the Church of the East in China and Central Asia

1874:

until the Islamic conquest, particularly after the ruler

1811:, who had converted to Christianity from Zoroastrianism. 1428: 692:

Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia

4407: 3473:

Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy

3010:. The American Foundation for Syriac Studies. 2012-10-05 2589:, created a permanent schism in the Church of the East. 1953:, and over 20 bishops east of the Iranian border of the 675:

Eastern Rite Community in Germany and the Czech Republic

3522:. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3, p. 4 3152:, p. 34, in the 9th century there were 25 metropolitans 2003:, particularly in translating the works of the ancient 1988:

and made it a separate metropolitan province, known as

1645:), and there were significant Christian communities in 5054: 3596: 3571: 2692:

In the Western regions, a new start for the so-called

2125:, India, who trace their origins to the evangelism of 1933:, where they had significant success converting local 1358: 1343:

a patriarch. The Patriarch also has the charge of the

1231:, which became home to a thriving community under the 712:

P'ent'ay - Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelical Churches

54: 4107:, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02700-4 3813:

Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East

3557:

Christianity in India: from Beginnings to the Present

3421:, 3rd edn. (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 116, 245. 3086:

Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East

2643: 2413: 1616:), had become the standard by the early 5th century. 389:''Encyclopedia of Ancient Christianity'', 2nd edn., 3 298:, ''Encyclopedia of Ancient Christianity'', 2nd edn., 4035:

Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W (1 January 2003).

3260: 2714:

Patriarch of the Chaldeans deprived of its patriarch

1728:, accompanied by a number of teachers, to leave the 1303:

clergy divided into the three traditional orders of

374:

took the title of ], or universal leader.<ref>

287:

took the title of ], or universal leader.<ref>

3832:. Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. Archived from 3533:

Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization

3225: 3161: 1980:of Central Asia, for China, and possibly also for 198: 2271:, set up on 7 January 781 at the then-capital of 1902:designated the Church of the East as an official 6053: 4044: 3345: 1624: 1177:, and theologically, it adopted the doctrine of 4320: 4110: 3996: 3899:"Assyrian Church of the East elects new leader" 3791: 3789: 3787: 3559:, pp. 102–107; 115. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-826377-5. 2213:to re-establish the East Syrian rites under an 1976:in Tabaristan, for Sarbaz in Segestan, for the 1629:Christians were already forming communities in 682:Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile) 4190: 3475:(Burlington, VT–Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 73. 3348:The Eastern Christian Churches: a brief survey 2973: 2229:; from the Malankara Church has also come the 1760:where he publicly accepted Nestorius' mentor, 1637:. In 266, the area was annexed by the Persian 1490:, offers an explanation in the first chapter: 1373:The Church of the East became associated with 5102:Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552 5097:Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552 5040: 4393: 4349: 4297: 4291:Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions 3827: 3483: 3481: 3417:Donald Attwater & Catherine Rachel John, 3078: 2903:Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1552–1913 2898:Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552 2015:. Nestorians made their own contributions to 1764:, as a spiritual authority. In 489, when the 1290: 1073: 3784: 3766: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3008:"The Church of the East – Mark Dickens" 2908:List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East 2789:, USA, forms the continuation of this line. 2681:, moved his seat to the Assyrian village of 2397:from the 1348 through 1575, as contemporary 2335: 1945:describes a mission under a proselyte named 4216: 3811:11 (1966), 99–132 and 199–230; Wilmshurst, 3029: 2408: 2113:India (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1941:(618–907); the Chinese source known as the 1209:(633-654) it was designated as a protected 1181:, which emphasizes the distinctness of the 283:into the Catholicate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 5154:Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 5092:Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318 5047: 5033: 4400: 4386: 4358: 4239: 3621: 3597:Baum, Wilhelm; Dietmar W. Winkler (2003). 3572:Baum, Wilhelm; Dietmar W. Winkler (2003). 3478: 3377: 2893:Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318 2169:, where the shrine of Thomas was located. 1972:, for Dailam and Gilan in Azerbaijan, for 1542:for churches in the Syriac tradition: the 1173:. Liturgically, the church adhered to the 1080: 1066: 367:into the Catholicate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 4182:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4038:The Church of the East: A Concise History 3599:The Church of the East: A Concise History 3574:The Church of the East: A Concise History 3567: 3565: 3313: 3247:Baum, W. & Winkler, D., (2000, 2003) 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3091: 2719: 1165:The Church of the East was headed by the 3823: 3821: 3803: 3801: 3728:(Beirut, 1993) p. 71. David Wilsmhurst, 3261:Hofrichter, Peter L. (2006). "Preface". 3037:. Catholic Near East Welfare Association 2805:area in Iran entered communion with the 2758:profession of faith in 1780. He entered 2647: 2417: 2240: 2089: 1964:(780–823), a contemporary of the caliph 1885: 1404: 1091: 4284: 4115:(in Russian). Moscow: Onyx Publishers. 3972: 3715:(London: John Murray, 1924), pp. 46–56. 