Knowledge

4473: 1556:] built a citywide system of electric trams in 1895.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=79 |title=Sarajevo Official Web Site : Sarajevo through history |publisher=Sarajevo.ba |date=1914-06-29 |access-date=2015-03-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023042858/http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=79 |archive-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> ] established ] in 1887, and its ring line has grown to be the busiest tram line in Europe, with a tram running once per minute at rush hour. ] and ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.org.rs/cms/view.php?id=201239 |title=City of Belgrade – Important Years in City History |publisher=Beograd.org.rs |date=2000-10-05 |access-date=2015-03-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111233244/http://www.beograd.org.rs/cms/view.php?id=201239 |archive-date=11 January 2015}}</ref> ran a regular service from 1894.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hampage.hu/trams/e_index.html |title=Trams of Hungary and much more |publisher=Hampage.hu |access-date=2015-03-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302131306/http://hampage.hu/trams/e_index.html |archive-date=2 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ratb.ro/index.php?page=meniu&id_rubrica_meniu=13 |title=RATB – Regia Autonoma de Transport Bucureşti |publisher=Ratb.ro |access-date=2015-03-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318064322/http://www.ratb.ro/index.php?page=meniu&id_rubrica_meniu=13 |archive-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> ] introduced ] in 1901&nbsp;– it closed in 1958.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jhl.si/en/lpp/?m=51&k=1605 |title=Historical Highlights |publisher=Ljubljanski potniški promet |access-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304092909/http://www.jhl.si/en/lpp/?m=51&k=1605 |archive-date=4 March 2012 }}</ref> ] had the first tramway in ], starting operation on 2 March 1894.<ref>Fasting, Kåre: ''Sporveier i Oslo gjennom 100 år''. AS Oslo Sporveier, Oslo 1975, pp. 49–50.</ref> 1415:] designed and produced the first ] that operated a streetcar without gears. The motor had its ] direct-connected to the ]'s ] for the driving force.{{sfn|Martin|1924|pages=122–123}}{{sfn|Hammond|2011|p=142}}<ref name="FtWorth1894">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Professor Sidney Howe Short experiments with motors |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9450242// | work=Fort Worth Daily Gazette |location=Fort Worth, Texas |date= 11 November 1894 |via=] {{open access}} }}</ref><ref name="Grace">{{cite web |url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Sidney_Howe_Short |title=Sidney Howe Short |work=Grace's Guide to British Industrial History |publisher=Grace's Guide Ltd. |access-date=10 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312062123/http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Sidney_Howe_Short |archive-date=12 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="Topeka1894">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Street Railways his hobby |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9450668// | work=] |location=Topeka, Kansas |date=14 November 1894 |via=] {{open access}}}}</ref> Short pioneered "use of a conduit system of concealed feed" thereby eliminating the necessity of ] and a ] for street cars and railways.{{sfn|Malone|1928|p=128}}{{sfn|Martin|1924|pages=122–123}}{{sfn|Hammond|2011|p=142}} While at the University of Denver he conducted experiments which established that ] powered cars were a better way to operate trains and trolleys.{{sfn|Martin|1924|pages=122–123}}{{sfn|Hammond|2011|p=142}} 5727:* In ], A tram line began operation on 15 October 2015,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metroamericas.com/2015/10/15/metro-de-medellin-launch-4-3km-ayacucho-tram-line/|title=Ayacucho Tram Begins Operation, Metro de Medellin Discuss Further Expansion Plans « Metro Americas|date=15 October 2015|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225060555/http://metroamericas.com/2015/10/15/metro-de-medellin-launch-4-3km-ayacucho-tram-line/|archive-date=25 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Medellín: Ayacucho tram will begin service in 2015|url=http://metroamericas.com/2015/03/18/medellin-ayacucho-tram-will-begin-service-on-30-september-2015|work=metroamericas.com|access-date=5 August 2015|date=18 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904024302/http://metroamericas.com/2015/03/18/medellin-ayacucho-tram-will-begin-service-on-30-september-2015/|archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> as a revival of old ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Morrison|first=Allen|title=The trams and trolleybuses of Medellín, Colombia|url=http://www.tramz.com/co/me/me.html|work=Electric Transport in Latin America|access-date=8 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110321/http://www.tramz.com/co/me/me.