Computer-assisted web interviewing: Difference between revisions

215:'''Computer-assisted web interviewing''' (CAWI) is an Internet surveying technique in which the interviewee follows a script provided in a website. The ]s are made in a program for creating web interviews. The program allows for the questionnaire to contain pictures, audio and video clips, links to different web pages, etc. The website is able to customize the flow of the questionnaire based on the answers provided, as well as information already known about the participant. It is considered to be a cheaper way of surveying since one doesn't need to use people to hold surveys unlike ]. With the increasing use of the Internet, online questionnaires have become a popular way of collecting information. The design of an online questionnaire has a dramatic effect on the quality of data gathered. There are many factors in designing an online questionnaire; guidelines, available question formats, administration, quality and ethic issues should be reviewed. Online questionnaires should be seen as a sub-set of a wider-range of ]. 372:* An online forum allows responses to be received more quickly from subjects.<ref name="Bradburn">Bradburn, Norman M., Sudman, Seymour, Wansink, Brian, Asking Questions: The Definitive Guide to Questionnaire Design – For Market Research, Political Polls, and Social and Health Questionnaires. Jossey-Bass. 2004</ref><ref name="Shatz">{{cite journal |last=Shatz|first=Itamar|year=2017|url=http://itamarshatz.me/wp-content/uploads/Fast-Free-and-Targeted-Reddit-as-a-Source-for-Recruiting-Participants-Online.pdf|title=Fast, free, and targeted: Reddit as a source for recruiting participants online|journal=Social Science Computer Review|volume=35|issue=4|pages=537–549|doi=10.1177/0894439316650163 |s2cid=64146439 }}</ref> 2834:

Baker, Reginald P., Clark, Cynthia Z. F., Martin, Jean, Nicholls, William L., O'Reilly, James M., Computer Assisted Questionnaire Information Collection. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998</ref>. The questionnaire may need to be administered in a secluded environment to protect sensitive information provided by the participant <ref name="NRCoC"/>. Security measures in the software may also need to be added in these cases <ref name="OQDG"/>. In contrast, online questionnaires may also be very informal, relaxed and can be conducted in the comfort of someone’s home <ref name="Sharp"/>.<br />

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Baker, Reginald P., ], Martin, Jean, Nicholls, William L., O'Reilly, James M., Computer Assisted Survey Information Collection. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998</ref> The questionnaire may need to be administered in a secluded environment to protect sensitive information provided by the participant.<ref name="NRCoC"/> Security measures in the software may also need to be added in these cases.<ref name="OQDG"/> In contrast, online questionnaires may also be very informal and relaxed and can be conducted in the comfort of someone’s home.<ref name="Sharp"/>

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as long as they need to be.<ref name="Bradburn"/><ref name="Shatz" /> Conciseness can be achieved through removing redundant and irrelevant questions, which can add frustration to the participant, but not value to the research.<ref name="Groves"/> Finally, placing questions in a logical sequence also gives the participants a better mental map as they are filling out the questionnaire.<ref name="Bradburn"/> Moving randomly between subjects and having answers in a non-intuitive sequence can confuse the participant.<ref name="Sharp"/>

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as long as they need to be<ref name="Bradburn"/>. Conciseness can be achieved through removing redundant and irrelevant questions, which can add frustration to the participant, but not value to the research<ref name="Groves"/>. Finally, placing questions in a logical sequence also gives the participant a better mental map as he/she is filling out the questionnaire<ref name="Bradburn"/>. Moving randomly between subjects and having answers in a non-intuitive sequence can confuse the participant<ref name="Sharp"/>. <br />

4103: 3690:. With the increasing use of the Internet, online questionnaires have become a popular way of collecting information. The design of an online questionnaire has a dramatic effect on the quality of data gathered. There are many factors in designing an online questionnaire; guidelines, available question formats, administration, quality and ethic issues should be reviewed. Online questionnaires should be seen as a sub-set of a wider-range of 68: 4054:

achieved through removing redundant and irrelevant questions, which can add frustration to the participant, but not value to the research. Finally, placing questions in a logical sequence also gives the participants a better mental map as they are filling out the questionnaire. Moving randomly between subjects and having answers in a non-intuitive sequence can confuse the participant.

2891:* Confidentiality must be imposed on certain questionnaires. Identification may be required on questionnaires that need follow up. Although, in this case the administrator may choose to use identifying numbers rather than names. In this case, the participant of the questionnaire should completely understand what the number is used for and why it is there.<ref name="Couper"/> 3141:*Confidentiality must be imposed on certain questionnaires. Identification may be required on questionnaires that need follow up. Although, in this case the administrator may choose to use identifying numbers rather than names. In this case, the participant of the questionnaire should completely understand what the number is used for and why it is there<ref name="Couper"/>. 383:* This method is also cheaper to administer, as there are no costs associated with purchasing paper or other materials for printing. Postage costs are also mitigated.<ref name="OQDG">Online Questionnaire Design Guide, "Web Based Questionnaires" . {{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 524:*An online forum allows responses to be received more quickly from subjects <ref name="Bradburn">Bradburn, Norman M., Sudman, Seymour, Wansink, Brian, Asking Questions: The Definitive Guide to Questionnaire Design – For Market Research, Political Polls, and Social and Health Questionnaires. Jossey-Bass. 2004</ref>. 3685:

are made in a program for creating web interviews. The program allows for the questionnaire to contain pictures, audio and video clips, links to different web pages, etc. The website is able to customize the flow of the questionnaire based on the answers provided, as well as information already known

