Copley Medal: Difference between revisions

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as they shall direct and appoint".<ref name="Copley_establishment"/> After the legacy had been received the following year, the interest of £5 was duly used to provide recurring grants for experimental work to researchers associated with the Royal Society, provided they registered their research within a stipulated period and demonstrated their experiments at an annual meeting.<ref name="Copley_establishment">{{cite journal |last1=Bektas |first1=M. Yakup |last2=Crosland |first2=Maurice |date=1992 |title=The Copley Medal: The establishment of a reward system in the Royal Society, 1731–1839 |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=43–76 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1992.0003|s2cid=146181748 }}</ref><ref name="cop2">{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/CopleyMedal.html|title=Copley Medal|publisher=]|access-date=2009-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505120009/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/CopleyMedal.html|archive-date=2013-05-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1726, following a proposal by Sloane, the grants were extended to "strangers" unaffiliated with the Society to encourage "new and useful experiments," though it was only five years later that Stephen Gray became the first such recipient.<ref name="Copley_establishment"/> Prior to Gray, John Theophilus Desaguliers was apparently the only recipient of the grant, but had not always conducted the required annual demonstration.<ref name="strong_box">{{cite journal |last1=Higgitt |first1=Rebekah |date=2019 |title="In the Society's Strong Box": A Visual and Material History of the Royal Society's Copley Medal, c. 1736–1760 |journal=Nuncius |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=284–316 |doi=10.1163/18253911-03402006 |s2cid=197915752 |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/73612/1/Higgitt%20-%20Copley%20Medal.pdf |access-date=2023-08-27 |archive-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827221156/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/73612/1/Higgitt%20-%20Copley%20Medal.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

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web|url=https://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1736|title=The Copley Medal (1731)|website=royalsociety.org|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=5 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215224953/https://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1736|archive-date=15 December 2005}}</ref> Given annually, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal awarded and the oldest surviving scientific award in the world,<ref name="Copley_descr">{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/|title=Copley Medal|website=royalsociety.org|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/|url-status=live}}</ref> having first been given in 1731 to ], for "his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1744|title=Copley archive winners 1799–1731|website=royalsociety.org|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=5 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111085614/http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1744|archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref> The medal is made of ] and awarded with a £25,000 prize.<ref name="cop1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.royalsociety.org/inside-science/2016/05/18/copley-winners-that-changed-the-world/|title=Copley winners that changed the world|website=blogs.royalsociety.org|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=26 May 2020|date=18 May 2016|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218024017/https://blogs.royalsociety.org/inside-science/2016/05/18/copley-winners-that-changed-the-world/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

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men: a reward system in Victorian science, 1826–1914|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=81–105 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1971.0008|s2cid=73380022 }}</ref><ref name="cop2"/> The Copley medal has been characterised as a predecessor to the ].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=17 February 2017 |title=George Goodwin: Joseph Priestley, a towering figure in a special relationship with America's founding father |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/politics/george-goodwin-joseph-priestley-towering-figure-special-relationship-americas-founding-father-1782468 |work=Yorkshire Post |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226231656/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/politics/george-goodwin-joseph-priestley-towering-figure-special-relationship-americas-founding-father-1782468 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="strong_box"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fau.eu/alumni/alumni-personlichkeiten/notable-alumni/georg-simon-ohm/ |title=Georg Simon Ohm (1789–1854) |author= |website=Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg |access-date=26 February 2023 |quote=In 1841, he was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society in London, an accolade which held the same prestige as a Nobel Prize today. |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226231417/https://www.fau.eu/alumni/alumni-personlichkeiten/notable-alumni/georg-simon-ohm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since its inception, it has been awarded to many distinguished scientists, including 52 winners of the Nobel Prize: 17 in ], 21 in ], and 14 in ].

258:(1731)|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> Awarded every year, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal still in use, having first been awarded in 1731 to ], who received it for "his new Electrical Experiments: - as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1744|title=Copley archive winners 1799 - 1731|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> The Medal was created following a donation of £100 to be used for carrying out experiments by ], something which the ] on the amount was used for several years.<ref name="cop2">{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/CopleyMedal.html|title=Copley Medal|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> The conditions for the medal have been changed several of times; in 1736 it was suggested that "a medal or other honorary prize should be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved", and this remained the rule until 1831 when the conditions were changed so that the medal would be awarded to the researcher that the Royal Society Council decided most deserved it.<ref name="cop2"/> A second donation of £1666 13]. 4]. was made by Sir Joseph William Copley in 1881, and the interest from that amount is used to pay for the medal.<ref name="cop2"/> The medal in its current format is made of silver gilt and awarded with a £5000 prize.<ref name="cop1"/> 19360: 21371: 485:

Mayer and Helmholtz revisited |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=125–139|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2011.0045|s2cid=145488912 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and has been included among the most distinguished international scientific awards.<ref name="PNAS">{{cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Yifang |last2=Uzzi |first2=Brian |date=December 10, 2018 |title=Scientific prize network predicts who pushes the boundaries of science|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=115 |issue=50 |pages=12608–12615 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1800485115|pmid=30530666 |pmc=6294901 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1808.09412 |bibcode=2018PNAS..11512608M }}</ref> It is awarded to "senior scientists" irrespective of nationality, and nominations are considered over three nomination cycles. Since 2022, scientific teams or research groups are collectively eligible to receive the medal;<ref name="Copley_descr"/> that year, the research team which developed the ] became the first collective recipient. ] has won the medal the most often, winning three times, in 1734, 1736 and 1741. In 1976, ] became the first female recipient; ], in 2021, became the second.

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name="Copley_establishment"/> During the long presidency of ], the medal was frequently awarded to recipients whose researches were of a practical or technical nature, involving improvements to scientific equipment or instrument design.<ref name="Copley_establishment"/> In 1831, new regulations adopted by the Royal Society Council made the medal an annual award, dropped the requirement for conducting the qualifying research within a certain period and officially opened it to scientists from any nation; although the medal had previously been awarded to foreign scientists including ], the majority of recipients had been British subjects.<ref name="Copley_establishment"/> A second donation of £1666 13]. 4]. (roughly equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|1666.6667|1881|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}) was made by Sir Joseph William Copley in 1881, and the interest from that amount is used to pay for the medal.<ref name="cop2"/>

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of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1741|title=Copley recent winners: 1900 - present|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> and is one of four people to have won multiple Nobel Prizes, having won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1958 and 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/|title=All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> The person awarded the Copley Medal more than any other is ], who won the medal in 1734, 1736 and 1741 respectively. The medal was most recently awarded to ] in 2008 "for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang."<ref name="cop1"/>

20000: 19366: 7301:|1840 ||{{sortname|Justus|Liebig|}} and ]||"For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. (Liebig) For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835. (Sturm)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VugoemP2th0C&dq=%22Justus+Liebig%22+copley+medal&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=Ql-XSaycEc-X-gbu8bCPCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=12&ct=result#PPA98,M1|title=Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper|last=Brock|first=William H.|date=2002|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sturm.html|title=Sturm summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|accessdate=2009-02-15}}</ref> 20808: 580:

probability may never be moved for the sake of lucre". On 7 December 1736, the Council of the Royal Society agreed to Folkes' proposal, passing a resolution that the annual Copley grant of five pounds (roughly equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|5|1736|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}) be converted to a gold medal "of the same Value, with the Arms of the Society impress’d on it," to be gifted "for the best Experiment produced within the Year, and bestowed in such a manner as to avoid any Envy or Disgust in Rivalship".<ref name="strong_box"/> ] was the first to receive the new award in 1737; due to delays in approving a medal design, however, the medal, designed and struck by ] of the ], was only presented to Belchier in 1742. Gray and Desaguliers received their medals retrospectively.<ref name="strong_box"/>

19281: 20389: 17410:, then vice-president of the Society, suggested the Copley grant be converted to "a medal or other honorary prize to be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved...a laudable emulation might be excited among men of genius to try their invention, who in all probability may never be moved for the sake of lucre". On 7 December 1736, the Council of the Royal Society agreed to Folkes' proposal, passing a resolution that the annual Copley grant of five pounds (roughly equivalent to £986 in 2023) be converted to a gold medal "of the same Value, with the Arms of the Society impress’d on it," to be gifted "for the best Experiment produced within the Year, and bestowed in such a manner as to avoid any Envy or Disgust in Rivalship". 7050:|1837 ||{{sortname|Antoine César|Becquerel|}} and ]||"For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. (Becquerel) For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836. (Daniell)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=PN02036&xref=y&title=biog|title=Chambers Search Chambers|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> 17288: 3108:|1766 ||{{sortname|William|Brownrigg|}}, ] and ]||"For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit. (Brownrigg) For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations. (Delaval) For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air. (Cavendish)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleA.html|title= The British Society for the History of Mathematics |publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-06}}</ref> 25712: 19108: 19918: 21571: 17403:

duly used to provide recurring grants for experimental work to researchers associated with the Royal Society, provided they registered their research within a stipulated period and demonstrated their experiments at an annual meeting. In 1726, following a proposal by Sloane, the grants were extended to "strangers" unaffiliated with the Society to encourage "new and useful experiments," though it was only five years later that Stephen Gray became the first such recipient. Prior to Gray, John Theophilus Desaguliers was apparently the only recipient of the grant, but had not always conducted the required annual demonstration.

3488:|1771 ||]||{{sortname|Matthew|Raper|}}||"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raper |first=Matthew |date=1771 |title=An Inquiry into the Value of the Ancient Greek and Roman Money: By Matthew Raper, Esq; F. R. S. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/106118 |journal=Philosophical Transactions |volume=61 |pages=462–535 |jstor=106118 |bibcode=1771RSPT...61..462R |issn=0260-7085 |access-date=2022-03-26 |archive-date=2022-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326205859/https://www.jstor.org/stable/106118 |url-status=live }}</ref>"||— 25760: 25740: 16202:|2014 ||]||{{sortname|Alec|Jeffreys|}}|| "For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome."||<ref name="AJ2014">{{cite news|url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Sir-Alec-wins-science-s-oldest-prize/story-22074042-detail/story.html|work=Leicester Mercury|title=Leicester University Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys wins science's oldest prize|date=5 August 2014|access-date=5 August 2014|archive-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516190048/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Sir-Alec-wins-science-s-oldest-prize/story-22074042-detail/story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> 24845: 7347:||<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VugoemP2th0C&q=%22Justus+Liebig%22+copley+medal|title=Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper|last=Brock|first=William H.|year=2002|publisher=]|access-date=2009-02-15|isbn=9780521524735}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sturm.html|title=Sturm summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|access-date=2009-02-15|archive-date=2013-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204222546/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sturm.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 24061: 23813: 17210: 17946: 3925:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vince |first1=S. |last2=Atwood |first2=George |date=1780 |title=An Investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion. By the Rev. S. Vince, A. M. of Sidney College, Cambridge. Communicated by George Atwood, A. M. F. R. S. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/106396 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=70 |pages=546–577 |jstor=106396 |issn=0261-0523 |access-date=2022-03-26 |archive-date=2022-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326210413/https://www.jstor.org/stable/106396 |url-status=live }}</ref> 414:| lower =] (])<ref name = "Guidance"/> ] (])<ref name = "Guidance">{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/-/media/awards/guidance-documents/the-royal-society-medals-and-awards---guidance-document-2024.pdf |title=The Royal Society Medals and Awards: Nomination guidance |date=2024 |website=The Royal Society |publisher= |access-date=30 March 2024 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422051240/https://royalsociety.org/-/media/awards/guidance-documents/the-royal-society-medals-and-awards---guidance-document-2024.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> 25572: 19594: 15606:||{{sortname|John Maynard|Smith|}}||"In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/168/3/1105|title=John Maynard Smith January 6, 21231: 22975: 23004: 19731: 16400:|2023 ||]||{{sortname|Martin|Rees}}|| "for being arguably the most distinguished theoretical astrophysicist of his generation, responsible for numerous and varied conceptual breakthroughs, with influence spreading far beyond the specialist academic community."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |title=Medal winner 2023 |access-date=2016-05-24 |archive-date=2015-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 21909: 19566: 21487: 19970: 16334:|2020 ||]||{{sortname|Alan|Fersht}}|| "He has developed and applied the methods of protein engineering to provide descriptions of protein folding pathways at atomic resolution, revolutionising our understanding of these processes."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2020/08/Medals-and-awards-winners-2020/ |title=Medals and awards winners 2020 |access-date=2020-08-09 |archive-date=2020-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804152929/https://royalsociety.org/news/2020/08/medals-and-awards-winners-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 15584:|Smith|}}||"In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/168/3/1105|title=John Maynard Smith January 6, 24204: 6450:|1826 ||{{sortname|James|South|}}||"For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpccs.com/lcas/Articles/jsouth.htm|title=Lake County Astronomical Society|publisher=Lake County Astronomical Society| 25788: 16246:|2016 ||]||{{sortname|Richard|Henderson|Richard Henderson (biologist)}}|| "In recognition of his fundamental and revolutionary contributions to the development of electron microscopy of biological materials, enabling their atomic structures to be deduced."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-henderson-11607/ |title=Copley Medal 2016 |access-date=2018-05-23 |archive-date=2017-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027222620/https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-henderson-11607/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 6518:|1827 ||{{sortname|William|Prout|}} and ]||"For his Paper, entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fZSNUcPL8AYC&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=%22Henry+Foster%22+copley+medal&source=web&ots=5khcTd1zOM&sig=6YKaCBZqF-mJ5tPSIdXnMGiVrgw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result|title=]|publisher=The Gentleman's Magazine|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> 19080: 22049: 18303: 24707: 19482: 22247: 18582: 21655: 3422:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=William |date=1770 |title=An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna, in a Letter from the Honourable William Hamilton, His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary at Naples, to Mathew Maty, M. D. Sec. R. S. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/105870 |journal=Philosophical Transactions |volume=60 |pages=1–19 |jstor=105870 |issn=0260-7085 |access-date=2022-03-26 |archive-date=2022-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421194043/https://www.jstor.org/stable/105870 |url-status=live }}</ref> 19622: 18247: 25656: 16312:|2019 ||]||{{sortname|John B.|Goodenough}}|| "In recognition of his exceptional contributions to the science and technology of materials, including his discovery that led to rechargeable lithium batteries."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |title=Copley Medal 2019 |access-date=2016-05-24 |archive-date=2015-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 25046:"In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics – analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying – and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing" 23453: 22331: 21399: 23481: 23060: 23032: 25205: 20694: 17974: 16224:|2015 ||] ||{{sortname|Peter|Higgs|}}|| "For his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/peter-higgs-11615/ |title=Copley Medal 2015 |access-date=2018-05-23 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728200518/https://royalsociety.org/people/peter-higgs-11615/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 7649:|Verrier|}}||"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Le_Verrier.html|title=Le Verrier biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 24033: 23201: 8407:|1862 ||{{sortname|Thomas|Graham|Thomas Graham (chemist)}}||"For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1454/411.pdf 4939:|1798 ||{{sortname|George|Shuckburgh-Evelyn|Sir George Shuckburgh-Evelyn, 6th Baronet}} and ]||"For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Evelyn); For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Hatchett)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/12595?&docPos=55&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed)|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref> 23560: 22779: 21683: 21091: 16268:|2017 ||]||{{sortname|Andrew|Wiles|Andrew Wiles }}|| "For his beautiful and unexpected proof of Fermat's Last Theorem which is one of the most important mathematical achievements of the 20th century."||<ref>{{cite web|title=Andrew Wiles|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/andrew-wiles-12529/|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=2018-04-20|archive-date=2015-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014255/https://royalsociety.org/people/andrew-wiles-12529/|url-status=live}}</ref> 16092:||]||{{sortname|David|Cox|David Cox (statistician)}}|| "for his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics."||<ref name="medals2010">Two medals were awarded to celebrate the Society's 350th anniversary: {{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/Awards|title=Recent award winners 2010|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=2010-10-06|quote="|archive-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615004534/http://royalsociety.org/awards/|url-status=live}}</ref> 21852: 8426:||{{sortname|Thomas|Graham|Thomas Graham (chemist)}}||"For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1454/411.pdf 22415: 17862: 24341: 21965: 22527: 19052: 21515: 17777: 17636: 17585: 15643:|2000||{{sortname|Alan|Battersby}}||"In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin 22863: 21993: 20567: 16290:|2018 ||]||{{sortname|Jeffrey I.| Gordon|Jeffrey I. Gordon}}|| "For his contributions to understanding the role of gut microbial communities to human health and disease."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |title=Copley Medal 2018 |access-date=2016-05-24 |archive-date=2015-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 20530: 20325: 25377: 21287: 21006: 17433:, the medal was frequently awarded to recipients whose researches were of a practical or technical nature, involving improvements to scientific equipment or instrument design. In 1831, new regulations adopted by the Royal Society Council made the medal an annual award, dropped the requirement for conducting the qualifying research within a certain period and officially opened it to scientists from any nation; although the medal had previously been awarded to foreign scientists including 16158:|2012 ||]||{{sortname|John|Walker| John E. Walker}}|| "For his ground-breaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion."||<ref name="medals2012">{{cite web|title=John Walker|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/john-walker-12475/|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=2012-09-06|archive-date=2015-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117004849/https://royalsociety.org/people/john-walker-12475/|url-status=live}}</ref> 25544: 25176: 23588: 20977: 21599: 19782: 22499: 25262: 23898: 23173: 20445: 18451: 25348: 18030: 23088: 22611: 18746: 24118: 21937: 23784: 18108: 15662:|Battersby}}||"In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin 23257: 6465:||{{sortname|James|South|}}||"For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpccs.com/lcas/Articles/jsouth.htm 23926: 21147: 20122: 18910: 18002: 17664: 8468:|1863 ||{{sortname|Adam|Sedgwick|}}||"For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/s/sedgwick.htm|title=Adam Sedgwick Collection|publisher=American Philosophical Society| 16356:|2021 ||]||{{sortname|Jocelyn|Bell Burnell}}|| "for her work on the discovery of pulsars, one of the major astronomical discoveries of the 20th century"||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2021/08/medals-awards-2021/ |title=Medal and award winners 2021 |access-date=2021-08-24 |archive-date=2021-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028123746/https://royalsociety.org/news/2021/08/medals-awards-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 19454: 25319: 22807: 21739: 24760: 20191: 20128: 20037: 7786:|1849 ||{{sortname|Roderick|Murchison|}}||"For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains"||— 22919: 20751: 25102:"In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B 23509: 21427: 20595: 16378:|2022 ||]||Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine Team|| "for rapidly developing and deploying a COVID-19 vaccine."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2022/08/medals-and-awards-2022 |title=The Royal Society announces this year's medal and award winners |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2022-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824133600/https://royalsociety.org/news/2022/08/medals-and-awards-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 23644: 19165: 21767: 21543: 7797:||{{sortname|Roderick|Murchison|}}||"For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains"||— 6161:|1821 ||{{sortname|Edward|Sabine|}} and ]||"For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. (Sabine) For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Herschel)"||<ref name="her1">{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html|title=Herschel summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref> 24621: 18400: 18058: 24261: 22583: 22471: 20524: 18553: 9455:|1883 ||{{sortname|William|Thomson|William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin}}||"For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Thomson.html|title=Thompson summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 22077: 25233: 24593: 22303: 22275: 21459: 15344:}}||"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems"||— 24874: 24233: 21062: 20481: 20297: 24650: 22133: 21343: 9470:||{{sortname|William|Thomson|William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin}}||"For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Thomson.html|title=Thompson summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 25074:"In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth" 24486: 24426: 23397: 25459: 25402: 24398: 23756: 22359: 19159: 18882: 24941:"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems" 23841: 25058: 20864: 8074:|1854 ||{{sortname|Johannes Peter|Müller|}}||"For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/perception/Brian/misc/lineage/|title=BjS: Academic Lineage|publisher=]| 25487: 21824: 24458: 23728: 20487: 19202: 20780: 19680: 19253: 19994: 8089:||{{sortname|Johannes Peter|Müller|}}||"For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/perception/Brian/misc/lineage/|title=BjS: Academic Lineage|publisher=]| 22723: 22387: 24817: 24175: 24005: 23672: 22161: 22021: 21203: 21175: 23341: 20723: 17833: 23229: 20836: 20666: 20638: 19510: 25600: 4844:|1796 ||{{sortname|George|Atwood|}}||"For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Atwood.html|title=Attwood summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 24678: 23117: 21119: 18718: 7096:||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=PN02036&xref=y&title=biog|title=Chambers Search Chambers|publisher=]|access-date=2009-02-05|archive-date=2018-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008111249/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=PN02036&xref=y&title=biog|url-status=live}}</ref> 22443: 4859:||{{sortname|George|Atwood|}}||"For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Atwood.html|title=Attwood summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 24902: 23700: 20880:"For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains" 20331: 3720:|1776 ||{{sortname|James|Cook|}}||"For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public"||<ref name="haw">{{cite web|url=http://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/article.asp?ItemID=734|title=Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal|publisher=]| 24090: 23313: 22947: 22891: 21627: 21315: 19839: 18803: 4571:|1791 ||{{sortname|James|Rennell|}} and ]||"For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/23369?&docPos=49&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Rennell, James (subscription needed)|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref> 20601: 18938: 17890: 25516: 21881: 21796: 17721: 3735:||{{sortname|James|Cook|}}||"For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public"||<ref name="haw">{{cite web|url=http://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/article.asp?ItemID=734|title=Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal|publisher=]| 22667: 25290: 21259: 20921: 19890: 19651: 19403: 3241:||{{sortname|John|Ellis|John Ellis (naturalist)}}||"For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/9/9662.htm|title=AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England Ellis, John (c 68: 18973: 18854: 18086: 25684: 18275: 24788: 23616: 22639: 15694:|2001||{{sortname|Jacques|Miller}}||"For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells"||— 4796:|1795 ||{{sortname|Jesse|Ramsden|}}||"For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ramsden.html|title=Ramsden summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 22695: 21034: 15443:||{{sortname|Alan|Cottrell|}}||"In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrs.org/s_mrs/doc.asp?CID=14595&DID=86190|title=MRS Website: Award Presentations|publisher=]| 23954: 15705:||{{sortname|Jacques|Miller}}||"For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells"||— 22751: 18168: 3219:|1767 ||{{sortname|John|Ellis|John Ellis (naturalist)}}||"For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/9/9662.htm|title=AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England 4617:||<ref name=RoyalSocCitations>{{cite web|title=Copley Medal <nowiki>|</nowiki> Royal Society|url=https://royalsociety.org/awards/copley-medal/|website=royalsociety.org|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=18 February 2015|archive-date=19 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319001248/http://royalsociety.org/awards/copley-medal/|url-status=live}}</ref> 7372:|1841 ||{{sortname|Georg|Ohm|}}||"For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Ohm.html|title=Ohm biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 4811:||{{sortname|Jesse|Ramsden|}}||"For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ramsden.html|title=Ramsden summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 23369: 20893: 23285: 20949: 24514: 8483:||{{sortname|Adam|Sedgwick|}}||"For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/s/sedgwick.htm 7387:||{{sortname|Georg|Ohm|}}||"For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Ohm.html|title=Ohm biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 25086: 25628: 25430: 25119: 25006: 24978: 24542: 24370: 24289: 20417: 20366: 20274: 20251: 20228: 20163: 20094: 20065: 19947: 19867: 19811: 19759: 19708: 19538: 19337: 19309: 19230: 19136: 19029: 19001: 18831: 18695: 18667: 18610: 18525: 18497: 18428: 18377: 18354: 18331: 18219: 18196: 18140: 17918: 17805: 17749: 17692: 17613: 17562: 17534: 17506: 22189: 18639: 23869: 22218: 15861:|Kroto}}||"in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsu.edu/highlights/faculty.html|title=FSU highlights|publisher=]| 15842:|Kroto}}||"in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsu.edu/highlights/faculty.html|title=FSU highlights|publisher=]| 4142:|1784 ||{{sortname|Edward|Waring|}}||"For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Waring.html|title=Waring summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 24147: 23145: 22555: 22105: 23425: 21711: 21247:"For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861" 18774: 13439:||{{sortname|John Edensor|Littlewood|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Littlewood.html|title=Littlewood summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 4157:||{{sortname|Edward|Waring|}}||"For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Waring.html|title=Waring summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 22835: 6207:||<ref name="her1">{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html|title=Herschel summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|access-date=2009-01-30|archive-date=2013-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717110803/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 15515:|1998 ||{{sortname|James|Lighthill|}}||"In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics 5319:||{{sortname|Smithson|Tennant|}}||"For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/48-4-182-189|title=PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals|last=Griffith|first=WP|publisher=Platinum Metals Review| 20179:"For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions" 15539:||{{sortname|James|Lighthill|}}||"In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics 25135:"For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells" 16734:* {{Cite web |title=Royal Society: Copley Medal |url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live |publisher=Royal Society |date=30 November 2023 |access-date=24 May 2016}} 14678:||{{sortname|Subrahmanyan|Chandrasekhar|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Chandrasekhar.html|title=Chandrasekhar biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12495:|Taylor|}}||"For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Taylor_Geoffrey.html|title=Taylor_Geoffrey summay|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12473:|Taylor|}}||"For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Taylor_Geoffrey.html|title=Taylor_Geoffrey summay|publisher=University of St Andrews| 7074:||"For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. (Becquerel)" 2774:|1759 ||{{sortname|John|Smeaton|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/who/Smeaton_J/smeatonJohn5.asp|title=Engineering Timelines 20509:"For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. (Becquerel)" 5010:|1799 ||{{sortname|John|Hellins|}}||"For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleH.html#hel|title=British Society for the History of Mathematics|publisher=]| 2793:||{{sortname|John|Smeaton|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/who/Smeaton_J/smeatonJohn5.asp|title=Engineering Timelines 1737:|1746 ||{{sortname|Benjamin|Robins|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Robins.html|title=Robins biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 13258:||{{sortname|Ronald|Fisher|}}||"In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Fisher.html|title=Fisher summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5025:||{{sortname|John|Hellins|}}||"For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleH.html#hel|title=British Society for the History of Mathematics|publisher=]| 1752:||{{sortname|Benjamin|Robins|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Robins.html|title=Robins biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 7132:|1838 ||{{sortname|Carl Friedrich|Gauss|}} and ]||"For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. (Gauss) For his researches in specific electrical induction. (Faraday)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gauss.html|title=Gauss summary|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-08}}</ref> 6370:|1825 ||{{sortname|François|Arago|}} and ]||"For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago) 3194:||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleA.html|title=The British Society for the History of Mathematics|publisher=]|access-date=2009-02-06|archive-date=2012-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717013352/http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleA.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 5592:|1811 ||{{sortname|Benjamin Collins|Brodie|Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet}}||"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons"||<ref>{{cite 11710:|1932 ||{{sortname|George Ellery|Hale|}}||"For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/hale-2863/reward.html|title=George Ellery Hale: Acknowledgements|publisher=]| 6389:||{{sortname|François|Arago|}} and ]||"For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago) 5265:||{{sortname|Richard|Chenevix|Richard Chenevix (chemist)}}||"For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/47-4-175-183|title=PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals|last=Griffith|first=WP|publisher=Platinum Metals Review| 20796:"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation" 14663:|Chandrasekhar|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Chandrasekhar.html|title=Chandrasekhar biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5619:||{{sortname|Benjamin Collins|Brodie|Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet}}||"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons"||<ref>{{cite 12146:|1939 ||{{sortname|Thomas Hunt|Morgan|}}||"For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.html|title=Thomas H. Morgan 13243:|Fisher|}}||"In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Fisher.html|title=Fisher summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 15802:|2003||{{sortname|John|Gurdon}}||"For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology"||— 13583:|1961 ||{{sortname|Hans Adolf|Krebs}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nobel-winners.com/Medicine/hans_adolf_krebs.html|title=Sir Hans Adolf Krebs|publisher=nobel-winners.com| 7178:||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gauss.html|title=Gauss summary|publisher=]|access-date=2009-02-08|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203042847/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gauss.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 5508:|1809 ||{{sortname|Edward|Troughton|}}||"For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Troughton.html|title=Troughton Summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12165:||{{sortname|Thomas Hunt|Morgan|}}||"For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.html|title=Thomas H. Morgan 7738:|1848 ||{{sortname|John Couch|Adams|}}||"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Adams.html|title=Adams summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 15813:||{{sortname|John|Gurdon}}||"For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology"||— 17340:, conferred "for sustained, outstanding achievements in any field of science". It alternates between the physical sciences or mathematics and the biological sciences. Given annually, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal awarded and the oldest surviving scientific award in the world, having first been given in 1731 to 14583:||{{sortname|John|Cornforth|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usyd.edu.au/alumni/about/profiles/individuals/john_cornforth.shtml|title=Emeritus Professor Sir John Cornforth 13601:||{{sortname|Hans Adolf|Krebs}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nobel-winners.com/Medicine/hans_adolf_krebs.html|title=Sir Hans Adolf Krebs|publisher=nobel-winners.com| 5523:||{{sortname|Edward|Troughton|}}||"For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Troughton.html|title=Troughton Summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 14860:|1988 ||{{sortname|Michael|Atiyah|}}||"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Atiyah.html|title=Atiyah biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 7753:||{{sortname|John Couch|Adams|}}||"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Adams.html|title=Adams summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 10312:|1902 ||{{sortname|Joseph|Lister|}}||"In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery"||<ref name="od2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93188.html|title=Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal| 1983:|1748 ||{{sortname|James|Bradley|}}||"On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/bradley.html|title=Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You 7420:|1842 ||{{sortname|James|MacCullagh|}}||"For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/MacCullagh.html|title=MacCullagh summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9707:|1889 ||{{sortname|George|Salmon|}}||"For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Salmon.html|title=Salmon summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 13550:||{{sortname|Harold|Jeffreys|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Jeffreys.html|title=Jeffreys summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 14875:||{{sortname|Michael|Atiyah|}}||"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Atiyah.html|title=Atiyah biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 3804:|1778 ||{{sortname|Charles|Hutton|}}||"For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hutton.html|title=Hutton summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 2009:||{{sortname|James|Bradley|}}||"On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/bradley.html|title=Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You 7435:||{{sortname|James|MacCullagh|}}||"For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/MacCullagh.html|title=MacCullagh summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9722:||{{sortname|George|Salmon|}}||"For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Salmon.html|title=Salmon summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 8892:|}}||"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones"||<ref name="od"/> 8877:|}}||"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones"||<ref name="od"/> 3819:||{{sortname|Charles|Hutton|}}||"For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hutton.html|title=Hutton summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 14564:|Cornforth|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usyd.edu.au/alumni/about/profiles/individuals/john_cornforth.shtml|title=Emeritus Professor Sir John Cornforth 7702:|1847 ||{{sortname|John|Herschel|}}||"For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825"||<ref name="her1"/> 12547:||{{sortname|Oswald|Avery|}}||"For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/biographical.html|title=The Oswald T. Avery Collection: Biographical Information|publisher=]| 20148:"For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago)" 6337:||{{sortname|John|Brinkley|John Brinkley (astronomer)}}||"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/D.html|title=The British Society for the History of Mathematics|publisher=The British Society for the History of Mathematics| 12442:|archive-date=2013-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928031322/http://fn.bmj.com/content/82/1/F75.full|url-status=live |last1=Dunn |first1=P. M. |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=F75-6 |doi=10.1136/fn.82.1.f75 |pmc=1721043 7713:||{{sortname|John|Herschel|}}||"For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825"||<ref name="her1"/> 3459:| last1=Wood | first1=Karen | journal=The British Journal for the History of Science | volume=39 | pages=67–96 | archive-date=2022-06-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625110058/http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJH%2FBJH39_01%2FS0007087405007600a.pdf | url-status=live 12038:|1937 ||{{sortname|Henry|Dale|}}||"In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/dale-bio.html|title=Sir Henry Dale 10775:||{{sortname|Ray|Lankester|}}||"On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sabella.mba.ac.uk/1304/01/Obituary_Edwin_Ray_Lankester_.pdf|title=Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester|publisher=National Marine Biological Laboratory| 458:

Since its inception, the medal has been awarded to a number of notable scientists, including 52 winners of ]s; 17 winners of the ], 21 winners of the ] and 14 winners of the ]. These include ], who was awarded the Copley Medal in 1977 "n recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure

12278:|1941 ||{{sortname|Thomas|Lewis|Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)}}||"For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viamedica.pl/gazety/gazeta1/darmowy_pdf.phtml?indeks=96&indeks_art=1262|title=Thomas Lewis|publisher=Cardiology Journal| 6721:

On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Airy.html|title=Airy summary|publisher=University of

6701:

5736:|1814 ||{{sortname|James|Ivory|James Ivory (mathematician)}}||"For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ivory.html|title=Ivory summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 558:

In 1709, ], the MP for ], ] ] and ] ]100 (roughly equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|100|1709|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}) to be held in trust for the Royal Society "for improving natural knowledge to be laid out in experiments or otherwise for the benefit thereof

18898:"For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this star has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers" 12098:|1938 ||{{sortname|Niels|Bohr|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bohr_Niels.html|title=Bohr_Niels summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 17402:

100 (roughly equivalent to £17,156 in 2023) to be held in trust for the Royal Society "for improving natural knowledge to be laid out in experiments or otherwise for the benefit thereof as they shall direct and appoint". After the legacy had been received the following year, the interest of £5 was

15547:

and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lighthill.html|title=Lighthill summary|publisher=University of St

15523:

13535:|Jeffreys|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Jeffreys.html|title=Jeffreys summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 632:

By the 1840s, the Copley Medal had achieved international prestige; in 1850, ] noted the distinction of the medal was that it was "offered to the competition of the world."<ref name="Copley_establishment"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Macleod |first1=Roy M.|date=1971 |title=Of medals and

484:

The Copley Medal is arguably the highest British and ] award for scientific achievement,<ref name = "Guidance"/><ref name="Cahan">{{cite journal |last1=Cahan |first1=David|date= 2012|title=The awarding of the Copley Medal and the 'discovery' of the law of conservation of energy: Joule,

579:

In November 1736, ], then vice-president of the Society, suggested the Copley grant be converted to "a medal or other honorary prize to be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved...a laudable emulation might be excited among men of genius to try their invention, who in all

17355:

award for scientific achievement, and has been included among the most distinguished international scientific awards. It is awarded to "senior scientists" irrespective of nationality, and nominations are considered over three nomination cycles. Since 2022, scientific teams or research groups are

7668:

Verrier|}}||"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern

25192:"For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology" 12854:

Hevesy|}}||"For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes"||<ref>{{cite journal|title=Royal Society: Anniversary Address By Sir Robert Robinson, O.M.,

5158:

on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=6888&inst_id=9|title=Cooper, Sir Astley

5134:

15359:

Charles|Frank}}||"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the

5751:||{{sortname|James|Ivory|James Ivory (mathematician)}}||"For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ivory.html|title=Ivory summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12113:||{{sortname|Niels|Bohr|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bohr_Niels.html|title=Bohr_Niels summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 257:

The '''Copley Medal''' is an award given by the ] for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science, and alternates between the physical sciences and the biological sciences".<ref name="cop1">{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1736|title=The Copley Medal

14244:||{{sortname|W. V. D.|Hodge|}}||"In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hodge.html|title=Hodge summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 7487:

Baptiste|Dumas|}}||"For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other

7471:

11491:|1929 ||{{sortname|Max|Planck|}}||"For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Planck.html|title=Planck summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12237:||{{sortname|Paul|Langevin|}}||"For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics"||<ref>{{cite journal|title=Medal Awards of the Royal Society| 10335:}}||"In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery"||<ref name="od2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93188.html|title=Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal| 448:

The '''Copley Medal''' is the most prestigious award of the ], conferred "for sustained, outstanding achievements in any field of science".<ref name="Copley_descr"/> It alternates between the physical sciences or mathematics and the biological sciences.<ref name="cop1">{{cite

12532:|Avery|}}||"For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/biographical.html|title=The Oswald T. Avery Collection: Biographical Information|publisher=]| 2367:|1753 ||{{sortname|Benjamin|Franklin|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments and Observations on Electricity"||<ref>{{cite web|title=Franklin_Benjamin biography|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Franklin_Benjamin.html|publisher=University of St Andrews| 3768:|1777 ||{{sortname|John|Mudge|}}||"On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form"||— 11506:||{{sortname|Max|Planck|}}||"For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Planck.html|title=Planck summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 10170:|1899 ||{{sortname|Lord|Rayleigh|John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh}}||"In recognition of his contributions to physical science"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Rayleigh.html|title=Rayleigh summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 21531:"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones" 18046:"On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. – containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects." 3888:|1780 ||{{sortname|Samuel|Vince|}}||"For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref name="nla">{{cite web|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/cdview/nla.ms-ms9-15|title=Digital Collections 21275:"For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire" 20710:"For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements" 11725:||{{sortname|George Ellery|Hale|}}||"For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/hale-2863/reward.html 3779:||{{sortname|John|Mudge|}}||"On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form"||— 5298:|1804 ||{{sortname|Smithson|Tennant|}}||"For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/48-4-182-189|title=PMR: 2128:

containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects."||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/heritage/GeorgeEdwards/patrons.htm|title=RCP Heritage

600:

Into the early 19th century, medal recipients were selected by the ], though not always on the basis of publications and experimental demonstrations; political and social connections were also key considerations, along with service in the general interests of the Society.<ref

9323:|1880 ||{{sortname|James Joseph|Sylvester|}}||"For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sylvester.html|title=Sylvester summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 2224:

books?id=EUoLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=%22John+Canton%22+copley+medal&source=web&ots=qkgEYLbtAw&sig=ZhaNt07gna2A9E3iuxvsQw2aYqo&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA100,M1|title=Cavendish|last=Jungnickel|first=Christa

21022:"For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin" 12695:|Hardy|}}||"For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hardy.html|title=Hardy summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12671:|Hardy|}}||"For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hardy.html|title=Hardy summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9587:|1886 ||{{sortname|Franz Ernst|Neumann|}}||"For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Neumann_Franz.html|title=Neumann_Franz summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 15987:||{{sortname|Robert|May|Robert May, Baron May of Oxford}}||"for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance 8609:|1866 ||{{sortname|Julius|Plücker|}}||"For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Plucker.html|title=Plucker summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5388:|1806 ||{{sortname|Thomas Andrew|Knight|}}||"For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/book/boksix.htm|title=Early Breeding in Europe|last=Darrow|first=GM|publisher=]| 9338:||{{sortname|James Joseph|Sylvester|}}||"For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sylvester.html|title=Sylvester summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12061:}}||"In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/dale-bio.html|title=Sir Henry Dale 13495:||{{sortname|Frank Macfarlane|Burnet|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html|title=Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet 25221:"in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science" 14229:|Hodge|}}||"In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hodge.html|title=Hodge summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 8301:

Weber}}||"For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weber.html|title=Weber summary|publisher=University of St

8281:

4985:||<ref>{{cite ODNB|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/12595?&docPos=55&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed)|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/12595 |access-date=2009-01-29 |last1=Coley |first1=N. G. }}</ref> 15427:

Cottrell|}}||"In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects"||<ref>{{cite

9602:||{{sortname|Franz Ernst|Neumann|}}||"For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Neumann_Franz.html|title=Neumann_Franz summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 4004:

has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/herschel.html|title=Friedrich William

3984:

13206:

Whittaker|}}||"For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Whittaker.html|title=Whittaker summary|publisher=University of St

13183:

9407:|1882 ||{{sortname|Arthur|Cayley|}}||"For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Cayley.html|title=Cayley summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 8624:||{{sortname|Julius|Plücker|}}||"For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Plucker.html|title=Plucker summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5403:||{{sortname|Thomas Andrew|Knight|}}||"For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/book/boksix.htm|title=Early Breeding in Europe|last=Darrow|first=GM|publisher=]| 2072:

books?id=EUoLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=%22+John+Harrison%22+copley+medal&source=web&ots=qkgEYLbstx&sig=ohEXM_GtonJgNU5x08Clq5-gViA&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result|title=Cavendish|last=Jungnickel|first=Christa

14493:||{{sortname|Derek|Barton|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and, in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry"||<ref name="od2"/> 14439:|1979 ||{{sortname|Max|Perutz|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject"||<ref name="od2"/> 11906:|1935 ||{{sortname|Charles Thomson Rees|Wilson|}}||"For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/wilson-bio.html|title=C.T.R.Wilson 10951:|Roux|}}||"On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/fwufe488th0mvhlj/|title=Notes and Records of the Royal Society|publisher=Royal Society Publishing| 10932:|Roux|}}||"On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/fwufe488th0mvhlj/|title=Notes and Records of the Royal Society|publisher=Royal Society Publishing| 9422:||{{sortname|Arthur|Cayley|}}||"For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Cayley.html|title=Cayley summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 7601:|1845 ||{{sortname|Theodor|Schwann|}}||"For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. 20313:"For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, – On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" 12362:)}}||"For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/robinson-bio.html|title=Sir Robert Robinson 12339:)}}||"For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/robinson-bio.html|title=Sir Robert Robinson 2156:

15976:|May|Robert May, Baron May of Oxford}}||"for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance"||— 13671:||{{sortname|Cyril Norman|Hinshelwood|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy"||<ref>{{cite 11075:||{{sortname|Horace Tabberer|Brown|}}||"On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biochemj.org/bj/019/0165/0190165.pdf|title=Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown|publisher=Biochemical Journal| 14450:||{{sortname|Max|Perutz|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject"||<ref name="od2"/> 11925:||{{sortname|Charles Thomson Rees|Wilson|}}||"For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/wilson-bio.html|title=C.T.R.Wilson 6232:|1822 ||{{sortname|William|Buckland|}}||"For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~allch001/1815/buckland.htm|title=William Buckland & Reliquae Diluvianae|publisher=]| 8561:|1865 ||{{sortname|Michel|Chasles|}}||"For his historical and original researches in pure geometry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Chasles.html|title=Chasles summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 7616:||{{sortname|Theodor|Schwann|}}||"For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. 162: 9179:|1877 ||{{sortname|James Dwight|Dana|}}||"For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published"||<ref name="od"/> 9777:||{{sortname|Simon|Newcomb|}}||"For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Newcomb.html|title=Newcomb summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9759:||{{sortname|Simon|Newcomb|}}||"For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Newcomb.html|title=Newcomb summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 7822:|1850 ||{{sortname|Peter Andreas|Hansen|}}||"For his researches in physical astronomy"||<ref name="od">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93188.html|title=Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed)| 6247:||{{sortname|William|Buckland|}}||"For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~allch001/1815/buckland.htm|title=William Buckland & Reliquae Diluvianae|publisher=]| 60: 18790:"On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form" 10560:|1908 ||{{sortname|Alfred Russel|Wallace|}}||"On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection"||<ref name="od2"/> 8576:||{{sortname|Michel|Chasles|}}||"For his historical and original researches in pure geometry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Chasles.html|title=Chasles summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9994:|1895 ||{{sortname|Karl|Weierstrass|}}||"For his investigations in pure mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weierstrass.html|title=Weierstrass summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9190:||{{sortname|James Dwight|Dana|}}||"For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published"||<ref name="od"/> 5244:|1803 ||{{sortname|Richard|Chenevix|Richard Chenevix (chemist)}}||"For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/47-4-175-183|title=PMR: 8917:|1873 ||{{sortname|Hermann|Helmholtz|}}||"For his researches in physics and physiology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Helmholtz.html|title=Helmholtz summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 6316:|1824 ||{{sortname|John|Brinkley|John Brinkley (astronomer)}}||"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/D.html|title=The British Society for the History of Mathematics 4317:

On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hemonctoday.com/article.aspx?rid=36439|title=John Hunter:

4278:

12202:|1940 ||{{sortname|Paul|Langevin|}}||"For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics"||<ref>{{cite 3405:|format=PDF|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJH%2FBJH39_01%2FS0007087405007600a.pdf&code=f55e6aa4b80edf3a215d621ee092fd38|title=Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei|publisher=]| 25335:"for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang." 20824:"For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825" 13393:|archive-date=2015-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018164102/http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33182?&docPos=145&backToResults=|url-status=live |last1=MacFarlane |first1=R. G. |editor-first1=E. P. |editor-last1=Abraham 12293:||{{sortname|Thomas|Lewis|Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)}}||"For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viamedica.pl/gazety/gazeta1/darmowy_pdf.phtml?indeks=96&indeks_art=1262 7841:||{{sortname|Peter Andreas|Hansen|}}||"For his researches in physical astronomy"||<ref name="od">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93188.html|title=Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed)| 16033:"for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang 15730:|2002||{{sortname|John|Pople}}||"For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology"||<ref>{{cite 10571:||{{sortname|Alfred Russel|Wallace|}}||"On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection"||<ref name="od2"/> 10009:||{{sortname|Karl|Weierstrass|}}||"For his investigations in pure mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weierstrass.html|title=Weierstrass summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9938:|1894 ||{{sortname|Edward|Frankland|}}||"For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10419362|title=Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, c 8371:|1861 ||{{sortname|Louis|Agassiz|}}||"For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse"||<ref name="od"/> 13475:

Burnet|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html|title=Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet

11539:|1930 ||{{sortname|William Henry|Bragg|}}||"For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/wh-bragg-bio.html|title=William Bragg 10408:|1904 ||{{sortname|William|Crookes|}}||"For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects"||<ref name="od2"/> 9671:|1888 ||{{sortname|Thomas Henry|Huxley|}}||"For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years"||<ref name="od"/> 15761:||{{sortname|John|Pople}}||"For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology"||<ref>{{cite 9275:|1879 ||{{sortname|Rudolf|Clausius|}}||"For his well-known researches upon heat"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clausius.html|title=Clausius summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 10189:

Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh}}||"In recognition of his contributions to physical science"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Rayleigh.html|title=Rayleigh summary|publisher=University of St

6871:|1834 ||{{sortname|Giovanni|Plana|}}||"For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Plana.html|title=Plana biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 19747:"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons" 18762:"For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public" 11108:|1921 ||{{sortname|Joseph|Larmor|}}||"For his researches in mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Larmor.html|title=Larmour summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 10259:|1901 ||{{sortname|Willard|Gibbs|}}||"For his contributions to mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gibbs.html|title=Gibbs summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 24994:"In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects" 14931:|Milstein|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response"||— 10708:|1912 ||{{sortname|Felix|Klein|}}||"On the ground of his researches in mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Klein.html|title=Klein summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9957:||{{sortname|Edward|Frankland|}}||"For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10419362|title=Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, c 8382:||{{sortname|Louis|Agassiz|}}||"For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse"||<ref name="od"/> 17429:, though not always on the basis of publications and experimental demonstrations; political and social connections were also key considerations, along with service in the general interests of the Society. During the long presidency of 11558:||{{sortname|William Henry|Bragg|}}||"For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/wh-bragg-bio.html|title=William Bragg 19325:"For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies" 13637:|Hinshelwood|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy"||<ref>{{cite 10419:||{{sortname|William|Crookes|}}||"For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects"||<ref name="od2"/> 9682:||{{sortname|Thomas Henry|Huxley|}}||"For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years"||<ref name="od"/> 9290:||{{sortname|Rudolf|Clausius|}}||"For his well-known researches upon heat"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clausius.html|title=Clausius summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 20767:"For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Pflanzen" 11123:||{{sortname|Joseph|Larmor|}}||"For his researches in mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Larmor.html|title=Larmour summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5784:|1815 ||{{sortname|David|Brewster|}}||"For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-ah.st-andrews.ac.uk/mgstud/reflect/david.html|title=Sir David Brewster ( 1460:|1742 ||{{sortname|Christopher|Middleton|Christopher Middleton (navigator)}}||"For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay"||<ref>{{cite 11192:|1923 ||{{sortname|Horace|Lamb|}}||"For his researches in mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lamb.html|title=Lamb summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 10723:||{{sortname|Felix|Klein|}}||"On the ground of his researches in mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Klein.html|title=Klein summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 18156:"For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: – which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials" 6564:||<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fZSNUcPL8AYC|page=|quote=Henry Foster copley medal.|title=The Gentleman's Magazine|publisher=The Gentleman's Magazine|access-date=2009-02-05|year=1832}}</ref> 2669:

Cavendish}}||"On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer"||<ref

2653:

26362: 17344:, for "his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge". The medal is made of 11997:||{{sortname|Arthur|Evans|}}||"In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age"||<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sir Arthur Evans, F.R.S: Abstract| 5803:||{{sortname|David|Brewster|}}||"For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-ah.st-andrews.ac.uk/mgstud/reflect/david.html|title=Sir David Brewster ( 1494:||{{sortname|Christopher|Middleton|Christopher Middleton (navigator)}}||"For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay"||<ref>{{cite 11207:||{{sortname|Horace|Lamb|}}||"For his researches in mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lamb.html|title=Lamb summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 3564:|1773 ||{{sortname|John|Walsh|John Walsh (scientist)}}||"For his Paper on the Torpedo"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/jwalsh.html|title=Berkshire History: Biographies: Lieut-Col. John Walsh ( 21840:"For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics" 14915:

Milstein|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune

10756:|1913 ||{{sortname|Ray|Lankester|}}||"On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sabella.mba.ac.uk/1304/01/Obituary_Edwin_Ray_Lankester_.pdf 9886:|Stokes|}}||"For his researches and discoveries in physical science"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Stokes.html|title=Stokes summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 1575:|1744 ||{{sortname|Henry|Baker|Henry Baker (naturalist)}}||"For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum"||<ref>{{cite 1345:|1740 ||{{sortname|Alexander|Stuart|Alexander Stuart (scientist)}}||"For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein"||<ref>{{cite 25776:"for being arguably the most distinguished theoretical astrophysicist of his generation, responsible for numerous and varied conceptual breakthroughs, with influence spreading far beyond the specialist academic community." 11395:|1927 ||{{sortname|Charles|Sherrington|}}||"For his distinguished work on neurology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html|title=Sir Charles Sherrington 6758:

For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire. (Poisson)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Poisson.html|title=Poisson summary|publisher=University of St

1424:|1741 ||{{sortname|John Theophilus|Desaguliers|}}||"For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year."||<ref name="odnb2"/> 21503:"For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: – 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat" 6755:|1832 ||{{sortname|Michael|Faraday|}} and ]||"For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year. (Faraday) 4190:|1785 ||{{sortname|William|Roy|}}||"For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/roy_william.htm|title=William Roy|publisher=Electric Scotland| 24804:"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response" 2202:|1751 ||{{sortname|John|Canton|}}||"On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones"||<ref name="cav3">{{ 27629:"Digital Collections – Manuscripts – Item 15a – 15z, 15(1) – 15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal, 1778–1796" 15449:|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523121101/https://www.mrs.org/error-pages/error404?404%3Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrs.org%3A443%2Fs_mrs%2Fdoc.asp%3FCID=14595&DID=86190|url-status=dead 12815:|Hevesy|}}||"For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes"||<ref>{{cite 7669:

analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Le_Verrier.html|title=Le Verrier biography|publisher=University of St Andrews|

3587:||{{sortname|John|Walsh|John Walsh (scientist)}}||"For his Paper on the Torpedo"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/jwalsh.html|title=Berkshire History: Biographies: Lieut-Col. John Walsh ( 25306:"for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance." 20654:"For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet" 5196:|1802 ||{{sortname|William Hyde|Wollaston|}}||"For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/wollaston.html|title=Wollaston|publisher=]| 1609:||{{sortname|Henry|Baker|Henry Baker (naturalist)}}||"For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum"||<ref>{{cite 1379:||{{sortname|Alexander|Stuart|Alexander Stuart (scientist)}}||"For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein"||<ref>{{cite 15490:||{{sortname|Hugh|Huxley|}}||"In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology"||— 15243:||{{sortname|James|Watson|}}||"In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome"||<ref>{{cite web 1435:||{{sortname|John Theophilus|Desaguliers|}}||"For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year."||<ref name="odnb2"/> 9905:}}||"For his researches and discoveries in physical science"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Stokes.html|title=Stokes summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 6774:||{{sortname|Michael|Faraday|}} and ]||"For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year. (Faraday) 6373:

For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Arago.html|title=Arago summary|publisher=University of St

4205:||{{sortname|William|Roy|}}||"For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/roy_william.htm|title=William Roy|publisher=Electric Scotland| 10372:|1903 ||{{sortname|Eduard|Suess|}}||"For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'"||<ref name="od2"/> 8936:

Helmholtz|}}||"For his researches in physics and physiology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Helmholtz.html|title=Helmholtz summary|publisher=University of St

2240:||{{sortname|John|Canton|}}||"On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones"||<ref name="cav3">{{ 14772:|Peierls}}||"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials"|| 14757:|Peierls}}||"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials"|| 9241:

Baptiste|Boussingault|}}||"For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/84/1/1.pdf|title=Jean Baptiste

14414:||{{sortname|Robert Burns|Woodward|}}||"In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry"||<ref name="od2"/> 6890:|Plana|}}||"For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Plana.html|title=Plana biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5211:||{{sortname|William Hyde|Wollaston|}}||"For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/wollaston.html|title=Wollaston|publisher=]| 24558:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and, in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry" 19297:"For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates" 10278:

Willard|Gibbs|}}||"For his contributions to mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gibbs.html|title=Gibbs summary|publisher=University of St

7878:|1851 ||{{sortname|Richard|Owen|}}||"On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works"||<ref>{{cite 15166:

Watson|}}||"In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://

13423:

Littlewood|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations"||<ref>{{cite

18513:"For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands" 6982:|Berzelius|}} and ]||"For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works. ( 6963:|Berzelius|}} and ]||"For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works. ( 15114:||{{sortname|George|Porter|}}||"In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology"||<ref>{{cite 10383:||{{sortname|Eduard|Suess|}}||"For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'"||<ref name="od2"/> 1230:|1738 ||{{sortname|James|Valoue|}}||"For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society"||— 18481:"For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations. (Delaval)" 24530:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject" 18291:"On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills" 3163:"For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations. (Delaval)" 7897:||{{sortname|Richard|Owen|}}||"On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works"||<ref>{{cite 18235:"On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer" 9371:|1881 ||{{sortname|Charles-Adolphe|Wurtz|}}||"For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry"||— 16180:|2013 ||]||{{sortname|Andre|Geim|}}|| "For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures."||— 6923:|1835 ||{{sortname|William Snow|Harris|}}||"For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834"||<ref name="od"/> 25873: 15399:||{{sortname|Frank|Fenner|}}||"In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease"||— 2695:|1758 ||{{sortname|John|Dollond|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society"||<ref>{{cite 1241:||{{sortname|James|Valoue|}}||"For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society"||— 31290: 17522:"For his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge" 20465:"For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works. (Berzelius)" 24723:"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials" 19359: 15479:

Huxley|}}||"In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology"||—

24049:"In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy" 16422:|2024 ||]||{{sortname|Gregory Paul|Winter}}|| "for pioneering protein engineering, especially antibody engineering for the successful production of therapeutic antibodies."||<ref></ref> 9382:||{{sortname|Charles-Adolphe|Wurtz|}}||"For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry"||— 1266:|1739 ||{{sortname|Stephen|Hales|}}||"For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea"||<ref>{{cite 11418:|Sherrington|}}||"For his distinguished work on neurology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html|title=Sir Charles Sherrington 6934:||{{sortname|William Snow|Harris|}}||"For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834"||<ref name="od"/> 2729:||{{sortname|John|Dollond|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society"||<ref>{{cite 875:

as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge"||<ref name="odnb1">{{cite

840:

as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge"||<ref name="odnb1">{{cite

25700:"He has developed and applied the methods of protein engineering to provide descriptions of protein folding pathways at atomic resolution, revolutionising our understanding of these processes." 6967:) For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833. (Kiernan)"||— 1654:|1745 ||{{sortname|William|Watson|William Watson (scientist)}}||"On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments"||<ref>{{cite 25164:"For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology" 18989:"For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series" 15: 19470:"For his Papers – on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness" 9218:

Baptiste|Boussingault|}}||"For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/84/1/1.pdf

9006:|1875 ||{{sortname|August Wilhelm|Hofmann|}}||"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia"||<ref>{{cite 1300:||{{sortname|Stephen|Hales|}}||"For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea"||<ref>{{cite 23441:"For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics" 21671:"For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published" 21370: 20467:"For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833. (Kiernan)" 14620:|1983 ||{{sortname|Rodney |Porter|}}||"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins"||— 16136:|2011 ||]||{{sortname|Dan|McKenzie|Dan McKenzie (geophysicist)}}|| "For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates."||— 14375:||{{sortname|Frederick|Sanger|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids"||<ref name="od2"/> 11056:|1920 ||{{sortname|Horace Tabberer|Brown|}}||"On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biochemj.org/bj/019/0165/0190165.pdf 14993:||{{sortname|Abdus|Salam|}}||"In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces"||<ref>{{cite 12896:|1950 ||{{sortname|James|Chadwick|}}||"For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron"||<ref>{{cite 7942:|Humboldt|}}||"For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0400.html|title=Humboldt 7003:

For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833. (Kiernan)"

28714: 15080:

Porter|}}||"In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology"||<ref>{{cite

8741:

au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours"||<ref name="od"/>

7983:

Humboldt|}}||"For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0400.html|title=Humboldt

1688:||{{sortname|William|Watson|William Watson (scientist)}}||"On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments"||<ref>{{cite 23688:"For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes" 11827:|1934 ||{{sortname|John Scott|Haldane|}}||"In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering"||<ref>{{cite 5876:|1817 ||{{sortname|Henry|Kater|}}||"For his Experiments on the Pendulum"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02471|title=Henry Kater ( 5700:|1813 ||{{sortname|William Thomas|Brande|}}||"For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 14403:

Woodward|}}||"In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry"||<ref name="od2"/>

13958:||{{sortname|Bernard|Katz|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction"||— 25560:"For his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider." 25022:"In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology" 14521:|Mitchell|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction"|<ref name="od2"/> 15388:|Fenner|}}||"In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease"||— 11962:|1936 ||{{sortname|Arthur|Evans|}}||"In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age"||<ref>{{cite 3980:|1781 ||{{sortname|William|Herschel|}}||"For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this 26354: 25588:"In recognition of his fundamental and revolutionary contributions to the development of electron microscopy of biological materials, enabling their atomic structures to be deduced." 15052:||{{sortname|Sydney|Brenner|}}||"In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project"||— 12930:||{{sortname|James|Chadwick|}}||"For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron"||<ref>{{cite 11240:|1924 ||{{sortname|Edward Albert|Sharpey-Schafer|}}||"For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences"||— 5091:

archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090320010931/http://www.uark.edu/depts/cosmo/publications/pub%20by%20year/1976%20papers/sears%201976.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date

31485: 23548:"For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications" 21219:"For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse" 14532:||{{sortname|Peter D.|Mitchell|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction" 13872:

Hodgkin|}}||"In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology"||—

13857:

Hodgkin|}}||"In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology"||—

25148: 22543:"On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection" 11861:||{{sortname|John Scott|Haldane|}}||"In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering"||<ref>{{cite 5895:||{{sortname|Henry|Kater|}}||"For his Experiments on the Pendulum"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02471|title=Henry Kater ( 5711:||{{sortname|William Thomas|Brande|}}||"For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 11428:|archive-date=2013-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531055110/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html|url-status=live 20351:"For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year. (Faraday)" 2830:|1760 ||{{sortname|Benjamin|Wilson|Benjamin Wilson (painter)}}||"For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year"||<ref>{{cite 12372:|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135933/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/robinson-bio.html|url-status=live 4000:||{{sortname|William|Herschel|}}||"For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this 2386:"||<ref>{{cite web|title=Franklin_Benjamin biography|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Franklin_Benjamin.html|publisher=University of St Andrews| 1147:|1737 ||{{sortname|John|Belchier|}}||"For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour"||<ref>{{cite 28051: 27576:"An Investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion. By the Rev. S. Vince, A. M. of Sidney College, Cambridge. Communicated by George Atwood, A. M. F. R. S." 22431:"For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects" 19068:"For his three Papers, – On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787" 11251:||{{sortname|Edward Albert|Sharpey-Schafer|}}||"For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences"||— 10852:|1915 ||{{sortname|Ivan|Pavlov|}}||"On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system"||<ref name="od2"/> 8848:

1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat"||<ref name="od"/>

8833:

1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat"||<ref name="od"/>

14725:||{{sortname|Aaron|Klug|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them"|| 14277:|1975 ||{{sortname|Francis| Crick|}}||"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology"||<ref name="od2"/> 12584:|Adrian|}}||"For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions"||<ref>{{cite 12501:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621064321/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Taylor_Geoffrey.html|url-status=live 11568:|archive-date=2013-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605082511/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/wh-bragg-bio.html|url-status=live 5089:|Howard}}||"For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uark.edu/depts/cosmo/publications/pub%20by%20year/1976%20papers/sears%201976.pdf| 3687:

on Schehallien"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Maskelyne.html|title=Maskelyne biography|publisher=University of St Andrews|

3668:

on Schehallien"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Maskelyne.html|title=Maskelyne biography|publisher=University of St Andrews|

1785:|1747 ||{{sortname|Gowin|Knight|}}||"On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets"||<ref name="cav1">{{cite 23942:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations" 13505:|archive-date=2013-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914234706/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html|url-status=live 12175:|archive-date=2013-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518184913/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.html|url-status=live 6542:||"For his Paper entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general. (Prout)" 2392:|archive-date=2013-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405034107/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Franklin_Benjamin.html|url-status=live 25996: 21981:"For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years" 20213:"For his Paper entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general. (Prout)" 14593:|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921132136/http://www.usyd.edu.au/alumni/about/profiles/individuals/john_cornforth.shtml|archive-date=2007-09-21 14111:|1971 ||{{sortname|Norman |Pirie|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses"||— 11935:|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921220537/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/wilson-bio.html|url-status=live 9608:|archive-date=2012-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805152101/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Neumann_Franz.html|url-status=dead 12071:|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921230134/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/dale-bio.html|url-status=live 2864:||{{sortname|Benjamin|Wilson|Benjamin Wilson (painter)}}||"For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year"||<ref>{{cite 169: 34478: 10903:||{{sortname|James|Dewar|}}||"For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases"||<ref name="od2"/> 10015:|archive-date=2013-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607065628/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weierstrass.html|url-status=live 2419:|1754 ||{{sortname|William|Lewis|William Lewis (scientist)}}||"For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: 2050:|1749 ||{{sortname|John|Harrison|}}||"On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time"||<ref name="cav2">{{ 1181:||{{sortname|John|Belchier|}}||"For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour"||<ref>{{cite 14684:|archive-date=2013-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405104019/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Chandrasekhar.html|url-status=live 13445:|archive-date=1998-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980419013148/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Littlewood.html|url-status=dead 12119:|archive-date=2013-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717105122/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bohr_Niels.html|url-status=live 10863:||{{sortname|Ivan|Pavlov|}}||"On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system"||<ref name="od2"/> 9296:|archive-date=2013-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006094356/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/Mathematicians/Clausius.html|url-status=live 7441:|archive-date=2012-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027052303/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/MacCullagh.html|url-status=live 15554:|archive-date=2013-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113002829/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lighthill.html|url-status=dead 14959:

Salam|}}||"In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces"||<ref>{{cite

14288:||{{sortname|Francis| Crick|}}||"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology"||<ref name="od2"/> 13213:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621091435/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Whittaker.html|url-status=dead 9344:|archive-date=2013-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507053411/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sylvester.html|url-status=live 8943:|archive-date=2013-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225034524/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Helmholtz.html|url-status=live 5529:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621073851/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Troughton.html|url-status=live 4038:|1782 ||{{sortname|Richard|Kirwan|}}||"As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts"||<ref name="nla"/> 1879:||{{sortname|Gowin|Knight|}}||"On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets"||<ref name="cav1">{{cite 27386: 27311:"An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna, in a Letter from the Honourable William Hamilton, His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary at Naples, to Mathew Maty, M. D. Sec. R. S." 24965:"In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease" 23413:"For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution" 17708:"For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society" 15360:

extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems"||—

13556:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621080127/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Jeffreys.html|url-status=dead 13264:|archive-date=2013-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102165328/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/Mathematicians/Fisher.html|url-status=dead 12553:|archive-date=2013-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928163646/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/biographical.html|url-status=live 10196:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112235500/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Rayleigh.html|url-status=dead 8335:|1860 ||{{sortname|Robert|Bunsen|}}||"For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches"||<ref name="od"/> 5062:}}||"For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uark.edu/depts/cosmo/publications/pub%20by%20year/1976%20papers/sears%201976.pdf| 3923:||{{sortname|Samuel|Vince|}}||"For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions 27359: 23857:"In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology" 14122:||{{sortname|Norman |Pirie|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses"||— 14067:

Todd|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types"||<ref name="od2"/>

12622:}}||"For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions"||<ref>{{cite 9783:|archive-date=1998-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980419013427/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Newcomb.html|url-status=dead 9476:|archive-date=2013-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528061113/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Thomson.html|url-status=live 8630:|archive-date=2013-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605212955/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Plucker.html|url-status=dead 8582:|archive-date=2013-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809153628/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Chasles.html|url-status=live 7675:|archive-date=2013-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024042955/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Le_Verrier.html|url-status=live 7203:|1839 ||{{sortname|Robert|Brown|Robert Brown (botanist)}}||"For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation"||<ref>{{cite 6808:|archive-date=2013-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024201248/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Poisson.html|url-status=live 4817:|archive-date=2013-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404231657/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ramsden.html|url-status=dead 24134:"In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology" 19419:"For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers" 14364:

Sanger|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids"||<ref name="od2"/>

11512:|archive-date=2013-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709225153/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Planck.html|url-status=dead 11129:|archive-date=2013-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720090144/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Larmor.html|url-status=dead 9911:|archive-date=2013-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028201732/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Stokes.html|url-status=dead 9728:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621081057/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Salmon.html|url-status=live 9428:|archive-date=2013-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721143847/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Cayley.html|url-status=dead 4865:|archive-date=2013-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405125720/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Atwood.html|url-status=live 4163:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621084207/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Waring.html|url-status=live 3825:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621091323/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hutton.html|url-status=live 3693:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112234932/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Maskelyne.html|url-status=live 1758:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621072606/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Robins.html|url-status=live 34029: 33580: 33131: 32714: 32333: 32140: 14835:)}}||"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis"||— 14812:)}}||"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis"||— 14250:|archive-date=2012-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230043109/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hodge.html|url-status=dead 13947:|Katz|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction"||— 13919:

Bragg|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction"||<ref name="od2"/>

13904:

Bragg|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction"||<ref name="od2"/>

12766:||{{sortname|Archibald|Hill|}}||"For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues"||<ref>{{cite 12701:|archive-date=1998-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980419001614/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hardy.html|url-status=dead 10729:|archive-date=2013-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605061945/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Klein.html|url-status=dead 10285:|archive-date=2013-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030043340/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gibbs.html|url-status=live 9810:|1891 ||{{sortname|Stanislao|Cannizzaro|}}||"For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory"||<ref name="od"/> 8308:|archive-date=2013-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504180112/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weber.html|url-status=live 7759:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112234832/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Adams.html|url-status=dead 6423:|archive-date=2013-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024211723/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Arago.html|url-status=live 5757:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621085632/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ivory.html|url-status=live 5169:|archive-date=2011-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606124810/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=6888&inst_id=9|url-status=dead 2466:||{{sortname|William|Lewis|William Lewis (scientist)}}||"For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: 2175:|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005131755/http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/heritage/GeorgeEdwards/patrons.htm |archive-date=October 5, 2007 2088:||{{sortname|John|Harrison|}}||"On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time"||<ref name="cav2">{{ 14635:|Porter|}}||"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins"||— 11213:|archive-date=1998-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981203051138/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lamb.html|url-status=dead 6728:|archive-date=2013-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823145004/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Airy.html|url-status=dead 24918:"In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome" 15041:|Brenner|}}||"In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project"||— 14881:|archive-date=2013-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405153242/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Atiyah.html|url-status=live 4362:|1788 ||{{sortname|Charles|Blagden|}}||"For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions"||<ref>{{cite 4049:||{{sortname|Richard|Kirwan|}}||"As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts"||<ref name="nla"/> 3152:||"For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit. (Brownrigg)" 2803:|archive-date=2017-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919023530/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/who/Smeaton_J/smeatonJohn5.asp|url-status=live 18479:"For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit. (Brownrigg)" 14086:}}||"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types"||<ref name="od2"/> 14027:|1969 ||{{sortname|Peter| Medawar|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance"||<ref name="od2"/> 13057:|1952 ||{{sortname|Paul|Dirac|}}||"In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics"||<ref>{{cite 10781:|archive-date=2012-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712030653/http://sabella.mba.ac.uk/1304/01/Obituary_Edwin_Ray_Lankester_.pdf|url-status=live 8346:||{{sortname|Robert|Bunsen|}}||"For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches"||<ref name="od"/> 5905:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112234352/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02471|url-status=live 5472:|1808 ||{{sortname|William|Henry|William Henry (chemist)}}||"For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 29932: 25672:"In recognition of his exceptional contributions to the science and technology of materials, including his discovery that led to rechargeable lithium batteries." 25503:"For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures." 23217:"For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory" 17934:"On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles" 15775:|archive-date=2012-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927012605/http://www.northwestern.edu/observer/issues/2004-04-01/obit.html|url-status=live 14147:|1972 ||{{sortname|Nevill |Mott|}}||"In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics"||<ref name="od2"/> 7393:|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233428/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Ohm.html|url-status=dead 4011:|archive-date=2013-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608091045/http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/herschel.html|url-status=live 2322:||"On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society"||<ref>{{cite 2288:||"On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society"||<ref>{{cite 30359: 26392: 9821:||{{sortname|Stanislao|Cannizzaro|}}||"For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory"||<ref name="od"/> 8764:, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours"||<ref name="od"/> 5031:|archive-date=2014-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111003309/http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleH.html#hel|url-status=live 2023:|archive-date=2013-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515110646/http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/bradley.html|url-status=live 25862: 17457:

noted the distinction of the medal was that it was "offered to the competition of the world." The Copley medal has been characterised as a predecessor to the

14201:||{{sortname|Andrew|Huxley|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction"||— 13808:)}}||"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis"||<ref>{{cite 13766:)}}||"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis"||<ref>{{cite 7882:|url=http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emrw/9780470015902/els/article/a0002450/current/abstract|title=Own, Richard: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences|publisher=]| 4480:)}}||"For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite 4443:)}}||"For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite 996:|1734 ||{{sortname|John Theophilus|Desaguliers|}}||"In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society"||<ref name="odnb2">{{cite 30444: 29982: 24747:"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis" 18074:"On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones" 13675:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/32367?&docPos=152&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed)| 13641:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/32367?&docPos=152&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed)| 9967:|archive-date=2013-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719151448/http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10419362|url-status=live 9069:

Hofmann|}}||"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia"||<ref>{{cite

6802:||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Poisson.html|title=Poisson summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 4395:||{{sortname|Charles|Blagden|}}||"For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions"||<ref>{{cite 4211:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112234813/http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/roy_william.htm|url-status=live 30909: 30271: 26993: 24890:"In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology" 14714:

Klug|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them"||

14038:||{{sortname|Peter| Medawar|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance"||<ref name="od2"/> 13091:||{{sortname|Paul|Dirac|}}||"In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics"||<ref>{{cite 13012:||{{sortname|David|Keilin|}}||"For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes"||<ref>{{cite 8238:|1858 ||{{sortname|Charles|Lyell|}}||"For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology"||<ref name="od"/> 5483:||{{sortname|William|Henry|William Henry (chemist)}}||"For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 31223: 31179: 31093: 31031: 30987: 30838: 30743: 30698: 30654: 30570: 30501: 30156: 30115: 29891: 29438: 28771: 27984: 27889: 27812: 27768: 27272: 27170: 27101: 27057: 26952: 26743: 26698: 26654: 26610: 26566: 26522: 26477: 26428: 21783:"For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry" 13607:|archive-date=2012-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220074404/http://www.nobel-winners.com/Medicine/hans_adolf_krebs.html|url-status=live 11740:|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230012832/http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/hale-2863/reward.html |archive-date=2008-12-30 30221: 24666:"In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity" 20937:"On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works" 17445:. (roughly equivalent to £212,366 in 2023) was made by Sir Joseph William Copley in 1881, and the interest from that amount is used to pay for the medal. 10957:|archive-date=2020-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426110531/http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/fwufe488th0mvhlj/|url-status=live 10888:|1916 ||{{sortname|James|Dewar|}}||"For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases"|| 10683:||{{sortname|George|Darwin|}}||"On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects"||<ref name="od2"/> 6896:|archive-date=2013-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030011831/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Plana.html|url-status=live 29571: 16114:||]||{{sortname|Tomas|Lindahl}}|| "for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair."||<ref name="medals2010"/> 8498:|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512043043/http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/s/sedgwick.htm |archive-date=May 12, 2008 8441:|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216151117/http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1454/411.pdf |archive-date=December 16, 2005 6417:||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Arago.html|title=Arago summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5325:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420005417/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/article/48/4/182-189/|archive-date=2013-04-20|url-status=dead 5271:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419230209/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/article/47/4/175-183/|archive-date=2013-04-19|url-status=dead 3741:|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205132853/http://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/article.asp?ItemID=734|archive-date=2008-12-05 1034:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/7539?&docPos=4&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed)| 1000:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/7539?&docPos=4&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed)| 31126: 30880: 30851: 30246: 29342: 28899: 24191:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction" 22403:"For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'" 16609:*{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1741|title=Copley recent winners: 1900 - present|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}} 15616:|archive-date=October 7, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007223359/http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/168/3/1105|url-status=live 5813:|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104232554/http://www-ah.st-andrews.ac.uk/mgstud/reflect/david.html|archive-date=2008-11-04 5409:|archive-date=2013-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320020304/http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/book/boksix.htm|url-status=live 1030:||{{sortname|John Theophilus|Desaguliers|}}||"In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society"||<ref name="odnb2">{{cite 31319: 30780: 29367: 29253: 28296: 11354:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33977?&docPos=123&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article: Hopkins, Sir Frederick (subscription needed)| 11316:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33977?&docPos=123&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article: Hopkins, Sir Frederick (subscription needed)| 8011:|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223005149/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0400.html|archive-date=2008-02-23 3401:|1770 ||{{sortname|William|Hamilton|William Hamilton (diplomat)}}||"For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna"||<ref>{{cite 3357:|1769 ||{{sortname|William|Hewson|William Hewson (surgeon)}}||"For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, 145: 30930: 30805: 30473: 29592: 28477: 24021:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles" 16019:

Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang"||—

12770:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/31230?&docPos=138&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hill, Archibald Vivian (subscription needed)| 12736:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/31230?&docPos=138&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hill, Archibald Vivian (subscription needed)| 9846:|1892 ||{{sortname|Rudolf|Virchow|}}||"For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology"||<ref name="od"/> 8737:|1869 ||{{sortname|Henri Victor|Regnault|}}||"For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques 8249:||{{sortname|Charles|Lyell|}}||"For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology"||<ref name="od"/> 7911:|archive-date=2013-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630021400/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/047001590X|url-status=live 2531:|1755 ||{{sortname|John|Huxham|}}||"For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society"||<ref>{{cite 29488: 29417: 29224: 29203: 28961: 28660: 27926: 24637:"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins" 16598:*{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1742|title=Copley archive winners 1989 - 1900|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}} 16576:*{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1743|title=Copley archive winners 1899 - 1800|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}} 16554:*{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1744|title=Copley archive winners 1799 - 1731|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}} 12626:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/30753?&docPos=136&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Adrian, Edgar Douglas (subscription needed)| 12588:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/30753?&docPos=136&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Adrian, Edgar Douglas (subscription needed)| 9635:|1887 ||{{sortname|Joseph Dalton|Hooker|}}||"For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller"||<ref name="od"/> 8661:|Baer|}}||"For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology"||<ref name="od"/> 3664:|1775 ||{{sortname|Nevil|Maskelyne|}}||"In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, 1498:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/18668?&docPos=10&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed)| 1464:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/18668?&docPos=10&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed)| 29953: 29834: 29513: 29467: 29388: 27955: 27690: 27553: 27496: 26784: 26227: 18416:"For his very ingenious and elegant Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids" 11865:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33642?&docPos=128&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article: Haldane, John Scott (subscription needed)| 11831:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33642?&docPos=128&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article: Haldane, John Scott (subscription needed)| 10345:|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023015729/http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93188.html|url-status=live 8676:

Baer|}}||"For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology"||<ref name="od"/>

7851:|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023015729/http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93188.html|url-status=live 2124:|1750 ||{{sortname|George|Edwards|}}||"On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. 34471: 31804: 31644: 31068: 30538: 29722: 29621: 29118: 28982: 28849: 28743: 28556: 28362: 28082: 25616:"For his beautiful and unexpected proof of Fermat's Last Theorem which is one of the most important mathematical achievements of the 20th century." 24861:"In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project" 24502:"In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry" 10109:|}}||"In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist"||— 10094:|}}||"In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist"||— 9503:|1884 ||{{sortname|Carl|Ludwig|}}||"For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science"||— 3943:

15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal,

3904:

15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal,

3278:|1768 ||{{sortname|Peter|Woulfe|}}||"For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances"||<ref>{{cite 29859: 28631: 24581:"In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction" 23357:"In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems" 14332:||{{sortname|Dorothy|Hodgkin|}}||"In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin 8095:|archive-date=2013-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320020320/http://www.yale.edu/perception/Brian/misc/lineage/|url-status=live 6480:|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604184845/http://www.bpccs.com/lcas/Articles/jsouth.htm |archive-date=June 4, 2008 4595:||"For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions. (Rennell)" 1692:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/28874?&docPos=12&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed)| 1658:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/28874?&docPos=12&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed)| 31758: 31719: 31619: 31594: 31268: 31151: 27142: 25911: 24694:"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them" 19187:"For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions. (Rennell)" 18263:"On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society" 14002:|Reichstein|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids"||— 13987:|Reichstein|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids"||— 7901:|url=http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emrw/9780470015902/els/article/a0002450/current/abstract|title=Own, Richard: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences 6253:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112235333/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~allch001/1815/buckland.htm|url-status=live 4335:|archive-date=2012-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220083146/http://www.hemonctoday.com/article.aspx?rid=36439|url-status=live 3372:||{{sortname|William|Hewson|William Hewson (surgeon)}}||"For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, 29754: 28706: 28412: 24609:"In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules" 17878:"For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum" 17793:"For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year." 9857:||{{sortname|Rudolf|Virchow|}}||"For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology"||<ref name="od"/> 9048:&source=web&ots=9DZlVcbutv&sig=mS6twqbqJEb88x9cip6DWf5H5iY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA14,M1 5217:|archive-date=2009-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408220859/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/wollaston.html|url-status=dead 3601:|archive-date=2018-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023112610/http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/jwalsh.html|url-status=live 2565:||{{sortname|John|Huxham|}}||"For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society"||<ref>{{cite 27374: 27211: 23604:"For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions" 20575: 13812:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33888?&docPos=150&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed)| 13770:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33888?&docPos=150&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed)| 13424:

web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Littlewood.html|title=Littlewood summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|

12934:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/30912?&docPos=139&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Chadwick, James (subscription needed)| 12900:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/30912?&docPos=139&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Chadwick, James (subscription needed)| 12732:|Hill|}}||"For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues"||<ref>{{cite 11081:|archive-date=2015-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018164105/http://www.biochemj.org/bj/019/0165/0190165.pdf|url-status=live 9646:||{{sortname|Joseph Dalton|Hooker|}}||"For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller"||<ref name="od"/> 9248:|archive-date=2015-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018164106/http://jn.nutrition.org/content/84/1/1.full.pdf|url-status=live 6343:|archive-date=2012-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818161313/http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/D.html|url-status=live 6185:||"For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. (Sabine)" 3953:|archive-date=2015-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018164102/http://www.nla.gov.au/apps/cdview/nla.ms-ms9-15|url-status=live 3683:||{{sortname|Nevil|Maskelyne|}}||"In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, 2868:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/29641?&docPos=25&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed)| 2834:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/29641?&docPos=25&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed)| 31381: 28870: 27665: 15948:||{{sortname|Stephen|Hawking}}||"For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. "||<ref name="haw"/> 15118:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/77183?&docPos=171&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed)| 15084:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/77183?&docPos=171&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed)| 13375:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33182?&docPos=145&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Florey, Howard (subscription needed)| 13341:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33182?&docPos=145&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Florey, Howard (subscription needed)| 7325:||"For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. (Liebig)" 4484:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/19244?&docPos=48&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Morgan, William (subscription needed)| 4447:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/19244?&docPos=48&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Morgan, William (subscription needed)| 4399:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/2553?&docPos=47&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed)| 4366:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/2553?&docPos=47&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed)| 34716: 34022: 33573: 33124: 32707: 32326: 32133: 28029: 26860: 26295: 22375:"In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery" 20623:"For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. (Liebig)" 20022:"For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. (Sabine)" 16059:|2009 ||]||{{sortname|Martin|Evans}}|| "for his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics."||— 15894:|2005||{{sortname|Paul|Nurse}}||"for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division"||— 13371:||{{sortname|Howard|Florey|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine"||<ref>{{cite 13016:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/34256?&docPos=140&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Keilin, David (subscription needed)| 12982:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/34256?&docPos=140&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Keilin, David (subscription needed)| 9514:||{{sortname|Carl|Ludwig|}}||"For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science"||— 6697:|1831 ||{{sortname|George Biddell|Airy|}}||"For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, 3312:||{{sortname|Peter|Woulfe|}}||"For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances"||<ref>{{cite 19999: 17990:"On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion" 17737:"For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea" 14997:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/64072?&docPos=170&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed)| 14963:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/64072?&docPos=170&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed)| 14479:|Barton|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and 4754:|1794 ||{{sortname|Alessandro|Volta|}}||"For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani"|| 1304:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/11915?&docPos=7&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed)| 1270:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/11915?&docPos=7&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed)| 31915: 31694: 29546: 27715: 26897: 24833:"In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces" 22234:"In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist" 19365: 18870:"For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 14190:|Huxley|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction"||— 2569:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/14319?&docPos=22&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed)| 2535:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/14319?&docPos=22&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed)| 1185:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/1984?&docPos=6&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed)| 1151:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/1984?&docPos=6&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed)| 879:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/11354?&docPos=2&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed)| 844:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/11354?&docPos=2&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed)| 31493: 21107:"For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, and for his researches on the contrast of coulours" 19798:"For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 18569:"For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, – and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish" 18096:"On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society" 15867:|archive-date=2013-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626070829/http://www.fsu.edu/highlights/faculty.html|url-status=live 13095:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/31032?&docPos=141&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Dirac, Paul(subscription needed)| 13061:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/31032?&docPos=141&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Dirac, Paul(subscription needed)| 12978:|Keilin|}}||"For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes"||<ref>{{cite 12424:||{{sortname|Joseph|Barcroft|}}||"For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood"||<ref>{{cite 11276:|1925 ||{{sortname|Albert|Einstein|}}||"For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory"||<ref name="od2"/> 8525:|1864 ||{{sortname|Charles|Darwin|}}||"For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology"||<ref name="od"/> 3036:

Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids"||<ref name="cav3"/>

3021:

Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids"||<ref name="cav3"/>

1613:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/1120?&docPos=11&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed)| 1579:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/1120?&docPos=11&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed)| 34464: 31889: 30959: 28267: 27215: 26405:

In 1841, he was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society in London, an accolade which held the same prestige as a Nobel Prize today.