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> 5206:] operates the largest streetcar system in the ] in terms of track length and ridership. Operated by the ], the system consists of both street-running and grade-separated tramways. The streetcar system was established in 1861, and used a variety of vehicles in its history, including horse-drawn streetcars, ]s, the PCC streetcar, and the ] and its articulated counterpart, the ]. Since 29 December 2019,<ref>{{cite news |title=TTC retiring last of older streetcar fleet vehicles on Sunday |author=Canadian Post Staff |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6345227/ttc-clrv-streetcars-retiring/ |newspaper=Global News |date=29 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020 }}</ref> the system exclusively uses the ] made by ].<ref name=TorStar2014-09-08 /><ref name=TorStarHume2014-09-01 /><ref name=TorStar2014-08-31 /><ref>{{cite news |title=Next-generation streetcars arrive in Toronto for trials |author=National Post Staff |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/09/27/next-generation-streetcars-arrive-in-toronto-for-trials/ |newspaper=National Post |date=27 September 2012 |access-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130023559/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/09/27/next-generation-streetcars-arrive-in-toronto-for-trials/ |archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref> 1611: 3660:* Tram tracks can be hazardous for cyclists, as bikes, particularly those with narrow tyres, may get their wheels caught in the track grooves.<ref name="bv.com.au">{{cite web|url=https://www.bv.com.au/general/bikes-and-riding/10429/ |title=Crossing tram tracks – Bicycle Network |publisher=Bv.com.au |date=2004-07-14 |access-date=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331204418/https://www.bv.com.au/general/bikes-and-riding/10429/ |archive-date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> It is possible to close the grooves of the tracks on critical sections by rubber profiles that are pressed down by the wheelflanges of the passing tram but that cannot be lowered by the weight of a cyclist.<ref>{{cite web |title=Novel highly durable rubber safety profiles for rail-based traffic systems such as tram lines which make cycling safer in inner cities by closing gaps to prevent bike accidents |url=https://een.ec.europa.eu/partners/novel-highly-durable-rubber-safety-profiles-rail-based-traffic-systems-such-tram-lines |publisher=] |access-date=18 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> If not well-maintained, however, these lose their effectiveness over time.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} 797: 1234: 4287:* The longest single tram line and route in the world is the {{convert|68|km|mi|abbr=on}} interurban ], which runs almost the entire length of the Belgian coast. Another fairly long interurban line is the ] agglomeration of ], with its {{convert|42|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Providing Public Transportation Alternatives for the Greater Phoenix Metro Area – Valley Metro – Press Releases|url=http://www.valleymetro.org/pressreleases/detail/valley-metro-rail-mesa-open-new-extension|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226141908/http://www.valleymetro.org/pressreleases/detail/valley-metro-rail-mesa-open-new-extension|archive-date=26 February 2017|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Phoenix 2005|url=http://www.tundria.com/trams/USA/Phoenix-2016.shtml|last=Sandi|first=Gabor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319063151/http://www.tundria.com/trams/USA/Phoenix-2016.shtml|archive-date=19 March 2017|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> The world's longest urban intracity tram line is {{convert|33|km|mi|abbr=on}} counter-ring routes 5/5a in ] (], Russia). 5811:* On the morning of 18 August 1901, four masked men, described as "urban ]", held up an eastbound horse tram in Riversdale Road, ], just past Power Street. For their trouble the men received ] in fares from driver Thomas Taylor, and £21 19/- from eight passengers. One passenger was injured. The bandits were never caught. Contemporary newspapers hypothesised that the bandits were after a specific commuter who travelled regularly on this particular tram and who was in the habit of carrying large amounts of cash.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/horse.htm|title=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot: Melbourne's horse trams|publisher=Hawthorntramdepot.org.au|access-date=2015-03-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301111617/http://hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/horse.htm|archive-date=1 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4852469|title=19 Aug 1901 – A DARING RAID. ROBBERY UNDER ARMS. TRAMCAR STUCK...|newspaper=Advertiser |date=19 August 1901 |publisher=Nla.gov.au|access-date=2015-03-08}}</ref> 872: 5898:|url=http://www.hoedl-linie8.de/ |title=Auto-Modellbahn-Welt Hödl Straßenbahn und Oldtimertram Modelle |publisher=Hoedl-linie8.de |access-date=2015-03-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222055641/http://www.hoedl-linie8.de/ |archive-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> and the Austrian Halling<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.halling.at/ |title=Straßenbahnmodelle, Eisenbahnmodelle, Werkzeugbau und Konstruktionsbüro Leopold Halling |publisher=Halling.at |date=2015-02-25 |access-date=2015-03-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173653/http://www.halling.at/ |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> specialise in 1:87 scale.