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Questionnaire quality can be measured through the value of the data obtained and participant satisfaction<ref name="Sharp"/>. To maintain a high quality questionnaire length, conciseness and question sequence should be considered<ref name="Couper"/>. First, questionnaires should only be

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Questionnaire quality can be measured through the value of the data obtained and participant satisfaction.<ref name="Sharp"/> To maintain a high quality questionnaire length, conciseness and question sequence should be considered.<ref name="Couper"/> First, questionnaires should only be

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The respondent is required to click on the arrow on the far right side of the box. Once clicked, a display with a list of answers will appear. A scroll bar may appear on the right hand side if a large number of answers are displayed. The respondent can click on the highlighted section of the list

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With the increasing use of the Internet, online questionnaires have become a popular way of collecting information. The design of an online questionnaire often has an affect how the quality of data gathered. There are many factors in designing an online questionnaire guidelines, available question

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There are several reasons why someone would utilize online ]s as their preferred testing method. A few of the advantages and disadvantages of this method have been summarized below:<ref name="Sharp">Sharp, H., Rogers, Y., Preece, J., Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction. John

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Confidentiality must be imposed on certain questionnaires. Identification may be required on questionnaires that need follow up. Although, in this case the administrator may choose to use identifying numbers rather than names. In this case, the participant of the questionnaire should completely

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Unit nonresponders are those individuals who do not participate in the survey. There are two possible variations to the unit nonresponder. Such an individual could be technically hindered from participation, or he or she may purposefully withdraw after the welcome screen is displayed, but prior to

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Location of administration for the online questionnaire may be a factor in the administration if a specific environment is required <ref name="Sharp"/>. A quiet environment may be needed for questions, which require a certain amount of concentration <ref name="Couper">Couper, Mick P.,

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Questionnaire quality can be measured through the value of the data obtained and participant satisfaction. To maintain a high quality questionnaire length, conciseness and question sequence should be considered. First, questionnaires should only be as long as they need to be. Conciseness can be

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Location of administration for the online questionnaire may be a factor in the administration if a specific environment is required.<ref name="Sharp"/> A quiet environment may be needed for questions, which require a certain amount of concentration.<ref name="Couper">Couper, Mick P.,

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The respondent is required to click on the arrow on the far right side of the box.<ref name="Sharp"/> Once clicked, a display with a list of answers will appear.<ref name="Bradburn"/> A scroll bar may appear on the right hand side if a large number of answers are displayed.<ref

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The respondent is required to click on the arrow on the far right side of the box <ref name="Sharp"/>. Once clicked, a display with a list of answers will appear<ref name="Bradburn"/>. A scroll bar may appear on the right hand side if a large number of answers are displayed<ref

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There are several reasons why someone would utilize online questionnaires as their preferred testing method. A few of the advantages and disadvantages of this method have been summarized below<ref name="Sharp">Sharp, H., Rogers, Y., Preece, J., Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer

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Location of administration for the online questionnaire may be a factor in the administration if a specific environment is required. A quiet environment may be needed for questions, which require a certain amount of concentration. The questionnaire may need to be administered in a secluded

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Open-ended questions are those that allow respondents to answer in their own words. In an online survey, textboxes are provided with the question prompt in order for respondents to type in their answer. Open-ended questions seek a free response and aim to determine what is at the tip of the

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840:*The required information should be ranked in order of significance in an unbiased manner. Topics should not lead a person into making false conclusions <ref name="QuestionPro">QuestionPro, "Preparing an Online Questionnaire - How to Conduct an Online Questionnaire" . </ref>. 4045:

environment to protect sensitive information provided by the participant. Security measures in the software may also need to be added in these cases. In contrast, online questionnaires may also be very informal and relaxed and can be conducted in the comfort of someone’s home.

2935:* In some cases, the questionnaire should be reviewed by an ethics committee or outside party.<ref name="Sharp"/> This is particularly important if the questionnaire involves giving sensitive information or the topic is one which may make some participants uncomfortable. 139: 3185:*In some cases, the questionnaire should be reviewed by an ethics committee or outside party<ref name="Sharp"/>. This is particularly important if the questionnaire involves giving sensitive information or the topic is one which may make some participants uncomfortable. 1874:

respondent's mind. These are good to use when asking for attitude or feelings, likes and dislikes, memory recall, opinions, or additional comments.<ref>Survey Monkey, Smart Survey Design (2007), http://s3.amazonaws.com/SurveyMonkeyFiles/SmartSurvey.pdf</ref>

535:*This method is also cheaper to administer, as there are no costs associated with purchasing paper or other materials for printing. Postage costs are also mitigated <ref name="OQDG">Online Questionnaire Design Guide, "Web Based Questionnaires" . </ref>. 261:

Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002</ref><ref>Reips, U.-D. (2000). The Web Experiment Method: Advantages, disadvantages, and solutions. In M. H. Birnbaum (Ed.), Psychological experiments on the Internet (pp. 89-118). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.</ref>

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Once the questionnaire is designed, it must be administered to the appropriate sample population for data collection <ref name="Groves"/>. Attracting the appropriate target audience often requires advertisement. There are various methods used to attract

624:<ref name="Presser">Presser, Stanley, Rothgeb, Jennifer M., Couper, Mick P., Lessler, Judith T., Martin, Elizabeth, Martin, Jean, Singer, Eleanor, Methods for Testing and Evaluating Questionnaire Questionnaires. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004</ref> 2563:

Once the questionnaire is designed, it must be administered to the appropriate sample population for data collection.<ref name="Groves"/> Attracting the appropriate target audience often requires advertisement. There are various methods used to attract

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name="Bradburn"/>. The respondent can click on the highlighted section of the list to select an answer <ref name="Sharp"/>. This answer will then appear in the box. Only one answer can be selected for this type of question <ref name="Sharp"/>.