3683: 3304: 3023: 2829:(1908–1975) by forming the independent 2811:Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Urmia 2381: 2225:, soon entered into communion with the 6054: 4094: 3562: 3122: 2770:line of Amid, thus forming the modern 2318:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2221:. The rest, which became known as the 1669:. While under the jurisdiction of the 1633:as early as the 1st century under the 1457:in 431, which condemned Nestorius for 1319:. Also like other churches, it has an 725:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India 498:Revision as of 03:20, 26 November 2016 365:bishoprics which were grouped together 149:Revision as of 03:20, 26 November 2016 90:Revision as of 18:19, 24 November 2016 5028: 4381: 3999:The Cambridge History of Christianity 3818: 3798: 3332:Ilaria Ramelli, “Papa bar Aggai”, in 3321:Church of the East: a concise history 2205:responded by sending a delegation of 1851:, and clergy were recorded among the 1138:. It was the Christian church of the 1096:Nestorian priests in a procession on 678:Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia 4344:Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 4154: 3896: 3626:. Steyler Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH. 3334:Encyclopedia of Ancient Christianity 3265:. Steyler Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH. 3032:"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2010" 2696:Patriarchate began in 1672 when Mar 1740:Meanwhile, in the Roman Empire, the 1691:Catholicos and Patriarch of the East 1585:of the Peshitta was translated from 1142:, and quickly spread widely through 1116: 720:Society for Eastern Rite Anglicanism 702:Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church 80: 46: 6077:Christianity in the Sasanian Empire 4196:The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410 3925:. November 11, 1994. Archived from 2953:Nestorianism and naming conventions 2673:line. In 1672 the Patriarch of the 2135:Patriarch of the Church of the East 1724:was ceded to the Persians, causing 1359:Nestorianism and naming conventions 504:Church of the East (disambiguation) 244:===Parthian and Sasanian periods=== 237:===Parthian and Sasanian periods=== 205: 194: 163: 146: 139: 134: 99: 87: 13: 3350:. Edizioni Orientalia Christiana. 3251:, London, RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 4–5 2754:hereditary line in Alqosh, made a 2644:Sees in Qochanis, Amid, and Alqosh 2414:Collapse of the exterior provinces 2071:of the Abbasid Caliphs were often 1439:and the human Jesus, and proposed 1417:, most notably Nestorius's mentor 1189:. This doctrine and its namesake, 500: 35: 6103: 3897:Nagl, Kurt (September 26, 2015). 2952: 2480: 1929:presence there, and they entered 1193:(386–451), were condemned by the 671:Believers Eastern Church of India 6036: 5110: 5009: 4219:The Lost History of Christianity 4159:. Toronto: Anglican Book Centre. 3973:Valente, Gianni (25 June 2015). 3878:Baum & Winkler, pp. 143–144. 3732:(Louvain: Peeters, 2000), p. 66. 3419:The Penguin Dictionary of Saints 3072:CNEWA - Chaldean Catholic Church 2918:Second Council of Constantinople 2744:, where they relocated the see. 2147:Ecclesiastical Province of India 1878:officially converted in c. 592. 1772:was closed by Byzantine Emperor 1619: 1568:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 1402:Syriac/Syrian), and "Assyrian". 1287:Church of the East had 100,000. 535: 6062:Ancient Christian controversies 5373:Beth Tabyathe and the Kartawaye 4998:Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–58) 4354:. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark. 4097:The Church of the T'ang Dynasty 3990: 3966: 3911: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3775: 3757: 3744: 3735: 3718: 3705: 3692: 3674: 3665: 3615: 3590: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3520:Islamic Science and Engineering 3512: 3499: 3490: 3465: 3448: 3437: 3424: 3411: 3398: 3389: 3364: 3339: 3326: 3254: 3241: 3182: 2792: 2145:organised the community as the 1881: 511:The Assyrian Church of the East 199:→‎Parthian and Sasanian periods 4064:"Nestorius and Nestorianism". 4049:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 3456:L'ecclésiologie des nestoriens 3192:. Monachos.net. Archived from 3173: 3155: 3142: 2945: 2933:Christians in the Persian Gulf 2342:Christianity among the Mongols 2231:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 1921:). They made some advances in 1898:in 644, the newly established 1894:After the Sasanian Empire was 1576:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 1: 4285:Moffett, Samuel Hugh (1999). 