18125: 5932:|1818 ||{{sortname|Robert|Seppings|}}||"For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 2470:

which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials"||<ref>{{cite

2423:

which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials"||<ref>{{cite

29782: 28685: 20852:"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto" 11020:|1919 ||{{sortname|William|Bayliss|}}||"On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics"||<ref name="od2"/> 5352:|1805 ||{{sortname|Humphry|Davy|}}||"For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref name="od"/> 3437:

url=http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJH%2FBJH39_01%2FS0007087405007600a.pdf&code=f55e6aa4b80edf3a215d621ee092fd38

31669: 30469: 28921: 28163: 28137: 27520: 21447:, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours" 20433:"For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834" 17765:"For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein" 10984:|1918 ||{{sortname|Hendrik|Lorentz|}}||"On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics"||<ref name="od2"/> 10672:|Darwin|}}||"On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects"||<ref name="od2"/> 10134:|1898 ||{{sortname|William|Huggins|}}||"For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies"||<ref name="od"/> 6717:||{{sortname|George Biddell|Airy|}}||"For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, 31544: 30044: 28383: 28271: 26187:

Bektas, M. Yakup; Crosland, Maurice (1992). "The Copley Medal: The establishment of a reward system in the Royal Society, 1731–1839".

17414:

was the first to receive the new award in 1737; due to delays in approving a medal design, however, the medal, designed and struck by

14162:|Mott|}}||"In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics"||<ref name="od2"/> 13294:

Blackett|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism"||—

8701:|1868 ||{{sortname|Charles|Wheatstone|}}||"For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism"||<ref name="od"/> 4768:||{{sortname|Alessandro|Volta|}}||"For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani"|| 3251:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112234332/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/9/9662.htm|url-status=dead 924:|1732 ||{{sortname|Stephen|Gray|Stephen Gray (scientist)}}||"For the Experiments he made for the year 1732"||<ref name="odnb1"/> 29056: 24305:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses" 24277:"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types" 24106:"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis" 20807: 19124:"For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions" 17821:"For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay" 8789:|1870 ||{{sortname|James Prescott|Joule|}}||"For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat"||<ref name="od"/> 8194:|1857 ||{{sortname|Michel Eugène|Chevreul|}}||"For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, 4074:|1783 ||{{sortname|John|Goodricke|}} and ]||"For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol. (Goodricke) 29035: 27014: 19554:"For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions" 16016:|2008||{{sortname|Roger|Penrose}}||"for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. 15905:||{{sortname|Paul|Nurse}}||"for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division 11767:|1933 ||{{sortname|Theobald|Smith|}}||"For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man"||<ref>{{cite 11287:||{{sortname|Albert|Einstein|}}||"For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory"||<ref name="od2"/> 8536:||{{sortname|Charles|Darwin|}}||"For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology"||<ref name="od"/> 5436:|1807 ||{{sortname|Everard|Home|}}||"For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 34015: 33566: 33117: 32808: 32700: 32319: 32126: 31818: 24776:"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics" 19739: 5943:||{{sortname|Robert|Seppings|}}||"For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 29701: 29174: 28241: 26004: 24474:"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids" 24163:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction" 23716:"For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron" 19696:"For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions" 13154:||{{sortname|Albert|Kluyver|}}||"For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology"||— 12406:|url=http://fn.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/82/1/F75|title=Sir Joseph Barcroft of Cambridge|publisher=Archives of Disease in Childhood 11794:|title=Award of the Copley Medal of the Royal Society to Professor Theobald Smith|publisher=Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory| 11771:|title=Award of the Copley Medal of the Royal Society to Professor Theobald Smith|publisher=Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory| 11031:||{{sortname|William|Bayliss|}}||"On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics"||<ref name="od2"/> 5363:||{{sortname|Humphry|Davy|}}||"For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref name="od"/> 34672: 33537: 31569: 31352: 26028:"The awarding of the Copley Medal and the 'discovery' of the law of conservation of energy: Joule, Mayer and Helmholtz revisited" 22283: 20625:"For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835. (Sturm)" 17426: 17357: 11595:|1931 ||{{sortname|Arthur|Schuster|}}||"For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism"||<ref>{{cite 10995:||{{sortname|Hendrik|Lorentz|}}||"On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics"||<ref name="od2"/> 10145:||{{sortname|William|Huggins|}}||"For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies"||<ref name="od"/> 4642:|1792 ||{{sortname|Benjamin|Thompson|}}||"For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat"||<ref>{{cite 31519: 31464: 29093: 20388: 8712:||{{sortname|Charles|Wheatstone|}}||"For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism"||<ref name="od"/> 7336:"For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835. (Sturm)" 935:||{{sortname|Stephen|Gray|Stephen Gray (scientist)}}||"For the Experiments he made for the year 1732"||<ref name="odnb1"/> 31848: 28506: 27740: 23329:"In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age" 22009:"For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author" 19280: 18734:"In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, – on Schehallien" 11156:|1922 ||{{sortname|Ernest|Rutherford|}}||"For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure"||<ref name="od2"/> 10596:|1909 ||{{sortname|George William|Hill|}}||"On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy"||<ref name="od2"/> 8800:||{{sortname|James Prescott|Joule|}}||"For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat"||<ref name="od"/> 8209:||{{sortname|Michel Eugène|Chevreul|}}||"For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, 4089:||{{sortname|John|Goodricke|}} and ]||"For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol. (Goodricke) 3524:|1772 ||{{sortname|Joseph|Priestley|}}||"On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations"|| 90: 28107: 28058: 27471: 25804:"for pioneering protein engineering, especially antibody engineering for the successful production of therapeutic antibodies." 24220:"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids" 23993:"In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy" 22991:"For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences" 14317:|Hodgkin|}}||"In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin 11790:||{{sortname|Theobald|Smith|}}||"For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man"||<ref>{{cite 5447:||{{sortname|Everard|Home|}}||"For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 29810: 29314: 29139: 29029: 29007: 28935: 28531: 28454: 27636: 21615:"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia" 17466: 13309:}}||"In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism"||— 28: 24357:"In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction" 23273:"In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering" 18819:"For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments" 17461:. Since its inception, it has been awarded to many distinguished scientists, including 52 winners of the Nobel Prize: 17 in 3497:|1771 ||{{sortname|Matthew|Raper|}}||"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money"||— 3420:||{{sortname|William|Hamilton|William Hamilton (diplomat)}}||"For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna 2445:

web&ots=50dPYornfI&sig=u2zhMopQ1XYENwt-e9yVe7dPtTc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result

69: 34731: 28577: 23497:"For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry" 11649:||{{sortname|Arthur|Schuster|}}||"For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism"||<ref>{{cite 9143:|1876 ||{{sortname|Claude|Bernard|}}||"For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology"||<ref name="od"/> 7531:

web&ots=ki52cvt2hL&sig=ekDGFHDWXXU95w4uDH1UWR3xP0w&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result

4673:||{{sortname|Benjamin|Thompson|}}||"For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat"||<ref>{{cite 187: 119: 27860: 15937:|Hawking}}||"For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. "||<ref name="haw"/> 13337:|Florey|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine"||<ref>{{cite 359:| website = {{official website|https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/|name=Copley Medal}} 34726: 30334: 29542: 17385: 11167:||{{sortname|Ernest|Rutherford|}}||"For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure"||<ref name="od2"/> 10607:||{{sortname|George William|Hill|}}||"On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy"||<ref name="od2"/> 10524:|1907 ||{{sortname|Albert Abraham |Michelson|}}||"On the ground of his investigations in optics"||<ref name="od2"/> 10444:|1905 ||{{sortname|Dmitri|Mendeleev|}}||"For his contributions to chemical and physical science"||<ref name="od2"/> 123: 31410: 28809: 17680:"For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour" 10061:|Gegenbaur|}}||"For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc"||— 10046:|Gegenbaur|}}||"For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc"||— 8038:|1853 ||{{sortname|Heinrich Wilhelm|Dove|}}||"For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth"||— 4677:|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27255|title=Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed)| 4646:|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27255|title=Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed)| 1111:|1736 ||{{sortname|John Theophilus|Desaguliers|}}||"For his experiments made during the year"||<ref name="odnb2"/> 33004: 29057:"Humboldt – Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander – von – 1769–1859 – Baron – German naturalist, geologist and explorer" 25936: 25446:"For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates." 1383:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/47081?docPos=1|title=Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed)| 1349:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/47081?docPos=1|title=Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed)| 25966: 23885:"In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism" 20682:"For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy" 12402:

Barcroft|}}||"For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood"||<ref>{{cite

11312:|1926 ||{{sortname|Frederick|Hopkins|}}||"For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry"||<ref>{{cite 7513:|1844 ||{{sortname|Carlo|Matteucci|}}||"For his various researches in animal electricity"||<ref>{{cite book|url= 3535:||{{sortname|Joseph|Priestley|}}||"On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations 3316:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/30007?&docPos=31&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Woulfe, Peter| 3282:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/30007?&docPos=31&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Woulfe, Peter| 32234: 30419: 28823: 27028: 26830: 23489: 22767:"For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases" 21832: 17813: 9154:||{{sortname|Claude|Bernard|}}||"For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology"||<ref name="od"/> 5596:|title=Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862) |last=Buchanan|first=W.W.|publisher=British Society for Rheumatology | 33016: 27236: 26384: 22739:"On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system" 21163:"For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics" 20617: 15428:

web|url=http://www.mrs.org/s_mrs/doc.asp?CID=14595&DID=86190|title=MRS Website: Award Presentations|publisher=]|

2733:|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49855/7783|title=Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed)| 2699:|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49855/7783|title=Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed)| 32021: 31795: 28927: 23877: 21445:

Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaires au calcul des machines a feu

21387:"For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology" 17442: 10535:||{{sortname|Albert Abraham |Michelson|}}||"On the ground of his investigations in optics"||<ref name="od2"/> 10499:|Metchnikoff|}}||"On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology"||<ref name="od2"/> 10484:|Metchnikoff|}}||"On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology"||<ref name="od2"/> 10455:||{{sortname|Dmitri|Mendeleev|}}||"For his contributions to chemical and physical science"||<ref name="od2"/> 10223:|1900 ||{{sortname|Marcellin|Berthelot|}}||"For his brilliant services to chemical science"||<ref name="od"/> 30440: 29928: 24442:"In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B 8049:||{{sortname|Heinrich Wilhelm|Dove|}}||"For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth"||— 2152:}}||"On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. 1122:||{{sortname|John Theophilus|Desaguliers|}}||"For his experiments made during the year"||<ref name="odnb2"/> 34548: 27602: 27446: 27337: 26989: 25475:"For his ground-breaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion." 25298: 23660:"For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues" 22367: 17381: 8970:|1874 ||{{sortname|Louis|Pasteur|}}||"For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine"||<ref name="od"/> 8122:|1855 ||{{sortname|Léon|Foucault|}}||"For his various researches in experimental physics"||<ref name="od"/> 7245:)}}||"For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation"||<ref>{{cite 108: 31101: 30355: 29442: 26265:""In the Society's Strong Box": A Visual and Material History of the Royal Society's Copley Medal, c. 1736–1760" 24414:"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology" 23632:"For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years" 7548:||{{sortname|Carlo|Matteucci|}}||"For his various researches in animal electricity"||<ref>{{cite book|url= 153: 34155: 33489: 31894: 29146: 28111: 24098: 23596: 22113: 18655:"On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations on different kinds of Air" 180: 86: 29978: 29567: 26355:"George Goodwin: Joseph Priestley, a towering figure in a special relationship with America's founding father" 18484:"For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air. (Cavendish)" 17287: 13143:

Kluyver|}}||"For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology"||—

11796:

2326:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/22805|title=Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed)| 2292:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/22805|title=Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed)| 34624: 33786: 32952: 32363: 31439: 31217: 31173: 31122: 31025: 30981: 30905: 30884: 30832: 30737: 30692: 30648: 30564: 30495: 30267: 30242: 30109: 29885: 28895: 27632: 25580: 24269: 22983: 21868:"For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science" 20511:"For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836. (Daniell)" 20397: 18091: 17906:"On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments" 10234:||{{sortname|Marcellin|Berthelot|}}||"For his brilliant services to chemical science"||<ref name="od"/> 7249:|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3645|title=Oxford DNB article:Brown, Robert (subscription needed)| 7207:|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3645|title=Oxford DNB article:Brown, Robert (subscription needed)| 3927:"||<ref name="nla">{{cite web|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/cdview/nla.ms-ms9-15|title=Digital Collections 3183:"For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air. (Cavendish)" 31323: 30784: 30152: 29363: 29249: 28292: 27978: 27806: 27266: 27164: 27051: 26737: 26648: 23772:"In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics" 10632:|1910 ||{{sortname|Francis|Galton|}}||"On the ground of his researches in heredity"||<ref name="od2"/> 7085:"For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836. (Daniell)" 34746: 32904: 32567: 32218: 31965: 30934: 30465: 30217: 29596: 29338: 28473: 27762: 26692: 26560: 26422: 25711: 25644:"For his contributions to understanding the role of gut microbial communities to human health and disease." 25249:"for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division." 21191:"For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches" 20143: 19107: 18953: 18018:"On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time" 17962:"On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets" 17757: 17310: 14482:, in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry"||<ref name="od2"/> 8981:||{{sortname|Louis|Pasteur|}}||"For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine"||<ref name="od"/> 8133:||{{sortname|Léon|Foucault|}}||"For his various researches in experimental physics"||<ref name="od"/> 157: 29492: 29413: 29228: 29199: 28957: 28656: 27930: 26516: 26471: 24386:"In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals" 23744:"For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes" 18926:"As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts" 34584: 33922: 33874: 32824: 32475: 32298: 32226: 32186: 32178: 31910: 30809: 29957: 29838: 29517: 29463: 29392: 27951: 27686: 27549: 27492: 27020: 26901: 26780: 26235: 25728:"for her work on the discovery of pulsars, one of the major astronomical discoveries of the 20th century" 25438: 23461: 23293: 19819: 18590: 18038: 17785: 17644: 17593: 17361: 17314: 4078:

For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation. (Hutchins)"||<ref name="nla"/>

97: 31640: 31072: 30542: 29726: 29617: 29114: 28986: 28845: 28735: 28552: 28358: 28167: 28141: 28086: 19096:"For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions" 34315: 33369: 33345: 32892: 32752: 32258: 32070: 31843: 31294: 29863: 28815: 28635: 27524: 25833: 24658: 23385:"In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure" 21691: 21607: 20102: 19518: 17898: 32980: 31754: 31715: 31615: 31590: 31147: 27138: 25903: 22205:"For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc" 20495: 17422:, was only presented to Belchier in 1742. Gray and Desaguliers received their medals retrospectively. 17273: 10643:||{{sortname|Francis|Galton|}}||"On the ground of his researches in heredity"||<ref name="od2"/> 33930: 33810: 33802: 32419: 32379: 31879: 29747: 28408: 23829:"For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics" 23576:"For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases" 23133:"For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory" 23068: 23040: 18311: 18148: 8158:|1856 ||{{sortname|Henri|Milne-Edwards|}}||"For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology"||— 6004:|1820 ||{{sort|Orsted, Hans Christian|]}}||"For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries"||<ref>{{cite 33730: 33201: 22787: 21099: 20215:"For his magnetic and other observations made during the Arctic expedition to Port Bowen. (Foster)" 15765:|url=http://www.northwestern.edu/observer/issues/2004-04-01/obit.html|title=Obituary: John A. Pople| 15734:|url=http://www.northwestern.edu/observer/issues/2004-04-01/obit.html|title=Obituary: John A. Pople| 34721: 34572: 34139: 33818: 32924: 32659: 32607: 32467: 32250: 32170: 32162: 31773: 31406: 31373: 28874: 28739: 27661: 27657: 26856: 26231: 25823: 25385: 25364:"for his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics." 24844: 24329:"In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics" 24249:"In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance" 24041: 23096: 22507: 20207: 19667:"For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 19374: 19116: 18561: 17870: 17542: 17514: 17470: 17341: 6553:"For his magnetic and other observations made during the Arctic expedition to Port Bowen. (Foster)" 33177: 32856: 28021: 26852: 26264: 25759: 25739: 23812: 22627:"On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects" 21014: 19976: 19917: 19269:"For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani" 34741: 34736: 34395: 34339: 34131: 34107: 33241: 32792: 32451: 31884: 29060: 28502: 27412:"An Inquiry into the Value of the Ancient Greek and Roman Money: By Matthew Raper, Esq; F. R. S." 24933: 24739: 23962: 23934: 22065:"For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory" 21570: 21239: 19659: 18505: 17945: 17438: 17352: 13730:||{{sortname|Paul|Fildes|}}||"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology."||— 11455:|1928 ||{{sortname|Charles Algernon|Parsons|}}||"For his contributions to engineering science"||— 10827:|J. J. Thomson}}||"On the ground of his discoveries in physical science"||<ref name="od2"/> 10812:|J. J. Thomson}}||"On the ground of his discoveries in physical science"||<ref name="od2"/> 836:|1731 ||{{sortname|Stephen|Gray|Stephen Gray (scientist)}}||"For his new Electrical Experiments: 115: 32968: 32944: 29538: 27711: 26905: 20453: 20346: 33385: 33161: 32744: 32499: 32395: 31690: 25838: 25828: 25818: 24155: 23800:"For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology" 21747: 21135:"For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology" 20957: 19934:"For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 19490: 18675: 18227: 18184:"For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society" 17462: 17209: 9110:|title=Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science|publisher=Journal of Industrial Science| 9050:|title=Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science|publisher=Journal of Industrial Science| 8829:

Julius Robert von|Mayer|}}||"For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on:

8169:||{{sortname|Henri|Milne-Edwards|}}||"For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology"||— 6068:||{{sort|Orsted, Hans Christian|]}}||"For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries"||<ref>{{cite 33521: 30955: 27207: 26319:

Macleod, Roy M. (1971). "Of medals and men: a reward system in Victorian science, 1826–1914".

24060: 22226: 18319:"For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year" 34711: 34267: 33754: 33658: 33393: 33329: 33297: 33169: 32984: 32816: 32679: 32591: 32085: 32080: 31828: 31823: 29778: 28681: 28025: 24494: 23970:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology" 23003: 22974: 22871: 22535: 21775: 21551: 21435: 20985: 20503: 19790: 19638:"For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 19434: 19060: 17415: 17356:

collectively eligible to receive the medal; that year, the research team which developed the

17215: 63: 31665: 28263: 27528: 26932: 26884: 23301:"For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties" 22683:"On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him" 21908: 21230: 34664: 34307: 33602: 33473: 33441: 33305: 33217: 33096: 32992: 32776: 31788: 31739: 31540: 31298: 31097: 30619: 30306: 30189: 30082: 30052: 30016: 29310: 29280: 28608: 28387: 27422: 26822: 26090: 25720: 25571: 24629: 22339: 22057: 21945: 21699:"For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry" 21486: 21467: 21155: 20901: 20538: 19969: 19730: 19602: 19593: 18958:"For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol. (Goodricke)" 18541:"For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances" 17369: 12247:

11466:||{{sortname|Charles Algernon|Parsons|}}||"For his contributions to engineering science"||— 1819:

PA71&dq=%22Gowin+Knight%22+copley+medal&source=web&ots=qkgEYLbmyD&sig=7QmOJ

871:||{{sortname|Stephen|Gray|Stephen Gray (scientist)}}||"For his new Electrical Experiments: 29064: 27237:"AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England Ellis, John (c 1710–1776)" 23914:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine" 19565: 11350:|Hopkins|}}||"For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry"||<ref>{{cite 8: 34688: 34219: 33834: 33666: 33650: 33545: 33449: 33433: 33281: 33193: 33040: 32960: 32932: 31874: 25796: 24321: 24203: 23153: 22563: 22311: 21973: 21917: 21379: 21070: 20702: 20425: 20305: 17454: 12007:

6280:|1823 ||{{sortname|John|Pond|}}||"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"||— 104: 33642: 33321: 32619: 30623: 30310: 30193: 30086: 30020: 27426: 26094: 22479: 22093:"For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology" 21523: 20583:"For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation" 19390:"For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Hatchett)" 19181: 19079: 17364:

has won the medal the most often, winning three times, in 1734, 1736 and 1741. In 1976,

34648: 34435: 34187: 33906: 33890: 33866: 33850: 33289: 33088: 31348: 30406: 30048: 29697: 29178: 29013: 28237: 27594: 27438: 27329: 26812: 26808: 26336: 26287: 26204: 26141: 26113: 26080: 26068: 26049: 25664: 25418:"for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair." 25066: 24212: 24126: 23405: 23349: 23265: 23209: 21407: 20872: 19481: 17389: 12428:|url=http://fn.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/82/1/F75|title=Sir Joseph Barcroft of Cambridge 4974:"For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Hatchett)" 176: 127: 31565: 31344: 22795:"On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy" 22246: 19827:"For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 18581: 18302: 4963:||"For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Evelyn)" 34640: 34443: 34291: 34203: 34115: 33770: 33361: 33064: 33012: 32627: 32435: 32371: 31515: 31460: 30411: 29085: 29025: 28931: 28819: 28450: 28340: 27586: 27430: 27321: 27024: 26826: 26291: 26208: 26118: 26053: 25636: 25278:"For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. " 25094: 24706: 24573: 23525:"For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood" 22927: 21663: 20788: 20609: 19621: 19388:"For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Evelyn)" 19210: 18459: 18116: 17437:, the majority of recipients had been British subjects. A second donation of £1666 13 10760:|title=Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester|publisher=National Marine Biological Laboratory| 5097:|title=Edward Charles Howard|last=Sears|first=Derek|publisher=University of Arkansas| 5070:|title=Edward Charles Howard|last=Sears|first=Derek|publisher=University of Arkansas| 3443:

title=Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei

34355: 33273: 32900: 28498: 27736: 26340: 24796: 22048: 21654: 21351: 20136: 18626:"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money" 34456: 34259: 34091: 33986: 33634: 33505: 33497: 33313: 33080: 33032: 32876: 32800: 32760: 32663: 32635: 32547: 32491: 32242: 31921: 31228: 31184: 31036: 30992: 30843: 30748: 30703: 30659: 30627: 30575: 30506: 30401: 30393: 30314: 30297: 30197: 30120: 30090: 30024: 29896: 29017: 28776: 28442: 28330: 28115: 27989: 27894: 27817: 27773: 27467: 27378: 27277: 27175: 27106: 27095: 27062: 26957: 26748: 26703: 26659: 26615: 26604: 26571: 26527: 26482: 26433: 26328: 26279: 26196: 26108: 26098: 26039: 24466: 24013: 23680: 22451: 22169: 22141: 21495: 20844: 20674: 20045: 19688: 19546: 19382: 19261: 18890: 18647: 18246: 17841: 17434: 6291:||{{sortname|John|Pond|}}||"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"||— 16: 33425: 33185: 31246: 31202: 31054: 31010: 30866: 30766: 30721: 30677: 30593: 30524: 30138: 29914: 29803: 29274: 29150: 28794: 28602: 28527: 28335: 28318: 28007: 27912: 27835: 27791: 27295: 27193: 27124: 27080: 26975: 26816: 26766: 26721: 26677: 26633: 26589: 26545: 26500: 26451: 23480: 23059: 23031: 22330: 21889: 21398: 21042: 19855:"For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies" 18960:"For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation. (Hutchins)" 34540: 34427: 34251: 34123: 34075: 33938: 33842: 33794: 33746: 33738: 33626: 33529: 33377: 33056: 33048: 32996: 32972: 32940: 32848: 32599: 32507: 32443: 32266: 32095: 32090: 32075: 32065: 32031: 31936: 31869: 31781: 29303: 29089: 28710: 28446: 27360:"Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei" 26147: 25787: 25270: 25204: 25038: 24434: 24032: 23985: 23821: 23517: 23200: 23181: 23012: 22843: 22815: 22423: 22255: 21953:"For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller" 21719: 20759: 20731: 20693: 20546: 20460: 20339: 19926: 19610:"For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 19088: 18726: 18473: 17973: 17926: 17365: 34007: 33558: 33109: 32692: 32311: 32118: 30094: 28581: 27852: 23559: 22778: 21851: 21682: 21090: 4106:

For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation. (Hutchins)"

34592: 34500: 34371: 34347: 34331: 34299: 34235: 34171: 34067: 33994: 33978: 33858: 33674: 33513: 33481: 33353: 33265: 33257: 32832: 32563: 32555: 32531: 32439: 32055: 32047: 32001: 31970: 31260: 31232: 31188: 31040: 30996: 30847: 30752: 30707: 30663: 30579: 30510: 30124: 29900: 27993: 27898: 27821: 27281: 27179: 27066: 26961: 26752: 26663: 26619: 26575: 26437: 26152: 26148:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 25655: 25467: 25127: 24853: 24768: 24715: 24601: 24378: 24340: 23792: 23708: 23652: 23237: 22591: 22414: 22197: 22085: 21635: 21359:"For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis" 21323: 21295: 19847: 18946: 18918: 18811: 18467: 17399: 17319: 13719:

Fildes|}}||"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology."||—

4274:|1787 ||{{sortname|John|Hunter|John Hunter (surgeon)}}||"For his three Papers, 1539:|1743 ||{{sortname|Abraham|Trembley|}}||"For his Experiments on the Polypus"||— 370:| image2 = Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Copley gold medal (reverse side).jpg 31486:"Leicester University Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys wins science's oldest prize" 30381: 30073:"Award of the Copley Medal of the Royal Society to Professor Theobald Smith". 28780: 27883: 27777: 27382: 27110: 26707: 26531: 26486: 26283: 23452: 22862: 22526: 21514: 20053:"For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale" 19051: 17776: 17635: 17584: 12823:|title=Royal Society: Anniversary Address By Sir Robert Robinson, O.M., F.R.S| 34705: 34608: 34576: 34556: 34411: 34379: 34243: 34227: 34195: 34099: 34083: 33914: 33762: 33706: 33698: 33682: 33610: 33465: 33457: 33401: 33337: 33249: 33233: 33225: 33209: 33072: 32920: 32868: 32864: 32736: 32651: 32643: 32615: 32575: 32483: 32290: 32282: 32210: 32194: 32026: 31864: 31838: 31402: 28765: 27628: 27590: 27434: 27325: 25524: 25410: 25393:"for his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics." 25376: 25327: 25175: 24986: 24882: 24649: 24406: 24349: 24241: 23906: 23849: 23587: 23433: 22899: 22703: 22675: 22619: 22029: 22001: 21804: 21598: 21579: 21286: 21267: 21211: 21183: 21127: 21005: 20976: 20816: 20529: 20324: 20199: 20016: 20008: 19781: 19462: 19317: 19289: 19173: 18981: 18618: 18010: 17982: 17729: 17672: 17453:

By the 1840s, the Copley Medal had achieved international prestige; in 1850,

17411: 17407: 17337: 17235: 8844:

Mayer|}}||"For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on:

26103: 25944: 25261: 23897: 23172: 22498: 21812:"For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics" 21303:"For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology" 20444: 19582:"For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions" 18450: 11060:|title=Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown|publisher=Biochemical Journal| 44: 34632: 34564: 34403: 34387: 34283: 34211: 34179: 34163: 34051: 33962: 33954: 33946: 33882: 33618: 33153: 32784: 32768: 32671: 32539: 32459: 32411: 32403: 32274: 32202: 32011: 31991: 31833: 30415: 28438: 28344: 26853:"Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You – Timeline – James Bradley" 26332: 26200: 26122: 26044: 26027: 25974: 25608: 25356: 25347: 24957: 24910: 24550: 24297: 24183: 24117: 23736: 23568: 23540: 23469:"For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart" 23321: 23087: 22610: 22395: 21964: 21936: 20965:"For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years" 20929: 20353:"For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire. (Poisson)" 19630: 19574: 19526:"For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 19411: 18862: 18745: 18533: 18283: 18255: 18107: 18029: 17954: 17861: 17700: 17430: 17392: 8756:

Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques

26946: 23925: 23256: 23245:"For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man" 23161:"For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity" 23020:"For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory" 21992: 21146: 20566: 20121: 18909: 18001: 17663: 17601:"In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society" 15305:

https://web.archive.org/web/20181225091523/https://royalsociety.org/grants

34680: 34656: 34616: 34524: 34516: 34419: 34363: 34147: 33970: 33778: 33722: 33714: 33690: 33417: 33409: 32912: 32840: 32583: 32427: 32387: 32355: 32016: 32006: 31975: 27244: 25768: 25692: 25552: 25318: 25213: 25184: 25014: 24825: 24759: 24069: 23783: 23624: 22955: 22806: 22759: 22731: 22647: 22487:"On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology" 21860: 21738: 20190: 20171: 20036: 19898: 19453: 19009: 18408: 18176: 18066: 17458: 17396: 17345: 6791:

For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire. (Poisson)"

4313:||{{sortname|John|Hunter|John Hunter (surgeon)}}||"For his three Papers, 1550:||{{sortname|Abraham|Trembley|}}||"For his Experiments on the Polypus"||— 30982:"Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed)" 30608:"Royal Society: Anniversary Address By Sir Robert Robinson, O.M., F.R.S" 30397: 26069:"Scientific prize network predicts who pushes the boundaries of science" 25532:"For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome." 24485: 24425: 23643: 23508: 22918: 22851:"On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics" 22263:"For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies" 21766: 21755:"For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics" 21542: 21426: 20993:"For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth" 20750: 20594: 19164: 7156:||"For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. (Gauss)" 5623:|title=Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862) |last=Buchanan|first=W.W. 5594:

web|url=http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/42/5/689

34600: 34532: 34508: 34323: 34275: 34059: 33898: 33826: 32523: 32515: 32060: 31996: 29021: 26472:"Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed)" 25543: 25495: 25241: 25156: 24686: 24620: 24522: 24260: 23764: 23377: 23125: 22823:"On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics" 22582: 22470: 20552:"For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. (Gauss)" 20523: 20150:"For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)" 20024:"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Herschel)" 18782: 18754: 18552: 18399: 18057: 17419: 8213:

for his researches on the contrast of coulours"||<ref name="od"/>

8198:

for his researches on the contrast of coulours"||<ref name="od"/>

1203:|last1=Austin |first1=P. B. |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last1=Bevan 235:], who has won the medal three times, more than any other individual.]] 31433:

Two medals were awarded to celebrate the Society's 350th anniversary:

30632: 30607: 27598: 27575: 27442: 27411: 27333: 27310: 25232: 24873: 24592: 24232: 23189:"For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism" 22302: 22274: 22132: 22076: 21458: 21342: 21061: 20480: 20296: 19993: 9547:|}}||"For his researches in organic chemistry"||<ref name="od"/> 6196:"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Herschel)" 33024: 32884: 30319: 30292: 30202: 30177: 28238:"Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed)" 25458: 25401: 25147: 25057: 24397: 23840: 23396: 22879:"On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c" 22358: 20863: 20646: 20127: 20073: 19158: 18881: 9562:}}||"For his researches in organic chemistry"||<ref name="od"/> 8752:||{{sortname|Henri Victor|Regnault|}}||"For the second volume of his 6406:

For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)"

6115:

Knight |first1=D. M. |chapter=The Spiritual in the Material |isbn=978

31803: 25486: 24457: 23727: 21823: 21415:"For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism" 20779: 20486: 19679: 19252: 19218:"For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat" 19201: 30029: 30004: 27468:"Berkshire History: Biographies: Lieut-Col. John Walsh (1726–1795)" 26085: 24816: 24174: 24004: 23755: 23671: 23340: 23228: 22722: 22386: 22160: 22020: 21202: 21174: 20835: 20722: 20665: 20637: 19509: 17832: 17425:

Into the early 19th century, medal recipients were selected by the

11655:

title=Sir Arthur Schuster|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|bibcode

5625:|journal=Rheumatology |year=2003 |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=689–91 4930:|1798 ||] ]||{{sortname|George|Shuckburgh-Evelyn}} and 29886:"Oxford DNB article: Hopkins, Sir Frederick (subscription needed)" 27884:"Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed)" 25599: 24677: 23116: 22834: 22037:"For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy" 21118: 19498:"For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 18717: 12865:

31691:"The Royal Society announces this year's medal and award winners" 31435: 30565:"Oxford DNB article:Hill, Archibald Vivian (subscription needed)" 26649:"Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed)" 24901: 24089: 24077:"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology." 23868: 23699: 23312: 22946: 22890: 22442: 22149:"For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry" 21626: 21475:"For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat" 21314: 20600: 20554:"For his researches in specific electrical induction. (Faraday)" 20330: 19838: 18937: 18802: 17889: 17323: 30496:"Oxford DNB article:Adrian, Edgar Douglas (subscription needed)" 25515: 25289: 22980: 22666: 21880: 21795: 21258: 20920: 20394: 19889: 19650: 19402: 18598:"For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna" 17720: 7167:"For his researches in specific electrical induction. (Faraday)" 7041:|1837 ||] ]||{{sortname|Antoine César|Becquerel|}} and 293:| image = Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Copley gold medal.jpg 226:{{Short description|Award given by the Royal Society of London}} 30110:"Oxford DNB article: Haldane, John Scott (subscription needed)" 24787: 22638: 21925:"For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics" 19975: 18972: 18853: 18274: 18085: 3017:|1764 ||{{sortname|John|Canton|}}||"For his very ingenious and 304:| caption = The Copley Medal awarded to ] in 1893 (obverse) 31094:"Emeritus Professor Sir John Cornforth – Alumni & Friends" 26738:"Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed)" 25683: 23953: 23290: 22750: 22694: 21033: 18167: 17782: 17641: 17590: 2382:||{{sortname|Benjamin|Franklin|}}||"On account of his curious 27737:"John Hunter: 'Founder of Scientific Surgery' – HemOnc Today" 27240: 24655: 24513: 23615: 23368: 23284: 22935:"For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure" 21688: 21643:"For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology" 21604: 21331:"For his historical and original researches in pure geometry" 20948: 20892: 6319:|publisher=The British Society for the History of Mathematics 315:| awarded_for = Outstanding research in any branch of science 208:(429 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown) 30386:

Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition

27979:"Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed)" 26947:"Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed)" 26605:"Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed)" 25085: 23065: 23037: 22217: 22188: 18638: 514:{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="align:left;" 27763:"Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed)" 27165:"Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed)" 25627: 25429: 25118: 25005: 24977: 24541: 24369: 24288: 24146: 24038: 23424: 23144: 23093: 22571:"On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy" 22554: 22504: 22104: 21710: 20416: 20365: 20273: 20250: 20227: 20162: 20093: 20064: 19946: 19866: 19810: 19758: 19707: 19537: 19371: 19336: 19308: 19229: 19135: 19028: 19000: 18830: 18694: 18666: 18609: 18524: 18496: 18427: 18376: 18353: 18330: 18218: 18195: 18139: 17917: 17804: 17748: 17691: 17612: 17561: 17533: 17505: 12308:}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic 7907:

doi=10.1002/047001590X |isbn=978-0-470-01617-6 |access-date

7568:|title=Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography|publisher=]| 7533:|title=Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography|publisher=]| 2494:|title=Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution| 2447:|title=Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution| 2227:|date=1996|publisher=DIANE publishing|accessdate=2009-01-29 2075:|date=1996|publisher=DIANE publishing|accessdate=2009-01-29 31026:"Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed)" 30649:"Oxford DNB article:Chadwick, James (subscription needed)" 30466:"The Oswald T. Avery Collection: Biographical Information" 30081:(2035). Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory: 598. 1933. 27807:"Oxford DNB article:Morgan, William (subscription needed)" 25863:"The Royal Society Medals and Awards: Nomination guidance" 25748:"for rapidly developing and deploying a COVID-19 vaccine." 24930: 23959: 23931: 20492: 19736: 18773: 7292:|1840 ||] ]||{{sortname|Justus|von Liebig|}} and 31218:"Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed)" 30833:"Oxford DNB article:Florey, Howard (subscription needed)" 27579:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

27096:"Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed)" 26561:"Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed)" 26517:"Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed)" 24152: 23048:"For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry" 22784: 22291:"In recognition of his contributions to physical science" 21744: 21096: 20954: 19487: 18224: 11769:

web|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933Sci....78R.598.