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name="Bradburn"/> The respondent can click on the highlighted section of the list to select an answer.<ref name="Sharp"/> This answer will then appear in the box. Only one answer can be selected for this type of question.<ref name="Sharp"/>

945:*In creating the layout of the online questionnaire, “smart branching” should be utilized to lessen complexity. For example, if a subject selects “yes” to a question, the questionnaire would automatically jump to the next relevant question and vice versa 3794:

In creating the layout of the online questionnaire, “smart branching” should be utilized to lessen complexity. For example, if a subject selects “yes” to a question, the questionnaire would automatically jump on to the next relevant question and vice

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Once the questionnaire is designed, it must be administered to the appropriate sample population for data collection. Attracting the appropriate target audience often requires advertisement. There are various methods used to attract participants

2902:* Questions should have the option of “I don’t know” or an option that denotes neutrality so the participant feels he/she has the opportunity to plead ignorance or neutrality so that inaccurate data is not provided.<ref name="Sharp"/> 3152:*Questions should have the option of “I don’t know” or an option that denotes neutrality so the participant feels he/she has the opportunity to plead ignorance or neutrality so that inaccurate data is not provided<ref name="Sharp"/>. 4089:

In some cases, the questionnaire should be reviewed by an ethics committee or outside party. This is particularly important if the questionnaire involves giving sensitive information or the topic is one which may make some participants

2098:* Limit the number of items in ranking or rating scale questions to fewer than ten. These questions can become difficult to read after ten options. Longer rating or ranking questions can also cause display issues in some environments. 2091:* Limit the number of items in ranking or rating scale questions to fewer than ten. These questions can become difficult to read after ten options. Longer rating or ranking questions can also cause display issues in some environments. 1293:

In designing a questionnaire, the evaluation method should be kept in mind when choosing the response format. In this section, there are various response formats that can be used on online questionnaires <ref name="Sharp"/>.

2513:# Item non-responding drop-outs represent a mixture of 3 and 6. Individuals displaying this response behavior view some of the questions, answer some but not all of the questions viewed, and also quit prior to the end of the survey. 2506:# Item non-responding drop-outs represent a mixture of 3 and 6. Individuals displaying this response behavior view some of the questions, answer some but not all of the questions viewed, and also quit prior to the end of the survey. 1043:* A sample of the questionnaire should be distributed to at least five people, prior to publication on the web. Upon their completion of the questionnaire, feedback from the participants should be obtained.<ref name="Sharp"/> 1186:*A sample of the questionnaire should be distributed to at least 5 people, prior to publication on the web. Upon their completion of the questionnaire, feedback from the participants should be obtained <ref name="Sharp"/>. 4007:

Item non-responding drop-outs represent a mixture of 3 and 6. Individuals displaying this response behavior view some of the questions, answer some but not all of the questions viewed, and also quit prior to the end of the

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Limit the number of items in ranking or rating scale questions to fewer than ten. These questions can become difficult to read after ten options. Longer rating or ranking questions can also cause display issues in some

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Ethical issues should be considered when gathering data from a target audience. Below are common things one should keep in mind when considering the rights and interests of the participant<ref name="Sharp"/>.

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The respondent must select one value from a scale of possible options; for example, poor, fair, good, or excellent. Rating scales allow the person conducting the survey to measure and compare sets of variables.

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The respondent is required to click inside of the text box to get the cursor inside the box. Once the cursor is blinking inside of the box, the answer of the question can be typed in<ref name="Presser"/>

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Bradburn, Norman M., Sudman, Seymour, Wansink, Brian, Asking Questions: The Definitive Guide to Questionnaire Design – For Market Research, Political Polls, and Social and Health Questionnaires. Jossey-Bass.

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The respondent is required to click on the box next to the answer that corresponds to the desired choice. A checkmark will appear in the box once an answer is chosen. More than one answer can be selected.

657:<ref name="Groves">Groves, Robert M., Fowler, Floyd J., Couper, Mick P., Lepkowski, James M., Singer, Eleanor, Tourangeau, Roger, Questionnaire Methodology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004</ref> 3829:

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A sample of the questionnaire should be distributed to at least five people, prior to publication on the web. Upon their completion of the questionnaire, feedback from the participants should be obtained.

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Questions should have the option of “I don’t know” or an option that denotes neutrality so the participant feels he/she has the opportunity to plead ignorance or neutrality so that inaccurate data is not

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Reips, U.-D. (2000). The Web Experiment Method: Advantages, disadvantages, and solutions. In M. H. Birnbaum (Ed.), Psychological experiments on the Internet (pp. 89-118). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

674:<ref name="Groves">Groves, Robert M., Fowler, Floyd J., Couper, Mick P., Lepkowski, James M., Singer, Eleanor, Tourangeau, Roger, Questionnaire Methodology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004 122: 2913:* Questions should not trick the participant. They should be worded clearly; the participant should feel comfortable and know exactly what he or she is responding to.<ref name="Presser"/> 546:*Since data is collected into a central database, the time for analysis is subsequently reduced <ref name="StatPac">StatPac, "Questionnaire Design - General Considerations" . </ref>. 394:* Since data is collected into a central database, the time for analysis is subsequently reduced.<ref name="StatPac">StatPac, "Questionnaire Design - General Considerations" . </ref> 15: 4062:

Ethical issues should be considered when gathering data from a target audience. Below are common things one should keep in mind when considering the rights and interests of the participant.