4113:Poiski vymyshlennogo tsarstva 3997:Angold, Michael, ed. (2006). 3434:(Paris: Plon, 1993), 110–133. 3238:. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 3119:. Retrieved January 28, 2010. 2962: 1625:Parthian and Sasanian periods 1523: 687:Evangelical Church of Romania 496: 452: 436: 327: 279:the Mesopotamian and Persian 249: 5950:Erbil (Chaldean archeparchy) 5822:Tus and Abrashahr (Nishapur) 4503:Shemʿon Bar Sabbaʿe (329–41) 3169:. Doubleday. pp. 20–23. 2967: 2913:Schism of the Three Chapters 2219:Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 2165:, or (perhaps nominally) in 2085: 1876:Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir 1572:Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 1355:, Tangut and Katai and Ong. 316:(InterVarsity Press, 2014), 18:Browse history interactively 7: 6092:Non-Chalcedonian Christians 6067:Assyrian Church of the East 5945:Erbil (East Syriac diocese) 5926: 5916: 5844: 5833: 5778: 5722: 5646: 5605: 5309: 5074:Assyrian Church of the East 5068:Hierarchy divided into the 4625: 4327:Kodansha International Ltd. 4047:Culture and customs of Iran 3887:Baum & Winkler, p. 148. 3384:Culture and customs of Iran 2988:. Retrieved April 19, 2010. 2883:Assyrian Church of the East 2871: 2799:Assyrian Church of the East 2783:Assyrian Church of the East 2700:, then the metropolitan of 2636: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2583:Divina disponente clementia 2538: 2532: 2522: 2516: 2508: 2502: 2493: 2294: 2255:Church of the East in China 1859:, Media, and the island of 1552:Assyrian Church of the East 1514:Assyrian Church of the East 1387:Patriarch of Constantinople 1268:Assyrian Church of the East 1251:. The Muslim Mongol leader 697:Evangelical Orthodox Church 666:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 661:Assyrian Evangelical Church 656:Armenian Evangelical Church 411:InterVarsity Press, 2014), 357:the primacy of his see over 10: 6108: 5869:dioceses from 1318 to 1552 4916:Yahballaha III (1281–1317) 4359:Wilmshurst, David (2000). 4089:Religions of the Silk Road 3346:Roberson, Ronald (1999) . 3150:Church of the Tang Dynasty 3148:According to John Foster, 2878:Ancient Church of the East 2831:Ancient Church of the East 2712:granted him the title of " 2562:near the Assyrian town of 2484: 2374:, the Mongol ruler of the 2339: 2252: 2106: 1641:(becoming the province of 1556:Ancient Church of the East 1527: 1362: 1291:Organization and structure 1284:Ancient Church of the East 729:St. Valentine's Fellowship 716:Russian Evangelical Church 508: 501: 196: 6033: 5861: 5298:Ardashir Khurrah (Shiraf) 5250: 5162: 5119: 5108: 5084: 5066: 5006: 4891:Yahballaha II (1190–1222) 4883: 4723: 4531: 4438: 4419: 4045:Daniel, Elton L. (2006). 3601:. Routledge. p. 53. 3576:. Routledge. p. 52. 3555:Frykenberg, Eric (2008). 3167:The Realm of Prester John 3064:Information sourced from 3039:. Retrieved December 2010 2336:Mongolia and Central Asia 2078:such as the long serving 1896:conquered by Muslim Arabs 1345:Province of the Patriarch 1335:under the authority of a 1207:Muslim conquest of Persia 1036:Index of related articles 1023:Eastern Christian history 733:Ukrainian Lutheran Church 363:Mesopotamian and Persian 268:Papa bar Aggai (310-329) 216: 213: 145: 123:Pending changes reviewers 86: 5070:Chaldean Catholic Church 4930:Denha II (1336/7–1381/2) 4321:Rossabi, Morris (1992). 4155:Hill, Henry, ed (1988). 4111:Gumilev, Lev N. (2003). 2938: 2888:Chaldean Catholic Church 2772:Chaldean Catholic Church 2634:, who invited Sulaqa to 2587:Chaldean Catholic Church 2560:Rabban Hormizd Monastery 2409:Schism and later history 2279:in 635, in the reign of 2236: 2102: 1560:Chaldean Catholic Church 1497:Eliya X Yohannan Marogin 1455:First Council of Ephesus 1272:Chaldean Catholic Church 1183:divine and human natures 808:Eastern Catholic liturgy 745:Eastern liturgical rites 509:Not to be confused with 260:, at a synod convened in 183:Extended confirmed users 6043:Christianity portal 5258:Abiward and Shahr Piroz 5016:Christianity portal 4865:ʿAbdishoʿ III (1139–48) 4840:Sabrishoʿ III (1064–72) 4346:62:3–4 (2010): 165–190. 