7574:|isbn=978-90-277-1624-8|author1=Morselli, Mario|year=1984 7123:|1838 ||] ]||{{sortname|Carl Friedrich|Gauss|}} 5304:|last=Griffith|first=WP|publisher=Platinum Metals Review| 5250:|last=Griffith|first=WP|publisher=Platinum Metals Review| 3032:||{{sortname|John|Canton|}}||"For his very ingenious and 30693:"Oxford DNB article:Keilin, David (subscription needed)" 28766:"Oxford DNB article:Brown, Robert (subscription needed)" 28435:

Hans Christian Ørsted and the Romantic Legacy in Science

26423:"Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed)" 24491: 22868: 22532: 22459:"For his contributions to chemical and physical science" 22121:"For his researches and discoveries in physical science" 21772: 21548: 21432: 21011: 20982: 20405:"For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune" 19787: 19431: 17810: 31174:"Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed)" 28433:

Knight, D. M. (2007). "The Spiritual in the Material".

27052:"Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed)" 26693:"Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed)" 25717: 24626: 22336: 22054: 21942: 21464: 21152: 21078:"For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology" 20898: 20535: 20450: 19599: 28530:. The British Society for the History of Mathematics. 26182: 26180: 26178: 26176: 26174: 26172: 26170: 25793: 24318: 23150: 22711:"On the ground of his discoveries in physical science" 22700: 22560: 22308: 22223: 21970: 21914: 21376: 21067: 20699: 20422: 20302: 8005:

German naturalist, geologist and explorer|publisher=]|

7964:

German naturalist, geologist and explorer|publisher=]|

6152:|1821 ||] ]||{{sortname|Edward|Sabine|}} and 4562:|1791 ||] ]||{{sortname|James|Rennell|}} and 51: 31345:"John Maynard Smith January 6, 1920 – April 19, 2004" 30738:"Oxford DNB article:Dirac, Paul(subscription needed)" 25661: 25063: 24209: 24123: 23402: 23262: 23206: 21404: 20869: 20110:"For his various Communications to the Royal Society" 20081:"For his various Communications to the Royal Society" 17351:

The Copley Medal is arguably the highest British and

34486: 29539:"Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, c 1863–1883" 28528:"The British Society for the History of Mathematics" 27847: 27845: 27208:"The British Society for the History of Mathematics" 26928: 26880: 26807: 25633: 25577: 25091: 24570: 24266: 22924: 21660: 21587:"For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine" 21050:"For his various researches in experimental physics" 20785: 20606: 19207: 18456: 18113: 12335:|1942 ||{{sortname|Robert|Robinson|Robert Robinson ( 27016:

Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution

26167: 24463: 24010: 23874: 23677: 22476: 22448: 22166: 22138: 21520: 21492: 20841: 20671: 20042: 19685: 19543: 19515: 19258: 18887: 18644: 18587: 17838: 17754: 31227:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 31216: 31183:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 31172: 31035:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 31024: 30991:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 30980: 30831: 30736: 30702:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 30691: 30658:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 30647: 30574:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 30563: 30505:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 30494: 30119:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 30108: 29895:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 29884: 28775:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 28764: 28580:. Lake County Astronomical Society. Archived from 27977: 27893:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27882: 27816:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27805: 27772:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27761: 27276:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27265: 27174:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27163: 27105:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27094: 27061:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27050: 26956:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 26945: 26736: 26702:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 26691: 26658:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 26647: 26614:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 26603: 26570:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 26559: 26515: 26481:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 26470: 26421: 25267: 25035: 24431: 23982: 23818: 23514: 23486: 23178: 23009: 22840: 22812: 22420: 22252: 21829: 21716: 20756: 20739:"For his various researches in animal electricity" 20728: 20336: 19923: 19085: 18723: 18308: 17923: 4439:|1789 ||{{sortname|William|Morgan|William Morgan ( 3376:and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish"||— 3361:and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish"||— 34037: 33588: 33139: 32722: 32341: 32148: 27842: 26389:Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 25124: 24850: 24793: 24765: 24712: 24598: 24375: 24095: 23789: 23705: 23649: 23234: 22588: 22194: 22082: 21632: 21348: 21320: 21292: 20133: 19844: 19113: 19017:"For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath" 18943: 18915: 18808: 18558: 18035: 17895: 5899:), Scientist|publisher=National Portrait Gallery| 5880:), Scientist|publisher=National Portrait Gallery| 34703: 31805:Awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society 29177:. American Philosophical Society. Archived from 28164:"PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals" 28138:"PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals" 28022:"British Society for the History of Mathematics" 26003:. The Royal Society. 18 May 2016. Archived from 25521: 25407: 25324: 24983: 24879: 24403: 24346: 24238: 23903: 23846: 23430: 22896: 22672: 22655:"On the ground of his researches in mathematics" 22616: 22364: 22319:"For his brilliant services to chemical science" 22280: 22110: 22026: 21998: 21886: 21801: 21576: 21264: 21236: 21208: 21180: 21124: 21039: 20813: 20196: 20099: 20005: 19656: 19459: 19314: 19286: 19170: 18978: 18615: 18145: 18007: 17979: 17726: 17669: 29698:"Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal" 29279:. Journal of Industrial Science. 1776. p. 29276:Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science 28919: 28329:(5). British Society for Rheumatology: 689–91. 26073:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 25605: 25435: 25353: 24954: 24907: 24547: 24294: 24180: 23733: 23593: 23565: 23537: 23458: 23318: 22515:"On the ground of his investigations in optics" 22392: 22347:"For his contributions to mathematical physics" 20926: 20572: 19627: 19571: 19408: 19189:"For his Improvements in Hygrometry. (De Luc)" 18859: 18530: 18280: 18252: 17951: 17697: 17550:"For the Experiments he made for the year 1732" 17539: 17511: 8411:|title=Darwin and the Copley Medal|publisher=]| 5633:10.1093/rheumatology/keg002 |pmid=12709547 |doi 5154:||{{sortname|Astley|Cooper|}}||"For his Papers 1823:VITbyQ7qtheKyj-dFsF0Y&hl=en&sa=X&oi 31429: 31427: 30392:(1). Archives of Disease in Childhood: F75-6. 27375:The British Society for the History of Science 27367:The British Journal for the History of Science 27212:British Society for the History of Mathematics 26186: 26136: 26134: 26132: 25898: 25896: 25894: 25765: 25689: 25549: 25464: 25210: 25181: 25011: 24822: 24066: 23621: 23104:"For his contributions to engineering science" 22952: 22756: 22728: 22644: 21857: 21559:"For his researches in physics and physiology" 20168: 19895: 19816: 19057: 19006: 18405: 18173: 18063: 17867: 15543:analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying 15519:analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying 12358:||{{sortname|Robert|Robinson|Robert Robinson ( 9222:|title=Jean Baptiste Boussingault|publisher=]| 4606:"For his Improvements in Hygrometry. (De Luc)" 34472: 34023: 33574: 33125: 32708: 32327: 32134: 31789: 26258: 26256: 26254: 26252: 26067:Ma, Yifang; Uzzi, Brian (December 10, 2018). 25492: 25295: 25238: 25153: 24736: 24683: 24519: 23761: 23374: 23346: 23122: 22599:"On the ground of his researches in heredity" 18779: 18751: 18672: 18502: 17227:Outstanding research in any branch of science 5627:|publisher=British Society for Rheumatology | 2797:John Smeaton|publisher=Engineering Timelines| 2778:John Smeaton|publisher=Engineering Timelines| 31916:Royal Society University Research Fellowship 30842:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 30747:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 28499:"William Buckland & Reliquae Diluvianae" 27988:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 26747:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 26526:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 26432:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 25382: 22963:"For his researches in mathematical physics" 22907:"For his researches in mathematical physics" 22177:"For his investigations in pure mathematics" 20643: 20070: 19442:"For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury" 11679:97|year=1935|last1=Hale|first1=George E.|doi 9028:Q5wEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq 4476:||{{sortname|William|Morgan|William Morgan ( 3099:|1766 ||]||{{sortname|William|Brownrigg|}}, 684:{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" 31453: 31424: 29009:Own, Richard: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences 28268:United States National Agricultural Library 27573: 26129: 25891: 18126:Experiments and Observations on Electricity 17188:Latest revision as of 12:44, 28 August 2024 15313:awards/awards/copley-medal/|url-status=live 12432:|publisher=Archives of Disease in Childhood 11728:|title=George Ellery Hale: Acknowledgements 6509:|1827 ||]||{{sortname|William|Prout|}} and 6471:|publisher=Lake County Astronomical Society 3455:doi=10.1017/S0007087405007600 | access-date 1893:org/details/bub_gb_EUoLAAAAIAAJ|page=|title 348:| year = {{start date and age|1731}} 154:Latest revision as of 12:44, 28 August 2024 34479: 34465: 34030: 34016: 33581: 33567: 33132: 33118: 32715: 32701: 32334: 32320: 32141: 32127: 31796: 31782: 31322:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 31071:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 30933:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 30883:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 30829: 30808:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 30783:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 30541:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 30470:United States National Library of Medicine 29956:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29862:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29837:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29725:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29595:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29516:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29491:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29441:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29391:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29227:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 28985:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 28873:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 28811:Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper 28634:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 28607:. The Gentleman's Magazine. 1832. p. 28386:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 27929:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 26821:. American Philosophical Society. p. 26249: 25857: 25855: 25853: 20909:"For his researches in physical astronomy" 17652:"For his experiments made during the year" 17208: 17192:Award given by the Royal Society of London 30906:"Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet – Biography" 30631: 30405: 30318: 30201: 30028: 29753:. National Marine Biological Laboratory. 28334: 28319:"Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862)" 26419: 26144:inflation figures are based on data from 26112: 26102: 26084: 26043: 23076:"For his distinguished work on neurology" 21897:"For his researches in organic chemistry" 21727:"For his well-known researches upon heat" 12210:|title=Medal Awards of the Royal Society| 11970:|title=Sir Arthur Evans, F.R.S: Abstract| 8489:|publisher=American Philosophical Society 6018:springerlink.com/content/k231425486v66866 5301:Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals 5247:Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals 29804:"Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown" 29779:"Notes and Records of the Royal Society" 29692: 29690: 29688: 29686: 29684: 29682: 29680: 29678: 29676: 29674: 29672: 29670: 29668: 29666: 29664: 29662: 29660: 29658: 28316: 28166:. Platinum Metals Review. Archived from 28140:. Platinum Metals Review. Archived from 28057:. University of Arkansas. Archived from 27308: 26734: 26465: 26463: 26461: 26415: 26413: 17448: 12869:access=free|bibcode=1949Natur.164.1023. 11605:http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 10339:=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press| 10316:=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press| 7845:=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press| 7826:=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press| 7560:=%22Carlo+Matteucci%22+copley+medal& 7525:=%22Carlo+Matteucci%22+copley+medal& 7237:||{{sortname|Robert|Brown|Robert Brown ( 31478: 31224:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 31180:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 31032:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30988:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30839:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30744:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30699:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30655:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30571:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30502:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30116:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 29892:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 29656: 29654: 29652: 29650: 29648: 29646: 29644: 29642: 29640: 29638: 28923:Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography 28772:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 28468: 28466: 28083:"Cooper, Sir Astley Paston (1768–1841)" 27985:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27890:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27813:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27769:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27273:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27171:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27102:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27058:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26953:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26924: 26922: 26803: 26801: 26744:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26699:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26655:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26611:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26567:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26523:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26478:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26429:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26318: 26262: 26222: 26220: 26218: 25997:"Copley winners that changed the world" 25850: 17360:became the first collective recipient. 6468:|title=Lake County Astronomical Society 34704: 33426:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz 31849:Royal Society Prizes for Science Books 31271:from the original on December 25, 2018 30045:"George Ellery Hale: Acknowledgements" 28432: 28232: 28230: 28228: 28226: 28224: 28222: 28220: 28218: 28216: 28214: 28212: 28210: 28208: 28206: 28204: 27623: 27621: 27619: 27515: 27513: 27139:"Engineering Timelines – John Smeaton" 26513: 26321:Notes and Records of the Royal Society 26189:Notes and Records of the Royal Society 26066: 26032:Notes and Records of the Royal Society 25931: 25929: 19982:"For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries" 2486:=%22William+Lewis%22+copley+medal& 2439:=%22William+Lewis%22+copley+medal& 1827:book_result&resnum=5&ct=result 87:Revision as of 06:24, 22 February 2009 34460: 34011: 33562: 33113: 32696: 32315: 32122: 31819:Armourers and Brasiers' Company Prize 31777: 31761:from the original on 6 September 2015 30734: 29929:"Sir Charles Sherrington – Biography" 28807: 28202: 28200: 28198: 28196: 28194: 28192: 28190: 28188: 28186: 28184: 27975: 27409: 26458: 26410: 26395:from the original on 26 February 2023 26365:from the original on 26 February 2023 26145: 26025: 25914:from the original on 6 September 2015 19906:"For his Experiments on the Pendulum" 17336:is the most prestigious award of the 14336:and insulin"||<ref name="od2"/> 14321:and insulin"||<ref name="od2"/> 12817:web|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/ 12204:web|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/ 12169:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 12150:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 12065:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 12042:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 11964:web|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/ 11929:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 11910:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 11562:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 11543:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 11422:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 11399:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 7987:Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander 7946:Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander 5807:)|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5788:)|publisher=University of St Andrews| 3595:=2004|publisher=Nash Ford Publishing| 3572:=2004|publisher=Nash Ford Publishing| 34717:1731 establishments in Great Britain 31930:Royal Society Research Professorship 31355:from the original on October 7, 2008 30379: 30002: 29635: 29291:August Wilhelm Hofmann copley medal. 28463: 28409:"Henry Kater (1777–1835), Scientist" 28161: 28135: 27357: 26919: 26874: 26798: 26215: 26019: 17849:"For his Experiments on the Polypus" 13472:|1959 ||{{sortname|Frank Macfarlane| 4329:HemOnc Today|publisher=HemOnc Today| 77: 43: 31757:. Royal Society. 30 November 2023. 30293:"Medal Awards of the Royal Society" 30178:"Sir Arthur Evans, F.R.S: Abstract" 29543:Science and Society Picture Library 27616: 27521:"Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal" 27510: 26060: 25973:. The Royal Society. Archived from 25943:. The Royal Society. Archived from 25926: 17476: 17368:became the first female recipient; 17358:Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine 13499:Biography|publisher=nobelprize.org| 13480:Biography|publisher=nobelprize.org| 12366:Biography|publisher=nobelprize.org| 12343:Biography|publisher=nobelprize.org| 6086:978-1-4020-2987-5_19|pages=417–432 4770:<ref name=RoyalSocCitations/> 207: 199: 168: 151: 144: 139: 96: 84: 13: 31960:highest award of the Royal Society 31291:"MRS Website: Award Presentations" 30382:"Sir Joseph Barcroft of Cambridge" 28578:"Lake County Astronomical Society" 28261: 28181: 27863:from the original on 19 March 2014 27574:Vince, S.; Atwood, George (1780). 27267:"Oxford DNB article:Woulfe, Peter" 25967:"Copley archive winners 1799–1731" 25879:from the original on 22 April 2024 17348:and awarded with a £25,000 prize. 17190: 8429:|title=Darwin and the Copley Medal 6099:and the Romantic Legacy in Science 32: 34758: 31747: 30356:"Sir Robert Robinson – Biography" 29700:. Oxford University Press. 2004. 28240:. Oxford University Press. 2004. 28049: 26929:Jungnickel & McCormmach (1996 26881:Jungnickel & McCormmach (1996 14587:Alumni & Friends|publisher=]| 14568:Alumni & Friends|publisher=]| 897:|last1=Ben-Chaim |first1=Michael 31733: 31708: 31683: 31658: 31641:"Medals and awards winners 2020" 31633: 31608: 31583: 31558: 31533: 31508: 31395: 31366: 31337: 31312: 31283: 31253: 31209: 31165: 31140: 31115: 31086: 31061: 31017: 30973: 30948: 30923: 30898: 30873: 30823: 30798: 30773: 30728: 30684: 30640: 30600: 30556: 30531: 30487: 30458: 30433: 30373: 30348: 30327: 30285: 30260: 30235: 30210: 30170: 30145: 30101: 30066: 30037: 29996: 29971: 29946: 29921: 29877: 29852: 29827: 29796: 29771: 29740: 29715: 29610: 29585: 29560: 29531: 29506: 29481: 29456: 29431: 29406: 29381: 29356: 29331: 29296: 29267: 29242: 28384:"Sir David Brewster (1781–1868)" 25786: 25758: 25738: 25710: 25682: 25654: 25626: 25598: 25570: 25542: 25514: 25485: 25457: 25428: 25400: 25375: 25346: 25317: 25288: 25260: 25231: 25203: 25174: 25146: 25117: 25084: 25056: 25004: 24976: 24900: 24872: 24843: 24815: 24786: 24758: 24705: 24676: 24648: 24619: 24591: 24540: 24512: 24484: 24456: 24424: 24396: 24368: 24339: 24287: 24259: 24231: 24202: 24173: 24145: 24116: 24088: 24059: 24031: 24003: 23952: 23924: 23896: 23867: 23839: 23811: 23782: 23754: 23726: 23698: 23670: 23642: 23614: 23586: 23558: 23507: 23479: 23451: 23423: 23395: 23367: 23339: 23311: 23283: 23255: 23227: 23199: 23171: 23143: 23115: 23086: 23058: 23030: 23002: 22973: 22945: 22917: 22889: 22861: 22833: 22805: 22777: 22749: 22721: 22693: 22665: 22637: 22609: 22581: 22553: 22525: 22497: 22469: 22441: 22413: 22385: 22357: 22329: 22301: 22273: 22245: 22216: 22187: 22159: 22131: 22103: 22075: 22047: 22019: 21991: 21963: 21935: 21907: 21879: 21850: 21822: 21794: 21765: 21737: 21709: 21681: 21653: 21625: 21597: 21569: 21541: 21513: 21485: 21457: 21425: 21397: 21369: 21341: 21313: 21285: 21257: 21229: 21201: 21173: 21145: 21117: 21089: 21060: 21032: 21004: 20975: 20947: 20919: 20891: 20862: 20834: 20806: 20778: 20749: 20721: 20692: 20664: 20636: 20599: 20593: 20565: 20528: 20522: 20485: 20479: 20443: 20415: 20387: 20364: 20329: 20323: 20295: 20272: 20249: 20226: 20189: 20161: 20126: 20120: 20092: 20063: 20035: 19998: 19992: 19968: 19945: 19916: 19888: 19865: 19837: 19809: 19780: 19757: 19729: 19706: 19678: 19649: 19620: 19592: 19564: 19536: 19508: 19480: 19452: 19401: 19364: 19358: 19335: 19307: 19279: 19251: 19228: 19200: 19163: 19157: 19134: 19106: 19078: 19050: 19027: 18999: 18971: 18936: 18908: 18880: 18852: 18829: 18801: 18772: 18744: 18716: 18693: 18665: 18637: 18608: 18580: 18551: 18523: 18495: 18449: 18426: 18398: 18375: 18352: 18329: 18301: 18273: 18245: 18217: 18194: 18166: 18138: 18106: 18084: 18056: 18028: 18000: 17972: 17944: 17916: 17888: 17860: 17831: 17803: 17775: 17747: 17719: 17690: 17662: 17634: 17611: 17583: 17560: 17532: 17504: 17286: 15340:|1994 ||{{sortname|Charles|Frank 14400:|1978 ||{{sortname|Robert Burns| 13420:|1958 ||{{sortname|John Edensor| 13307:Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett 9087:details/bub_gb_Q5wEAAAAYAAJ|page 5058:|1800 ||{{sortname|Edward|Howard 34673:Oxford–AstraZeneca Vaccine Team 31722:from the original on 2015-09-06 31697:from the original on 2022-08-24 31672:from the original on 2021-10-28 31647:from the original on 2020-08-04 31622:from the original on 2015-09-06 31597:from the original on 2015-09-06 31572:from the original on 2015-11-17 31547:from the original on 2017-10-27 31522:from the original on 2020-07-28 31492:. 5 August 2014. Archived from 31467:from the original on 2015-11-17 31442:from the original on 2013-06-15 31413:from the original on 2013-06-26 31384:from the original on 2012-09-27 31154:from the original on 2013-04-05 31129:from the original on 2013-04-05 30962:from the original on 2012-02-20 30912:from the original on 2013-09-14 30854:from the original on 2015-10-18 30476:from the original on 2013-09-28 30447:from the original on 2013-06-21 30422:from the original on 2013-09-28 30362:from the original on 2013-09-27 30274:from the original on 2013-05-18 30249:from the original on 2013-07-17 30224:from the original on 2013-09-21 30159:from the original on 2013-09-21 29985:from the original on 2013-06-05 29935:from the original on 2013-05-31 29816:from the original on 2015-10-18 29785:from the original on 2020-04-26 29760:from the original on 2012-07-12 29748:"Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester" 29704:from the original on 2012-10-23 29624:from the original on 2013-10-30 29574:from the original on 2013-06-07 29549:from the original on 2013-07-19 29470:from the original on 2013-06-21 29420:from the original on 2013-05-28 29370:from the original on 2013-05-07 29345:from the original on 2013-10-06 29320:from the original on 2015-10-18 29256:from the original on 2013-02-25 29217: 29206:from the original on 2013-08-09 29192: 29167: 29132: 29121:from the original on 2013-05-04 29107: 29096:from the original on 2013-03-20 29078: 29049: 29038:from the original on 2013-06-30 29000: 28975: 28964:from the original on 2013-10-24 28950: 28913: 28902:from the original on 2012-10-27 28888: 28863: 28852:from the original on 2013-02-04 28838: 28801: 28757: 28746:from the original on 2013-12-03 28728: 28717:from the original on 2018-10-08 28699: 28688:from the original on 2013-10-30 28674: 28663:from the original on 2013-10-24 28649: 28624: 28595: 28570: 28559:from the original on 2013-10-24 28545: 28534:from the original on 2012-08-18 28520: 28509:from the original on 2013-11-12 28491: 28480:from the original on 2013-07-17 28426: 28415:from the original on 2013-11-12 28401: 28376: 28365:from the original on 2013-06-21 28351: 28310: 28299:from the original on 2013-06-21 28285: 28274:from the original on 2013-03-20 28255: 28244:from the original on 2012-10-23 28155: 28129: 28100: 28075: 28043: 28032:from the original on 2014-11-11 28014: 27969: 27958:from the original on 2013-04-05 27944: 27919: 27875: 27798: 27754: 27743:from the original on 2012-02-20 27729: 27718:from the original on 2013-11-12 27704: 27693:from the original on 2013-06-21 27679: 27668:from the original on 2013-06-08 27650: 27639:from the original on 2015-10-18 27605:from the original on 2022-03-26 27567: 27556:from the original on 2013-06-21 27542: 27499:from the original on 2013-11-12 27485: 27474:from the original on 2018-10-23 27460: 27449:from the original on 2022-03-26 27403: 27392:from the original on 2022-06-25 27351: 27340:from the original on 2022-04-21 27302: 27258: 27229: 27218:from the original on 2012-07-17 27200: 27156: 27145:from the original on 2017-09-19 27131: 27087: 27043: 27007: 26996:from the original on 2013-04-05 26982: 26938: 26898:"RCP Heritage – George Edwards" 26890: 26863:from the original on 2013-05-15 26845: 26787:from the original on 2013-06-21 26773: 26728: 26684: 26640: 26596: 26552: 26507: 26377: 26347: 26312: 26301:from the original on 2023-08-27 25745:Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine Team 16867:{{Copley Medallists 2001-2050}} 16856:{{Copley Medallists 1951–2000}} 16845:{{Copley Medallists 1901–1950}} 16834:{{Copley Medallists 1851–1900}} 16823:{{Copley Medallists 1801–1850}} 16801:{{Copley Medallists 1751–1800}} 16779:{{Copley Medallists 1731–1750}} 15581:|1999 ||{{sortname|John Maynard 14660:|1984 ||{{sortname|Subrahmanyan 13634:|1962 ||{{sortname|Cyril Norman 10808:|1914 ||{{sortname|Joseph John| 10333:Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister 10185:||{{sortname|Lord|Rayleigh|John 8486:|title=Adam Sedgwick Collection 5083:|| 2094:Jungnickel|McCormmach|1996|page 33017:Jacques Charles François Sturm 31895:Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture 31666:"Medal and award winners 2021" 30268:"Thomas H. Morgan – Biography" 29147:American Philosophical Society 28112:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 27853:"Copley Medal | Royal Society" 27470:. Nash Ford Publishing. 2004. 25989: 25959: 21443:"For the second volume of his 20618:Jacques Charles François Sturm 18683:"For his Paper on the Torpedo" 17427:President of the Royal Society 17372:, in 2021, became the second. 16030:||{{sortname|Roger|Penrose}}|| 13305:||{{sortname|Patrick|Blackett| 12821:/v164/n4181/abs/1641023a0.html 12620:Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian 9903:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet 1710:|last1=Schaffer |first1=Simon 787:" class="unsortable"|Rationale 763:" class="unsortable"|Rationale 337:| country = United Kingdom 1: 33787:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer 32953:Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana 31755:"Royal Society: Copley Medal" 29140:"Darwin and the Copley Medal" 28411:. National Portrait Gallery. 27633:National Library of Australia 26990:"Franklin_Benjamin biography" 26385:"Georg Simon Ohm (1789–1854)" 25844: 22984:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer 20398:Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana 18092:Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet 17186: 17175: 17164: 17153: 17142: 17131: 17120: 17109: 17098: 17087: 17076: 17065: 17054: 17045: 17034: 17027: 17016: 17007: 16994: 16985: 16972: 16963: 16950: 16941: 16928: 16919: 16906: 16897: 16874: 16863: 16852: 16841: 16830: 16819: 16806: 16797: 16784: 16775: 16762: 16753: 16730: 16719: 16706: 16697: 16672: 16661: 16652: 16639: 16630: 16605: 16594: 16585: 16572: 16563: 16550: 16541: 16528: 16519: 16506: 16497: 16482: 16471: 16418: 16407: 16396: 16385: 16374: 16363: 16352: 16341: 16330: 16319: 16308: 16297: 16286: 16275: 16264: 16253: 16242: 16231: 16220: 16209: 16198: 16187: 16176: 16165: 16154: 16143: 16132: 16121: 16110: 16099: 16088: 16077: 16066: 16055: 16044: 16022: 16012: 15979: 15969: 15940: 15930: 15897: 15890: 15849: 15834: 15805: 15798: 15753: 15726: 15697: 15690: 15650: 15639: 15598: 15577: 15531: 15511: 15482: 15472: 15435: 15420: 15391: 15381: 15347: 15336: 15235: 15155: 15106: 15073: 15044: 15034: 14985: 14952: 14919: 14904: 14867: 14856: 14815: 14796: 14760: 14749: 14717: 14707: 14670: 14656: 14623: 14616: 14575: 14557: 14524: 14514: 14485: 14471: 14442: 14435: 14406: 14396: 14367: 14361:|1977 ||{{sortname|Frederick| 14357: 14324: 14309: 14280: 14273: 14236: 14222: 14193: 14183: 14150: 14143: 14114: 14107: 14084:Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd 14070: 14059: 14030: 14023: 13990: 13979: 13950: 13940: 13915:||{{sortname|William Lawrence 13907: 13893: 13860: 13849: 13792: 13751: 13722: 13712: 13663: 13630: 13593: 13579: 13542: 13528: 13487: 13468: 13431: 13416: 13363: 13330: 13297: 13287: 13250: 13236: 13191: 13175: 13146: 13136: 13083: 13053: 13004: 12971: 12922: 12892: 12842: 12807: 12758: 12724: 12678: 12663: 12610: 12576: 12539: 12524: 12480: 12465: 12416: 12395: 12350: 12331: 12299:|publisher=Cardiology Journal 12285: 12274: 12229: 12208:/v146/n3710/abs/146750a0.html 12198: 12157: 12142: 12105: 12094: 12049: 12034: 11989: 11968:/v148/n3741/abs/148046a0.html 11958: 11917: 11902: 11853: 11823: 11782: 11763: 11717: 11706: 11641: 11591: 11550: 11535: 11498: 11487: 11458: 11451: 11406: 11391: 11338: 11308: 11279: 11272: 11243: 11236: 11199: 11188: 11159: 11152: 11115: 11104: 11067: 11052: 11023: 11016: 10987: 10980: 10939: 10924: 10895: 10884: 10855: 10848: 10815: 10804: 10767: 10752: 10715: 10704: 10675: 10664: 10635: 10628: 10599: 10592: 10563: 10556: 10527: 10520: 10487: 10476: 10447: 10440: 10411: 10404: 10375: 10368: 10323: 10308: 10266: 10255: 10226: 10219: 10177: 10166: 10137: 10130: 10097: 10082: 10049: 10038: 10001: 9990: 9949: 9934: 9893: 9878: 9849: 9842: 9813: 9806: 9766: 9751: 9714: 9703: 9674: 9667: 9638: 9631: 9594: 9583: 9550: 9535: 9506: 9499: 9462: 9451: 9414: 9403: 9374: 9367: 9330: 9319: 9282: 9271: 9229: 9211: 9182: 9175: 9146: 9139: 9057: 9002: 8973: 8966: 8924: 8913: 8880: 8873:|1872 ||{{sortname|Friedrich| 8869: 8836: 8821: 8792: 8785: 8744: 8733: 8704: 8697: 8664: 8657:|1867 ||{{sortname|Karl Ernst 8653: 8616: 8605: 8568: 8557: 8528: 8521: 8475: 8464: 8418: 8403: 8374: 8367: 8338: 8331: 8289: 8270: 8241: 8234: 8201: 8190: 8161: 8154: 8125: 8118: 8081: 8070: 8041: 8034: 7971: 7934: 7889: 7874: 7833: 7818: 7789: 7782: 7745: 7734: 7705: 7698: 7656: 7641: 7608: 7597: 7540: 7523:pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq 7509: 7475: 7464: 7427: 7416: 7379: 7368: 7343: 7332: 7321: 7310: 7297: 7288: 7229: 7199: 7174: 7163: 7152: 7141: 7128: 7119: 7092: 7081: 7070: 7059: 7046: 7037: 7010: 6996: 6970: 6955: 6926: 6919: 6878: 6867: 6838: 6831: 6798: 6784: 6766: 6751: 6709: 6693: 6664: 6657: 6628: 6621: 6592: 6585: 6560: 6549: 6538: 6527: 6514: 6505: 6457: 6446: 6413: 6399: 6381: 6366: 6329: 6312: 6283: 6276: 6239: 6228: 6203: 6192: 6181: 6170: 6157: 6148: 6060: 6000: 5971: 5964: 5935: 5928: 5887: 5872: 5843: 5836: 5795: 5780: 5743: 5732: 5703: 5696: 5667: 5660: 5611: 5588: 5559: 5552: 5515: 5504: 5475: 5468: 5439: 5432: 5395: 5384: 5355: 5348: 5311: 5294: 5257: 5240: 5203: 5192: 5146: 5122: 5077: 5054: 5017: 5006: 4981: 4970: 4959: 4948: 4935: 4926: 4895: 4888: 4851: 4840: 4803: 4792: 4760: 4750: 4721: 4714: 4665: 4638: 4613: 4602: 4591: 4580: 4567: 4558: 4527: 4520: 4468: 4435: 4387: 4358: 4305: 4270: 4241: 4234: 4197: 4186: 4149: 4138: 4113: 4099: 4081: 4070: 4041: 4034: 3992: 3976: 3915: 3884: 3855: 3848: 3811: 3800: 3771: 3764: 3727: 3716: 3675: 3660: 3631: 3624: 3579: 3560: 3527: 3520: 3493: 3484: 3412: 3397: 3364: 3353: 3304: 3274: 3233: 3215: 3190: 3179: 3170: 3159: 3148: 3137: 3128: 3117: 3104: 3095: 3064: 3057: 3024: 3013: 2984: 2977: 2948: 2941: 2912: 2905: 2856: 2826: 2785: 2770: 2721: 2691: 2657: 2642: 2613: 2606: 2557: 2527: 2458: 2415: 2374: 2363: 2314: 2272: 2232: 2198: 2140: 2120: 2080: 2046: 2001: 1979: 1871: 1781: 1744: 1733: 1680: 1650: 1601: 1571: 1542: 1535: 1486: 1456: 1427: 1420: 1371: 1341: 1292: 1262: 1233: 1226: 1173: 1143: 1114: 1107: 1078: 1071: 1022: 992: 963: 956: 927: 920: 863: 832: 803: 792: 780: 766: 755: 739: 725: 712: 705: 680: 669: 660: 649: 640: 628: 617: 608: 596: 587: 575: 566: 554: 543: 534: 523: 510: 503: 490: 480: 454: 444: 421: 410: 399: 388: 377: 366: 355: 344: 333: 322: 311: 300: 289: 278: 267: 253: 244: 231: 222: 32100:UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 31247:UK public library membership 31203:UK public library membership 31150:. University of St Andrews. 31125:. University of St Andrews. 31055:UK public library membership 31011:UK public library membership 30867:UK public library membership 30767:UK public library membership 30722:UK public library membership 30678:UK public library membership 30594:UK public library membership 30525:UK public library membership 30443:. University of St Andrews. 30245:. University of St Andrews. 30218:"Sir Henry Dale – Biography" 30139:UK public library membership 29915:UK public library membership 29781:. Royal Society Publishing. 29620:. University of St Andrews. 29570:. University of St Andrews. 29466:. University of St Andrews. 29416:. University of St Andrews. 29366:. University of St Andrews. 29341:. University of St Andrews. 29304:"Jean Baptiste Boussingault" 29252:. University of St Andrews. 29202:. University of St Andrews. 29117:. University of St Andrews. 28960:. University of St Andrews. 28898:. University of St Andrews. 28848:. University of St Andrews. 28795:UK public library membership 28684:. University of St Andrews. 28659:. University of St Andrews. 28555:. University of St Andrews. 28476:. University of St Andrews. 28447:10.1007/978-1-4020-2987-5_19 28361:. University of St Andrews. 28295:. University of St Andrews. 28008:UK public library membership 27954:. University of St Andrews. 27913:UK public library membership 27836:UK public library membership 27792:UK public library membership 27689:. University of St Andrews. 27658:"Friedrich William Herschel" 27552:. University of St Andrews. 27495:. University of St Andrews. 27296:UK public library membership 27194:UK public library membership 27125:UK public library membership 27081:UK public library membership 26992:. University of St Andrews. 26976:UK public library membership 26783:. University of St Andrews. 26767:UK public library membership 26722:UK public library membership 26678:UK public library membership 26634:UK public library membership 26590:UK public library membership 26546:UK public library membership 26501:UK public library membership 26452:UK public library membership 17255:; 293 years ago 17214:The Copley Medal awarded to 14063:|1970 ||{{sortname|Alexander 12728:|1948 ||{{sortname|Archibald 9065:||{{sortname|August Wilhelm| 8760:au calcul des machines a feu 7938:|1852 ||{{sortname|Alexander 5130:|Cooper|}}||"For his Papers 2148:||{{sortname|George|Edwards| 282:| name = Copley Medal 201:Image of Gregory Winter 2024 18:Browse history interactively 7: 34732:Awards of the Royal Society 33875:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 32227:John Theophilus Desaguliers 32187:John Theophilus Desaguliers 32179:John Theophilus Desaguliers 31927:Newton Advanced Fellowships 31924:Senior Research Fellowships 31911:Fellow of the Royal Society 31890:Rutherford Memorial Lecture 31436:"Recent award winners 2010" 30836:. In Abraham, E. P. (ed.). 30095:10.1126/science.78.2035.598 29979:"William Bragg – Biography" 28336:10.1093/rheumatology/keg002 27021:Manchester University Press 26902:Royal College of Physicians 26520:. In Bevan, Michael (ed.). 26420:Ben-Chaim, Michael (2004). 25812: 23294:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 18124:"On account of his curious 17786:John Theophilus Desaguliers 17645:John Theophilus Desaguliers 17594:John Theophilus Desaguliers 17362:John Theophilus Desaguliers 14518:|1981 ||{{sortname|Peter D. 14226:|1974 ||{{sortname|W. V. D. 13897:|1966 ||{{sortname|William 13291:|1956 ||{{sortname|Patrick| 10331:||{{sortname|Joseph|Lister| 9901:||{{sortname|George|Stokes| 8297:||{{sortname|Wilhelm Eduard 7556:/books?id=Cv2OdFwpk-kC& 7521:/books?id=Cv2OdFwpk-kC& 4493:|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/19244 2482:/books?id=0c-8AAAAIAAJ& 2437:pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq 2435:/books?id=0c-8AAAAIAAJ& 2133:George Edwards|publisher=]| 10: 34763: 34727:Awards established in 1731 34316:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 33370:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault 33346:August Wilhelm von Hofmann 31844:Royal Society Africa Prize 31295:Materials Research Society 30830:MacFarlane, R. G. (2004). 30153:"C.T.R.Wilson – Biography" 29175:"Adam Sedgwick Collection" 28816:Cambridge University Press 28808:Brock, William H. (2002). 28707:"Chambers Search Chambers" 28619:Henry Foster copley medal. 28264:"Early Breeding in Europe" 27525:Trinity College, Cambridge 27415:Philosophical Transactions 27314:Philosophical Transactions 27309:Hamilton, William (1770). 25834:List of mathematics awards 24659:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 21692:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault 21608:August Wilhelm von Hofmann 17486: 17375: 15664:B12 15342:|Charles Frank (physicist) 15077:|1992 ||{{sortname|George| 14334:B12 14313:|1976 ||{{sortname|Dorothy 13944:|1967 ||{{sortname|Bernard 13140:|1953 ||{{sortname|Albert| 12618:||{{sortname|Edgar|Adrian| 12399:|1943 ||{{sortname|Joseph| 6835:|1833 ||''No Award''||—||— 6661:|1830 ||''No Award''||—||— 6625:|1829 ||''No Award''||—||— 6589:|1828 ||''No Award''||—||— 5968:|1819 ||''No Award''||—||— 5840:|1816 ||''No Award''||—||— 5664:|1812 ||''No Award''||—||— 5556:|1810 ||''No Award''||—||— 5060:|Edward Howard (scientist) 4892:|1797 ||''No Award''||—||— 4718:|1793 ||''No Award''||—||— 4524:|1790 ||''No Award''||—||— 4408:|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/2553 4238:|1786 ||''No Award''||—||— 3852:|1779 ||''No Award''||—||— 3628:|1774 ||''No Award''||—||— 3061:|1765 ||''No Award''||—||— 2981:|1763 ||''No Award''||—||— 2945:|1762 ||''No Award''||—||— 2909:|1761 ||''No Award''||—||— 2610:|1756 ||''No Award''||—||— 2017:James Bradley|publisher=]| 1075:|1735 ||''No Award''||—||— 960:|1733 ||''No Award''||—||— 811:" class="unsortable"|Notes 800:" class="unsortable"|Notes 34495: 34046: 33811:Charles Scott Sherrington 33803:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 33597: 33148: 32731: 32350: 32157: 32103:Blackett Memorial Lecture 32040: 31984: 31946: 31903: 31857: 31811: 31374:"Obituary: John A. Pople" 31123:"Chandrasekhar biography" 30618:(4181): 1023–1030. 1949. 30009:The Astrophysical Journal 27383:10.1017/S0007087405007600 27141:. Engineering Timelines. 26284:10.1163/18253911-03402006 26263:Higgitt, Rebekah (2019). 