3163:*Questions should not trick the participant. They should be worded clearly; the participant should feel comfortable and know exactly what he/she is responding to<ref name="Presser"/>. 3769:

An online questionnaire needs to be carefully thought through before it is launched. There are several important paradigms that should be considered when creating an online questionnaire.

2269:{{cite web |url=https://stanford.edu/group/polisci/faculty/krosnick.html |title=Jon Krosnick |accessdate=2008-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819110858/ 3922:

The respondent is required to click inside of the text box to get the cursor inside the box. Once the cursor is blinking inside of the box, the answer of the question can be typed in.

2069:* If using rating scales, be consistent throughout the survey. Use the same number of points on the scale and make sure meanings of high and low stay consistent throughout the survey. 3845:

The respondent is required to click on the circle, which corresponds to the desired answer. A dot in the middle will appear once an answer is chosen. Only one answer can be chosen.

2040:* If using rating scales, be consistent throughout the survey. Use the same number of points on the scale and make sure meanings of high and low stay consistent throughout the survey. 1905:

The respondent is required to click inside of the text box to get the cursor inside the box. Once the cursor is blinking inside of the box, the answer of the question can be typed in

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If using rating scales, be consistent throughout the survey. Use the same number of points on the scale and make sure meanings of high and low stay consistent throughout the survey.

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The respondent is required to click on the circle, which corresponds to the desired answer. A dot in the middle will appear once an answer is chosen. Only one answer can be chosen

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The respondent is required to click on the circle, which corresponds to the desired answer. A dot in the middle will appear once an answer is chosen. Only one answer can be chosen

2398:# Unit nonresponders are those individuals who do not participate in the survey. There are two possible variations to the unit nonresponder. Such an individual could be technically 2385:# Unit nonresponders are those individuals who do not participate in the survey. There are two possible variations to the unit nonresponder. Such an individual could be technically 2080:* Use an odd number in your rating scale to make data analysis easier. Switching your rating scales around will confuse survey takers, which will lead to untrustworthy responses. 4356:

Groves, Robert M., Fowler, Floyd J., Couper, Mick P., Lepkowski, James M., Singer, Eleanor, Tourangeau, Roger, Questionnaire Methodology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004 exactly

1616:*If “none of the above” is required, provide it with a radio button to prevent an erroneous check on this choice in case another answer has been chosen <ref name="Sharp"/>. 1562:* If “none of the above” is required, provide it with a radio button to prevent an erroneous check on this choice in case another answer has been chosen.<ref name="Sharp"/> 2060:* Use an odd number in the rating scale to make data analysis easier. Switching the rating scales around will confuse survey takers, which will lead to untrustworthy responses. 3840: 557:*It is easier to correct errors on an online questionnaire, since the administrator does not have to reprint all the questionnaires for distribution <ref name="Sharp"/>. 405:* It is easier to correct errors on an online questionnaire, since the administrator does not have to reprint all the questionnaires for distribution.<ref name="Sharp"/> 3946:

Use an odd number in the rating scale to make data analysis easier. Switching the rating scales around will confuse survey takers, which will lead to untrustworthy responses.

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Lurking drop-outs represent a combination of 3 and 4. Such a participant views some of the questions without answering, but also quits the survey prior to reaching the end.

90: 1818:* In designing drop-down boxes, do not make the first option visible to the respondent. This may be misleading where no answer may be chosen.<ref name="Presser"/> 28: 1805:*In designing drop-down boxes, do not make the first option visible to the respondent. This may be misleading where no answer may be chosen<ref name="Presser"/>. 2163:

Response rates are frequently quite low{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} and there is a danger that they will continue to drop due to over-surveying of web-users.

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Questions should not trick the participant. They should be worded clearly; the participant should feel comfortable and know exactly what he or she is responding to.

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This method is also cheaper to administer, as there are no costs associated with purchasing paper or other materials for printing. Postage costs are also mitigated.

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Jon Krosnick argues that the following three factors determine the successfulness of the questionnaire and the likelihood of achieving decent levels of response.

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needs to be carefully thought through before it is launched. There are several important paradigms that should be considered when creating an online questionnaire

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needs to be carefully thought through before it is launched. There are several important paradigms that should be considered when creating an online questionnaire

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Jon Krosnick argues that the following three factors determine the successfulness of the questionnaire and the likelihood of achieving decent levels of response.

645:, Martin, Elizabeth, Martin, Jean, Singer, Eleanor, Methods for Testing and Evaluating Questionnaire Questionnaires. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004</ref> 2260:# Task difficulty/questionnaire design<ref>See http://stanford.edu/group/polisci/faculty/krosnick.html for a list of Krosnick's publications</ref> 1863:

respondent's mind. These are good to use when asking for attitude or feelings, likes and dislikes, memory recall, opinions, or additional comments.<ref>

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represent a combination of 3 and 4. Such a participant views some of the questions without answering, but also quits the survey prior to reaching the end.

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represent a combination of 3 and 4. Such a participant views some of the questions without answering, but also quits the survey prior to reaching the end.

1398:*No default answer should be provided. If a default answer is provided, it may be mistaken as an answer if the respondent chooses to skip the question. 3882:

If “none of the above” is required, provide it with a radio button to prevent an erroneous check on this choice in case another answer has been chosen.