3432:Les porteurs de lumière 3236:Encyclopædia Britannica 3117:Encyclopædia Britannica 2986:Encyclopædia Britannica 2807:Russian Orthodox Church 2436:Giovanni de' Marignolli 2401:accounts indicate. At 2281:Emperor Taizong of Tang 2109:Saint Thomas Christians 1919:Saint Thomas Christians 1671:patriarchate of Antioch 1598:Second Epistle of Peter 1451:Patriarch of Alexandria 1427:(literally, "Bearer of 1381:doctrine attributed to 1276:Eastern Catholic Church 1221:Saint Thomas Christians 1197:in 431, leading to the 707:Mar Thoma Syrian Church 85: 4850:Makkikha I (1092–1110) 4845:ʿAbdishoʿ II (1074–90) 4835:Yohannan VII (1049–57) 4654:Ishoʿyahb III (649–59) 4363:. Peeters Publishers. 4350:Stewart, John (1928). 4298:Morgan, David (2007). 3781:Wilmshurst, pp. 21–22. 3249:The Church of the East 3054:Check date values in: 2923:Syriac Orthodox Church 2827:Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII 2654: 2423: 2309:Emperor Wuzong of Tang 2250: 2227:Syriac Orthodox Church 2119:Saint Thomas Christian 2095: 1891: 1762:Theodore of Mopsuestia 1687:Catholicos of the East 1602:Second Epistle of John 1548:Syrian Catholic Church 1544:Syriac Orthodox Church 1510: 1419:Theodore of Mopsuestia 1410: 1278:in communion with the 1104: 625:Independent communions 6087:Christian terminology 5644:Niffar, Nil and al-Nu 5473:Harran and Callinicus 5163:Exterior metropolitan 5120:Interior metropolitan 4983:Shemʿon V (1497–1502) 4906:Makkikha II (1257–65) 4901:Sabrishoʿ V (1226–56) 4896:Sabrishoʿ IV (1222–5) 4870:Ishoʿyahb V (1149–75) 4825:Ishoʿyahb IV (1020–5) 4820:Yohannan VI (1012–20) 4731:Ishoʿ bar Nun (823–8) 4708:Hnanishoʿ II (773–80) 4644:Ishoʿyahb II (628–45) 4634:Sabrishoʿ I (596–604) 4549:Yahballaha I (415–20) 4095:Foster, John (1939). 4067:Catholic Encyclopedia 3462:34(177) (1935): 5–25. 2651: 2421: 2259:Christianity in China 2244: 2093: 1925:, despite the strong 1889: 1677:(310-329), bishop of 1606:Third Epistle of John 1492: 1408: 1227:in Central Asia, and 1167:Patriarch of the East 1122:), also known as the 1095: 913:Eastern Protestantism 649:Eastern Protestantism 546:Mainstream communions 5771:Shenna d'Beth Ramman 5353:Beth Mazunaye (Oman) 5217:Kashgar and Nevaketh 5177:Beth Tuptaye (Tibet) 4993:Shemʿon VI (1504–38) 4815:Yohannan V (1000–11) 4805:ʿAbdishoʿ I (963–86) 4790:Abraham III (906–37) 4785:Yohannan IV (900–05) 4780:Yohannan III (893–9) 4775:Yohannan II (884–91) 4741:Sabrishoʿ II (831–5) 4736:Giwargis II (828–31) 4669:Hnanishoʿ I (686–98) 4304:Blackwell Publishing 3700:Mongols and the West 3471:Sebastian P. Brock, 3406:Analecta Bollandiana 2866:Louis Raphael I Sako 2685:in the mountains of 2442:, the chief city of 2382:Jerusalem and Cyprus 2041:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu 1505:Shem'on XVII Abraham 1463:Council of Chalcedon 1150:stretching from the 1136:Eastern Christianity 1041:Western Christianity 529:Eastern Christianity 502:For other uses, see 5874:dioceses after 1552 5598:Mashmahig (Bahrain) 5388:Bih Shabur (Kazrun) 5318:Badisi and Qadistan 5172:Beth Sinaye (China) 4974:Shemʿon IV Basidi ( 4884:13th–16th centuries 4875:Eliya III (1176–90) 4795:Emmanuel I (937–60) 4746:Abraham II (837–50) 4713:Timothy I (780–823) 4683:Sliba-zkha (714–28) 4659:Giwargis I (661–80) 4513:Barbaʿshmin (343–6) 4103:Charles A. Frazee, 3904:Rudaw Media Network 3828:Heleen H.L. Murre. 3713:Jerusalem 1920–1922 3689:Moffett, pp. 14–15. 3066:Annuario Pontificio 2928:Syriac Christianity 2740:toward the area of 2151:metropolitan bishop 2037:Patriarch Eutychius 1758:Synod of Beth Lapat 1704:(339–79), from the 1337:metropolitan bishop 1054:Christianity portal 1008:Christian mysticism 821:Major controversies 597:Eastern Catholicism 409:Downers Grove, IL: 6082:Church of the East 5862:Post-1318 dioceses 5751:Seleucia-Ctesiphon 5533:Karka d'Beth Slokh 5212:Islands of the Sea 5060:Church of the East 4860:Bar Sawma (1134–6) 4855:Eliya II (1111–32) 4761:Israel of Kashkar 4751:Theodosius (853–8) 4724:9th–12th centuries 4703:Yaʿqob II (753–73) 4664:Yohannan I (680–3) 4413:Church of the East 4175:has generic name ( 4144:|trans-title= 4140:|trans_title= 4138:Unknown parameter 3950:Unknown parameter 3929:on January 4, 2009 3856:Unknown parameter 3795:Wilmshurst, p. 22. 