25937:"The Copley Medal (1731)" 25371: 23069:Charles Scott Sherrington 23041:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 17492: 17489: 17306: 17301: 17297: 17285: 17281: 17267: 17249: 17241: 17231: 17223: 17207: 17202: 17182: 17171: 17160: 17149: 17138: 17127: 17116: 17105: 17094: 17083: 17072: 17061: 17043: 17023: 17005: 17001: 16983: 16979: 16961: 16957: 16939: 16935: 16917: 16913: 16895: 16872: 16861: 16850: 16839: 16828: 16817: 16813: 16795: 16791: 16773: 16769: 16751: 16728: 16717: 16713: 16695: 16679: 16668: 16656:{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} 16650: 16646: 16628: 16612: 16601: 16583: 16579: 16561: 16557: 16539: 16535: 16517: 16513: 16495: 16416: 16405: 16394: 16383: 16372: 16361: 16350: 16339: 16328: 16317: 16306: 16295: 16284: 16273: 16262: 16251: 16240: 16229: 16218: 16207: 16196: 16185: 16174: 16163: 16152: 16141: 16130: 16119: 16108: 16097: 16086: 16075: 16064: 16053: 16042: 15934:|2006||{{sortname|Stephen 15846:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 15750:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 15595:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 15528:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 15432:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 15277:Society|access-date=April 15134:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 15103:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 15038:|1991 ||{{sortname|Sydney 15013:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 14982:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 14956:|1990 ||{{sortname|Abdus| 14864:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 14711:|1985 ||{{sortname|Aaron| 14667:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 14572:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 14233:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 14187:|1973 ||{{sortname|Andrew 13828:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 13789:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 13691:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 13660:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 13587:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 13539:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 13532:|1960 ||{{sortname|Harold 13484:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 13428:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 13360:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 13334:|1957 ||{{sortname|Howard 13247:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 13240:|1955 ||{{sortname|Ronald 13188:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 13080:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 13032:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 13001:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12950:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12919:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12811:|1949 ||{{sortname|George 12786:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12755:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12675:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 12642:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12607:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12536:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12528:|1945 ||{{sortname|Oswald 12477:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 12413:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 12347:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12282:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 12154:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12102:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12046:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11914:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11881:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11850:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11714:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11624:The Astrophysical Journal 11547:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11495:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11403:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 11370:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11335:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11196:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 11112:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 11064:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 10936:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 10823:||{{sortname|Joseph John| 10764:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 10712:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 10668:|1911 ||{{sortname|George 10320:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 10263:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 10174:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 10086:|1897 ||{{sortname|Albert 9998:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9946:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 9890:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9882:|1893 ||{{sortname|George 9763:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9711:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9591:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9459:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9411:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9327:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9279:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9242:Boussingault|publisher=]| 9226:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 9054:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 8921:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 8842:]||{{sortname|Julius|von 8613:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 8565:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 8472:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 8415:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 8286:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 8078:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 7968:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 7886:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 7830:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 7742:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 7653:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 7645:|1846 ||{{sortname|Urbain 7537:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 7424:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 7376:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 7341: 7330: 7319: 7308: 7304: 7286: 7265:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 7226:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 7172: 7161: 7150: 7139: 7135: 7117: 7090: 7079: 7068: 7057: 7053: 7035: 7008: 6994: 6875:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 6796: 6782: 6763:=2009-01-30}}</ref> 6706:=2009-01-30}}</ref> 6558: 6547: 6536: 6525: 6521: 6503: 6454:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 6411: 6397: 6378:=2009-01-30}}</ref> 6326:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 6236:=2009-02-08}}</ref> 6201: 6190: 6179: 6168: 6164: 6146: 5884:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 5792:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 5740:=2009-01-30}}</ref> 5512:=2009-01-30}}</ref> 5392:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 5308:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 5254:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 5200:=2009-02-08}}</ref> 5143:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 5126:|1801 ||{{sortname|Astley 5101:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 5074:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 5014:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4979: 4968: 4957: 4946: 4942: 4924: 4848:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4800:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4693:=2009-02-08}}</ref> 4662:=2009-02-08}}</ref> 4611: 4600: 4589: 4578: 4574: 4556: 4499:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4465:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4414:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4384:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4302:=2009-02-08}}</ref> 4194:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4146:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4117:||<ref name="nla"/> 4111: 4097: 3989:=2009-02-07}}</ref> 3912:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3808:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3724:=2009-02-07}}</ref> 3672:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3576:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3537:on different kinds of Air 3500: 3482: 3409:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3332:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3301:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3230:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3188: 3177: 3168: 3157: 3146: 3135: 3126: 3115: 3111: 3093: 2884:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2853:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2782:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2749:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 2718:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 2665:||{{sortname|Lord Charles 2585:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2554:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2455:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2371:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2342:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2311:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2137:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1998:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1868:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1741:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1677:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1629:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1598:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1514:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1483:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1399:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1368:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1320:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1289:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1170:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1050:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1019:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 860:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 778: 678: 667: 658: 647: 638: 626: 621:==Prestige of the medal== 615: 606: 594: 585: 573: 564: 552: 541: 532: 521: 517: 501: 497: 478: 462: 442: 419: 408: 397: 386: 375: 364: 353: 342: 331: 320: 309: 298: 287: 276: 265: 261: 242: 238: 220: 215: 212: 150: 124:Pending changes reviewers 83: 34140:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 33819:Charles Algernon Parsons 32660:George Shuckburgh-Evelyn 31407:Florida State University 30441:"Taylor_Geoffrey summay" 30003:Hale, George E. (1935). 28920:Morselli, Mario (1984). 28740:University of St Andrews 28604:The Gentleman's Magazine 27662:Florida State University 26857:Florida State University 26735:Schaffer, Simon (2004). 26232:University of St Andrews 25824:List of chemistry awards 24042:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 23097:Charles Algernon Parsons 22508:Albert Abraham Michelson 19375:George Shuckburgh-Evelyn 17495: 17483: 15973:|2007||{{sortname|Robert 15476:|1997 ||{{sortname|Hugh| 15424:|1996 ||{{sortname|Alan| 15385:|1995 ||{{sortname|Frank 15159:|1993 ||{{sortname|James 14536:|<ref name="od2"/> 14475:|1980 ||{{sortname|Derek 13804:Chapman|Sydney Chapman ( 13762:Chapman|Sydney Chapman ( 13716:|1963 ||{{sortname|Paul| 13113:|last1=Kragh |first1=H. 12975:|1951 ||{{sortname|David 12580:|1946 ||{{sortname|Edgar 12057:||{{sortname|Henry|Dale| 8672:||{{sortname|Karl Ernst| 6959:|1836 ||{{sortname|Jöns 1991:James Bradley|publisher= 494:== List of recipients == 188:Extended confirmed users 120:Extended confirmed users 34396:Frederick Charles Frank 34108:John Edensor Littlewood 33314:Julius Robert von Mayer 32981:Antoine César Becquerel 32809:Benjamin Collins Brodie 31885:Rosalind Franklin Award 30305:(3710): 750–752. 1940. 29809:. Biochemical Journal. 29439:"Neumann_Franz summary" 29086:"BjS: Academic Lineage" 29061:University of Edinburgh 28503:University of Minnesota 28317:Buchanan, W.W. (2003). 28085:. Aim25. Archived from 28052:"Edward Charles Howard" 27410:Raper, Matthew (1771). 26146:Clark, Gregory (2017). 26104:10.1073/pnas.1800485115 24934:Frederick Charles Frank 23963:Frank Macfarlane Burnet 23935:John Edensor Littlewood 20496:Antoine César Becquerel 19740:Benjamin Collins Brodie 14561:|1982 ||{{sortname|John 14078:||{{sortname|Alexander 13853:|1965 ||{{sortname|Alan 10892:<ref name="od2"/> 9215:|1878 ||{{sortname|Jean 8888:||{{sortname|Friedrich| 7979:||{{sortname|Alexander| 7468:|1843 ||{{sortname|Jean 4290:HemOnc Today|publisher= 392:| caption2 = Reverse 82: 33947:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor 33731:Pierre Paul Émile Roux 33386:James Joseph Sylvester 33202:Michel Eugène Chevreul 33162:Alexander von Humboldt 32745:William Hyde Wollaston 32109:Claude Bernard Lecture 31233:10.1093/ref:odnb/77183 31189:10.1093/ref:odnb/64072 31041:10.1093/ref:odnb/33888 30997:10.1093/ref:odnb/32367 30956:"Sir Hans Adolf Krebs" 30848:10.1093/ref:odnb/33182 30753:10.1093/ref:odnb/31032 30708:10.1093/ref:odnb/34256 30664:10.1093/ref:odnb/30912 30580:10.1093/ref:odnb/31230 30511:10.1093/ref:odnb/30753 30125:10.1093/ref:odnb/33642 29901:10.1093/ref:odnb/33977 28958:"Le Verrier biography" 27994:10.1093/ref:odnb/12595 27899:10.1093/ref:odnb/27255 27822:10.1093/ref:odnb/19244 27282:10.1093/ref:odnb/30007 27180:10.1093/ref:odnb/29641 27067:10.1093/ref:odnb/14319 26962:10.1093/ref:odnb/22805 26753:10.1093/ref:odnb/28874 26664:10.1093/ref:odnb/18668 26620:10.1093/ref:odnb/47081 26576:10.1093/ref:odnb/11915 26514:Austin, P. B. (2004). 26438:10.1093/ref:odnb/11354 26333:10.1098/rsnr.1971.0008 26201:10.1098/rsnr.1992.0003 26045:10.1098/rsnr.2011.0045 26001:blogs.royalsociety.org 25839:List of physics awards 25829:List of geology awards 25819:List of biology awards 24156:William Lawrence Bragg 22788:Pierre Paul Émile Roux 21748:James Joseph Sylvester 21100:Michel Eugène Chevreul 20958:Alexander von Humboldt 19491:William Hyde Wollaston 18228:Lord Charles Cavendish 17467:Physiology or Medicine 15128:10.1093/ref:odnb/77183 15007:10.1093/ref:odnb/64072 13822:10.1093/ref:odnb/33888 13685:10.1093/ref:odnb/32367 13385:10.1093/ref:odnb/33182 13105:10.1093/ref:odnb/31032 13026:10.1093/ref:odnb/34256 12944:10.1093/ref:odnb/30912 12780:10.1093/ref:odnb/31230 12636:10.1093/ref:odnb/30753 11875:10.1093/ref:odnb/33642 11364:10.1093/ref:odnb/33977 11346:||{{sortname|Frederick 4687:10.1093/ref:odnb/27255 3326:10.1093/ref:odnb/30007 2878:10.1093/ref:odnb/29641 2579:10.1093/ref:odnb/14319 2336:10.1093/ref:odnb/22805 1702:10.1093/ref:odnb/28874 1508:10.1093/ref:odnb/18668 1393:10.1093/ref:odnb/47081 1314:10.1093/ref:odnb/11915 889:10.1093/ref:odnb/11354 673:== Medal recipients == 34268:Robert Burns Woodward 33755:Horace Tabberer Brown 33659:Alfred Russel Wallace 33490:George Gabriel Stokes 33394:Charles Adolphe Wurtz 33330:Hermann von Helmholtz 33298:Henri Victor Regnault 33178:Johannes Peter Müller 33170:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove 32985:John Frederic Daniell 32857:Hans Christian Ørsted 32817:William Thomas Brande 32680:Edward Charles Howard 32235:Christopher Middleton 32086:Tercentenary Lectures 32081:Pilgrim Trust Lecture 31829:Michael Faraday Prize 31824:GlaxoSmithKline Prize 31568:. The Royal Society. 31463:. The Royal Society. 31438:. The Royal Society. 31267:. The Royal Society. 31265:Royal Society website 30958:. nobel-winners.com. 30005:"Sir Arthur Schuster" 29568:"Weierstrass summary" 28781:10.1093/ref:odnb/3645 28026:University of Warwick 27976:Coley, N. G. (2004). 27859:. The Royal Society. 27778:10.1093/ref:odnb/2553 27714:. Electric Scotland. 27493:"Maskelyne biography" 27111:10.1093/ref:odnb/7783 26708:10.1093/ref:odnb/1120 26532:10.1093/ref:odnb/1984 26487:10.1093/ref:odnb/7539 26026:Cahan, David (2012). 25910:. The Royal Society. 24495:Robert Burns Woodward 22872:Horace Tabberer Brown 22536:Alfred Russel Wallace 21776:Charles-Adolphe Wurtz 21552:Hermann von Helmholtz 21436:Henri Victor Regnault 21015:Johannes Peter Müller 20986:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove 20504:John Frederic Daniell 19977:Hans Christian Ørsted 19791:William Thomas Brande 19435:Edward Charles Howard 17814:Christopher Middleton 17449:Prestige of the medal 17416:John Sigismund Tanner 16878:{{Authority control}} 15610:19, 2004|publisher=]| 15271:website|publisher=The 11657:=1935ApJ....81...97H| 9545:Kekulé von|Stradonitz 8932:||{{sortname|Hermann| 7259:10.1093/ref:odnb/3645 6886:||{{sortname|Giovanni 4005:Herschel|publisher=]| 3985:Herschel|publisher=]| 3424:"||<ref>{{cite 2743:10.1093/ref:odnb/7783 1948:Philosophical Society 1623:10.1093/ref:odnb/1120 1195:10.1093/ref:odnb/1984 1044:10.1093/ref:odnb/7539 403:| precedence_label = 34665:Jocelyn Bell Burnell 34308:Rodney Robert Porter 33963:Edgar Douglas Adrian 33603:Josiah Willard Gibbs 33474:Stanislao Cannizzaro 33442:Joseph Dalton Hooker 33306:James Prescott Joule 33218:Wilhelm Eduard Weber 33097:Peter Andreas Hansen 32993:Carl Friedrich Gauss 32969:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 32945:Siméon Denis Poisson 32777:Thomas Andrew Knight 32106:Humphry Davy Lecture 31933:Industry Fellowships 31098:University of Sydney 30881:"Littlewood summary" 30380:Dunn, P. M. (2000). 30337:. Cardiology Journal 30270:. Nobel Foundation. 30243:"Bohr_Niels summary" 30220:. Nobel Foundation. 30155:. Nobel Foundation. 29981:. Nobel Foundation. 29931:. Nobel Foundation. 29311:Journal of Nutrition 29156:on December 16, 2005 28896:"MacCullagh summary" 28441:. pp. 417–432. 27358:Wood, Karen (2006). 26361:. 17 February 2017. 25721:Jocelyn Bell Burnell 24630:Rodney Robert Porter 22340:Josiah Willard Gibbs 22058:Stanislao Cannizzaro 21946:Joseph Dalton Hooker 21468:James Prescott Joule 21156:Wilhelm Eduard Weber 20902:Peter Andreas Hansen 20539:Carl Friedrich Gauss 20454:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 20347:Siméon Denis Poisson 19603:Thomas Andrew Knight 17370:Jocelyn Bell Burnell 16723:{{Commons category}} 16701:== External links == 14810:British biophysicist 14631:||{{sortname|Rodney 14158:||{{sortname|Nevill 12850:||{{sortname|George| 11607:1935ApJ....81...97H| 11414:||{{sortname|Charles 10105:||{{sortname|Albert| 9558:||{{sortname|August| 7664:||{{sortname|Urbain| 6846:||''No Award''||—||— 6672:||''No Award''||—||— 6636:||''No Award''||—||— 6600:||''No Award''||—||— 5979:||''No Award''||—||— 5851:||''No Award''||—||— 5675:||''No Award''||—||— 5567:||''No Award''||—||— 4903:||''No Award''||—||— 4729:||''No Award''||—||— 4535:||''No Award''||—||— 4249:||''No Award''||—||— 3863:||''No Award''||—||— 3639:||''No Award''||—||— 3072:||''No Award''||—||— 2992:||''No Award''||—||— 2956:||''No Award''||—||— 2920:||''No Award''||—||— 2621:||''No Award''||—||— 2246:McCormmach|1996|page 2159:|title=RCP Heritage 1086:||''No Award''||—||— 971:||''No Award''||—||— 34747:Silver-gilt objects 34689:Gregory Paul Winter 34220:Nevill Francis Mott 33835:William Henry Bragg 33667:George William Hill 33651:Albert A. Michelson 33546:Marcellin Berthelot 33538:John William Strutt 33522:Albert von Kölliker 33450:Thomas Henry Huxley 33434:Franz Ernst Neumann 33282:Karl Ernst von Baer 33194:Henri Milne-Edwards 33041:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 32961:William Snow Harris 32933:George Biddell Airy 31875:Leeuwenhoek Lecture 31716:"Medal winner 2023" 31616:"Copley Medal 2019" 31591:"Copley Medal 2018" 31541:"Copley Medal 2016" 31516:"Copley Medal 2015" 31320:"Lighthill summary" 30781:"Whittaker summary" 30624:1949Natur.164.1023. 30398:10.1136/fn.82.1.f75 30311:1940Natur.146..750. 30194:1941Natur.148Q..46. 30087:1933Sci....78R.598. 30021:1935ApJ....81...97H 29364:"Sylvester summary" 29250:"Helmholtz summary" 28293:"Troughton Summary" 27427:1771RSPT...61..462R 26813:McCormmach, Russell 26809:Jungnickel, Christa 26095:2018PNAS..11512608M 26079:(50): 12608–12615. 26007:on 18 February 2018 25947:on 15 December 2005 25797:Gregory Paul Winter 24322:Nevill Francis Mott 23154:William Henry Bragg 22704:Joseph John Thomson 22564:George William Hill 22312:Marcellin Berthelot 22227:Albert von Kölliker 21974:Thomas Henry Huxley 21918:Franz Ernst Neumann 21380:Karl Ernst von Baer 21071:Henri Milne-Edwards 20703:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 20426:William Snow Harris 20306:George Biddell Airy 17324:biological sciences 15245:|title=Copley Medal 14908:|1989 ||{{sortname| 14800:|1987 ||{{sortname| 14753:|1986 ||{{sortname| 13983:|1968 ||{{sortname| 13800:||{{sortname|Sydney 13179:|1954 ||{{sortname| 12667:|1947 ||{{sortname| 12469:|1944 ||{{sortname| 12296:|title=Thomas Lewis 10928:|1917 ||{{sortname| 10480:|1906 ||{{sortname| 10042:|1896 ||{{sortname| 9539:|1885 ||{{sortname| 5085:||{{sortname|Edward 2504:|isbn=9780719003707 1956:|isbn=9780871692207 1811:EUoLAAAAIAAJ&pg 381:| image2_size = 160 34649:John B. Goodenough 34436:John Maynard Smith 34188:Tadeusz Reichstein 33907:Thomas Hunt Morgan 33891:Henry Hallett Dale 33867:John Scott Haldane 33851:George Ellery Hale 33290:Charles Wheatstone 33089:Roderick Murchison 31148:"Atiyah biography" 30931:"Jeffreys summary" 30908:. nobelprize.org. 30735:Kragh, H. (2004). 30358:. nobelprize.org. 30188:(3741): 46. 1941. 30049:Franklin Institute 29593:"Rayleigh summary" 29414:"Thompson summary" 29339:"Clausius summary" 29022:10.1002/047001590X 29014:Wiley InterScience 28474:"Herschel summary" 26908:on October 5, 2007 26781:"Robins biography" 26142:Retail Price Index 25977:on 11 January 2008 25665:John B. Goodenough 25067:John Maynard Smith 24213:Tadeusz Reichstein 24127:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin 23406:Thomas Hunt Morgan 23266:John Scott Haldane 23210:George Ellery Hale 21408:Charles Wheatstone 20873:Roderick Murchison 17406:In November 1736, 17382:Sir Godfrey Copley 16081:| rowspan=2 | 2010 15838:|2004||{{sortname| 13868:||{{sortname|Alan 13755:|1964 ||{{sortname 12059:Henry Hallett Dale 8274:|1859 ||{{sortname 6978:||{{sortname|Jöns 5163:)|publisher=Aim25| 5139:)|publisher=Aim25| 2648:|Charles|Cavendish 2646:|1757 ||{{sortname 2498:=1969|publisher=]| 2451:=1969|publisher=]| 2242:harvtxt|Jungnickel 1937:Russell McCormmach 1913:Christa Jungnickel 166: 94: 34699: 34698: 34641:Jeffrey I. Gordon 34625:Richard Henderson 34488:Copley Medallists 34454: 34453: 34292:Peter D. Mitchell 34204:Alexander R. Todd 34116:Macfarlane Burnet 34039:Copley Medallists 34005: 34004: 33771:Ernest Rutherford 33590:Copley Medallists 33556: 33555: 33362:James Dwight Dana 33141:Copley Medallists 33107: 33106: 33065:Urbain Le Verrier 33013:Justus von Liebig 32724:Copley Medallists 32690: 32689: 32628:Benjamin Thompson 32436:William Brownrigg 32396:Charles Cavendish 32372:Benjamin Franklin 32343:Copley Medallists 32309: 32308: 32150:Copley Medallists 32116: 32115: 32052:Esso Energy Award 31740:Copley Medal 2024 31490:Leicester Mercury 31245:(Subscription or 31201:(Subscription or 31053:(Subscription or 31009:(Subscription or 30865:(Subscription or 30765:(Subscription or 30720:(Subscription or 30676:(Subscription or 30633:10.1038/1641023a0 30592:(Subscription or 30523:(Subscription or 30137:(Subscription or 29913:(Subscription or 29835:"Larmour summary" 29489:"Newcomb summary" 29225:"Plucker summary" 29200:"Chasles summary" 29031:978-0-470-01617-6 28937:978-90-277-1624-8 28793:(Subscription or 28682:"Plana biography" 28657:"Poisson summary" 28456:978-1-4020-2979-0 28006:(Subscription or 27952:"Attwood summary" 27927:"Ramsden summary" 27911:(Subscription or 27834:(Subscription or 27790:(Subscription or 27294:(Subscription or 27192:(Subscription or 27123:(Subscription or 27079:(Subscription or 26974:(Subscription or 26765:(Subscription or 26720:(Subscription or 26676:(Subscription or 26632:(Subscription or 26588:(Subscription or 26544:(Subscription or 26499:(Subscription or 26450:(Subscription or 25870:The Royal Society 25810: 25809: 25637:Jeffrey I. Gordon 25581:Richard Henderson 25095:Alan R. Battersby 24574:Peter D. Mitchell 24270:Alexander R. Todd 22928:Ernest Rutherford 21664:James Dwight Dana 20789:Urbain Le Verrier 20610:Justus von Liebig 19211:Benjamin Thompson 18460:William Brownrigg 18117:Benjamin Franklin 17330: 17329: 17315:physical sciences 17307:Next (lower) 17218:in 1893 (obverse) 17185: 15658:||{{sortname|Alan 10949:Pierre Paul Émile 9237:||{{sortname|Jean 7483:||{{sortname|Jean 1901:Jungnickel|first1 1668:Oxford University 1161:Oxford University 326:| sponsor = ] 248:{{Featured list}} 152: 85: 65: 34754: 34692: 34684: 34676: 34668: 34660: 34652: 34644: 34636: 34628: 34620: 34612: 34604: 34596: 34588: 34580: 34568: 34560: 34552: 34544: 34536: 34528: 34520: 34512: 34504: 34481: 34474: 34467: 34458: 34457: 34447: 34439: 34431: 34423: 34415: 34407: 34399: 34391: 34383: 34375: 34367: 34359: 34351: 34343: 34335: 34327: 34319: 34311: 34303: 34295: 34287: 34279: 34271: 34263: 34260:Frederick Sanger 34255: 34247: 34239: 34231: 34223: 34215: 34207: 34199: 34191: 34183: 34175: 34167: 34159: 34151: 34143: 34135: 34127: 34119: 34111: 34103: 34095: 34092:Patrick Blackett 34087: 34079: 34071: 34063: 34055: 34032: 34025: 34018: 34009: 34008: 33998: 33990: 33987:George de Hevesy 33982: 33974: 33966: 33958: 33950: 33942: 33934: 33926: 33918: 33910: 33902: 33894: 33886: 33878: 33870: 33862: 33854: 33846: 33838: 33830: 33822: 33814: 33806: 33798: 33790: 33782: 33774: 33766: 33758: 33750: 33742: 33734: 33726: 33718: 33710: 33702: 33694: 33686: 33678: 33670: 33662: 33654: 33646: 33643:Élie Metchnikoff 33638: 33635:Dmitri Mendeleev 33630: 33622: 33614: 33606: 33583: 33576: 33569: 33560: 33559: 33549: 33541: 33533: 33525: 33517: 33509: 33506:Karl Weierstrass 33501: 33498:Edward Frankland 33493: 33485: 33477: 33469: 33461: 33453: 33445: 33437: 33429: 33421: 33413: 33405: 33397: 33389: 33381: 33373: 33365: 33357: 33349: 33341: 33333: 33325: 33322:Friedrich Wöhler 33317: 33309: 33301: 33293: 33285: 33277: 33269: 33261: 33253: 33245: 33237: 33229: 33221: 33213: 33205: 33197: 33189: 33181: 33173: 33165: 33157: 33134: 33127: 33120: 33111: 33110: 33100: 33092: 33084: 33081:John Couch Adams 33076: 33068: 33060: 33052: 33044: 33036: 33033:James MacCullagh 33028: 33020: 33008: 33000: 32988: 32976: 32964: 32956: 32948: 32936: 32928: 32916: 32908: 32896: 32888: 32880: 32877:William Buckland 32872: 32860: 32852: 32844: 32836: 32828: 32820: 32812: 32804: 32801:Edward Troughton 32796: 32788: 32780: 32772: 32764: 32761:Smithson Tennant 32756: 32753:Richard Chenevix 32748: 32740: 32717: 32710: 32703: 32694: 32693: 32683: 32675: 32667: 32664:Charles Hatchett 32655: 32647: 32639: 32636:Alessandro Volta 32631: 32623: 32620:Jean-André Deluc 32611: 32603: 32595: 32587: 32579: 32571: 32559: 32551: 32548:William Herschel 32543: 32535: 32527: 32519: 32511: 32503: 32495: 32492:Joseph Priestley 32487: 32479: 32476:William Hamilton 32471: 32463: 32455: 32447: 32431: 32423: 32415: 32407: 32399: 32391: 32383: 32375: 32367: 32359: 32336: 32329: 32322: 32313: 32312: 32302: 32294: 32286: 32278: 32270: 32262: 32254: 32246: 32243:Abraham Trembley 32238: 32230: 32222: 32219:Alexander Stuart 32214: 32206: 32198: 32190: 32182: 32174: 32166: 32143: 32136: 32129: 32120: 32119: 32022:Leverhulme Medal 31922:Leverhulme Trust 31880:Paterson Lecture 31798: 31791: 31784: 31775: 31774: 31770: 31768: 31766: 31742: 31737: 31731: 31730: 31728: 31727: 31712: 31706: 31705: 31703: 31702: 31687: 31681: 31680: 31678: 31677: 31662: 31656: 31655: 31653: 31652: 31637: 31631: 31630: 31628: 31627: 31612: 31606: 31605: 31603: 31602: 31587: 31581: 31580: 31578: 31577: 31562: 31556: 31555: 31553: 31552: 31537: 31531: 31530: 31528: 31527: 31512: 31506: 31505: 31503: 31501: 31482: 31476: 31475: 31473: 31472: 31457: 31451: 31450: 31448: 31447: 31431: 31422: 31421: 31419: 31418: 31403:"FSU highlights" 31399: 31393: 31392: 31390: 31389: 31370: 31364: 31363: 31361: 31360: 31341: 31335: 31334: 31332: 31331: 31316: 31310: 31309: 31307: 31306: 31297:. Archived from 31287: 31281: 31280: 31278: 31276: 31257: 31251: 31250: 31242: 31240: 31239: 31220: 31213: 31207: 31206: 31198: 31196: 31195: 31176: 31169: 31163: 31162: 31160: 31159: 31144: 31138: 31137: 31135: 31134: 31119: 31113: 31112: 31110: 31109: 31100:. Archived from 31090: 31084: 31083: 31081: 31080: 31065: 31059: 31058: 31050: 31048: 31047: 31028: 31021: 31015: 31014: 31006: 31004: 31003: 30984: 30977: 30971: 30970: 30968: 30967: 30952: 30946: 30945: 30943: 30942: 30927: 30921: 30920: 30918: 30917: 30902: 30896: 30895: 30893: 30892: 30877: 30871: 30870: 30862: 30860: 30859: 30835: 30827: 30821: 30820: 30818: 30817: 30806:"Fisher summary" 30802: 30796: 30795: 30793: 30792: 30777: 30771: 30770: 30762: 30760: 30759: 30740: 30732: 30726: 30725: 30717: 30715: 30714: 30695: 30688: 30682: 30681: 30673: 30671: 30670: 30651: 30644: 30638: 30637: 30635: 30604: 30598: 30597: 30589: 30587: 30586: 30567: 30560: 30554: 30553: 30551: 30550: 30535: 30529: 30528: 30520: 30518: 30517: 30498: 30491: 30485: 30484: 30482: 30481: 30462: 30456: 30455: 30453: 30452: 30437: 30431: 30430: 30428: 30427: 30409: 30377: 30371: 30370: 30368: 30367: 30352: 30346: 30345: 30343: 30342: 30331: 30325: 30324: 30322: 30320:10.1038/146750a0 30289: 30283: 30282: 30280: 30279: 30264: 30258: 30257: 30255: 30254: 30239: 30233: 30232: 30230: 30229: 30214: 30208: 30207: 30205: 30203:10.1038/148046a0 30174: 30168: 30167: 30165: 30164: 30149: 30143: 30142: 30134: 30132: 30131: 30112: 30105: 30099: 30098: 30070: 30064: 30063: 30061: 30060: 30051:. Archived from 30041: 30035: 30034: 30032: 30000: 29994: 29993: 29991: 29990: 29975: 29969: 29968: 29966: 29965: 29954:"Planck summary" 29950: 29944: 29943: 29941: 29940: 29925: 29919: 29918: 29910: 29908: 29907: 29888: 29881: 29875: 29874: 29872: 29871: 29856: 29850: 29849: 29847: 29846: 29831: 29825: 29824: 29822: 29821: 29815: 29808: 29800: 29794: 29793: 29791: 29790: 29775: 29769: 29768: 29766: 29765: 29759: 29752: 29744: 29738: 29737: 29735: 29734: 29719: 29713: 29712: 29710: 29709: 29694: 29633: 29632: 29630: 29629: 29614: 29608: 29607: 29605: 29604: 29589: 29583: 29582: 29580: 29579: 29564: 29558: 29557: 29555: 29554: 29535: 29529: 29528: 29526: 29525: 29514:"Stokes summary" 29510: 29504: 29503: 29501: 29500: 29485: 29479: 29478: 29476: 29475: 29464:"Salmon summary" 29460: 29454: 29453: 29451: 29450: 29435: 29429: 29428: 29426: 29425: 29410: 29404: 29403: 29401: 29400: 29389:"Cayley summary" 29385: 29379: 29378: 29376: 29375: 29360: 29354: 29353: 29351: 29350: 29335: 29329: 29328: 29326: 29325: 29319: 29308: 29300: 29294: 29293: 29288: 29287: 29271: 29265: 29264: 29262: 29261: 29246: 29240: 29239: 29237: 29236: 29221: 29215: 29214: 29212: 29211: 29196: 29190: 29189: 29187: 29186: 29171: 29165: 29164: 29162: 29161: 29155: 29149:. Archived from 29144: 29136: 29130: 29129: 29127: 29126: 29111: 29105: 29104: 29102: 29101: 29082: 29076: 29075: 29073: 29072: 29063:. Archived from 29053: 29047: 29046: 29044: 29043: 29004: 28998: 28997: 28995: 28994: 28979: 28973: 28972: 28970: 28969: 28954: 28948: 28947: 28945: 28944: 28917: 28911: 28910: 28908: 28907: 28892: 28886: 28885: 28883: 28882: 28867: 28861: 28860: 28858: 28857: 28842: 28836: 28835: 28833: 28832: 28805: 28799: 28798: 28790: 28788: 28787: 28768: 28761: 28755: 28754: 28752: 28751: 28732: 28726: 28725: 28723: 28722: 28703: 28697: 28696: 28694: 28693: 28678: 28672: 28671: 28669: 28668: 28653: 28647: 28646: 28644: 28643: 28628: 28622: 28621: 28616: 28615: 28599: 28593: 28592: 28590: 28589: 28574: 28568: 28567: 28565: 28564: 28549: 28543: 28542: 28540: 28539: 28524: 28518: 28517: 28515: 28514: 28495: 28489: 28488: 28486: 28485: 28470: 28461: 28460: 28430: 28424: 28423: 28421: 28420: 28405: 28399: 28398: 28396: 28395: 28380: 28374: 28373: 28371: 28370: 28355: 28349: 28348: 28338: 28314: 28308: 28307: 28305: 28304: 28289: 28283: 28282: 28280: 28279: 28259: 28253: 28252: 28250: 28249: 28234: 28179: 28178: 28176: 28175: 28159: 28153: 28152: 28150: 28149: 28133: 28127: 28126: 28124: 28123: 28114:. Archived from 28104: 28098: 28097: 28095: 28094: 28079: 28073: 28072: 28070: 28069: 28063: 28056: 28047: 28041: 28040: 28038: 28037: 28018: 28012: 28011: 28003: 28001: 28000: 27981: 27973: 27967: 27966: 27964: 27963: 27948: 27942: 27941: 27939: 27938: 27923: 27917: 27916: 27908: 27906: 27905: 27886: 27879: 27873: 27872: 27870: 27868: 27857:royalsociety.org 27849: 27840: 27839: 27831: 27829: 27828: 27809: 27802: 27796: 27795: 27787: 27785: 27784: 27765: 27758: 27752: 27751: 27749: 27748: 27739:. HemOnc Today. 27733: 27727: 27726: 27724: 27723: 27708: 27702: 27701: 27699: 27698: 27687:"Waring summary" 27683: 27677: 27676: 27674: 27673: 27654: 27648: 27647: 27645: 27644: 27625: 27614: 27613: 27611: 27610: 27571: 27565: 27564: 27562: 27561: 27550:"Hutton summary" 27546: 27540: 27539: 27537: 27536: 27527:. Archived from 27517: 27508: 27507: 27505: 27504: 27489: 27483: 27482: 27480: 27479: 27464: 27458: 27457: 27455: 27454: 27407: 27401: 27400: 27398: 27397: 27391: 27364: 27355: 27349: 27348: 27346: 27345: 27306: 27300: 27299: 27291: 27289: 27288: 27269: 27262: 27256: 27255: 27253: 27252: 27243:. Archived from 27233: 27227: 27226: 27224: 27223: 27204: 27198: 27197: 27189: 27187: 27186: 27167: 27160: 27154: 27153: 27151: 27150: 27135: 27129: 27128: 27120: 27118: 27117: 27098: 27091: 27085: 27084: 27076: 27074: 27073: 27054: 27047: 27041: 27040: 27038: 27037: 27011: 27005: 27004: 27002: 27001: 26986: 26980: 26979: 26971: 26969: 26968: 26949: 26942: 26936: 26926: 26917: 26916: 26914: 26913: 26904:. Archived from 26894: 26888: 26878: 26872: 26871: 26869: 26868: 26849: 26843: 26842: 26840: 26839: 26805: 26796: 26795: 26793: 26792: 26777: 26771: 26770: 26762: 26760: 26759: 26740: 26732: 26726: 26725: 26717: 26715: 26714: 26695: 26688: 26682: 26681: 26673: 26671: 26670: 26651: 26644: 26638: 26637: 26629: 26627: 26626: 26607: 26600: 26594: 26593: 26585: 26583: 26582: 26563: 26556: 26550: 26549: 26541: 26539: 26538: 26519: 26511: 26505: 26504: 26496: 26494: 26493: 26474: 26467: 26456: 26455: 26447: 26445: 26444: 26425: 26417: 26408: 26407: 26402: 26400: 26381: 26375: 26374: 26372: 26370: 26351: 26345: 26344: 26316: 26310: 26309: 26307: 26306: 26300: 26269: 26260: 26247: 26246: 26244: 26243: 26234:. Archived from 26224: 26213: 26212: 26184: 26165: 26164: 26162: 26160: 26138: 26127: 26126: 26116: 26106: 26088: 26064: 26058: 26057: 26047: 26023: 26017: 26016: 26014: 26012: 25993: 25987: 25986: 25984: 25982: 25971:royalsociety.org 25963: 25957: 25956: 25954: 25952: 25941:royalsociety.org 25933: 25924: 25923: 25921: 25919: 25908:royalsociety.org 25900: 25889: 25888: 25886: 25884: 25878: 25867: 25859: 25801: 25800: 25799: 25790: 25773: 25772: 25771: 25762: 25742: 25725: 25724: 25723: 25714: 25697: 25696: 25695: 25686: 25669: 25668: 25667: 25658: 25641: 25640: 25639: 25630: 25613: 25612: 25611: 25602: 25585: 25584: 25583: 25574: 25557: 25556: 25555: 25546: 25529: 25528: 25527: 25518: 25500: 25499: 25498: 25489: 25472: 25471: 25470: 25461: 25443: 25442: 25441: 25432: 25415: 25414: 25413: 25404: 25390: 25389: 25388: 25379: 25361: 25360: 25359: 25350: 25332: 25331: 25330: 25321: 25303: 25302: 25301: 25292: 25275: 25274: 25273: 25264: 25246: 25245: 25244: 25235: 25218: 25217: 25216: 25207: 25189: 25188: 25187: 25178: 25161: 25160: 25159: 25150: 25132: 25131: 25130: 25121: 25099: 25098: 25097: 25088: 25071: 25070: 25069: 25060: 25043: 25042: 25041: 25019: 25018: 25017: 25008: 24991: 24990: 24989: 24980: 24962: 24961: 24960: 24938: 24937: 24936: 24915: 24914: 24913: 24904: 24887: 24886: 24885: 24876: 24858: 24857: 24856: 24847: 24830: 24829: 24828: 24819: 24801: 24800: 24799: 24790: 24773: 24772: 24771: 24762: 24744: 24743: 24742: 24720: 24719: 24718: 24709: 24691: 24690: 24689: 24680: 24663: 24662: 24661: 24652: 24634: 24633: 24632: 24623: 24606: 24605: 24604: 24595: 24578: 24577: 24576: 24555: 24554: 24553: 24544: 24527: 24526: 24525: 24516: 24499: 24498: 24497: 24488: 24471: 24470: 24469: 24467:Frederick Sanger 24460: 24439: 24438: 24437: 24428: 24411: 24410: 24409: 24400: 24383: 24382: 24381: 24372: 24354: 24353: 24352: 24343: 24326: 24325: 24324: 24302: 24301: 24300: 24291: 24274: 24273: 24272: 24263: 24246: 24245: 24244: 24235: 24217: 24216: 24215: 24206: 24188: 24187: 24186: 24177: 24160: 24159: 24158: 24149: 24131: 24130: 24129: 24120: 24103: 24102: 24101: 24092: 24074: 24073: 24072: 24063: 24046: 24045: 24044: 24035: 24018: 24017: 24016: 24014:Hans Adolf Krebs 24007: 23990: 23989: 23988: 23967: 23966: 23965: 23956: 23939: 23938: 23937: 23928: 23911: 23910: 23909: 23900: 23882: 23881: 23880: 23878:Patrick Blackett 23871: 23854: 23853: 23852: 23843: 23826: 23825: 23824: 23815: 23797: 23796: 23795: 23786: 23769: 23768: 23767: 23758: 23741: 23740: 23739: 23730: 23713: 23712: 23711: 23702: 23685: 23684: 23683: 23681:George de Hevesy 23674: 23657: 23656: 23655: 23646: 23629: 23628: 23627: 23618: 23601: 23600: 23599: 23590: 23573: 23572: 23571: 23562: 23545: 23544: 23543: 23522: 23521: 23520: 23511: 23494: 23493: 23492: 23483: 23466: 23465: 23464: 23455: 23438: 23437: 23436: 23427: 23410: 23409: 23408: 23399: 23382: 23381: 23380: 23371: 23354: 23353: 23352: 23343: 23326: 23325: 23324: 23315: 23298: 23297: 23296: 23287: 23270: 23269: 23268: 23259: 23242: 23241: 23240: 23231: 23214: 23213: 23212: 23203: 23186: 23185: 23184: 23175: 23158: 23157: 23156: 23147: 23130: 23129: 23128: 23119: 23101: 23100: 23099: 23090: 23073: 23072: 23071: 23062: 23045: 23044: 23043: 23034: 23017: 23016: 23015: 23006: 22988: 22987: 22986: 22977: 22960: 22959: 22958: 22949: 22932: 22931: 22930: 22921: 22904: 22903: 22902: 22893: 22876: 22875: 22874: 22865: 22848: 22847: 22846: 22837: 22820: 22819: 22818: 22809: 22792: 22791: 22790: 22781: 22764: 22763: 22762: 22753: 22736: 22735: 22734: 22725: 22708: 22707: 22706: 22697: 22680: 22679: 22678: 22669: 22652: 22651: 22650: 22641: 22624: 22623: 22622: 22613: 22596: 22595: 22594: 22585: 22568: 22567: 22566: 22557: 22540: 22539: 22538: 22529: 22512: 22511: 22510: 22501: 22484: 22483: 22482: 22480:Élie Metchnikoff 22473: 22456: 22455: 22454: 22452:Dmitri Mendeleev 22445: 22428: 22427: 22426: 22417: 22400: 22399: 22398: 22389: 22372: 22371: 22370: 22361: 22344: 22343: 22342: 22333: 22316: 22315: 22314: 22305: 22288: 22287: 22286: 22277: 22260: 22259: 22258: 22249: 22231: 22230: 22229: 22220: 22202: 22201: 22200: 22191: 22174: 22173: 22172: 22170:Karl Weierstrass 22163: 22146: 22145: 22144: 22142:Edward Frankland 22135: 22118: 22117: 22116: 22107: 22090: 22089: 22088: 22079: 22062: 22061: 22060: 22051: 22034: 22033: 22032: 22023: 22006: 22005: 22004: 21995: 21978: 21977: 21976: 21967: 21950: 21949: 21948: 21939: 21922: 21921: 21920: 21911: 21894: 21893: 21892: 21883: 21865: 21864: 21863: 21854: 21837: 21836: 21835: 21826: 21809: 21808: 21807: 21798: 21780: 21779: 21778: 21769: 21752: 21751: 21750: 21741: 21724: 21723: 21722: 21713: 21696: 21695: 21694: 21685: 21668: 21667: 21666: 21657: 21640: 21639: 21638: 21629: 21612: 21611: 21610: 21601: 21584: 21583: 21582: 21573: 21556: 21555: 21554: 21545: 21528: 21527: 21526: 21524:Friedrich Wöhler 21517: 21500: 21499: 21498: 21496:Julius von Mayer 21489: 21472: 21471: 21470: 21461: 21440: 21439: 21438: 21429: 21412: 21411: 21410: 21401: 21384: 21383: 21382: 21373: 21356: 21355: 21354: 21345: 21328: 21327: 21326: 21317: 21300: 21299: 21298: 21289: 21272: 21271: 21270: 21261: 21244: 21243: 21242: 21233: 21216: 21215: 21214: 21205: 21188: 21187: 21186: 21177: 21160: 21159: 21158: 21149: 21132: 21131: 21130: 21121: 21104: 21103: 21102: 21093: 21075: 21074: 21073: 21064: 21047: 21046: 21045: 21036: 21019: 21018: 21017: 21008: 20990: 20989: 20988: 20979: 20962: 20961: 20960: 20951: 20934: 20933: 20932: 20923: 20906: 20905: 20904: 20895: 20877: 20876: 20875: 20866: 20849: 20848: 20847: 20845:John Couch Adams 20838: 20821: 20820: 20819: 20810: 20793: 20792: 20791: 20782: 20764: 20763: 20762: 20753: 20736: 20735: 20734: 20725: 20707: 20706: 20705: 20696: 20679: 20678: 20677: 20675:James MacCullagh 20668: 20651: 20650: 20649: 20640: 20614: 20613: 20612: 20603: 20597: 20580: 20579: 20578: 20569: 20543: 20542: 20541: 20532: 20526: 20500: 20499: 20498: 20489: 20483: 20458: 20457: 20456: 20447: 20430: 20429: 20428: 20419: 20402: 20401: 20400: 20391: 20368: 20344: 20343: 20342: 20333: 20327: 20310: 20309: 20308: 20299: 20276: 20253: 20230: 20204: 20203: 20202: 20193: 20176: 20175: 20174: 20165: 20141: 20140: 20139: 20130: 20124: 20107: 20106: 20105: 20096: 20078: 20077: 20076: 20067: 20050: 20049: 20048: 20046:William Buckland 20039: 20013: 20012: 20011: 20002: 19996: 19979: 19972: 19949: 19931: 19930: 19929: 19920: 19903: 19902: 19901: 19892: 19869: 19852: 19851: 19850: 19841: 19824: 19823: 19822: 19813: 19795: 19794: 19793: 19784: 19761: 19744: 19743: 19742: 19733: 19710: 19693: 19692: 19691: 19689:Edward Troughton 19682: 19664: 19663: 19662: 19653: 19635: 19634: 19633: 19624: 19607: 19606: 19605: 19596: 19579: 19578: 19577: 19568: 19551: 19550: 19549: 19547:Smithson Tennant 19540: 19523: 19522: 19521: 19519:Richard Chenevix 19512: 19495: 19494: 19493: 19484: 19467: 19466: 19465: 19456: 19439: 19438: 19437: 19416: 19415: 19414: 19405: 19383:Charles Hatchett 19379: 19378: 19377: 19368: 19362: 19339: 19322: 19321: 19320: 19311: 19294: 19293: 19292: 19283: 19266: 19265: 19264: 19262:Alessandro Volta 19255: 19232: 19215: 19214: 19213: 19204: 19182:Jean-André Deluc 19178: 19177: 19176: 19167: 19161: 19138: 19121: 19120: 19119: 19110: 19093: 19092: 19091: 19082: 19065: 19064: 19063: 19054: 19031: 19014: 19013: 19012: 19003: 18986: 18985: 18984: 18975: 18951: 18950: 18949: 18940: 18923: 18922: 18921: 18912: 18895: 18894: 18893: 18891:William Herschel 18884: 18867: 18866: 18865: 18856: 18833: 18816: 18815: 18814: 18805: 18787: 18786: 18785: 18776: 18759: 18758: 18757: 18748: 18731: 18730: 18729: 18720: 18697: 18680: 18679: 18678: 18669: 18652: 18651: 18650: 18648:Joseph Priestley 18641: 18623: 18622: 18621: 18612: 18595: 18594: 18593: 18591:William Hamilton 18584: 18566: 18565: 18564: 18555: 18538: 18537: 18536: 18527: 18510: 18509: 18508: 18499: 18464: 18463: 18462: 18453: 18430: 18413: 18412: 18411: 18402: 18379: 18356: 18333: 18316: 18315: 18314: 18305: 18288: 18287: 18286: 18277: 18260: 18259: 18258: 18249: 18232: 18231: 18230: 18221: 18198: 18181: 18180: 18179: 18170: 18153: 18152: 18151: 18142: 18121: 18120: 18119: 18110: 18088: 18071: 18070: 18069: 18060: 18043: 18042: 18041: 18032: 18015: 18014: 18013: 18004: 17987: 17986: 17985: 17976: 17959: 17958: 17957: 17948: 17931: 17930: 17929: 17920: 17903: 17902: 17901: 17892: 17875: 17874: 17873: 17864: 17846: 17845: 17844: 17842:Abraham Trembley 17835: 17818: 17817: 17816: 17807: 17790: 17789: 17788: 17779: 17762: 17761: 17760: 17758:Alexander Stuart 17751: 17734: 17733: 17732: 17723: 17705: 17704: 17703: 17694: 17677: 17676: 17675: 17666: 17649: 17648: 17647: 17638: 17615: 17598: 17597: 17596: 17587: 17564: 17547: 17546: 17545: 17536: 17519: 17518: 17517: 17508: 17481: 17480: 17477:Medal recipients 17435:Alessandro Volta 17290: 17277: 17276: 17263: 17261: 17256: 17212: 17200: 17199: 16634:== References == 15180:pr_05_jan_22.htm 15168:www.chemheritage 15097:University Press 14976:University Press 13783:University Press 13654:University Press 13354:University Press 13074:University Press 12995:University Press 12913:University Press 12749:University Press 12601:University Press 11844:University Press 11329:University Press 7552:://books.google. 7517:://books.google. 7220:University Press 3295:University Press 2847:University Press 2712:University Press 2670:name="cav1"/> 2654:name="cav1"/> 2548:University Press 2478:://books.google. 2431:://books.google. 