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.strassenbahnfreunde-hemer.de/strassenbahnen/marktuebersicht/ |title=Marktübersicht – Straßenbahnen – Straßenbahnfreunde Hemer |publisher=Strassenbahnfreunde-hemer.de |access-date=2015-03-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130411/http://www.strassenbahnfreunde-hemer.de/strassenbahnen/marktuebersicht/ |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> 641: 2621:]. It automatically sends trams arriving at stand A to the correct platform. The indicator on the right displays "Lijn 24, Spoor 4". The points are accordingly set to send the next tram, on route 24 to De Boelelaan/VU, into the platform 4 on the left. Meanwhile, a tram 4 to RAI waits at platform 2.]]Where tracks diverge, the driver chooses the route, usually either by flicking a switch on the dashboard or by use of the power pedal – generally if power is applied the tram goes straight on, whereas if no power is applied the tram turns. Some systems use automatic point-setting systems, where the route for each journey is downloaded from a central computer, and an onboard computer actuates each point as it comes to it via an ]. Such is the case at ].<ref>{{cite magazine |first=David |last=Bickell |title=Signalling Metrolink |magazine=Rail Engineer |number=122 |date=2 December 2014 |url=https://www.railengineer.co.uk/signalling-metrolink/}}</ref> If the powered system breaks down, most points may be operated manually, by inserting a metal lever ('point iron') into the ]. 3682:* The opening of new tram and light rail systems has sometimes been accompanied by a marked increase in car accidents, as a result of drivers' unfamiliarity with the physics and ] of trams.<ref>{{harvnb|McCaleb|1994|p=67}} Besides recounting statistics and anecdotes, this source also reprints a '']'' cartoon of one such accident, in which a bemused tow truck driver quips, "Dang! ] was right! The trolley does reduce the number of vehicles on the road!"</ref> Though such increases may be temporary, long-term conflicts between motorists and light rail operations can be alleviated by segregating their respective rights-of-way and installing appropriate signage and warning systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=2536 |title=Light Rail Service: Pedestrian and Vehicular Safety &#124; Blurbs &#124; Main |publisher=Trb.org |date=2014-03-30 |access-date=2015-03-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601181812/http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=2536 |archive-date=1 June 2008}}</ref> 4113:* ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/am/dall/dallas.htm|title=UrbanRail.Net > USA > Dallas Light Rail & Streetcar (DART)|first=Robert|last=Schwandl|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313133716/http://urbanrail.net/am/dall/dallas.htm|archive-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/am/dall/dallas.htm#top|title=UrbanRail.Net > USA > Dallas Light Rail & Streetcar (DART)|first=Robert|last=Schwandl|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313133716/http://urbanrail.net/am/dall/dallas.htm#top|archive-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> and ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jtbell.net/transit/Dallas/MLine|title=Dallas M-Line (McKinney Avenue Streetcar)|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310032044/http://www.jtbell.net/transit/Dallas/MLine/|archive-date=10 March 2017}}</ref> ({{convert|155|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}}) 5448:* The construction of ] became the major issue of the ], with the governing coalition supporting the project and the opposition against it. The government was returned<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/act-election-2016/results/|title=Results – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)|website=]|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309162723/http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/act-election-2016/results/|archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> and Stage 1 of the light rail launched in April 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thanks for joining us to launch the Light Rail |url=https://www.transport.act.gov.au/news/news-and-events-items/april-2019/thanks-for-joining-is-to-launch-light-rail |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423011600/https://www.transport.act.gov.au/news/news-and-events-items/april-2019/thanks-for-joining-is-to-launch-light-rail |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2019 |website=Transport Canberra |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> 1695: 3671:* When wet, tram tracks tend to become slippery and thus dangerous for bicycles and motorcycles, especially in traffic.<ref name="bv.com.au" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rulesoftheroad.ie/rules-for-driving/traffic-signs-road-markings/trams-lightrail.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129222601/http://www.rulesoftheroad.ie/rules-for-driving/traffic-signs-road-markings/trams-lightrail.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-11-29 |title=Trams/Light Rail – Road Safety Authority Rules of the Road |publisher=Rulesoftheroad.ie |access-date=2012-12-08}}</ref> In some cases, even cars can be affected.