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No default answer should be provided. If a default answer is provided, it may be mistaken as an answer if the respondent chooses to skip the question.

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No default answer should be provided. If a default answer is provided, it may be mistaken as an answer if the respondent chooses to skip the question.

134: 146: 4342:, Martin, Elizabeth, Martin, Jean, Singer, Eleanor, Methods for Testing and Evaluating Questionnaire Questionnaires. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004 3919:

respondent's mind. These are good to use when asking for attitude or feelings, likes and dislikes, memory recall, opinions, or additional comments.

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It is easier to correct errors on an online questionnaire, since the administrator does not have to reprint all the questionnaires for distribution.

2924:* Participant in most cases should know why the questionnaire is taking place and what the information will be used for.<ref name="Bradburn"/> 2210:

argues that the following three factors determine the successfulness of the questionnaire and the likelihood of achieving decent levels of response.

3174:*Participant in most cases should know why the questionnaire is taking place and what the information will be used for<ref name="Bradburn"/>. 829:{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515165738/http://iit-iti.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/projects-projets/questionnaire_e.html |date=2007-05-15 }} 97: 69: 4376: 2401:

hindered from participation, or he or she may purposefully withdraw after the welcome screen is displayed, but prior to viewing any questions.

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hindered from participation, or he or she may purposefully withdraw after the welcome screen is displayed, but prior to viewing any questions.

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Bosnjak, M. and Tuten, T. L. (2001) Classifying response behaviors in web-based surveys, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6, 3.

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In designing drop-down boxes, do not make the first option visible to the respondent. This may be misleading where no answer may be chosen.

4451:, Martin, Jean, Nicholls, William L., O'Reilly, James M., Computer Assisted Survey Information Collection. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998 4405: 4041:

This usually helps in attracting willing participants which ultimately provide better quality data as opposed to reluctant participants.

1948:*Make the size of the text box according to the desired and required amount of information from the respondent <ref name="Sharp"/>. 1920:* Make the size of the text box according to the desired and required amount of information from the respondent.<ref name="Sharp"/> 1605:*When using check boxes, if more than one answer can be checked, it should be specified in the instructions<ref name="Presser"/>. 2787:

This usually helps in attracting willing participant which ultimately provide better quality data as opposed to relunctant participants.

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This usually helps in attracting willing participants which ultimately provide better quality data as opposed to reluctant participants.

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are responded to.<ref>Bosnjak, M. and Tuten, T. L. (2001) Classifying response behaviors in web-based surveys, Journal of Computer

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are responded to.<ref>Bosnjak, M. and Tuten, T. L. (2001) Classifying response behaviors in web-based surveys, Journal of Computer

1551:* When using check boxes, if more than one answer can be checked, it should be specified in the instructions.<ref name="Presser"/> 2419:# Answering Drop-Outs consist of individuals who provide answers to those questions displayed, but quit prior to completing the survey. 2410:# Answering Drop-Outs consist of individuals who provide answers to those questions displayed, but quit prior to completing the survey. 2029:

example, poor, fair, good, or excellent. Rating scales allow the person conducting the survey to measure and compare sets of variables.

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example, poor, fair, good, or excellent. Rating scales allow the person conducting the survey to measure and compare sets of variables.

1197:**Information relating to whether they understood the main point of the questionnaire should be gathered <ref name="Bradburn"/>. 1065:** Information relating to whether they understood the main point of the questionnaire should be gathered.<ref name="Bradburn"/> 3995:

Answering Drop-Outs consist of individuals who provide answers to those questions displayed, but quit prior to completing the survey.

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about the participant. It is considered to be a cheaper way of surveying since one doesn't need to use people to hold surveys unlike

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Response rates are frequently quite low and there is a danger that they will continue to drop due to over-surveying of web-users.

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Response rates are frequently quite low and there is a danger that they will continue to drop due to over-surveying of web-users.

1157:** The feedback of the subjects should be utilized to make any necessary changes to the questionnaire.<ref name="Bradburn"/> 4116: 1219:**The feedback of the subjects should be utilized to make any necessary changes to the questionnaire<ref name="Bradburn"/>. 3760:

Studies indicate that the demographic that responds to online questionnaire invitations are generally biased to younger people.

654:*Studies indicate that the demographic that responds to online questionnaire invitations are generally biased to younger people 306:* The administrator has greater flexibility in displaying questions. Questions can be displayed with:<ref name="Sharp"/> 670:

Studies indicate that the demographic that responds to online questionnaire invitations are generally biased to younger people

458:*The administrator has greater flexibility in displaying questions. Questions can be displayed with<ref name="Sharp"/>: 1208:**It is important to distinguish if participants had any difficulties with any of the questions <ref name="Presser"/>. 3899:

to select an answer. This answer will then appear in the box. Only one answer can be selected for this type of question.

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The questionnaire should begin with a short introduction that informs the subject why the questionnaire is being conducted.

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The questionnaire should begin with a short introduction that informs the subject why the questionnaire is being conducted.

893:*The questionnaire should begin with a short introduction that informs the subject why the questionnaire is being conducted 4200:

Sharp, H., Rogers, Y., Preece, J., Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002

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as their preferred testing method. A few of the advantages and disadvantages of this method have been summarized below:

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Participant in most cases should know why the questionnaire is taking place and what the information will be used for.

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Questions for questionnaire should be created in the most appropriate type of format that facilitates understanding.