2305:University Press 1943:=1996|publisher= 1857:=1996|publisher= 1592:University Press 1477:University Press 1362:University Press 1283:University Press 1013:University Press 202: 194: 184: 165: 160: 142: 134: 112: 93: 66: 57: 56: 54: 49: 47: 39: 36: 21: 19: 34762: 34761: 34757: 34756: 34755: 34753: 34752: 34751: 34722:1731 in science 34702: 34701: 34700: 34695: 34687: 34679: 34671: 34663: 34655: 34647: 34639: 34631: 34623: 34615: 34607: 34599: 34591: 34583: 34571: 34563: 34555: 34547: 34541:Stephen Hawking 34539: 34531: 34523: 34515: 34507: 34499: 34491: 34485: 34455: 34450: 34442: 34434: 34428:James Lighthill 34426: 34418: 34410: 34402: 34394: 34388:James D. Watson 34386: 34378: 34370: 34362: 34354: 34346: 34338: 34330: 34322: 34314: 34306: 34298: 34290: 34282: 34274: 34266: 34258: 34252:Dorothy Hodgkin 34250: 34242: 34234: 34226: 34218: 34210: 34202: 34194: 34186: 34178: 34170: 34162: 34154: 34146: 34138: 34130: 34124:Harold Jeffreys 34122: 34114: 34106: 34098: 34090: 34082: 34076:E. T. Whittaker 34074: 34066: 34058: 34050: 34042: 34036: 34006: 34001: 33993: 33985: 33977: 33969: 33961: 33953: 33945: 33939:Joseph Barcroft 33937: 33931:Robert Robinson 33929: 33921: 33913: 33905: 33897: 33889: 33881: 33873: 33865: 33857: 33849: 33843:Arthur Schuster 33841: 33833: 33825: 33817: 33809: 33801: 33795:Albert Einstein 33793: 33785: 33777: 33769: 33761: 33753: 33747:William Bayliss 33745: 33739:Hendrik Lorentz 33737: 33729: 33721: 33713: 33705: 33697: 33689: 33681: 33673: 33665: 33657: 33649: 33641: 33633: 33627:William Crookes 33625: 33617: 33609: 33601: 33593: 33587: 33557: 33552: 33544: 33536: 33530:William Huggins 33528: 33520: 33512: 33504: 33496: 33488: 33480: 33472: 33464: 33456: 33448: 33440: 33432: 33424: 33416: 33410:William Thomson 33408: 33400: 33392: 33384: 33378:Rudolf Clausius 33376: 33368: 33360: 33352: 33344: 33336: 33328: 33320: 33312: 33304: 33296: 33288: 33280: 33272: 33264: 33256: 33248: 33240: 33232: 33224: 33216: 33208: 33200: 33192: 33184: 33176: 33168: 33160: 33152: 33144: 33138: 33108: 33103: 33095: 33087: 33079: 33071: 33063: 33057:Theodor Schwann 33055: 33049:Carlo Matteucci 33047: 33039: 33031: 33023: 33011: 33003: 32997:Michael Faraday 32991: 32979: 32973:Francis Kiernan 32967: 32959: 32951: 32941:Michael Faraday 32939: 32931: 32919: 32911: 32899: 32891: 32883: 32875: 32863: 32855: 32849:Robert Seppings 32847: 32839: 32831: 32823: 32815: 32807: 32799: 32791: 32783: 32775: 32767: 32759: 32751: 32743: 32735: 32727: 32721: 32691: 32686: 32678: 32670: 32658: 32650: 32642: 32634: 32626: 32614: 32606: 32600:Charles Blagden 32598: 32590: 32582: 32574: 32568:Thomas Hutchins 32562: 32554: 32546: 32538: 32530: 32522: 32514: 32508:Nevil Maskelyne 32506: 32498: 32490: 32482: 32474: 32466: 32458: 32450: 32444:Henry Cavendish 32434: 32426: 32420:Benjamin Wilson 32418: 32410: 32402: 32394: 32386: 32378: 32370: 32362: 32354: 32346: 32340: 32310: 32305: 32297: 32289: 32281: 32273: 32267:Benjamin Robins 32265: 32257: 32249: 32241: 32233: 32225: 32217: 32209: 32201: 32193: 32185: 32177: 32169: 32161: 32153: 32147: 32117: 32112: 32096:Microsoft Award 32091:Wilkins Lecture 32076:Philips Lecture 32066:Medawar Lecture 32041:Previous awards 32036: 32032:Sylvester Medal 31980: 31948: 31942: 31937:Dorothy Hodgkin 31899: 31870:Ferrier Lecture 31853: 31807: 31802: 31764: 31762: 31753: 31750: 31745: 31738: 31734: 31725: 31723: 31714: 31713: 31709: 31700: 31698: 31689: 31688: 31684: 31675: 31673: 31664: 31663: 31659: 31650: 31648: 31639: 31638: 31634: 31625: 31623: 31614: 31613: 31609: 31600: 31598: 31589: 31588: 31584: 31575: 31573: 31564: 31563: 31559: 31550: 31548: 31539: 31538: 31534: 31525: 31523: 31514: 31513: 31509: 31499: 31497: 31484: 31483: 31479: 31470: 31468: 31459: 31458: 31454: 31445: 31443: 31434: 31432: 31425: 31416: 31414: 31401: 31400: 31396: 31387: 31385: 31372: 31371: 31367: 31358: 31356: 31343: 31342: 31338: 31329: 31327: 31318: 31317: 31313: 31304: 31302: 31289: 31288: 31284: 31274: 31272: 31259: 31258: 31254: 31244: 31237: 31235: 31215: 31214: 31210: 31200: 31193: 31191: 31171: 31170: 31166: 31157: 31155: 31146: 31145: 31141: 31132: 31130: 31121: 31120: 31116: 31107: 31105: 31092: 31091: 31087: 31078: 31076: 31069:"Hodge summary" 31067: 31066: 31062: 31052: 31045: 31043: 31023: 31022: 31018: 31008: 31001: 30999: 30979: 30978: 30974: 30965: 30963: 30954: 30953: 30949: 30940: 30938: 30929: 30928: 30924: 30915: 30913: 30904: 30903: 30899: 30890: 30888: 30879: 30878: 30874: 30864: 30857: 30855: 30828: 30824: 30815: 30813: 30804: 30803: 30799: 30790: 30788: 30779: 30778: 30774: 30764: 30757: 30755: 30733: 30729: 30719: 30712: 30710: 30690: 30689: 30685: 30675: 30668: 30666: 30646: 30645: 30641: 30606: 30605: 30601: 30591: 30584: 30582: 30562: 30561: 30557: 30548: 30546: 30539:"Hardy summary" 30537: 30536: 30532: 30522: 30515: 30513: 30493: 30492: 30488: 30479: 30477: 30464: 30463: 30459: 30450: 30448: 30439: 30438: 30434: 30425: 30423: 30378: 30374: 30365: 30363: 30354: 30353: 30349: 30340: 30338: 30333: 30332: 30328: 30291: 30290: 30286: 30277: 30275: 30266: 30265: 30261: 30252: 30250: 30241: 30240: 30236: 30227: 30225: 30216: 30215: 30211: 30176: 30175: 30171: 30162: 30160: 30151: 30150: 30146: 30136: 30129: 30127: 30107: 30106: 30102: 30072: 30071: 30067: 30058: 30056: 30043: 30042: 30038: 30001: 29997: 29988: 29986: 29977: 29976: 29972: 29963: 29961: 29952: 29951: 29947: 29938: 29936: 29927: 29926: 29922: 29912: 29905: 29903: 29883: 29882: 29878: 29869: 29867: 29858: 29857: 29853: 29844: 29842: 29833: 29832: 29828: 29819: 29817: 29813: 29806: 29802: 29801: 29797: 29788: 29786: 29777: 29776: 29772: 29763: 29761: 29757: 29750: 29746: 29745: 29741: 29732: 29730: 29723:"Klein summary" 29721: 29720: 29716: 29707: 29705: 29696: 29695: 29636: 29627: 29625: 29618:"Gibbs summary" 29616: 29615: 29611: 29602: 29600: 29591: 29590: 29586: 29577: 29575: 29566: 29565: 29561: 29552: 29550: 29537: 29536: 29532: 29523: 29521: 29512: 29511: 29507: 29498: 29496: 29487: 29486: 29482: 29473: 29471: 29462: 29461: 29457: 29448: 29446: 29437: 29436: 29432: 29423: 29421: 29412: 29411: 29407: 29398: 29396: 29387: 29386: 29382: 29373: 29371: 29362: 29361: 29357: 29348: 29346: 29337: 29336: 29332: 29323: 29321: 29317: 29306: 29302: 29301: 29297: 29285: 29283: 29273: 29272: 29268: 29259: 29257: 29248: 29247: 29243: 29234: 29232: 29223: 29222: 29218: 29209: 29207: 29198: 29197: 29193: 29184: 29182: 29181:on May 12, 2008 29173: 29172: 29168: 29159: 29157: 29153: 29142: 29138: 29137: 29133: 29124: 29122: 29115:"Weber summary" 29113: 29112: 29108: 29099: 29097: 29090:Yale University 29084: 29083: 29079: 29070: 29068: 29055: 29054: 29050: 29041: 29039: 29032: 29006: 29005: 29001: 28992: 28990: 28983:"Adams summary" 28981: 28980: 28976: 28967: 28965: 28956: 28955: 28951: 28942: 28940: 28938: 28918: 28914: 28905: 28903: 28894: 28893: 28889: 28880: 28878: 28871:"Ohm biography" 28869: 28868: 28864: 28855: 28853: 28846:"Sturm summary" 28844: 28843: 28839: 28830: 28828: 28826: 28806: 28802: 28792: 28785: 28783: 28763: 28762: 28758: 28749: 28747: 28736:"Gauss summary" 28734: 28733: 28729: 28720: 28718: 28711:Chambers Harrap 28705: 28704: 28700: 28691: 28689: 28680: 28679: 28675: 28666: 28664: 28655: 28654: 28650: 28641: 28639: 28630: 28629: 28625: 28613: 28611: 28601: 28600: 28596: 28587: 28585: 28584:on June 4, 2008 28576: 28575: 28571: 28562: 28560: 28553:"Arago summary" 28551: 28550: 28546: 28537: 28535: 28526: 28525: 28521: 28512: 28510: 28497: 28496: 28492: 28483: 28481: 28472: 28471: 28464: 28457: 28431: 28427: 28418: 28416: 28407: 28406: 28402: 28393: 28391: 28382: 28381: 28377: 28368: 28366: 28359:"Ivory summary" 28357: 28356: 28352: 28315: 28311: 28302: 28300: 28291: 28290: 28286: 28277: 28275: 28260: 28256: 28247: 28245: 28236: 28235: 28182: 28173: 28171: 28160: 28156: 28147: 28145: 28134: 28130: 28121: 28119: 28106: 28105: 28101: 28092: 28090: 28081: 28080: 28076: 28067: 28065: 28061: 28054: 28048: 28044: 28035: 28033: 28020: 28019: 28015: 28005: 27998: 27996: 27974: 27970: 27961: 27959: 27950: 27949: 27945: 27936: 27934: 27925: 27924: 27920: 27910: 27903: 27901: 27881: 27880: 27876: 27866: 27864: 27851: 27850: 27843: 27833: 27826: 27824: 27804: 27803: 27799: 27789: 27782: 27780: 27760: 27759: 27755: 27746: 27744: 27735: 27734: 27730: 27721: 27719: 27710: 27709: 27705: 27696: 27694: 27685: 27684: 27680: 27671: 27669: 27656: 27655: 27651: 27642: 27640: 27627: 27626: 27617: 27608: 27606: 27572: 27568: 27559: 27557: 27548: 27547: 27543: 27534: 27532: 27519: 27518: 27511: 27502: 27500: 27491: 27490: 27486: 27477: 27475: 27466: 27465: 27461: 27452: 27450: 27408: 27404: 27395: 27393: 27389: 27362: 27356: 27352: 27343: 27341: 27307: 27303: 27293: 27286: 27284: 27264: 27263: 27259: 27250: 27248: 27235: 27234: 27230: 27221: 27219: 27206: 27205: 27201: 27191: 27184: 27182: 27162: 27161: 27157: 27148: 27146: 27137: 27136: 27132: 27122: 27115: 27113: 27093: 27092: 27088: 27078: 27071: 27069: 27049: 27048: 27044: 27035: 27033: 27031: 27013: 27012: 27008: 26999: 26997: 26988: 26987: 26983: 26973: 26966: 26964: 26944: 26943: 26939: 26927: 26920: 26911: 26909: 26896: 26895: 26891: 26879: 26875: 26866: 26864: 26851: 26850: 26846: 26837: 26835: 26833: 26806: 26799: 26790: 26788: 26779: 26778: 26774: 26764: 26757: 26755: 26733: 26729: 26719: 26712: 26710: 26690: 26689: 26685: 26675: 26668: 26666: 26646: 26645: 26641: 26631: 26624: 26622: 26602: 26601: 26597: 26587: 26580: 26578: 26558: 26557: 26553: 26543: 26536: 26534: 26512: 26508: 26498: 26491: 26489: 26469: 26468: 26459: 26449: 26442: 26440: 26418: 26411: 26398: 26396: 26383: 26382: 26378: 26368: 26366: 26353: 26352: 26348: 26317: 26313: 26304: 26302: 26298: 26267: 26261: 26250: 26241: 26239: 26226: 26225: 26216: 26185: 26168: 26158: 26156: 26139: 26130: 26065: 26061: 26024: 26020: 26010: 26008: 25995: 25994: 25990: 25980: 25978: 25965: 25964: 25960: 25950: 25948: 25935: 25934: 25927: 25917: 25915: 25902: 25901: 25892: 25882: 25880: 25876: 25865: 25861: 25860: 25851: 25847: 25815: 25795: 25794: 25767: 25766: 25719: 25718: 25691: 25690: 25663: 25662: 25635: 25634: 25607: 25606: 25579: 25578: 25551: 25550: 25523: 25522: 25494: 25493: 25466: 25465: 25437: 25436: 25409: 25408: 25384: 25383: 25355: 25354: 25326: 25325: 25297: 25296: 25271:Stephen Hawking 25269: 25268: 25240: 25239: 25212: 25211: 25183: 25182: 25155: 25154: 25126: 25125: 25105: 25093: 25092: 25065: 25064: 25039:James Lighthill 25037: 25036: 25013: 25012: 24985: 24984: 24956: 24955: 24932: 24931: 24909: 24908: 24881: 24880: 24852: 24851: 24824: 24823: 24795: 24794: 24767: 24766: 24738: 24737: 24714: 24713: 24685: 24684: 24657: 24656: 24628: 24627: 24600: 24599: 24572: 24571: 24549: 24548: 24521: 24520: 24493: 24492: 24465: 24464: 24445: 24435:Dorothy Hodgkin 24433: 24432: 24405: 24404: 24377: 24376: 24348: 24347: 24320: 24319: 24296: 24295: 24268: 24267: 24240: 24239: 24211: 24210: 24182: 24181: 24154: 24153: 24125: 24124: 24097: 24096: 24068: 24067: 24040: 24039: 24012: 24011: 23986:Harold Jeffreys 23984: 23983: 23961: 23960: 23933: 23932: 23905: 23904: 23876: 23875: 23848: 23847: 23822:E. T. Whittaker 23820: 23819: 23791: 23790: 23763: 23762: 23735: 23734: 23707: 23706: 23679: 23678: 23651: 23650: 23623: 23622: 23595: 23594: 23567: 23566: 23539: 23538: 23518:Joseph Barcroft 23516: 23515: 23490:Robert Robinson 23488: 23487: 23460: 23459: 23432: 23431: 23404: 23403: 23376: 23375: 23348: 23347: 23320: 23319: 23292: 23291: 23264: 23263: 23236: 23235: 23208: 23207: 23182:Arthur Schuster 23180: 23179: 23152: 23151: 23124: 23123: 23095: 23094: 23067: 23066: 23039: 23038: 23013:Albert Einstein 23011: 23010: 22982: 22981: 22954: 22953: 22926: 22925: 22898: 22897: 22870: 22869: 22844:William Bayliss 22842: 22841: 22816:Hendrik Lorentz 22814: 22813: 22786: 22785: 22758: 22757: 22730: 22729: 22702: 22701: 22674: 22673: 22646: 22645: 22618: 22617: 22590: 22589: 22562: 22561: 22534: 22533: 22506: 22505: 22478: 22477: 22450: 22449: 22424:William Crookes 22422: 22421: 22394: 22393: 22366: 22365: 22338: 22337: 22310: 22309: 22282: 22281: 22256:William Huggins 22254: 22253: 22225: 22224: 22196: 22195: 22168: 22167: 22140: 22139: 22112: 22111: 22084: 22083: 22056: 22055: 22028: 22027: 22000: 21999: 21972: 21971: 21944: 21943: 21916: 21915: 21888: 21887: 21859: 21858: 21833:William Thomson 21831: 21830: 21803: 21802: 21774: 21773: 21746: 21745: 21720:Rudolf Clausius 21718: 21717: 21690: 21689: 21662: 21661: 21634: 21633: 21606: 21605: 21578: 21577: 21550: 21549: 21522: 21521: 21494: 21493: 21466: 21465: 21434: 21433: 21406: 21405: 21378: 21377: 21350: 21349: 21322: 21321: 21294: 21293: 21266: 21265: 21238: 21237: 21210: 21209: 21182: 21181: 21154: 21153: 21126: 21125: 21098: 21097: 21069: 21068: 21041: 21040: 21013: 21012: 20984: 20983: 20956: 20955: 20928: 20927: 20900: 20899: 20871: 20870: 20843: 20842: 20815: 20814: 20787: 20786: 20760:Theodor Schwann 20758: 20757: 20732:Carlo Matteucci 20730: 20729: 20701: 20700: 20673: 20672: 20645: 20644: 20608: 20607: 20598: 20574: 20573: 20547:Michael Faraday 20537: 20536: 20527: 20494: 20493: 20484: 20461:Francis Kiernan 20452: 20451: 20424: 20423: 20396: 20395: 20340:Michael Faraday 20338: 20337: 20328: 20304: 20303: 20198: 20197: 20170: 20169: 20135: 20134: 20125: 20101: 20100: 20072: 20071: 20044: 20043: 20007: 20006: 19997: 19927:Robert Seppings 19925: 19924: 19897: 19896: 19846: 19845: 19818: 19817: 19789: 19788: 19738: 19737: 19687: 19686: 19658: 19657: 19629: 19628: 19601: 19600: 19573: 19572: 19545: 19544: 19517: 19516: 19489: 19488: 19461: 19460: 19433: 19432: 19410: 19409: 19373: 19372: 19363: 19316: 19315: 19288: 19287: 19260: 19259: 19209: 19208: 19172: 19171: 19162: 19115: 19114: 19089:Charles Blagden 19087: 19086: 19059: 19058: 19008: 19007: 18980: 18979: 18954:Thomas Hutchins 18945: 18944: 18917: 18916: 18889: 18888: 18861: 18860: 18810: 18809: 18781: 18780: 18753: 18752: 18727:Nevil Maskelyne 18725: 18724: 18674: 18673: 18646: 18645: 18617: 18616: 18589: 18588: 18560: 18559: 18532: 18531: 18504: 18503: 18474:Henry Cavendish 18458: 18457: 18407: 18406: 18312:Benjamin Wilson 18310: 18309: 18282: 18281: 18254: 18253: 18226: 18225: 18175: 18174: 18147: 18146: 18115: 18114: 18065: 18064: 18037: 18036: 18009: 18008: 17981: 17980: 17953: 17952: 17927:Benjamin Robins 17925: 17924: 17897: 17896: 17869: 17868: 17840: 17839: 17812: 17811: 17784: 17783: 17756: 17755: 17728: 17727: 17699: 17698: 17671: 17670: 17643: 17642: 17592: 17591: 17541: 17540: 17513: 17512: 17479: 17451: 17378: 17366:Dorothy Hodgkin 17318: 17293: 17272: 17271: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17219: 17198: 17193: 17180: 17169: 17158: 17147: 17136: 17125: 17114: 17103: 17092: 17081: 17070: 17059: 17050: 17039: 17032: 17021: 17012: 16999: 16990: 16977: 16968: 16955: 16946: 16933: 16924: 16911: 16902: 16891: 16886: 16879: 16868: 16857: 16846: 16835: 16824: 16811: 16802: 16789: 16780: 16767: 16758: 16747: 16742: 16735: 16724: 16711: 16702: 16691: 16686: 16677: 16666: 16657: 16644: 16635: 16624: 16619: 16610: 16599: 16590: 16577: 16568: 16555: 16546: 16533: 16524: 16511: 16502: 16491: 16489: 16480: 16478: 16467: 16462: 16455: 16448: 16439: 16432: 16423: 16412: 16401: 16390: 16379: 16368: 16357: 16346: 16335: 16324: 16313: 16302: 16291: 16280: 16269: 16258: 16247: 16236: 16225: 16214: 16203: 16192: 16181: 16170: 16159: 16148: 16137: 16126: 16115: 16104: 16093: 16082: 16071: 16060: 16049: 16038: 16036: 16032: 16029: 16020: 16018: 16008: 16001: 15992: 15990: 15986: 15977: 15975: 15965: 15958: 15949: 15947: 15938: 15936: 15926: 15919: 15910: 15908: 15904: 15895: 15886: 15879: 15870: 15868: 15864: 15860: 15856: 15847: 15845: 15841: 15830: 15823: 15814: 15812: 15803: 15794: 15787: 15778: 15776: 15772: 15768: 15764: 15760: 15751: 15749: 15745: 15741: 15737: 15733: 15722: 15715: 15706: 15704: 15695: 15686: 15679: 15670: 15669: 15665: 15661: 15657: 15648: 15646: 15635: 15628: 15619: 15617: 15613: 15609: 15605: 15596: 15594: 15590: 15587: 15583: 15573: 15566: 15557: 15555: 15551: 15546: 15542: 15538: 15529: 15527: 15522: 15518: 15507: 15500: 15491: 15489: 15480: 15478: 15468: 15461: 15452: 15450: 15446: 15442: 15433: 15431: 15426: 15416: 15409: 15400: 15398: 15389: 15387: 15377: 15370: 15361: 15358: 15354: 15345: 15343: 15332: 15325: 15316: 15314: 15310: 15306: 15302: 15298: 15295: 15292: 15288: 15284: 15281: 15278: 15275: 15272: 15269: 15266: 15262: 15258: 15254: 15250: 15246: 15242: 15233: 15231: 15227: 15223: 15219: 15215: 15211: 15207: 15204: 15201: 15198: 15195: 15192: 15189: 15185: 15181: 15177: 15173: 15169: 15165: 15162: 15151: 15144: 15135: 15133: 15129: 15125: 15121: 15117: 15113: 15104: 15102: 15098: 15095: 15091: 15087: 15083: 15079: 15069: 15062: 15053: 15051: 15042: 15040: 15030: 15023: 15014: 15012: 15008: 15004: 15000: 14996: 14992: 14983: 14981: 14977: 14974: 14970: 14966: 14962: 14958: 14948: 14941: 14932: 14930: 14926: 14917: 14914: 14911: 14900: 14893: 14884: 14882: 14878: 14874: 14865: 14863: 14852: 14845: 14836: 14834: 14830: 14826: 14822: 14813: 14811: 14807: 14803: 14792: 14785: 14776: 14775: 14771: 14767: 14758: 14756: 14745: 14738: 14729: 14728: 14724: 14715: 14713: 14703: 14696: 14687: 14685: 14681: 14677: 14668: 14666: 14662: 14652: 14645: 14636: 14634: 14630: 14621: 14612: 14605: 14596: 14594: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14573: 14571: 14567: 14563: 14553: 14546: 14537: 14535: 14531: 14522: 14520: 14510: 14503: 14494: 14492: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14477:Harold Richard 14467: 14460: 14451: 14449: 14440: 14431: 14424: 14415: 14413: 14404: 14402: 14392: 14385: 14376: 14374: 14365: 14363: 14353: 14346: 14337: 14335: 14331: 14322: 14320: 14316: 14305: 14298: 14289: 14287: 14278: 14269: 14262: 14253: 14251: 14247: 14243: 14234: 14232: 14228: 14218: 14211: 14202: 14200: 14191: 14189: 14179: 14172: 14163: 14161: 14157: 14148: 14139: 14132: 14123: 14121: 14112: 14103: 14096: 14087: 14085: 14081: 14077: 14068: 14066: 14055: 14048: 14039: 14037: 14028: 14019: 14012: 14003: 14001: 13997: 13988: 13986: 13975: 13968: 13959: 13957: 13948: 13946: 13936: 13929: 13920: 13918: 13914: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13889: 13882: 13873: 13871: 13867: 13858: 13856: 13845: 13838: 13829: 13827: 13823: 13819: 13815: 13811: 13807: 13803: 13799: 13790: 13788: 13784: 13781: 13777: 13773: 13769: 13765: 13761: 13758: 13747: 13740: 13731: 13729: 13720: 13718: 13708: 13701: 13692: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13661: 13659: 13655: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13640: 13636: 13626: 13619: 13610: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13591: 13590: 13586: 13575: 13568: 13559: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13540: 13538: 13534: 13524: 13517: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13498: 13494: 13485: 13483: 13479: 13474: 13464: 13457: 13448: 13446: 13442: 13438: 13429: 13427: 13422: 13412: 13405: 13396: 13394: 13390: 13386: 13382: 13378: 13374: 13370: 13361: 13359: 13355: 13352: 13348: 13344: 13340: 13336: 13326: 13319: 13310: 13308: 13304: 13295: 13293: 13283: 13276: 13267: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13248: 13246: 13242: 13232: 13225: 13216: 13214: 13210: 13205: 13202: 13198: 13189: 13187: 13182: 13171: 13164: 13155: 13153: 13144: 13142: 13132: 13125: 13116: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13081: 13079: 13075: 13072: 13068: 13064: 13060: 13049: 13042: 13033: 13031: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13002: 13000: 12996: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12967: 12960: 12951: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12920: 12918: 12914: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12899: 12888: 12881: 12872: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12853: 12849: 12840: 12838: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12822: 12818: 12814: 12803: 12796: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12756: 12754: 12750: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12720: 12713: 12704: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12691: 12687: 12676: 12674: 12670: 12659: 12652: 12643: 12641: 12637: 12633: 12629: 12625: 12621: 12617: 12608: 12606: 12602: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12572: 12565: 12556: 12554: 12550: 12546: 12537: 12535: 12531: 12520: 12513: 12504: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12491: 12487: 12478: 12476: 12472: 12471:Geoffrey Ingram 12461: 12454: 12445: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12414: 12412: 12408: 12405: 12401: 12391: 12384: 12375: 12373: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12360:organic chemist 12357: 12348: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12327: 12320: 12311: 12309: 12305: 12301: 12298: 12295: 12292: 12283: 12281: 12270: 12263: 12254: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12227: 12225: 12221: 12217: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12194: 12187: 12178: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12155: 12153: 12149: 12138: 12131: 12122: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12103: 12101: 12090: 12083: 12074: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12030: 12023: 12014: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11987: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11954: 11947: 11938: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11915: 11913: 11909: 11898: 11891: 11882: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11851: 11849: 11845: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11819: 11812: 11803: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11780: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11759: 11752: 11743: 11741: 11737: 11733: 11730: 11727: 11724: 11715: 11713: 11702: 11695: 11686: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11639: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11616:Arthur Schuster 11614: 11610: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11587: 11580: 11571: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11548: 11546: 11542: 11531: 11524: 11515: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11496: 11494: 11483: 11476: 11467: 11465: 11456: 11447: 11440: 11431: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11404: 11402: 11398: 11387: 11380: 11371: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11336: 11334: 11330: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11304: 11297: 11288: 11286: 11277: 11268: 11261: 11252: 11250: 11241: 11232: 11225: 11216: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11197: 11195: 11184: 11177: 11168: 11166: 11157: 11148: 11141: 11132: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11113: 11111: 11100: 11093: 11084: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11065: 11063: 11059: 11048: 11041: 11032: 11030: 11021: 11012: 11005: 10996: 10994: 10985: 10976: 10969: 10960: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10920: 10913: 10904: 10902: 10893: 10891: 10880: 10873: 10864: 10862: 10853: 10844: 10837: 10828: 10826: 10822: 10813: 10811: 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8891: 8887: 8878: 8876: 8865: 8858: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8834: 8832: 8828: 8817: 8810: 8801: 8799: 8790: 8781: 8774: 8765: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8742: 8740: 8729: 8722: 8713: 8711: 8702: 8693: 8686: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8662: 8660: 8649: 8642: 8633: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8614: 8612: 8601: 8594: 8585: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8566: 8564: 8553: 8546: 8537: 8535: 8526: 8517: 8510: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8473: 8471: 8460: 8453: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8416: 8414: 8410: 8399: 8392: 8383: 8381: 8372: 8363: 8356: 8347: 8345: 8336: 8327: 8320: 8311: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8296: 8287: 8285: 8280: 8278:|Wilhelm Eduard 8277: 8266: 8259: 8250: 8248: 8239: 8230: 8223: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8199: 8197: 8186: 8179: 8170: 8168: 8159: 8150: 8143: 8134: 8132: 8123: 8114: 8107: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8079: 8077: 8066: 8059: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8030: 8023: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7930: 7923: 7914: 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1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905:Christa|author1 1902: 1898: 1897:Cavendish|last1 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1777: 1770: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1742: 1740: 1729: 1722: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1646: 1639: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1567: 1560: 1551: 1549: 1540: 1531: 1524: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1452: 1445: 1436: 1434: 1425: 1416: 1409: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1337: 1330: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1258: 1251: 1242: 1240: 1231: 1222: 1215: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1171: 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34750: 34749: 34744: 34742:Physics awards 34739: 34737:Biology awards 34734: 34729: 34724: 34719: 34714: 34697: 34696: 34694: 34693: 34685: 34677: 34669: 34661: 34653: 34645: 34637: 34629: 34621: 34613: 34605: 34597: 34593:John E. Walker 34589: 34581: 34569: 34561: 34553: 34545: 34537: 34529: 34521: 34513: 34505: 34501:Jacques Miller 34496: 34493: 34492: 34490:(2001–present) 34484: 34483: 34476: 34469: 34461: 34452: 34451: 34449: 34448: 34444:Alan Battersby 34440: 34432: 34424: 34416: 34408: 34400: 34392: 34384: 34376: 34372:Sydney Brenner 34368: 34360: 34356:César Milstein 34352: 34348:Michael Atiyah 34344: 34336: 34332:Rudolf Peierls 34328: 34320: 34312: 34304: 34300:John Cornforth 34296: 34288: 34280: 34272: 34264: 34256: 34248: 34240: 34236:W. V. D. Hodge 34232: 34224: 34216: 34208: 34200: 34192: 34184: 34176: 34172:Lawrence Bragg 34168: 34160: 34156:Sydney Chapman 34152: 34144: 34136: 34128: 34120: 34112: 34104: 34096: 34088: 34080: 34072: 34068:Albert Kluyver 34064: 34056: 34047: 34044: 34043: 34035: 34034: 34027: 34020: 34012: 34003: 34002: 34000: 33999: 33995:James Chadwick 33991: 33983: 33979:Archibald Hill 33975: 33967: 33959: 33951: 33943: 33935: 33927: 33919: 33911: 33903: 33895: 33887: 33879: 33871: 33863: 33859:Theobald Smith 33855: 33847: 33839: 33831: 33823: 33815: 33807: 33799: 33791: 33783: 33775: 33767: 33759: 33751: 33743: 33735: 33727: 33719: 33711: 33703: 33695: 33687: 33679: 33675:Francis Galton 33671: 33663: 33655: 33647: 33639: 33631: 33623: 33615: 33607: 33598: 33595: 33594: 33586: 33585: 33578: 33571: 33563: 33554: 33553: 33551: 33550: 33542: 33534: 33526: 33518: 33514:Carl Gegenbaur 33510: 33502: 33494: 33486: 33482:Rudolf Virchow 33478: 33470: 33462: 33454: 33446: 33438: 33430: 33422: 33414: 33406: 33398: 33390: 33382: 33374: 33366: 33358: 33354:Claude Bernard 33350: 33342: 33334: 33326: 33318: 33310: 33302: 33294: 33286: 33278: 33274:Julius Plücker 33270: 33266:Michel Chasles 33262: 33258:Charles Darwin 33254: 33246: 33238: 33230: 33222: 33214: 33206: 33198: 33190: 33182: 33174: 33166: 33158: 33149: 33146: 33145: 33137: 33136: 33129: 33122: 33114: 33105: 33104: 33102: 33101: 33093: 33085: 33077: 33069: 33061: 33053: 33045: 33037: 33029: 33021: 33009: 33001: 32989: 32977: 32965: 32957: 32949: 32937: 32929: 32917: 32909: 32901:François Arago 32897: 32889: 32881: 32873: 32861: 32853: 32845: 32837: 32833:David Brewster 32829: 32821: 32813: 32805: 32797: 32789: 32781: 32773: 32765: 32757: 32749: 32741: 32732: 32729: 32728: 32720: 32719: 32712: 32705: 32697: 32688: 32687: 32685: 32684: 32676: 32668: 32656: 32648: 32640: 32632: 32624: 32612: 32608:William Morgan 32604: 32596: 32588: 32580: 32572: 32564:John Goodricke 32560: 32556:Richard Kirwan 32552: 32544: 32536: 32532:Charles Hutton 32528: 32520: 32512: 32504: 32496: 32488: 32480: 32472: 32468:William Hewson 32464: 32456: 32448: 32440:Edward Delaval 32432: 32424: 32416: 32408: 32400: 32392: 32384: 32376: 32368: 32360: 32351: 32348: 32347: 32339: 32338: 32331: 32324: 32316: 32307: 32306: 32304: 32303: 32299:George Edwards 32295: 32287: 32279: 32271: 32263: 32259:William Watson 32255: 32247: 32239: 32231: 32223: 32215: 32211:Stephen Hales 32207: 32199: 32191: 32183: 32175: 32167: 32158: 32155: 32154: 32146: 32145: 32138: 32131: 32123: 32114: 32113: 32111: 32110: 32107: 32104: 32101: 32098: 32093: 32088: 32083: 32078: 32073: 32068: 32063: 32058: 32056:Florey Lecture 32053: 32050: 32048:Bernal Lecture 32044: 32042: 32038: 32037: 32035: 32034: 32029: 32024: 32019: 32014: 32009: 32004: 32002:Buchanan Medal 31999: 31994: 31988: 31986: 31982: 31981: 31979: 31978: 31973: 31971:Croonian Medal 31968: 31966:Bakerian Medal 31963: 31952: 31950: 31944: 31943: 31941: 31940: 31934: 31931: 31928: 31925: 31920:Royal Society 31918: 31913: 31907: 31905: 31901: 31900: 31898: 31897: 31892: 31887: 31882: 31877: 31872: 31867: 31861: 31859: 31858:Prize lectures 31855: 31854: 31852: 31851: 31846: 31841: 31836: 31831: 31826: 31821: 31815: 31813: 31809: 31808: 31801: 31800: 31793: 31786: 31778: 31772: 31771: 31749: 31748:External links 31746: 31744: 31743: 31732: 31707: 31682: 31657: 31632: 31607: 31582: 31566:"Andrew Wiles" 31557: 31532: 31507: 31496:on 16 May 2015 31477: 31452: 31423: 31394: 31365: 31336: 31311: 31282: 31261:"Copley Medal" 31252: 31208: 31164: 31139: 31114: 31085: 31060: 31016: 30972: 30947: 30922: 30897: 30872: 30822: 30797: 30772: 30727: 30683: 30639: 30599: 30555: 30530: 30486: 30457: 30432: 30372: 30347: 30335:"Thomas Lewis" 30326: 30284: 30259: 30234: 30209: 30169: 30144: 30100: 30065: 30036: 30030:10.1086/143618 29995: 29970: 29945: 29920: 29876: 29860:"Lamb summary" 29851: 29826: 29795: 29770: 29739: 29714: 29634: 29609: 29584: 29559: 29530: 29505: 29480: 29455: 29430: 29405: 29380: 29355: 29330: 29295: 29266: 29241: 29216: 29191: 29166: 29131: 29106: 29077: 29048: 29030: 28999: 28974: 28949: 28936: 28912: 28887: 28862: 28837: 28824: 28800: 28756: 28727: 28698: 28673: 28648: 28632:"Airy summary" 28623: 28594: 28569: 28544: 28519: 28490: 28462: 28455: 28425: 28400: 28375: 28350: 28309: 28284: 28254: 28180: 28162:Griffith, WP. 28154: 28136:Griffith, WP. 28128: 28099: 28074: 28050:Sears, Derek. 28042: 28013: 27968: 27943: 27918: 27874: 27841: 27797: 27753: 27728: 27703: 27678: 27649: 27615: 27566: 27541: 27509: 27484: 27459: 27402: 27350: 27301: 27257: 27228: 27199: 27155: 27130: 27086: 27042: 27029: 27006: 26981: 26937: 26918: 26889: 26873: 26844: 26831: 26797: 26772: 26727: 26683: 26639: 26595: 26551: 26506: 26457: 26409: 26376: 26359:Yorkshire Post 26346: 26311: 26278:(2): 284–316. 26248: 26228:"Copley Medal" 26214: 26166: 26153:MeasuringWorth 26128: 26059: 26038:(2): 125–139. 26018: 25988: 25958: 25925: 25904:"Copley Medal" 25890: 25848: 25846: 25843: 25842: 25841: 25836: 25831: 25826: 25821: 25814: 25811: 25808: 25807: 25805: 25802: 25791: 25784: 25780: 25779: 25777: 25774: 25763: 25756: 25752: 25751: 25749: 25746: 25743: 25736: 25732: 25731: 25729: 25726: 25715: 25708: 25704: 25703: 25701: 25698: 25687: 25680: 25676: 25675: 25673: 25670: 25659: 25652: 25648: 25647: 25645: 25642: 25631: 25624: 25620: 25619: 25617: 25614: 25603: 25596: 25592: 25591: 25589: 25586: 25575: 25568: 25564: 25563: 25561: 25558: 25547: 25540: 25536: 25535: 25533: 25530: 25519: 25512: 25508: 25507: 25504: 25501: 25490: 25483: 25479: 25478: 25476: 25473: 25462: 25455: 25451: 25450: 25447: 25444: 25433: 25426: 25422: 25421: 25419: 25416: 25405: 25397: 25396: 25394: 25391: 25380: 25373: 25369: 25368: 25365: 25362: 25351: 25344: 25340: 25339: 25336: 25333: 25322: 25315: 25311: 25310: 25307: 25304: 25293: 25286: 25282: 25281: 25279: 25276: 25265: 25258: 25254: 25253: 25250: 25247: 25236: 25229: 25225: 25224: 25222: 25219: 25208: 25201: 25197: 25196: 25193: 25190: 25179: 25172: 25168: 25167: 25165: 25162: 25151: 25144: 25140: 25139: 25136: 25133: 25128:Jacques Miller 25122: 25115: 25111: 25110: 25107: 25103: 25100: 25089: 25082: 25078: 25077: 25075: 25072: 25061: 25054: 25050: 25049: 25047: 25044: 25033: 25031: 25027: 25026: 25023: 25020: 25009: 25002: 24998: 24997: 24995: 24992: 24981: 24974: 24970: 24969: 24966: 24963: 24952: 24950: 24946: 24945: 24942: 24939: 24928: 24926: 24922: 24921: 24919: 24916: 24905: 24898: 24894: 24893: 24891: 24888: 24877: 24870: 24866: 24865: 24862: 24859: 24854:Sydney Brenner 24848: 24841: 24837: 24836: 24834: 24831: 24820: 24813: 24809: 24808: 24805: 24802: 24797:César Milstein 24791: 24784: 24780: 24779: 24777: 24774: 24769:Michael Atiyah 24763: 24756: 24752: 24751: 24748: 24745: 24734: 24732: 24728: 24727: 24724: 24721: 24716:Rudolf Peierls 24710: 24703: 24699: 24698: 24695: 24692: 24681: 24674: 24670: 24669: 24667: 24664: 24653: 24646: 24642: 24641: 24638: 24635: 24624: 24617: 24613: 24612: 24610: 24607: 24602:John Cornforth 24596: 24589: 24585: 24584: 24582: 24579: 24568: 24566: 24562: 24561: 24559: 24556: 24545: 24538: 24534: 24533: 24531: 24528: 24517: 24510: 24506: 24505: 24503: 24500: 24489: 24482: 24478: 24477: 24475: 24472: 24461: 24454: 24450: 24449: 24447: 24443: 24440: 24429: 24422: 24418: 24417: 24415: 24412: 24401: 24394: 24390: 24389: 24387: 24384: 24379:W. V. D. Hodge 24373: 24366: 24362: 24361: 24358: 24355: 24344: 24337: 24333: 24332: 24330: 24327: 24316: 24314: 24310: 24309: 24306: 24303: 24292: 24285: 24281: 24280: 24278: 24275: 24264: 24257: 24253: 24252: 24250: 24247: 24236: 24229: 24225: 24224: 24221: 24218: 24207: 24200: 24196: 24195: 24192: 24189: 24178: 24171: 24167: 24166: 24164: 24161: 24150: 24143: 24139: 24138: 24135: 24132: 24121: 24114: 24110: 24109: 24107: 24104: 24099:Sydney Chapman 24093: 24086: 24082: 24081: 24078: 24075: 24064: 24057: 24053: 24052: 24050: 24047: 24036: 24029: 24025: 24024: 24022: 24019: 24008: 24001: 23997: 23996: 23994: 23991: 23980: 23978: 23974: 23973: 23971: 23968: 23957: 23950: 23946: 23945: 23943: 23940: 23929: 23922: 23918: 23917: 23915: 23912: 23901: 23894: 23890: 23889: 23886: 23883: 23872: 23865: 23861: 23860: 23858: 23855: 23844: 23837: 23833: 23832: 23830: 23827: 23816: 23809: 23805: 23804: 23801: 23798: 23793:Albert Kluyver 23787: 23780: 23776: 23775: 23773: 23770: 23759: 23752: 23748: 23747: 23745: 23742: 23731: 23724: 23720: 23719: 23717: 23714: 23709:James Chadwick 23703: 23696: 23692: 23691: 23689: 23686: 23675: 23668: 23664: 23663: 23661: 23658: 23653:Archibald Hill 23647: 23640: 23636: 23635: 23633: 23630: 23619: 23612: 23608: 23607: 23605: 23602: 23591: 23584: 23580: 23579: 23577: 23574: 23563: 23556: 23552: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23535: 23533: 23529: 23528: 23526: 23523: 23512: 23505: 23501: 23500: 23498: 23495: 23484: 23477: 23473: 23472: 23470: 23467: 23456: 23449: 23445: 23444: 23442: 23439: 23428: 23421: 23417: 23416: 23414: 23411: 23400: 23393: 23389: 23388: 23386: 23383: 23372: 23365: 23361: 23360: 23358: 23355: 23344: 23337: 23333: 23332: 23330: 23327: 23316: 23309: 23305: 23304: 23302: 23299: 23288: 23281: 23277: 23276: 23274: 23271: 23260: 23253: 23249: 23248: 23246: 23243: 23238:Theobald Smith 23232: 23225: 23221: 23220: 23218: 23215: 23204: 23197: 23193: 23192: 23190: 23187: 23176: 23169: 23165: 23164: 23162: 23159: 23148: 23141: 23137: 23136: 23134: 23131: 23120: 23113: 23109: 23108: 23105: 23102: 23091: 23084: 23080: 23079: 23077: 23074: 23063: 23056: 23052: 23051: 23049: 23046: 23035: 23028: 23024: 23023: 23021: 23018: 23007: 23000: 22996: 22995: 22992: 22989: 22978: 22971: 22967: 22966: 22964: 22961: 22950: 22943: 22939: 22938: 22936: 22933: 22922: 22915: 22911: 22910: 22908: 22905: 22894: 22887: 22883: 22882: 22880: 22877: 22866: 22859: 22855: 22854: 22852: 22849: 22838: 22831: 22827: 22826: 22824: 22821: 22810: 22803: 22799: 22798: 22796: 22793: 22782: 22775: 22771: 22770: 22768: 22765: 22754: 22747: 22743: 22742: 22740: 22737: 22726: 22719: 22715: 22714: 22712: 22709: 22698: 22691: 22687: 22686: 22684: 22681: 22670: 22663: 22659: 22658: 22656: 22653: 22642: 22635: 22631: 22630: 22628: 22625: 22614: 22607: 22603: 22602: 22600: 22597: 22592:Francis Galton 22586: 22579: 22575: 22574: 22572: 22569: 22558: 22551: 22547: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22530: 22523: 22519: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22502: 22495: 22491: 22490: 22488: 22485: 22474: 22467: 22463: 22462: 22460: 22457: 22446: 22439: 22435: 22434: 22432: 22429: 22418: 22411: 22407: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22390: 22383: 22379: 22378: 22376: 22373: 22362: 22355: 22351: 22350: 22348: 22345: 22334: 22327: 22323: 22322: 22320: 22317: 22306: 22299: 22295: 22294: 22292: 22289: 22278: 22271: 22267: 22266: 22264: 22261: 22250: 22243: 22239: 22238: 22235: 22232: 22221: 22214: 22210: 22209: 22206: 22203: 22198:Carl Gegenbaur 22192: 22185: 22181: 22180: 22178: 22175: 22164: 22157: 22153: 22152: 22150: 22147: 22136: 22129: 22125: 22124: 22122: 22119: 22108: 22101: 22097: 22096: 22094: 22091: 22086:Rudolf Virchow 22080: 22073: 22069: 22068: 22066: 22063: 22052: 22045: 22041: 22040: 22038: 22035: 22024: 22017: 22013: 22012: 22010: 22007: 21996: 21989: 21985: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21968: 21961: 21957: 21956: 21954: 21951: 21940: 21933: 21929: 21928: 21926: 21923: 21912: 21905: 21901: 21900: 21898: 21895: 21884: 21877: 21873: 21872: 21869: 21866: 21855: 21848: 21844: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21827: 21820: 21816: 21815: 21813: 21810: 21799: 21792: 21788: 21787: 21784: 21781: 21770: 21763: 21759: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21742: 21735: 21731: 21730: 21728: 21725: 21714: 21707: 21703: 21702: 21700: 21697: 21686: 21679: 21675: 21674: 21672: 21669: 21658: 21651: 21647: 21646: 21644: 21641: 21636:Claude Bernard 21630: 21623: 21619: 21618: 21616: 21613: 21602: 21595: 21591: 21590: 21588: 21585: 21574: 21567: 21563: 21562: 21560: 21557: 21546: 21539: 21535: 21534: 21532: 21529: 21518: 21511: 21507: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21490: 21483: 21479: 21478: 21476: 21473: 21462: 21455: 21451: 21450: 21448: 21441: 21430: 21423: 21419: 21418: 21416: 21413: 21402: 21395: 21391: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21374: 21367: 21363: 21362: 21360: 21357: 21352:Julius Plücker 21346: 21339: 21335: 21334: 21332: 21329: 21324:Michel Chasles 21318: 21311: 21307: 21306: 21304: 21301: 21296:Charles Darwin 21290: 21283: 21279: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21262: 21255: 21251: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21234: 21227: 21223: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21206: 21199: 21195: 21194: 21192: 21189: 21178: 21171: 21167: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21150: 21143: 21139: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21122: 21115: 21111: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21094: 21087: 21083: 21082: 21079: 21076: 21065: 21058: 21054: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21037: 21030: 21026: 21025: 21023: 21020: 21009: 21002: 20998: 20997: 20994: 20991: 20980: 20973: 20969: 20968: 20966: 20963: 20952: 20945: 20941: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20924: 20917: 20913: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20896: 20889: 20885: 20884: 20881: 20878: 20867: 20860: 20856: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20839: 20832: 20828: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20811: 20804: 20800: 20799: 20797: 20794: 20783: 20776: 20772: 20771: 20768: 20765: 20754: 20747: 20743: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20726: 20719: 20715: 20714: 20711: 20708: 20697: 20690: 20686: 20685: 20683: 20680: 20669: 20662: 20658: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20641: 20634: 20630: 20629: 20627: 20621: 20604: 20591: 20587: 20586: 20584: 20581: 20570: 20563: 20559: 20558: 20556: 20550: 20533: 20520: 20516: 20515: 20513: 20507: 20490: 20477: 20473: 20472: 20469: 20463: 20448: 20441: 20437: 20436: 20434: 20431: 20420: 20413: 20409: 20408: 20406: 20403: 20392: 20385: 20381: 20380: 20377: 20374: 20369: 20362: 20358: 20357: 20355: 20349: 20334: 20321: 20317: 20316: 20314: 20311: 20300: 20293: 20289: 20288: 20285: 20282: 20277: 20270: 20266: 20265: 20262: 20259: 20254: 20247: 20243: 20242: 20239: 20236: 20231: 20224: 20220: 20219: 20217: 20211: 20194: 20187: 20183: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20166: 20159: 20155: 20154: 20152: 20146: 20137:François Arago 20131: 20118: 20114: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20097: 20090: 20086: 20085: 20082: 20079: 20068: 20061: 20057: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20040: 20033: 20029: 20028: 20026: 20020: 20003: 19990: 19986: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19973: 19966: 19962: 19961: 19958: 19955: 19950: 19943: 19939: 19938: 19935: 19932: 19921: 19914: 19910: 19909: 19907: 19904: 19893: 19886: 19882: 19881: 19878: 19875: 19870: 19863: 19859: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19848:David Brewster 19842: 19835: 19831: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19814: 19807: 19803: 19802: 19799: 19796: 19785: 19778: 19774: 19773: 19770: 19767: 19762: 19755: 19751: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19734: 19727: 19723: 19722: 19719: 19716: 19711: 19704: 19700: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19683: 19676: 19672: 19671: 19668: 19665: 19654: 19647: 19643: 19642: 19639: 19636: 19625: 19618: 19614: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19597: 19590: 19586: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19569: 19562: 19558: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19541: 19534: 19530: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19513: 19506: 19502: 19501: 19499: 19496: 19485: 19478: 19474: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19457: 19450: 19446: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19429: 19427: 19423: 19422: 19420: 19417: 19406: 19399: 19395: 19394: 19392: 19386: 19369: 19356: 19352: 19351: 19348: 19345: 19340: 19333: 19329: 19328: 19326: 19323: 19312: 19305: 19301: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19284: 19277: 19273: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19256: 19249: 19245: 19244: 19241: 19238: 19233: 19226: 19222: 19221: 19219: 19216: 19205: 19198: 19194: 19193: 19191: 19185: 19168: 19155: 19151: 19150: 19147: 19144: 19139: 19132: 19128: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19117:William Morgan 19111: 19104: 19100: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19083: 19076: 19072: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19055: 19048: 19044: 19043: 19040: 19037: 19032: 19025: 19021: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19004: 18997: 18993: 18992: 18990: 18987: 18976: 18969: 18965: 18964: 18962: 18956: 18947:John Goodricke 18941: 18934: 18930: 18929: 18927: 18924: 18919:Richard Kirwan 18913: 18906: 18902: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18885: 18878: 18874: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18857: 18850: 18846: 18845: 18842: 18839: 18834: 18827: 18823: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18812:Charles Hutton 18806: 18799: 18795: 18794: 18791: 18788: 18777: 18770: 18766: 18765: 18763: 18760: 18749: 18742: 18738: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18721: 18714: 18710: 18709: 18706: 18703: 18698: 18691: 18687: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18670: 18663: 18659: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18642: 18635: 18631: 18630: 18627: 18624: 18613: 18606: 18602: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18585: 18578: 18574: 18573: 18570: 18567: 18562:William Hewson 18556: 18549: 18545: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18528: 18521: 18517: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18500: 18493: 18489: 18488: 18486: 18477: 18468:Edward Delaval 18454: 18447: 18443: 18442: 18439: 18436: 18431: 18424: 18420: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18403: 18396: 18392: 18391: 18388: 18385: 18380: 18373: 18369: 18368: 18365: 18362: 18357: 18350: 18346: 18345: 18342: 18339: 18334: 18327: 18323: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18306: 18299: 18295: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18278: 18271: 18267: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18250: 18243: 18239: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18222: 18215: 18211: 18210: 18207: 18204: 18199: 18192: 18188: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18171: 18164: 18160: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18143: 18136: 18132: 18131: 18129: 18122: 18111: 18104: 18100: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18089: 18082: 18078: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18061: 18054: 18050: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18039:George Edwards 18033: 18026: 18022: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18005: 17998: 17994: 17993: 17991: 17988: 17977: 17970: 17966: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17949: 17942: 17938: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17921: 17914: 17910: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17899:William Watson 17893: 17886: 17882: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17865: 17858: 17854: 17853: 17850: 17847: 17836: 17829: 17825: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17808: 17801: 17797: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17780: 17773: 17769: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17752: 17745: 17741: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17724: 17717: 17713: 17712: 17709: 17706: 17695: 17688: 17684: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17667: 17660: 17656: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17639: 17632: 17628: 17627: 17624: 17621: 17616: 17609: 17605: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17588: 17581: 17577: 17576: 17573: 17570: 17565: 17558: 