3772:Wilsmhurst, p. 21. 3649:Unknown parameter 3487:Stewart, pp. 13−14 3288:Unknown parameter 3209:Unknown parameter 3163:Silverberg, Robert 2819:Shimun XXIII Eshai 2750:, the last in the 2655: 2558:, the superior of 2424: 2251: 2211:Chaldean Catholics 2203:Pope Alexander VII 2127:Thomas the Apostle 2096: 2005:Greek philosophers 2001:Abbasid Caliphates 1900:Rashidun Caliphate 1892: 1710:Simeon bar Sabba'e 1667:Thomas the Apostle 1659:Thaddeus of Edessa 1614:Book of Revelation 1411: 1323:: organization by 1195:Council of Ephesus 1130:church within the 1109:Church of the East 1105: 602:Church of the East 557:Oriental Orthodoxy 443:ethnically Persian 161: 102:InternetArchiveBot 97: 6049: 6048: 5878: 5690:Qasr and Nahrawan 5165:provinces to 1318 5122:provinces to 1318 5022: 5021: 4921:Timothy II (1318– 4911:Denha I (1265–81) 4830:Eliya I (1028–49) 4564:Dadishoʿ (421–56) 4532:5th–8th centuries 4484:Ahadabui (204–20) 4439:1st–4th centuries 4370:978-90-429-0876-5 4313:978-1-4051-3539-9 4256:978-0-88-141056-3 4217:Jenkins, Philip. 4209:978-0-582-36896-5 4056:978-0-313-32053-8 4008:978-0-521-81113-2 3956:|url-status= 3862:|url-status= 3763:Wilmshurst, p. 19 3633:978-3-8050-0534-0 3408:117 (1999): 9–66. 3395:Foster, pp. 26–27 3272:978-3-8050-0534-0 3215:|url-status= 3056:|accessdate= 3030:Ronald Roberson. 2787:Chicago, Illinois 2785:, now located in 2679:Shimun XIII Denha 2201:of 1653. In 1661 2199:Coonan Cross Oath 2195:Archbishop of Goa 2191:Aleixo de Menezes 1797:metropolitan sees 1778:School of Nisibis 1746:School of Nisibis 1730:School of Nisibis 1726:Ephrem the Syrian 1647:Upper Mesopotamia 1499:in 1672, and the 1453:, leading to the 1415:School of Antioch 1152:Mediterranean Sea 1090: 1089: 636:Spiritual Russian 593: 566:Orthodox Tewahedo 552:Eastern Orthodoxy 495: 147: 88: 68: 6099: 6041: 6040: 5929: 5919: 5864: 5847: 5836: 5781: 5776:Shigar and Beth 5725: 5685:Qarta and Adarma 5649: 5609:altha and Hnitha 5608: 5593:Mashkena d'Qurdu 5503:Hormizd Ardashir 5408:Dasqarta d'Malka 5312: 5251:dioceses to 1318 5114: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5026: 5025: 5014: 5013: 4988:Eliya V (1503–4) 4688:Pethion (731–40) 4649:Maremmeh (646–9) 4628: 4618:Ezekiel (570–81) 4589:Elishaʿ (524–37) 4574:Acacius (485–96) 4569:Babowai (457–84) 4523:Qayyoma (377–99) 4518:Tomarsa (363–71) 4508:Shahdost (341–3) 4489:Shahlufa (220–4) 4470:Abraham (159–71) 4402: 4395: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4355: 4339: 4317: 4302:(2nd ed.). 4294: 4281: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4241:Meyendorff, John 4236: 4213: 4187: 4180: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4160: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4126: 4100: 4071: 4060: 4032: 4027:has extra text ( 4026: 4022: 4020: 4012: 3985: 3984: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3825: 3816: 3805: 3796: 3793: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3722: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3637: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3569: 3560: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3476: 3469: 3463: 3452: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3374:12 (1967): 3–22. 3368: 3362: 3361: 3343: 3337: 3330: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3276: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3139:Wilmshurst, p. 4 3137: 3120: 3110: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3063: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2977: 2956: 2949: 2748:Yohannan Hormizd 2639: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2541: 2535: 2525: 2519: 2511: 2505: 2496: 2387:Rabban Bar Sauma 2297: 2223:Malankara Church 2215:Eastern Catholic 2187:Synod of Diamper 2161:was probably in 2159:metropolitan see 2067:). The personal 2025:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 1766:School of Edessa 