916:*Questions for questionnaire should be created in the most appropriate type of format that facilitates understanding 932:

Questions for questionnaire should be created in the most appropriate type of format that facilitates understanding

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Survey Monkey, Smart Survey Design (2007), http://s3.amazonaws.com/SurveyMonkeyFiles/SmartSurvey.pdf</ref>

3681:(CAWI) is an Internet surveying technique in which the interviewee follows a script provided in a website. The 3926:

Make the size of the text box according to the desired and required amount of information from the respondent.

1796:* Should be avoided for items where typing is faster. For example, year of birth.<ref name="Bradburn"/> 4466: 3778:

The objectives of the initial inquiry need to be reviewed to determine what information needs to be gathered.

807:*The objectives of the initial inquiry need to be reviewed to determine what information needs to be gathered 823:

The objectives of the initial inquiry need to be reviewed to determine what information needs to be gathered

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When using check boxes, if more than one answer can be checked, it should be specified in the instructions.

4488: 810:<ref name="NRCoC">National Research Council of Canada, "Online Questionnaire Design" . </ref> 4136: 3812:

Information relating to whether they understood the main point of the questionnaire should be gathered.

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Bosnjak and Tuten argue that there are at least seven ways in which online surveys are responded to.

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The administrator has greater flexibility in displaying questions. Questions can be displayed with:

1052:*As a rule of thumb, the questionnaire should not exceed 5 minutes<ref name="QuestionPro"/>. 979:*A brief “thank you” note should be included at the end of the questionnaire<ref name="OQDG"/> 3818:

The feedback of the subjects should be utilized to make any necessary changes to the questionnaire.

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Since data is collected into a central database, the time for analysis is subsequently reduced.

4302: 3815:

It is important to distinguish if participants had any difficulties with any of the questions.

2858:* Participants should not be obliged to answer any of the questions.<ref name="NRCoC"/> 827:<ref name="NRCoC">National Research Council of Canada, "Online Questionnaire Design" . 63: 4392: 3119:*Participant should not be obliged to answer any of the questions <ref name="NRCoC"/>. 4409: 2322:

Mediated Communication, 6, 3. http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue3/boznjak.html</ref>

2307:

Mediated Communication, 6, 3. http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue3/boznjak.html</ref>

1707:*Good option for long lists such as state/country of residence<ref name="Bradburn"/>. 3988:

Complete responders are those respondents who view all questions and answer all questions.

2437:# Lurkers view all of the questions in the survey, but do not answer any of the questions. 2428:# Lurkers view all of the questions in the survey, but do not answer any of the questions. 8: 4121: 4004:

Item non-responders view the entire questionnaire, but only answer some of the questions.

3998:

Lurkers view all of the questions in the survey, but do not answer any of the questions.

1594:*If there are many options, a simple matrix is recommended<ref name="Presser"/>. 4275: 3275:*Quirk's Market Research Review, "Comparing Seven Forms of On-Line Questionnaireing" . 1540:* If there are many options, a simple matrix is recommended.<ref name="Presser"/> 1074:**Generally, 4 multiple choice questions take 1 minute<ref name="QuestionPro"/>. 4339: 4279: 4431: 4267: 4126: 641:<ref name="Presser">Presser, Stanley, Rothgeb, Jennifer M., Couper, Mick P., 16: 4380: 4253:"Fast, free, and targeted: Reddit as a source for recruiting participants online" 3906:

Should be avoided for items where typing is faster. For example, year of birth.

3130:*Questionnaires should have the option to be anonymous <ref name="OQDG"/>. 2880:* Questionnaires should have the option to be anonymous.<ref name="OQDG"/> 2869:* Incentives to take a survey should be used sparingly.<ref name="NRCoC"/> 4108: 4477: 4448: 4271: 3703: 3682: 3798:

A brief “thank you” note should be included at the end of the questionnaire.

44: 3735:

An online forum allows responses to be received more quickly from subjects.

2314:

Bosnjak and Tuten argue that there are at least seven ways in which online

2300:

Bosnjak and Tuten argue that there are at least seven ways in which online

992:

A brief “thank you” note should be included at the end of the questionnaire

4131: 3754:

Not everyone has access to the Internet, so the response rate is limited.

592:*Not everyone has access to the Internet, so the response rate is limited 608:

Not everyone has access to the Internet, so the response rate is limited

247:

Online questionnaires should be seen as a sub-set of a wider-range of ].

2376:

are those respondents who view all questions and answer all questions.

2363:

are those respondents who view all questions and answer all questions.

4372:

National Research Council of Canada, "Online Questionnaire Design" .

2497:

view the entire questionnaire, but only answer some of the questions.

2484:

view the entire questionnaire, but only answer some of the questions.

2022:

The respondent must select one value from a scale of possible options

2006:

The respondent must select one value from a scale of possible options

202:

formats, administration, quality and ethic issues should be reviewed.

3264:*Norman, Donald A. The Design of Everyday Things. Basic Books. 2002 4102: 4066:

Participants should not be obliged to answer any of the questions.

3757:

Many people are not receptive to completing questionnaires online.

621:*Many people are not receptive to completing questionnaires online 637:

Many people are not receptive to completing questionnaires online

4301:

Online Questionnaire Design Guide, "Web Based Questionnaires" .

1379:*Recommended when the choice of answers are mutually exclusive. 3903:

Good option for long lists such as state/country of residence.

3849:

Recommended when the choice of answers are mutually exclusive.