17554: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17537: 17530: 17526: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17509: 17502: 17498: 17497: 17494: 17491: 17488: 17485: 17478: 17475: 17450: 17447: 17377: 17374: 17328: 17327: 17320:Croonian Medal 17311:Bakerian Medal 17308: 17304: 17303: 17299: 17298: 17295: 17294: 17291: 17283: 17282: 17279: 17278: 17269: 17265: 17264: 17251: 17247: 17246: 17245:United Kingdom 17243: 17239: 17238: 17233: 17229: 17228: 17225: 17221: 17220: 17213: 17205: 17204: 17196: 17191: 17189: 17184: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16881: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16737: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16681: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16647: 16645: 16643:'''Specific''' 16642: 16640: 16637: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16614: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16584: 16581: 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262: 260: 256: 254: 251: 250: 247: 245: 243: 240: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 225: 223: 221: 218: 217: 214: 210: 209: 205: 204: 191: 186: 185: 170: 149: 131: 114: 113: 98: 67: 61: 59: 41: 33: 27: 23: 22: 14: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 34759: 34748: 34745: 34743: 34740: 34738: 34735: 34733: 34730: 34728: 34725: 34723: 34720: 34718: 34715: 34713: 34710: 34709: 34707: 34690: 34686: 34682: 34678: 34674: 34670: 34666: 34662: 34658: 34654: 34650: 34646: 34642: 34638: 34634: 34630: 34626: 34622: 34618: 34614: 34610: 34609:Alec Jeffreys 34606: 34602: 34598: 34594: 34590: 34586: 34582: 34578: 34577:Tomas Lindahl 34574: 34570: 34566: 34562: 34558: 34557:Roger Penrose 34554: 34550: 34546: 34542: 34538: 34534: 34530: 34526: 34522: 34518: 34514: 34510: 34506: 34502: 34498: 34497: 34494: 34489: 34482: 34477: 34475: 34470: 34468: 34463: 34462: 34459: 34445: 34441: 34437: 34433: 34429: 34425: 34421: 34417: 34413: 34412:Alan Cottrell 34409: 34405: 34401: 34397: 34393: 34389: 34385: 34381: 34380:George Porter 34377: 34373: 34369: 34365: 34361: 34357: 34353: 34349: 34345: 34341: 34337: 34333: 34329: 34325: 34321: 34317: 34313: 34309: 34305: 34301: 34297: 34293: 34289: 34285: 34281: 34277: 34273: 34269: 34265: 34261: 34257: 34253: 34249: 34245: 34244:Francis Crick 34241: 34237: 34233: 34229: 34228:Andrew Huxley 34225: 34221: 34217: 34213: 34209: 34205: 34201: 34197: 34196:Peter Medawar 34193: 34189: 34185: 34181: 34177: 34173: 34169: 34165: 34161: 34157: 34153: 34149: 34145: 34141: 34137: 34133: 34129: 34125: 34121: 34117: 34113: 34109: 34105: 34101: 34100:Howard Florey 34097: 34093: 34089: 34085: 34084:Ronald Fisher 34081: 34077: 34073: 34069: 34065: 34061: 34057: 34053: 34049: 34048: 34045: 34040: 34033: 34028: 34026: 34021: 34019: 34014: 34013: 34010: 33996: 33992: 33988: 33984: 33980: 33976: 33972: 33968: 33964: 33960: 33956: 33952: 33948: 33944: 33940: 33936: 33932: 33928: 33924: 33920: 33916: 33915:Paul Langevin 33912: 33908: 33904: 33900: 33896: 33892: 33888: 33884: 33880: 33876: 33872: 33868: 33864: 33860: 33856: 33852: 33848: 33844: 33840: 33836: 33832: 33828: 33824: 33820: 33816: 33812: 33808: 33804: 33800: 33796: 33792: 33788: 33784: 33780: 33776: 33772: 33768: 33764: 33763:Joseph Larmor 33760: 33756: 33752: 33748: 33744: 33740: 33736: 33732: 33728: 33724: 33720: 33716: 33712: 33708: 33707:J. J. Thomson 33704: 33700: 33699:Ray Lankester 33696: 33692: 33688: 33684: 33683:George Darwin 33680: 33676: 33672: 33668: 33664: 33660: 33656: 33652: 33648: 33644: 33640: 33636: 33632: 33628: 33624: 33620: 33616: 33612: 33611:Joseph Lister 33608: 33604: 33600: 33599: 33596: 33591: 33584: 33579: 33577: 33572: 33570: 33565: 33564: 33561: 33547: 33543: 33539: 33535: 33531: 33527: 33523: 33519: 33515: 33511: 33507: 33503: 33499: 33495: 33491: 33487: 33483: 33479: 33475: 33471: 33467: 33466:Simon Newcomb 33463: 33459: 33458:George Salmon 33455: 33451: 33447: 33443: 33439: 33435: 33431: 33427: 33423: 33419: 33415: 33411: 33407: 33403: 33402:Arthur Cayley 33399: 33395: 33391: 33387: 33383: 33379: 33375: 33371: 33367: 33363: 33359: 33355: 33351: 33347: 33343: 33339: 33338:Louis Pasteur 33335: 33331: 33327: 33323: 33319: 33315: 33311: 33307: 33303: 33299: 33295: 33291: 33287: 33283: 33279: 33275: 33271: 33267: 33263: 33259: 33255: 33251: 33250:Adam Sedgwick 33247: 33243: 33242:Thomas Graham 33239: 33235: 33234:Louis Agassiz 33231: 33227: 33226:Robert Bunsen 33223: 33219: 33215: 33211: 33210:Charles Lyell 33207: 33203: 33199: 33195: 33191: 33187: 33186:Léon Foucault 33183: 33179: 33175: 33171: 33167: 33163: 33159: 33155: 33151: 33150: 33147: 33142: 33135: 33130: 33128: 33123: 33121: 33116: 33115: 33112: 33098: 33094: 33090: 33086: 33082: 33078: 33074: 33073:John Herschel 33070: 33066: 33062: 33058: 33054: 33050: 33046: 33042: 33038: 33034: 33030: 33026: 33022: 33018: 33014: 33010: 33006: 33002: 32998: 32994: 32990: 32986: 32982: 32978: 32974: 32970: 32966: 32962: 32958: 32954: 32950: 32946: 32942: 32938: 32934: 32930: 32926: 32922: 32921:William Prout 32918: 32914: 32910: 32906: 32902: 32898: 32894: 32893:John Brinkley 32890: 32886: 32882: 32878: 32874: 32870: 32869:John Herschel 32866: 32865:Edward Sabine 32862: 32858: 32854: 32850: 32846: 32842: 32838: 32834: 32830: 32826: 32822: 32818: 32814: 32810: 32806: 32802: 32798: 32794: 32793:William Henry 32790: 32786: 32782: 32778: 32774: 32770: 32766: 32762: 32758: 32754: 32750: 32746: 32742: 32738: 32737:Astley Cooper 32734: 32733: 32730: 32725: 32718: 32713: 32711: 32706: 32704: 32699: 32698: 32695: 32681: 32677: 32673: 32669: 32665: 32661: 32657: 32653: 32652:George Atwood 32649: 32645: 32644:Jesse Ramsden 32641: 32637: 32633: 32629: 32625: 32621: 32617: 32616:James Rennell 32613: 32609: 32605: 32601: 32597: 32593: 32589: 32585: 32581: 32577: 32576:Edward Waring 32573: 32569: 32565: 32561: 32557: 32553: 32549: 32545: 32541: 32537: 32533: 32529: 32525: 32521: 32517: 32513: 32509: 32505: 32501: 32497: 32493: 32489: 32485: 32484:Matthew Raper 32481: 32477: 32473: 32469: 32465: 32461: 32457: 32453: 32449: 32445: 32441: 32437: 32433: 32429: 32425: 32421: 32417: 32413: 32409: 32405: 32401: 32397: 32393: 32389: 32385: 32381: 32380:William Lewis 32377: 32373: 32369: 32365: 32361: 32357: 32353: 32352: 32349: 32344: 32337: 32332: 32330: 32325: 32323: 32318: 32317: 32314: 32300: 32296: 32292: 32291:John Harrison 32288: 32284: 32283:James Bradley 32280: 32276: 32272: 32268: 32264: 32260: 32256: 32252: 32248: 32244: 32240: 32236: 32232: 32228: 32224: 32220: 32216: 32212: 32208: 32204: 32200: 32196: 32195:John Belchier 32192: 32188: 32184: 32180: 32176: 32172: 32168: 32164: 32160: 32159: 32156: 32151: 32144: 32139: 32137: 32132: 32130: 32125: 32124: 32121: 32108: 32105: 32102: 32099: 32097: 32094: 32092: 32089: 32087: 32084: 32082: 32079: 32077: 32074: 32072: 32069: 32067: 32064: 32062: 32059: 32057: 32054: 32051: 32049: 32046: 32045: 32043: 32039: 32033: 32030: 32028: 32027:Rumford Medal 32025: 32023: 32020: 32018: 32015: 32013: 32010: 32008: 32005: 32003: 32000: 31998: 31995: 31993: 31990: 31989: 31987: 31983: 31977: 31974: 31972: 31969: 31967: 31964: 31961: 31957: 31954: 31953: 31951: 31945: 31938: 31935: 31932: 31929: 31926: 31923: 31919: 31917: 31914: 31912: 31909: 31908: 31906: 31902: 31896: 31893: 31891: 31888: 31886: 31883: 31881: 31878: 31876: 31873: 31871: 31868: 31866: 31865:Crick Lecture 31863: 31862: 31860: 31856: 31850: 31847: 31845: 31842: 31840: 31839:Mullard Award 31837: 31835: 31832: 31830: 31827: 31825: 31822: 31820: 31817: 31816: 31814: 31810: 31806: 31799: 31794: 31792: 31787: 31785: 31780: 31779: 31776: 31760: 31756: 31752: 31751: 31741: 31736: 31721: 31717: 31711: 31696: 31692: 31686: 31671: 31667: 31661: 31646: 31642: 31636: 31621: 31617: 31611: 31596: 31592: 31586: 31571: 31567: 31561: 31546: 31542: 31536: 31521: 31517: 31511: 31495: 31491: 31487: 31481: 31466: 31462: 31461:"John Walker" 31456: 31441: 31437: 31430: 31428: 31412: 31408: 31404: 31398: 31383: 31379: 31375: 31369: 31354: 31350: 31346: 31340: 31326:on 2013-11-13 31325: 31321: 31315: 31301:on 2020-05-23 31300: 31296: 31292: 31286: 31270: 31266: 31262: 31256: 31248: 31234: 31230: 31226: 31225: 31219: 31212: 31204: 31190: 31186: 31182: 31181: 31175: 31168: 31153: 31149: 31143: 31128: 31124: 31118: 31104:on 2007-09-21 31103: 31099: 31095: 31089: 31075:on 2012-12-30 31074: 31070: 31064: 31056: 31042: 31038: 31034: 31033: 31027: 31020: 31012: 30998: 30994: 30990: 30989: 30983: 30976: 30961: 30957: 30951: 30937:on 2013-06-21 30936: 30932: 30926: 30911: 30907: 30901: 30887:on 1998-04-19 30886: 30882: 30876: 30868: 30853: 30849: 30845: 30841: 30840: 30834: 30826: 30812:on 2013-11-02 30811: 30807: 30801: 30787:on 2013-06-21 30786: 30782: 30776: 30768: 30754: 30750: 30746: 30745: 30739: 30731: 30723: 30709: 30705: 30701: 30700: 30694: 30687: 30679: 30665: 30661: 30657: 30656: 30650: 30643: 30634: 30629: 30625: 30621: 30617: 30613: 30609: 30603: 30595: 30581: 30577: 30573: 30572: 30566: 30559: 30545:on 1998-04-19 30544: 30540: 30534: 30526: 30512: 30508: 30504: 30503: 30497: 30490: 30475: 30471: 30467: 30461: 30446: 30442: 30436: 30421: 30417: 30413: 30408: 30403: 30399: 30395: 30391: 30387: 30383: 30376: 30361: 30357: 30351: 30336: 30330: 30321: 30316: 30312: 30308: 30304: 30300: 30299: 30294: 30288: 30273: 30269: 30263: 30248: 30244: 30238: 30223: 30219: 30213: 30204: 30199: 30195: 30191: 30187: 30183: 30179: 30173: 30158: 30154: 30148: 30140: 30126: 30122: 30118: 30117: 30111: 30104: 30096: 30092: 30088: 30084: 30080: 30076: 30069: 30055:on 2008-12-30 30054: 30050: 30046: 30040: 30031: 30026: 30022: 30018: 30014: 30010: 30006: 29999: 29984: 29980: 29974: 29960:on 2013-07-09 29959: 29955: 29949: 29934: 29930: 29924: 29916: 29902: 29898: 29894: 29893: 29887: 29880: 29866:on 1998-12-03 29865: 29861: 29855: 29841:on 2013-07-20 29840: 29836: 29830: 29812: 29805: 29799: 29784: 29780: 29774: 29756: 29749: 29743: 29729:on 2013-06-05 29728: 29724: 29718: 29703: 29699: 29693: 29691: 29689: 29687: 29685: 29683: 29681: 29679: 29677: 29675: 29673: 29671: 29669: 29667: 29665: 29663: 29661: 29659: 29657: 29655: 29653: 29651: 29649: 29647: 29645: 29643: 29641: 29639: 29623: 29619: 29613: 29599:on 2013-11-12 29598: 29594: 29588: 29573: 29569: 29563: 29548: 29544: 29540: 29534: 29520:on 2013-10-28 29519: 29515: 29509: 29495:on 1998-04-19 29494: 29490: 29484: 29469: 29465: 29459: 29445:on 2012-08-05 29444: 29440: 29434: 29419: 29415: 29409: 29395:on 2013-07-21 29394: 29390: 29384: 29369: 29365: 29359: 29344: 29340: 29334: 29316: 29312: 29305: 29299: 29292: 29282: 29278: 29277: 29270: 29255: 29251: 29245: 29231:on 2013-06-05 29230: 29226: 29220: 29205: 29201: 29195: 29180: 29176: 29170: 29152: 29148: 29141: 29135: 29120: 29116: 29110: 29095: 29091: 29087: 29081: 29067:on 2008-02-23 29066: 29062: 29058: 29052: 29037: 29033: 29027: 29023: 29019: 29015: 29011: 29010: 29003: 28989:on 2013-11-12 28988: 28984: 28978: 28963: 28959: 28953: 28939: 28933: 28929: 28925: 28924: 28916: 28901: 28897: 28891: 28877:on 2013-11-05 28876: 28872: 28866: 28851: 28847: 28841: 28827: 28825:9780521524735 28821: 28817: 28813: 28812: 28804: 28796: 28782: 28778: 28774: 28773: 28767: 28760: 28745: 28741: 28737: 28731: 28716: 28712: 28708: 28702: 28687: 28683: 28677: 28662: 28658: 28652: 28638:on 2013-08-23 28637: 28633: 28627: 28620: 28610: 28606: 28605: 28598: 28583: 28579: 28573: 28558: 28554: 28548: 28533: 28529: 28523: 28508: 28504: 28500: 28494: 28479: 28475: 28469: 28467: 28458: 28452: 28448: 28444: 28440: 28436: 28429: 28414: 28410: 28404: 28390:on 2008-11-04 28389: 28385: 28379: 28364: 28360: 28354: 28346: 28342: 28337: 28332: 28328: 28324: 28320: 28313: 28298: 28294: 28288: 28273: 28269: 28265: 28258: 28243: 28239: 28233: 28231: 28229: 28227: 28225: 28223: 28221: 28219: 28217: 28215: 28213: 28211: 28209: 28207: 28205: 28203: 28201: 28199: 28197: 28195: 28193: 28191: 28189: 28187: 28185: 28170:on 2013-04-20 28169: 28165: 28158: 28144:on 2013-04-19 28143: 28139: 28132: 28118:on 2009-04-08 28117: 28113: 28109: 28103: 28089:on 2011-06-06 28088: 28084: 28078: 28064:on 2009-03-20 28060: 28053: 28046: 28031: 28027: 28023: 28017: 28009: 27995: 27991: 27987: 27986: 27980: 27972: 27957: 27953: 27947: 27933:on 2013-04-04 27932: 27928: 27922: 27914: 27900: 27896: 27892: 27891: 27885: 27878: 27862: 27858: 27854: 27848: 27846: 27837: 27823: 27819: 27815: 27814: 27808: 27801: 27793: 27779: 27775: 27771: 27770: 27764: 27757: 27742: 27738: 27732: 27717: 27713: 27712:"William Roy" 27707: 27692: 27688: 27682: 27667: 27663: 27659: 27653: 27638: 27634: 27630: 27624: 27622: 27620: 27604: 27600: 27596: 27592: 27588: 27584: 27580: 27577: 27570: 27555: 27551: 27545: 27531:on 2008-12-05 27530: 27526: 27522: 27516: 27514: 27498: 27494: 27488: 27473: 27469: 27463: 27448: 27444: 27440: 27436: 27432: 27428: 27424: 27420: 27416: 27413: 27406: 27388: 27384: 27380: 27376: 27372: 27368: 27361: 27354: 27339: 27335: 27331: 27327: 27323: 27319: 27315: 27312: 27305: 27297: 27283: 27279: 27275: 27274: 27268: 27261: 27247:on 2013-11-12 27246: 27242: 27238: 27232: 27217: 27213: 27209: 27203: 27195: 27181: 27177: 27173: 27172: 27166: 27159: 27144: 27140: 27134: 27126: 27112: 27108: 27104: 27103: 27097: 27090: 27082: 27068: 27064: 27060: 27059: 27053: 27046: 27032: 27030:9780719003707 27026: 27022: 27018: 27017: 27010: 26995: 26991: 26985: 26977: 26963: 26959: 26955: 26954: 26948: 26941: 26934: 26930: 26925: 26923: 26907: 26903: 26899: 26893: 26886: 26882: 26877: 26862: 26858: 26854: 26848: 26834: 26832:9780871692207 26828: 26824: 26820: 26819: 26814: 26810: 26804: 26802: 26786: 26782: 26776: 26768: 26754: 26750: 26746: 26745: 26739: 26731: 26723: 26709: 26705: 26701: 26700: 26694: 26687: 26679: 26665: 26661: 26657: 26656: 26650: 26643: 26635: 26621: 26617: 26613: 26612: 26606: 26599: 26591: 26577: 26573: 26569: 26568: 26562: 26555: 26547: 26533: 26529: 26525: 26524: 26518: 26510: 26502: 26488: 26484: 26480: 26479: 26473: 26466: 26464: 26462: 26453: 26439: 26435: 26431: 26430: 26424: 26416: 26414: 26406: 26394: 26390: 26386: 26380: 26364: 26360: 26356: 26350: 26342: 26338: 26334: 26330: 26327:(1): 81–105. 26326: 26322: 26315: 26297: 26293: 26289: 26285: 26281: 26277: 26273: 26266: 26259: 26257: 26255: 26253: 26238:on 2013-05-05 26237: 26233: 26229: 26223: 26221: 26219: 26210: 26206: 26202: 26198: 26194: 26190: 26183: 26181: 26179: 26177: 26175: 26173: 26171: 26155: 26154: 26149: 26143: 26137: 26135: 26133: 26124: 26120: 26115: 26110: 26105: 26100: 26096: 26092: 26087: 26082: 26078: 26074: 26070: 26063: 26055: 26051: 26046: 26041: 26037: 26033: 26029: 26022: 26006: 26002: 25998: 25992: 25976: 25972: 25968: 25962: 25946: 25942: 25938: 25932: 25930: 25913: 25909: 25905: 25899: 25897: 25895: 25875: 25871: 25864: 25858: 25856: 25854: 25849: 25840: 25837: 25835: 25832: 25830: 25827: 25825: 25822: 25820: 25817: 25816: 25806: 25803: 25798: 25792: 25789: 25785: 25782: 25781: 25778: 25775: 25770: 25764: 25761: 25757: 25754: 25753: 25750: 25747: 25744: 25741: 25737: 25734: 25733: 25730: 25727: 25722: 25716: 25713: 25709: 25706: 25705: 25702: 25699: 25694: 25688: 25685: 25681: 25678: 25677: 25674: 25671: 25666: 25660: 25657: 25653: 25650: 25649: 25646: 25643: 25638: 25632: 25629: 25625: 25622: 25621: 25618: 25615: 25610: 25604: 25601: 25597: 25594: 25593: 25590: 25587: 25582: 25576: 25573: 25569: 25566: 25565: 25562: 25559: 25554: 25548: 25545: 25541: 25538: 25537: 25534: 25531: 25526: 25525:Alec Jeffreys 25520: 25517: 25513: 25510: 25509: 25505: 25502: 25497: 25491: 25488: 25484: 25481: 25480: 25477: 25474: 25469: 25463: 25460: 25456: 25453: 25452: 25448: 25445: 25440: 25434: 25431: 25427: 25424: 25423: 25420: 25417: 25412: 25411:Tomas Lindahl 25406: 25403: 25399: 25398: 25395: 25392: 25387: 25381: 25378: 25374: 25370: 25366: 25363: 25358: 25352: 25349: 25345: 25342: 25341: 25337: 25334: 25329: 25328:Roger Penrose 25323: 25320: 25316: 25313: 25312: 25308: 25305: 25300: 25294: 25291: 25287: 25284: 25283: 25280: 25277: 25272: 25266: 25263: 25259: 25256: 25255: 25251: 25248: 25243: 25237: 25234: 25230: 25227: 25226: 25223: 25220: 25215: 25209: 25206: 25202: 25199: 25198: 25194: 25191: 25186: 25180: 25177: 25173: 25170: 25169: 25166: 25163: 25158: 25152: 25149: 25145: 25142: 25141: 25137: 25134: 25129: 25123: 25120: 25116: 25113: 25112: 25108: 25101: 25096: 25090: 25087: 25083: 25080: 25079: 25076: 25073: 25068: 25062: 25059: 25055: 25052: 25051: 25048: 25045: 25040: 25034: 25032: 25029: 25028: 25024: 25021: 25016: 25010: 25007: 25003: 25000: 24999: 24996: 24993: 24988: 24987:Alan Cottrell 24982: 24979: 24975: 24972: 24971: 24967: 24964: 24959: 24953: 24951: 24948: 24947: 24943: 24940: 24935: 24929: 24927: 24924: 24923: 24920: 24917: 24912: 24906: 24903: 24899: 24896: 24895: 24892: 24889: 24884: 24883:George Porter 24878: 24875: 24871: 24868: 24867: 24863: 24860: 24855: 24849: 24846: 24842: 24839: 24838: 24835: 24832: 24827: 24821: 24818: 24814: 24811: 24810: 24806: 24803: 24798: 24792: 24789: 24785: 24782: 24781: 24778: 24775: 24770: 24764: 24761: 24757: 24754: 24753: 24749: 24746: 24741: 24735: 24733: 24730: 24729: 24725: 24722: 24717: 24711: 24708: 24704: 24701: 24700: 24696: 24693: 24688: 24682: 24679: 24675: 24672: 24671: 24668: 24665: 24660: 24654: 24651: 24647: 24644: 24643: 24639: 24636: 24631: 24625: 24622: 24618: 24615: 24614: 24611: 24608: 24603: 24597: 24594: 24590: 24587: 24586: 24583: 24580: 24575: 24569: 24567: 24564: 24563: 24560: 24557: 24552: 24546: 24543: 24539: 24536: 24535: 24532: 24529: 24524: 24518: 24515: 24511: 24508: 24507: 24504: 24501: 24496: 24490: 24487: 24483: 24480: 24479: 24476: 24473: 24468: 24462: 24459: 24455: 24452: 24451: 24448: 24441: 24436: 24430: 24427: 24423: 24420: 24419: 24416: 24413: 24408: 24407:Francis Crick 24402: 24399: 24395: 24392: 24391: 24388: 24385: 24380: 24374: 24371: 24367: 24364: 24363: 24359: 24356: 24351: 24350:Andrew Huxley 24345: 24342: 24338: 24335: 24334: 24331: 24328: 24323: 24317: 24315: 24312: 24311: 24307: 24304: 24299: 24293: 24290: 24286: 24283: 24282: 24279: 24276: 24271: 24265: 24262: 24258: 24255: 24254: 24251: 24248: 24243: 24242:Peter Medawar 24237: 24234: 24230: 24227: 24226: 24222: 24219: 24214: 24208: 24205: 24201: 24198: 24197: 24193: 24190: 24185: 24179: 24176: 24172: 24169: 24168: 24165: 24162: 24157: 24151: 24148: 24144: 24141: 24140: 24136: 24133: 24128: 24122: 24119: 24115: 24112: 24111: 24108: 24105: 24100: 24094: 24091: 24087: 24084: 24083: 24079: 24076: 24071: 24065: 24062: 24058: 24055: 24054: 24051: 24048: 24043: 24037: 24034: 24030: 24027: 24026: 24023: 24020: 24015: 24009: 24006: 24002: 23999: 23998: 23995: 23992: 23987: 23981: 23979: 23976: 23975: 23972: 23969: 23964: 23958: 23955: 23951: 23948: 23947: 23944: 23941: 23936: 23930: 23927: 23923: 23920: 23919: 23916: 23913: 23908: 23907:Howard Florey 23902: 23899: 23895: 23892: 23891: 23887: 23884: 23879: 23873: 23870: 23866: 23863: 23862: 23859: 23856: 23851: 23850:Ronald Fisher 23845: 23842: 23838: 23835: 23834: 23831: 23828: 23823: 23817: 23814: 23810: 23807: 23806: 23802: 23799: 23794: 23788: 23785: 23781: 23778: 23777: 23774: 23771: 23766: 23760: 23757: 23753: 23750: 23749: 23746: 23743: 23738: 23732: 23729: 23725: 23722: 23721: 23718: 23715: 23710: 23704: 23701: 23697: 23694: 23693: 23690: 23687: 23682: 23676: 23673: 23669: 23666: 23665: 23662: 23659: 23654: 23648: 23645: 23641: 23638: 23637: 23634: 23631: 23626: 23620: 23617: 23613: 23610: 23609: 23606: 23603: 23598: 23592: 23589: 23585: 23582: 23581: 23578: 23575: 23570: 23564: 23561: 23557: 23554: 23553: 23550: 23547: 23542: 23536: 23534: 23531: 23530: 23527: 23524: 23519: 23513: 23510: 23506: 23503: 23502: 23499: 23496: 23491: 23485: 23482: 23478: 23475: 23474: 23471: 23468: 23463: 23457: 23454: 23450: 23447: 23446: 23443: 23440: 23435: 23434:Paul Langevin 23429: 23426: 23422: 23419: 23418: 23415: 23412: 23407: 23401: 23398: 23394: 23391: 23390: 23387: 23384: 23379: 23373: 23370: 23366: 23363: 23362: 23359: 23356: 23351: 23345: 23342: 23338: 23335: 23334: 23331: 23328: 23323: 23317: 23314: 23310: 23307: 23306: 23303: 23300: 23295: 23289: 23286: 23282: 23279: 23278: 23275: 23272: 23267: 23261: 23258: 23254: 23251: 23250: 23247: 23244: 23239: 23233: 23230: 23226: 23223: 23222: 23219: 23216: 23211: 23205: 23202: 23198: 23195: 23194: 23191: 23188: 23183: 23177: 23174: 23170: 23167: 23166: 23163: 23160: 23155: 23149: 23146: 23142: 23139: 23138: 23135: 23132: 23127: 23121: 23118: 23114: 23111: 23110: 23106: 23103: 23098: 23092: 23089: 23085: 23082: 23081: 23078: 23075: 23070: 23064: 23061: 23057: 23054: 23053: 23050: 23047: 23042: 23036: 23033: 23029: 23026: 23025: 23022: 23019: 23014: 23008: 23005: 23001: 22998: 22997: 22993: 22990: 22985: 22979: 22976: 22972: 22969: 22968: 22965: 22962: 22957: 22951: 22948: 22944: 22941: 22940: 22937: 22934: 22929: 22923: 22920: 22916: 22913: 22912: 22909: 22906: 22901: 22900:Joseph Larmor 22895: 22892: 22888: 22885: 22884: 22881: 22878: 22873: 22867: 22864: 22860: 22857: 22856: 22853: 22850: 22845: 22839: 22836: 22832: 22829: 22828: 22825: 22822: 22817: 22811: 22808: 22804: 22801: 22800: 22797: 22794: 22789: 22783: 22780: 22776: 22773: 22772: 22769: 22766: 22761: 22755: 22752: 22748: 22745: 22744: 22741: 22738: 22733: 22727: 22724: 22720: 22717: 22716: 22713: 22710: 22705: 22699: 22696: 22692: 22689: 22688: 22685: 22682: 22677: 22676:Ray Lankester 22671: 22668: 22664: 22661: 22660: 22657: 22654: 22649: 22643: 22640: 22636: 22633: 22632: 22629: 22626: 22621: 22620:George Darwin 22615: 22612: 22608: 22605: 22604: 22601: 22598: 22593: 22587: 22584: 22580: 22577: 22576: 22573: 22570: 22565: 22559: 22556: 22552: 22549: 22548: 22545: 22542: 22537: 22531: 22528: 22524: 22521: 22520: 22517: 22514: 22509: 22503: 22500: 22496: 22493: 22492: 22489: 22486: 22481: 22475: 22472: 22468: 22465: 22464: 22461: 22458: 22453: 22447: 22444: 22440: 22437: 22436: 22433: 22430: 22425: 22419: 22416: 22412: 22409: 22408: 22405: 22402: 22397: 22391: 22388: 22384: 22381: 22380: 22377: 22374: 22369: 22368:Joseph Lister 22363: 22360: 22356: 22353: 22352: 22349: 22346: 22341: 22335: 22332: 22328: 22325: 22324: 22321: 22318: 22313: 22307: 22304: 22300: 22297: 22296: 22293: 22290: 22285: 22284:Lord Rayleigh 22279: 22276: 22272: 22269: 22268: 22265: 22262: 22257: 22251: 22248: 22244: 22241: 22240: 22236: 22233: 22228: 22222: 22219: 22215: 22212: 22211: 22207: 22204: 22199: 22193: 22190: 22186: 22183: 22182: 22179: 22176: 22171: 22165: 22162: 22158: 22155: 22154: 22151: 22148: 22143: 22137: 22134: 22130: 22127: 22126: 22123: 22120: 22115: 22114:George Stokes 22109: 22106: 22102: 22099: 22098: 22095: 22092: 22087: 22081: 22078: 22074: 22071: 22070: 22067: 22064: 22059: 22053: 22050: 22046: 22043: 22042: 22039: 22036: 22031: 22030:Simon Newcomb 22025: 22022: 22018: 22015: 22014: 22011: 22008: 22003: 22002:George Salmon 21997: 21994: 21990: 21987: 21986: 21983: 21980: 21975: 21969: 21966: 21962: 21959: 21958: 21955: 21952: 21947: 21941: 21938: 21934: 21931: 21930: 21927: 21924: 21919: 21913: 21910: 21906: 21903: 21902: 21899: 21896: 21891: 21890:August Kekulé 21885: 21882: 21878: 21875: 21874: 21870: 21867: 21862: 21856: 21853: 21849: 21846: 21845: 21842: 21839: 21834: 21828: 21825: 21821: 21818: 21817: 21814: 21811: 21806: 21805:Arthur Cayley 21800: 21797: 21793: 21790: 21789: 21785: 21782: 21777: 21771: 21768: 21764: 21761: 21760: 21757: 21754: 21749: 21743: 21740: 21736: 21733: 21732: 21729: 21726: 21721: 21715: 21712: 21708: 21705: 21704: 21701: 21698: 21693: 21687: 21684: 21680: 21677: 21676: 21673: 21670: 21665: 21659: 21656: 21652: 21649: 21648: 21645: 21642: 21637: 21631: 21628: 21624: 21621: 21620: 21617: 21614: 21609: 21603: 21600: 21596: 21593: 21592: 21589: 21586: 21581: 21580:Louis Pasteur 21575: 21572: 21568: 21565: 21564: 21561: 21558: 21553: 21547: 21544: 21540: 21537: 21536: 21533: 21530: 21525: 21519: 21516: 21512: 21509: 21508: 21505: 21502: 21497: 21491: 21488: 21484: 21481: 21480: 21477: 21474: 21469: 21463: 21460: 21456: 21453: 21452: 21449: 21446: 21442: 21437: 21431: 21428: 21424: 21421: 21420: 21417: 21414: 21409: 21403: 21400: 21396: 21393: 21392: 21389: 21386: 21381: 21375: 21372: 21368: 21365: 21364: 21361: 21358: 21353: 21347: 21344: 21340: 21337: 21336: 21333: 21330: 21325: 21319: 21316: 21312: 21309: 21308: 21305: 21302: 21297: 21291: 21288: 21284: 21281: 21280: 21277: 21274: 21269: 21268:Adam Sedgwick 21263: 21260: 21256: 21253: 21252: 21249: 21246: 21241: 21240:Thomas Graham 21235: 21232: 21228: 21225: 21224: 21221: 21218: 21213: 21212:Louis Agassiz 21207: 21204: 21200: 21197: 21196: 21193: 21190: 21185: 21184:Robert Bunsen 21179: 21176: 21172: 21169: 21168: 21165: 21162: 21157: 21151: 21148: 21144: 21141: 21140: 21137: 21134: 21129: 21128:Charles Lyell 21123: 21120: 21116: 21113: 21112: 21109: 21106: 21101: 21095: 21092: 21088: 21085: 21084: 21080: 21077: 21072: 21066: 21063: 21059: 21056: 21055: 21052: 21049: 21044: 21043:Léon Foucault 21038: 21035: 21031: 21028: 21027: 21024: 21021: 21016: 21010: 21007: 21003: 21000: 20999: 20995: 20992: 20987: 20981: 20978: 20974: 20971: 20970: 20967: 20964: 20959: 20953: 20950: 20946: 20943: 20942: 20939: 20936: 20931: 20925: 20922: 20918: 20915: 20914: 20911: 20908: 20903: 20897: 20894: 20890: 20887: 20886: 20882: 20879: 20874: 20868: 20865: 20861: 20858: 20857: 20854: 20851: 20846: 20840: 20837: 20833: 20830: 20829: 20826: 20823: 20818: 20817:John Herschel 20812: 20809: 20805: 20802: 20801: 20798: 20795: 20790: 20784: 20781: 20777: 20774: 20773: 20769: 20766: 20761: 20755: 20752: 20748: 20745: 20744: 20741: 20738: 20733: 20727: 20724: 20720: 20717: 20716: 20712: 20709: 20704: 20698: 20695: 20691: 20688: 20687: 20684: 20681: 20676: 20670: 20667: 20663: 20660: 20659: 20656: 20653: 20648: 20642: 20639: 20635: 20632: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20622: 20620: 20619: 20611: 20605: 20602: 20596: 20592: 20589: 20588: 20585: 20582: 20577: 20571: 20568: 20564: 20561: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20551: 20549: 20548: 20540: 20534: 20531: 20525: 20521: 20518: 20517: 20514: 20512: 20508: 20506: 20505: 20497: 20491: 20488: 20482: 20478: 20475: 20474: 20470: 20468: 20464: 20462: 20455: 20449: 20446: 20442: 20439: 20438: 20435: 20432: 20427: 20421: 20418: 20414: 20411: 20410: 20407: 20404: 20399: 20393: 20390: 20386: 20383: 20382: 20378: 20375: 20373: 20370: 20367: 20363: 20360: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20350: 20348: 20341: 20335: 20332: 20326: 20322: 20319: 20318: 20315: 20312: 20307: 20301: 20298: 20294: 20291: 20290: 20286: 20283: 20281: 20278: 20275: 20271: 20268: 20267: 20263: 20260: 20258: 20255: 20252: 20248: 20245: 20244: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20229: 20225: 20222: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20212: 20210: 20209: 20201: 20200:William Prout 20195: 20192: 20188: 20185: 20184: 20181: 20178: 20173: 20167: 20164: 20160: 20157: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20147: 20145: 20138: 20132: 20129: 20123: 20119: 20116: 20115: 20112: 20109: 20104: 20103:John Brinkley 20098: 20095: 20091: 20088: 20087: 20083: 20080: 20075: 20069: 20066: 20062: 20059: 20058: 20055: 20052: 20047: 20041: 20038: 20034: 20031: 20030: 20027: 20025: 20021: 20019: 20018: 20017:John Herschel 20010: 20009:Edward Sabine 20004: 20001: 19995: 19991: 19988: 19987: 19984: 19981: 19978: 19974: 19971: 19967: 19964: 19963: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19948: 19944: 19941: 19940: 19936: 19933: 19928: 19922: 19919: 19915: 19912: 19911: 19908: 19905: 19900: 19894: 19891: 19887: 19884: 19883: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19868: 19864: 19861: 19860: 19857: 19854: 19849: 19843: 19840: 19836: 19833: 19832: 19829: 19826: 19821: 19815: 19812: 19808: 19805: 19804: 19800: 19797: 19792: 19786: 19783: 19779: 19776: 19775: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19760: 19756: 19753: 19752: 19749: 19746: 19741: 19735: 19732: 19728: 19725: 19724: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19709: 19705: 19702: 19701: 19698: 19695: 19690: 19684: 19681: 19677: 19674: 19673: 19669: 19666: 19661: 19660:William Henry 19655: 19652: 19648: 19645: 19644: 19640: 19637: 19632: 19626: 19623: 19619: 19616: 19615: 19612: 19609: 19604: 19598: 19595: 19591: 19588: 19587: 19584: 19581: 19576: 19570: 19567: 19563: 19560: 19559: 19556: 19553: 19548: 19542: 19539: 19535: 19532: 19531: 19528: 19525: 19520: 19514: 19511: 19507: 19504: 19503: 19500: 19497: 19492: 19486: 19483: 19479: 19476: 19475: 19472: 19469: 19464: 19463:Astley Cooper 19458: 19455: 19451: 19448: 19447: 19444: 19441: 19436: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19424: 19421: 19418: 19413: 19407: 19404: 19400: 19397: 19396: 19393: 19391: 19387: 19385: 19384: 19376: 19370: 19367: 19361: 19357: 19354: 19353: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19338: 19334: 19331: 19330: 19327: 19324: 19319: 19318:George Atwood 19313: 19310: 19306: 19303: 19302: 19299: 19296: 19291: 19290:Jesse Ramsden 19285: 19282: 19278: 19275: 19274: 19271: 19268: 19263: 19257: 19254: 19250: 19247: 19246: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19231: 19227: 19224: 19223: 19220: 19217: 19212: 19206: 19203: 19199: 19196: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19186: 19184: 19183: 19175: 19174:James Rennell 19169: 19166: 19160: 19156: 19153: 19152: 19148: 19145: 19143: 19140: 19137: 19133: 19130: 19129: 19126: 19123: 19118: 19112: 19109: 19105: 19102: 19101: 19098: 19095: 19090: 19084: 19081: 19077: 19074: 19073: 19070: 19067: 19062: 19056: 19053: 19049: 19046: 19045: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19030: 19026: 19023: 19022: 19019: 19016: 19011: 19005: 19002: 18998: 18995: 18994: 18991: 18988: 18983: 18982:Edward Waring 18977: 18974: 18970: 18967: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18957: 18955: 18948: 18942: 18939: 18935: 18932: 18931: 18928: 18925: 18920: 18914: 18911: 18907: 18904: 18903: 18900: 18897: 18892: 18886: 18883: 18879: 18876: 18875: 18872: 18869: 18864: 18858: 18855: 18851: 18848: 18847: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18832: 18828: 18825: 18824: 18821: 18818: 18813: 18807: 18804: 18800: 18797: 18796: 18792: 18789: 18784: 18778: 18775: 18771: 18768: 18767: 18764: 18761: 18756: 18750: 18747: 18743: 18740: 18739: 18736: 18733: 18728: 18722: 18719: 18715: 18712: 18711: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18696: 18692: 18689: 18688: 18685: 18682: 18677: 18671: 18668: 18664: 18661: 18660: 18657: 18654: 18649: 18643: 18640: 18636: 18633: 18632: 18628: 18625: 18620: 18619:Matthew Raper 18614: 18611: 18607: 18604: 18603: 18600: 18597: 18592: 18586: 18583: 18579: 18576: 18575: 18571: 18568: 18563: 18557: 18554: 18550: 18547: 18546: 18543: 18540: 18535: 18529: 18526: 18522: 18519: 18518: 18515: 18512: 18507: 18501: 18498: 18494: 18491: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18478: 18476: 18475: 18471: 18469: 18461: 18455: 18452: 18448: 18445: 18444: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18429: 18425: 18422: 18421: 18418: 18415: 18410: 18404: 18401: 18397: 18394: 18393: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18378: 18374: 18371: 18370: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18355: 18351: 18348: 18347: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18332: 18328: 18325: 18324: 18321: 18318: 18313: 18307: 18304: 18300: 18297: 18296: 18293: 18290: 18285: 18279: 18276: 18272: 18269: 18268: 18265: 18262: 18257: 18251: 18248: 18244: 18241: 18240: 18237: 18234: 18229: 18223: 18220: 18216: 18213: 18212: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18197: 18193: 18190: 18189: 18186: 18183: 18178: 18172: 18169: 18165: 18162: 18161: 18158: 18155: 18150: 18149:William Lewis 18144: 18141: 18137: 18134: 18133: 18130: 18127: 18123: 18118: 18112: 18109: 18105: 18102: 18101: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18087: 18083: 18080: 18079: 18076: 18073: 18068: 18062: 18059: 18055: 18052: 18051: 18048: 18045: 18040: 18034: 18031: 18027: 18024: 18023: 18020: 18017: 18012: 18011:John Harrison 18006: 18003: 17999: 17996: 17995: 17992: 17989: 17984: 17983:James Bradley 17978: 17975: 17971: 17968: 17967: 17964: 17961: 17956: 17950: 17947: 17943: 17940: 17939: 17936: 17933: 17928: 17922: 17919: 17915: 17912: 17911: 17908: 17905: 17900: 17894: 17891: 17887: 17884: 17883: 17880: 17877: 17872: 17866: 17863: 17859: 17856: 17855: 17851: 17848: 17843: 17837: 17834: 17830: 17827: 17826: 17823: 17820: 17815: 17809: 17806: 17802: 17799: 17798: 17795: 17792: 17787: 17781: 17778: 17774: 17771: 17770: 17767: 17764: 17759: 17753: 17750: 17746: 17743: 17742: 17739: 17736: 17731: 17730:Stephen Hales 17725: 17722: 17718: 17715: 17714: 17710: 17707: 17702: 17696: 17693: 17689: 17686: 17685: 17682: 17679: 17674: 17673:John Belchier 17668: 17665: 17661: 17658: 17657: 17654: 17651: 17646: 17640: 17637: 17633: 17630: 17629: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17614: 17610: 17607: 17606: 17603: 17600: 17595: 17589: 17586: 17582: 17579: 17578: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17563: 17559: 17556: 17555: 17552: 17549: 17544: 17538: 17535: 17531: 17528: 17527: 17524: 17521: 17516: 17510: 17507: 17503: 17500: 17499: 17482: 17474: 17472: 17468: 17464: 17460: 17456: 17446: 17444: 17440: 17436: 17432: 17428: 17423: 17421: 17417: 17413: 17412:John Belchier 17409: 17408:Martin Folkes 17404: 17401: 17398: 17394: 17391: 17387: 17384:, the MP for 17383: 17373: 17371: 17367: 17363: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17347: 17343: 17339: 17338:Royal Society 17335: 17325: 17321: 17316: 17312: 17309: 17305: 17300: 17296: 17289: 17284: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17266: 17252: 17250:First awarded 17248: 17244: 17240: 17237: 17236:Royal Society 17234: 17230: 17226: 17222: 17217: 17216:George Stokes 17211: 17206: 17201: 17195: 17187: 17177: 17174: 17166: 17163: 17155: 17152: 17144: 17141: 17133: 17130: 17122: 17119: 17111: 17108: 17100: 17097: 17089: 17086: 17078: 17075: 17067: 17064: 17056: 17053: 17047: 17042: 17036: 17029: 17026: 17018: 17015: 17009: 17004: 16996: 16993: 16987: 16982: 16974: 16971: 16965: 16960: 16952: 16949: 16943: 16938: 16930: 16927: 16921: 16916: 16908: 16905: 16899: 16894: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16882: 16876: 16871: 16865: 16860: 16854: 16849: 16843: 16838: 16832: 16827: 16821: 16816: 16808: 16805: 16799: 16794: 16786: 16783: 16777: 16772: 16764: 16761: 16755: 16750: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16738: 16732: 16727: 16721: 16716: 16708: 16705: 16699: 16694: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16682: 16676:{{Reflist|2}} 16674: 16671: 16663: 16660: 16654: 16649: 16641: 16638: 16632: 16627: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16615: 16607: 16604: 16596: 16593: 16587: 16582: 16574: 16571: 16565: 16560: 16552: 16549: 16543: 16538: 16532:'''General''' 16530: 16527: 16521: 16516: 16508: 16505: 16499: 16494: 16484: 16473: 16470: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16458: 16452: 16450: 16445: 16443: 16442: 16436: 16434: 16429: 16427: 16426: 16420: 16415: 16409: 16404: 16398: 16393: 16387: 16382: 16376: 16371: 16365: 16360: 16354: 16349: 16343: 16338: 16332: 16327: 16321: 16316: 16310: 16305: 16299: 16294: 16288: 16283: 16277: 16272: 16266: 16261: 16255: 16250: 16244: 16239: 16233: 16228: 16222: 16217: 16211: 16206: 16200: 16195: 16189: 16184: 16178: 16173: 16167: 16162: 16156: 16151: 16145: 16140: 16134: 16129: 16123: 16118: 16112: 16107: 16101: 16096: 16090: 16085: 16079: 16074: 16068: 16063: 16057: 16052: 16046: 16041: 16024: 16014: 16011: 16005: 16003: 15998: 15996: 15995: 15981: 15971: 15968: 15962: 15960: 15955: 15953: 15952: 15942: 15932: 15929: 15923: 15921: 15916: 15914: 15913: 15899: 15892: 15889: 15883: 15881: 15876: 15874: 15873: 15857:||{{sortname| 15851: 15836: 15833: 15827: 15825: 15820: 15818: 15817: 15807: 15800: 15797: 15791: 15789: 15784: 15782: 15781: 15755: 15728: 15725: 15719: 15717: 15712: 15710: 15709: 15699: 15692: 15689: 15683: 15681: 15676: 15674: 15673: 15652: 15641: 15638: 15632: 15630: 15625: 15623: 15622: 15600: 15591:|publisher=]| 15579: 15576: 15570: 15568: 15563: 15561: 15560: 15533: 15513: 15510: 15504: 15502: 15497: 15495: 15494: 15484: 15474: 15471: 15465: 15463: 15458: 15456: 15455: 15437: 15422: 15419: 15413: 15411: 15406: 15404: 15403: 15393: 15383: 15380: 15374: 15372: 15367: 15365: 15364: 15355:||{{sortname| 15349: 15338: 15335: 15329: 15327: 15322: 15320: 15319: 15237: 15157: 15154: 15148: 15146: 15141: 15139: 15138: 15108: 15075: 15072: 15066: 15064: 15059: 15057: 15056: 15046: 15036: 15033: 15027: 15025: 15020: 15018: 15017: 14987: 14954: 14951: 14945: 14943: 14938: 14936: 14935: 14927:||{{sortname| 14921: 14906: 14903: 14897: 14895: 14890: 14888: 14887: 14869: 14858: 14855: 14849: 14847: 14842: 14840: 14839: 14823:||{{sortname| 14817: 14798: 14795: 14789: 14787: 14782: 14780: 14779: 14768:||{{sortname| 14762: 14751: 14748: 14742: 14740: 14735: 14733: 14732: 14719: 14709: 14706: 14700: 14698: 14693: 14691: 14690: 14672: 14658: 14655: 14649: 14647: 14642: 14640: 14639: 14625: 14618: 14615: 14609: 14607: 14602: 14600: 14599: 14577: 14559: 14556: 14550: 14548: 14543: 14541: 14540: 14526: 14516: 14513: 14507: 14505: 14500: 14498: 14497: 14487: 14473: 14470: 14464: 14462: 14457: 14455: 14454: 14444: 14437: 14434: 14428: 14426: 14421: 14419: 14418: 14408: 14398: 14395: 14389: 14387: 14382: 14380: 14379: 14369: 14359: 14356: 14350: 14348: 14343: 14341: 14340: 14326: 14311: 14308: 14302: 14300: 14295: 14293: 14292: 14282: 14275: 14272: 14266: 14264: 14259: 14257: 14256: 14238: 14224: 14221: 14215: 14213: 14208: 14206: 14205: 14195: 14185: 14182: 14176: 14174: 14169: 14167: 14166: 14152: 14145: 14142: 14136: 14134: 14129: 14127: 14126: 14116: 14109: 14106: 14100: 14098: 14093: 14091: 14090: 14072: 14061: 14058: 14052: 14050: 14045: 14043: 14042: 14032: 14025: 14022: 14016: 14014: 14009: 14007: 14006: 13998:||{{sortname| 13992: 13981: 13978: 13972: 13970: 13965: 13963: 13962: 13952: 13942: 13939: 13933: 13931: 13926: 13924: 13923: 13909: 13895: 13892: 13886: 13884: 13879: 13877: 13876: 13862: 13851: 13848: 13842: 13840: 13835: 13833: 13832: 13806:mathematician 13794: 13753: 13750: 13744: 13742: 13737: 13735: 13734: 13724: 13714: 13711: 13705: 13703: 13698: 13696: 13695: 13665: 13632: 13629: 13623: 13621: 13616: 13614: 13613: 13595: 13581: 13578: 13572: 13570: 13565: 13563: 13562: 13544: 13530: 13527: 13521: 13519: 13514: 13512: 13511: 13489: 13470: 13467: 13461: 13459: 13454: 13452: 13451: 13433: 13418: 13415: 13409: 13407: 13402: 13400: 13399: 13365: 13332: 13329: 13323: 13321: 13316: 13314: 13313: 13299: 13289: 13286: 13280: 13278: 13273: 13271: 13270: 13252: 13238: 13235: 13229: 13227: 13222: 13220: 13219: 13199:||{{sortname| 13193: 13177: 13174: 13168: 13166: 13161: 13159: 13158: 13148: 13138: 13135: 13129: 13127: 13122: 13120: 13119: 13085: 13055: 13052: 13046: 13044: 13039: 13037: 13036: 13006: 12973: 12970: 12964: 12962: 12957: 12955: 12954: 12924: 12894: 12891: 12885: 12883: 12878: 12876: 12875: 12844: 12809: 12806: 12800: 12798: 12793: 12791: 12790: 12760: 12726: 12723: 12717: 12715: 12710: 12708: 12707: 12688:||{{sortname| 12685: 12680: 12665: 12662: 12656: 12654: 12649: 12647: 12646: 12612: 12578: 12575: 12569: 12567: 12562: 12560: 12559: 12541: 12526: 12523: 12517: 12515: 12510: 12508: 12507: 12488:||{{sortname| 12482: 12467: 12464: 12458: 12456: 12451: 12449: 12448: 12418: 12397: 12394: 12388: 12386: 12381: 12379: 12378: 12352: 12333: 12330: 12324: 12322: 12317: 12315: 12314: 12287: 12276: 12273: 12267: 12265: 12260: 12258: 12257: 12231: 12200: 12197: 12191: 12189: 12184: 12182: 12181: 12159: 12144: 12141: 12135: 12133: 12128: 12126: 12125: 12107: 12096: 12093: 12087: 12085: 12080: 12078: 12077: 12051: 12036: 12033: 12027: 12025: 12020: 12018: 12017: 11991: 11960: 11957: 11951: 11949: 11944: 11942: 11941: 11919: 11904: 11901: 11895: 11893: 11888: 11886: 11885: 11855: 11825: 11822: 11816: 11814: 11809: 11807: 11806: 11784: 11765: 11762: 11756: 11754: 11749: 11747: 11746: 11719: 11708: 11705: 11699: 11697: 11692: 11690: 11689: 11643: 11593: 11590: 11584: 11582: 11577: 11575: 11574: 11552: 11537: 11534: 11528: 11526: 11521: 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Taylor 23462:Thomas Lewis 23322:Arthur Evans 22396:Eduard Suess 21444: 20930:Richard Owen 20624: 20616: 20576:Robert Brown 20553: 20544: 20510: 20502: 20466: 20371: 20352: 20279: 20256: 20233: 20214: 20208:Henry Foster 20206: 20149: 20144:Peter Barlow 20023: 20015: 19952: 19872: 19764: 19713: 19631:Everard Home 19575:Humphry Davy 19412:John Hellins 19389: 19381: 19342: 19235: 19188: 19180: 19141: 19034: 18959: 18863:Samuel Vince 18836: 18700: 18534:Peter Woulfe 18483: 18480: 18472: 18466: 18433: 18382: 18359: 18336: 18284:John Smeaton 18256:John Dollond 18201: 17955:Gowin Knight 17701:James Valoue 17618: 17567: 17543:Stephen Gray 17515:Stephen Gray 17469:, and 14 in 17452: 17431:Joseph Banks 17424: 17405: 17393:Abraham Hill 17379: 17353:Commonwealth 17350: 17342:Stephen Gray 17334:Copley Medal 17333: 17331: 17274:Copley Medal 17232:Sponsored by 17203:Copley Medal 17194: 16510:{{refbegin}} 15742:The Observer 15608:1920 – April 15287:archive-date 15257:copley-medal 15249:royalsociety 15247:|url=http:// 15206:Othmer Medal 14916:response"||— 11731:|publisher=] 10107:von Kölliker 9020:google.co.uk 8432:|publisher=] 7488:elements"||— 7472:elements"||— 6123:4020-2979-0 6022:SpringerLink 5637:access=free 4294:HemOnc Today 3931:Manuscripts 3892:Manuscripts 3448:date=2006 | 2220:google.co.uk 2166:|publisher=] 2068:google.co.uk 1933:author2-link 1815:PA71&lpg 34681:Martin Rees 34657:Alan Fersht 34617:Peter Higgs 34525:Harry Kroto 34517:John Gurdon 34420:Hugh Huxley 34364:Abdus Salam 34148:Paul Fildes 34041:(1951–2000) 33971:G. 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27603:Archived 27554:Archived 27497:Archived 27472:Archived 27447:Archived 27387:Archived 27338:Archived 27320:: 1–19. 27216:Archived 27143:Archived 27023:. 1969. 26994:Archived 26861:Archived 26815:(1996). 26785:Archived 26393:Archived 26363:Archived 26341:73380022 26296:Archived 26123:30530666 25912:Archived 25883:30 March 25874:Archived 25872:. 2024. 25813:See also 20372:No Award 20280:No Award 20257:No Award 20234:No Award 19953:No Award 19873:No Award 19765:No Award 19714:No Award 19343:No Award 19236:No Award 19142:No Award 19035:No Award 18837:No Award 18701:No Award 18434:No Award 18383:No Award 18360:No Award 18337:No Award 18202:No Award 17619:No Award 17568:No Award 17465:, 21 in 16488:See also 15588:19, 2004 15548:Andrews| 15524:Andrews| 15291:December 13901:Lawrence 13207:Andrews| 13184:Andrews| 12859:=Nature| 12827:=Nature| 12582:Douglas 12001:=Nature| 11974:=Nature| 10810:Thompson 10279:Andrews| 10190:Andrews| 10092:Kolliker 9024:books?id 8937:Andrews| 8840:|1871 || 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