1742:Nestorian Schism 1472:Nestorian Schism 1467:School of Edessa 1395:East Syrian Rite 1369:Nestorian Schism 1321:episcopal polity 1199:Nestorian Schism 1175:East Syrian Rite 1132:Syriac tradition 1124:Nestorian Church 1118: 1082: 1075: 1068: 968:Antiochian Greek 614: 559: 539: 516: 515: 383:“Papa bar Aggai” 203: 202: 201: 189: 179: 160: 155: 137: 129: 115: 96: 69: 60: 59: 57: 52: 50: 42: 39: 21: 19: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6035: 6029: 5910:Atel and Bohtan 5871: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5670:Prath d'Maishan 5568:Mahoze d'Arewan 5543:Karka d'Maishan 5288:Aoustan d'Arzun 5246: 5164: 5158: 5121: 5115: 5106: 5080: 5062: 5053: 5023: 5018: 5008: 5002: 4879: 4756:Sargis (860–72) 4719: 4693:Aba II (741–51) 4674:Yohannan Garba 4639:Gregory (605–9) 4629:yahb I (582–95) 4613:Joseph (552–67) 4579:Babai (497–503) 4539:Isaac (399–410) 4527: 4434: 4415: 4406: 4371: 4336: 4314: 4273: 4271: 4262: 4261: 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article: 2337: 2334: 2238: 2235: 2189:, overseen by 2131:Thomas of Cana 2104: 2101: 2087: 2084: 2029:Qusta ibn Luqa 1960:The patriarch 1883: 1880: 1795:, and several 1675:Papa bar Aggai 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1528:Main article: 1525: 1522: 1379:Christological 1360: 1357: 1292: 1289: 1264:Schism of 1552 1088: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1077: 1070: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1018:Divine Liturgy 1015: 1010: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 991: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 964: 963: 960: 959: 956: 955: 951: 950: 945: 940: 935: 929: 928: 925: 924: 921: 920: 916: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 863:Three Chapters 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 824: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 811: 810: 805: 804: 803: 793: 788: 783: 782: 781: 776: 766: 765: 764: 759: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 730: 727: 722: 717: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 676: 673: 668: 663: 658: 652: 647: 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 633: 627: 624: 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4604: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4544:Ahha (410–14) 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4454: 4452: 4451:Aggai (66–87) 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4335:4-7700-1650-6 4331: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4266: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4232:0-06-147281-6 4228: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4132: 4124: 4122:5-9503-0041-6 4118: 4114: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4034: 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3095: 3087: 3081: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3068:2010 edition 3067: 3061: 3048: 3033: 3026: 3009: 3005: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2954: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835:United States 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2704:, entered in 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2495: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2420: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352:Mongol Empire 2349: 2343: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2243: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2121:community of 2120: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2092: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1888: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849:metropolitans 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1620:Early history 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:New Testament 1590: 1588: 1584: 1583:Old Testament 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1518:Mar Dinkha IV 1515: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1366: 1356: 1354: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1257:Malabar Coast 1254: 1250: 1246: 1240: 1238: 1237:Mongol Empire 