3839: 1389:

Recommended when the choice of answers are mutually exclusive.

3892: 3865: 4313:

StatPac, "Questionnaire Design - General Considerations" .

4076:

understand what the number is used for and why it is there.

3702:

There are several reasons why someone would utilize online

3876:

If there are many options, a simple matrix is recommended.

427:

Interaction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002</ref>:

4393:

http://s3.amazonaws.com/SurveyMonkeyFiles/SmartSurvey.pdf

4338:

Presser, Stanley, Rothgeb, Jennifer M., Couper, Mick P.,

3772: 4072:

Questionnaires should have the option to be anonymous.

51: 4069:

Incentives to take a survey should be used sparingly.

2267:# Task difficulty/questionnaire design<ref>See 4098: 192:{{Short description|Internet surveying technique}} 174:(143 intermediate revisions by 99 users not shown) 2279:for a list of Krosnick's publications</ref> 1136:participants had any difficulties with any of the 4475: 4432:http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue3/boznjak.html 2275:stanford.edu/group/polisci/faculty/krosnick.html 163: 3253:*pollograph, Designing A Online Survey (2008), 1939:* Provide concise and clear input instructions. 3782: 3697: 1959:*Provide concise and clear input instructions. 3929:Provide concise and clear input instructions. 3671:Latest revision as of 13:22, 23 January 2023 3399:* Norman, Donald A. '']''. Basic Books. 2002 966:to the next relevant question and vice versa 131:Latest revision as of 13:22, 23 January 2023 4391:Survey Monkey, Smart Survey Design (2007), 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 3954: 3688:computer-assisted telephone interviewing 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4246: 4244: 4212: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4117:Computer-assisted personal interviewing 3913: 3764: 87:Revision as of 04:39, 18 September 2008 4476: 4436: 4319: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 3984:They establish the following typology 4447:Couper, Mick P., Baker, Reginald P., 4421:for a list of Krosnick's publications 4345: 4250: 3773:Collection and prioritization of data 2350:They establish the following typology 2343:They establish the following typology 2172:==Responses to online questionaires== 4359: 4241: 4149: 3977:Task difficulty/questionnaire design 2967:==Quality of Online Questionnaires== 2597:* advertisements in commercial areas 77: 43: 4286: 3824: 2720:*advertisements in commercial areas 173: 159: 145: 128: 121: 110: 96: 84: 13: 4028:advertisements in commercial areas 3886: 3679:Computer-assisted web interviewing 3673: 32: 4500: 4012: 4101: 3933: 3891: 3864: 3838: 3833: 3748: 293:==Using Online Questionnaires== 4424: 4397: 4385: 2630:* discounts on company products 895:<ref name="QuestionPro"/> 238:==Using online questionnaires== 114: 4260:Social Science Computer Review 4203: 3859: 3855:Require precision in clicking. 3802: 2753:*discounts on company products 1417:*Require precision in clicking 1: 4467:The Design of Everyday Things 4142: 4037:discounts on company products 3709: 3669: 3658: 3649: 3636: 3627: 3602: 3591: 3580: 3569: 3558: 3547: 3536: 3525: 3514: 3503: 3492: 3481: 3470: 3459: 3448: 3437: 3426: 3415: 3404: 3395: 3380: 3369: 3346: 3335: 3324: 3313: 3302: 3293: 3282: 3271: 3260: 3249: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3181: 3170: 3159: 3148: 3137: 3126: 3115: 3106: 3095: 3086: 3075: 3066: 3050: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3005: 2996: 2985: 2976: 2963: 2954: 2931: 2920: 2909: 2898: 2887: 2876: 2865: 2854: 2843: 2829: 2820: 2796: 2783: 2774: 2749: 2738: 2727: 2716: 2705: 2694: 2684: 2658: 2649: 2626: 2615: 2604: 2593: 2582: 2571: 2559: 2541: 2530: 2489: 2476: 2459: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2394: 2381: 2368: 2355: 2310: 2296: 2263: 2256: 2215: 2202: 2179: 2168: 2159: 2148: 2139: 2126: 2117: 2076: 2065: 2056: 2045: 2036: 2018: 2002: 1989: 1978: 1955: 1944: 1935: 1925: 1916: 1901: 1891: 1869: 1858: 1845: 1835: 1814: 1801: 1792: 1754: 1714: 1703: 1693: 1667: 1659: 1632: 1623: 1612: 1601: 1590: 1581: 1558: 1547: 1536: 1521: 1508: 1487: 1478: 1465: 1454: 1433:Require precision in clicking 1426: 1413: 1401: 1394: 1382: 1375: 1362: 1349: 1310: 1301: 1289: 1280: 1256: 1215: 1204: 1193: 1182: 1171: 1162: 1153: 1116: 1081: 1070: 1061: 1048: 1039: 1024: 1013: 985: 975: 954: 941: 925: 912: 900: 889: 873: 859: 836: 816: 803: 786: 771: 742: 725: 709: 695: 663: 650: 630: 617: 601: 588: 564: 553: 542: 531: 520: 509: 498: 487: 476: 465: 454: 443: 434: 422: 401: 390: 379: 368: 357: 346: 335: 324: 313: 302: 289: 280: 256: 243: 234: 211: 197: 188: 164:→‎Online questionnaire format 3959: 3675:Internet surveying technique 1785:<ref name="Bradburn"/> 1748:<ref name="Bradburn"/> 18:Browse history interactively 7: 4094: 3783:Online questionnaire format 3698:Using online questionnaires 1909:<ref name="Presser"/> 10: 4505: 4458: 4137:Questionnaire construction 4048: 2277:|archivedate=2007-08-19 }} 1742:faster. For example, year 161: 112: 4057: 3665: 3647: 3643: 3625: 3609: 3598: 3587: 3576: 3565: 3554: 3543: 3532: 3521: 3510: 3499: 3488: 3477: 3466: 3455: 3444: 3433: 3422: 3411: 3393: 3353: 3342: 3331: 3320: 3309: 3298: 3289: 3278: 3267: 3256: 3245: 3188: 3177: 3166: 3155: 3144: 3133: 3122: 3111: 3102: 3084: 3080: 3064: 3033: 3017: 3013: 2994: 2990: 2974: 2970: 2952: 2929: 2918: 2907: 2896: 2885: 2874: 2863: 2852: 2841: 2837: 2818: 2794: 2790: 2772: 2756: 2745: 2734: 2723: 2712: 2701: 2682: 2666: 2647: 2624: 2613: 2602: 2591: 2580: 2569: 2557: 2186: 2175: 2157: 2153: 2137: 2133: 2121:==Online questionnaires== 2115: 2083: 2072: 2054: 2050: 2034: 1962: 1951: 1933: 1929: 1914: 1812: 1808: 1790: 1710: 1691: 1675: 1663: 1639: 1628: 1619: 1608: 1597: 1579: 1556: 1545: 1534: 1529:<ref name="Sharp"/> 1515:<ref name="Sharp"/> 1437:<ref name="Sharp"/> 1420:<ref name="Sharp"/> 1370:<ref name="Sharp"/> 1356:<ref name="Sharp"/> 1317: 1306: 1297: 1278: 1254: 1222: 1211: 1200: 1189: 1178: 1167: 1151: 1077: 1059: 1055: 1037: 936:<ref name="Sharp"/> 919:<ref name="Sharp"/> 843: 754:<ref name="Sharp"/> 736:<ref name="Sharp"/> 612:<ref name="Sharp"/> 595:<ref name="Sharp"/> 568: 560: 549: 538: 527: 516: 505: 494: 483: 472: 461: 450: 439: 430: 399: 388: 377: 366: 355: 344: 333: 322: 311: 300: 296: 278: 254: 250: 232: 209: 205: 186: 181: 178: 127: 83: 4272:10.1177/0894439316650163 2536:of Online Questionnaires 996:<ref name="OQDG"/> 970:<ref name="OQDG"/> 948:<ref name="OQDG"/> 3692:online research methods 2251:# Respondent motivation 2244:# Respondent motivation 1636:====Drop Down Menus==== 1585:====Drop-down menus==== 1106:questions<ref name=" 82: 4251:Shatz, Itamar (2017). 3992:viewing any questions. 1249:===Question formats=== 1242:===Question formats=== 3974:Respondent motivation 3955:Online questionnaires 2619:* monetary incentives 1284:====Radio buttons==== 1090:short answer question 4449:Clark, Cynthia Z. F. 3914:Open-ended questions 3765:Questionnaire design 2742:*monetary incentives 2235:# Respondent ability 2228:# Respondent ability 1314:====Radio Button==== 1019:Questionnaire Length 4470:. Basic Books. 2002 4122:Official statistics 4034:monetary incentives 1853:ended questions==== 1842:ended questions==== 583:===Disadvantages=== 576:===Disadvantages=== 4489:Survey methodology 4464:Norman, Donald A. 4379:2007-05-15 at the 4340:Lessler, Judith T. 3971:Respondent ability 2980:{{Portal|Society}} 1175:===Prototyping=== 790:===Collection and 775:===Collection and 328:** Pull-down menus 143: 94: 3668: 2575:* bulletin boards 1261:name="Sharp"/> 480:**Pull down menus 447:===Advantages=== 129: 85: 65: 4496: 4484:Types of polling 4452: 4445: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4408:. 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2184: 2173: 2164: 2151: 2144: 2143:===Responses=== 2131: 2122: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2092: 2081: 2070: 2061: 2048: 2041: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2009: 1998: 1996: 1987: 1985: 1974: 1969: 1960: 1949: 1940: 1921: 1910: 1908: 1899: 1898: 1887: 1882: 1875: 1867: 1865: 1854: 1852: 1843: 1841: 1831: 1826: 1819: 1806: 1797: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1708: 1699: 1687: 1682: 1673: 1655: 1648: 1637: 1626: 1617: 1606: 1595: 1586: 1575: 1570: 1563: 1552: 1541: 1530: 1528: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1504: 1499: 1492: 1485: 1484: 1474: 1472: 1463: 1461: 1450: 1445: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1399: 1390: 1388: 1380: 1371: 1369: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1345: 1340: 1333: 1326: 1315: 1304: 1295: 1285: 1274: 1269: 1262: 1250: 1243: 1234: 1229: 1220: 1209: 1198: 1187: 1176: 1165: 1158: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1075: 1066: 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4435: 4423: 4406:"Jon Krosnick" 4396: 4384: 4374:Available HTTP 4358: 4344: 4318: 4315:Available HTTP 4306: 4303:Available HTTP 4285: 4266:(4): 537–549. 4240: 4211: 4202: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4109:Society portal 4096: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4090:uncomfortable. 4087: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4014: 4013:Administration 4011: 4010: 4009: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3711: 3708: 3704:questionnaires 3699: 3696: 3683:questionnaires 3674: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3375:External links 3374: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 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