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223:), among the 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:Apostolic Age 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1110: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 998: 997: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 958: 957: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 930: 923: 922: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 873:Monothelitism 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 858:Caesaropapism 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 838:Monophysitism 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 818: 817: 809: 806: 802: 799: 798: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 780: 777: 775: 772: 771: 770: 767: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 753: 750: 749: 742: 741: 734: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 653: 650: 645: 644: 637: 634: 632: 631:Old Believers 629: 628: 622: 621: 612: 608: 603: 600: 598: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 543: 542: 538: 534: 533: 530: 527: 526: 522: 518: 517: 512: 505: 497: 488: 486: 480: 478: 477: 473: 471: 468: 466: 465: 454: 438: 435: 431: 429: 426: 424: 423: 329: 251: 248: 242: 240: 235: 233: 232: 228: 226: 223: 221: 220: 212: 208: 200: 184: 177: 173: 168: 159: 154: 150: 142: 124: 120: 113: 109: 104: 95: 91: 73: 58: 51: 41:Content added 33: 30: 20: 6072:Nestorianism 5865: 5700:Qube d'Arzun 5665:Piroz Shabur 5493:Hesna d'Kifa 5368:Beth Rahimaï 5363:Beth Nuhadra 5358:Beth Moksaye 5085:Time periods 5059: 4975: 4966: 4962: 4953: 4949: 4940: 4936: 4935:Shemʿon II ( 4922: 4800:Israel (961) 4762: 4675: 4595: 4495: 4476: 4457: 4412: 4360: 4351: 4322: 4299: 4290: 4245: 4218: 4195: 4173:|first= 4156: 4146:suggested) ( 4112: 4104: 4096: 4088: 4078: 4066: 4046: 4037: 3998: 3991:Bibliography 3978: 3968: 3958:suggested) ( 3931:. Retrieved 3927:the original 3923:The Holy See 3913: 3902: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3864:suggested) ( 3838:. Retrieved 3834:the original 3812: 3808: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3751: 3750:Wilmshurst, 3746: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3724:J. M. Fiey, 3720: 3712: 3707: 3699: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3657:suggested) ( 3623: 3617: 3598: 3592: 3573: 3556: 3551: 3543:Britannica, 3539: 3527: 3519: 3514: 3506: 3501: 3492: 3472: 3467: 3459: 3450: 3439: 3431: 3426: 3418: 3413: 3405: 3400: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3366: 3347: 3341: 3333: 3328: 3320: 3315: 3310:Hill, p. 107 3306: 3296:suggested) ( 3262: 3256: 3248: 3243: 3235: 3227: 3217:suggested) ( 3194:the original 3184: 3179:Foltz, p. 63 3175: 3166: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3116: 3085: 3084:Wilmshurst, 3080: 3065: 3025: 3012:. Retrieved 2997:. Retrieved 2985: 2975: 2947: 2858:Gewargis III 2851: 2796: 2793:20th century 2778: 2776: 2767: 2751: 2746: 2726: 2720: 2693: 2691: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2599:Hesna d'Kifa 2591: 2582: 2576: 2490: 2456: 2448: 2429: 2425: 2385: 2368:Yuan Dynasty 2356:Genghis Khan 2345: 2325:Yuan Dynasty 2322: 2306: 2285:Tang Dynasty 2262: 2174:Prester John 2171: 2139:Ishoyahb III 2116: 2097: 1994: 1959: 1939:Tang Dynasty 1931:Central Asia 1903: 1893: 1882:Islamic rule 1869: 1865:Indian Ocean 1813: 1786: 1739: 1698:Roman Empire 1695: 1628: 1591: 1580: 1540:Syriac Bible 1533: 1511: 1493: 1487: 1485: 1480:Wilhelm Baum 1476: 1442:Christotokos 1440: 1422: 1412: 1399: 1375:Nestorianism 1372: 1365:Nestorianism 1349: 1294: 1261: 1245:Ming dynasty 1241: 1233:Tang dynasty 1210: 1204: 1179:Nestorianism 1164: 1123: 1119: 1108: 1106: 1001:Other topics 898:Paulicianism 883:Dyothelitism 868:Monoenergism 848:Dyophysitism 843:Miaphysitism 833:Nestorianism 601: 447:Catholicoses 292:Di Berardino 5710:Ram Hormizd 5508:Hrbath Glal 5383:Beth Zabdaï 5338:Beth Daraye 5139:Beth Huzaye 5134:Beth Garmaï 4698:Surin (753) 4554:Maʿna (420) 4300:The Mongols 4075:Fiey, J. M. 3933:January 25, 3815:, pp. 21–22 3454:M. Jugie, “ 3232:"Nestorius" 3113:"Nestorian" 2995:. 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