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew Heasley |url=http://smh.drive.com.au/motor-news/slippery-issue-on-track-20100824-13kvf.html |title=Slippery issue on track |work=].drive.com.au |date=2004-04-29 |access-date=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108212756/http://smh.drive.com.au/motor-news/slippery-issue-on-track-20100824-13kvf.html |archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> 4630:* The ] is the only active service, with a gauge up to {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} across the city. Trams were discontinued in ] in 1954 and in ] in 1960. Tram service was started in 1884 in ] but was closed in 1975.<ref>{{cite news|title=OLMT project to face further delay|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1941286/1-olmt-project-face-delay/|access-date=2 April 2019|agency=]|author=Adnan, Imran|date=1 April 2019|quote=As per the direction of the apex court, he said, the civil works of the project will be completed by end of July 2019. But the project will not enter into commercial operations by August or November 2019.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan|access-date=24 January 2017|agency=The News|date=26 May 2016|quote=Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.}}</ref> 1353: 1395: 10607: 3885:(not including light rail systems, or heritage lines).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/09/14/streetcars-are-our-neglected-stars-keenan.html|title=Streetcars are our neglected stars|work=The Toronto Star|last=Keenan|first=Edward|date=14 September 2015|publisher=Torstar Corporation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915120009/http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/09/14/streetcars-are-our-neglected-stars-keenan.html|archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/09/01/toronto_rides_new_streetcars_to_its_urban_future_hume.html|title=Toronto rides new streetcars to its urban future|work=The Toronto Star|first=Christopher|last=Hume|date=14 September 2015|publisher=Torstar Corporation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909021538/http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/09/01/toronto_rides_new_streetcars_to_its_urban_future_hume.html|archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> 1768: 400:|access-date=19 February 2018 |work=The Free Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=tram |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409061036/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tram |archive-date=9 April 2015 |publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2018 |title=Streetcars vs LRT |url=http://www.edmonton-radial-railway.ab.ca/learn/streetcarsversuslrt/ |access-date=June 17, 2022 |website=Edmonton Radial Railway Society}}</ref> The tramlines or tram networks operated as ] are called tramways or simply trams/streetcars. Due to their close similarities, trams are commonly included in the wider term '']'',<ref>Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014</ref> which also includes systems separated from other traffic. 6016: 10516: 3541:*As tram lines are permanent this allows local authorities to redevelop and revitalise their towns and cities provided suitable planning changes are made.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01957503|title=The renaissance of tramways and urban redevelopment in France <!-- Bot generated title -->|year=2017|doi=10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0005|access-date=|last1=Boquet|first1=Yves|journal=Miscellanea Geographica|volume=21|pages=5–18|s2cid=54004937|doi-access=free}}</ref> Melbourne will allow higher buildings (5 to 6 story) along tram routes leaving the existing suburbs behind unchanged whilst doubling the cities density.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transformingaustraliancities.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Transforming-Australian-Cities-Report.pdf|title=Transforming Australian Cities : Urban corridors <!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=}}</ref> 5459:* The railway into the centre of ] was truncated at ] on 25 December 2014,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/2784964/last-train-leaves-newcastle-station-video/?cs=303 |title=Last train leaves Newcastle station |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225213501/http://www.theherald.com.au/story/2784964/last-train-leaves-newcastle-station-video/?cs=303 |archive-date=25 December 2014 |newspaper=] |date=26 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/new-era-newcastle |title=New era for Newcastle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226093545/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/new-era-newcastle |archive-date=26 December 2014 |publisher=Transport for NSW |date=26 December 2014}}</ref> and the railway line was replaced by the ] line in February 2019. 5800:* In January 1864, well-known ] ] and ] ] was hit and killed by a Sydney horse tram when his clothing was caught in the door, whilst he was attempting to alight. Nathan is reputed to be one of the first tram fatalities in the Southern Hemisphere (many sources claim that it was the first such accident).<ref>{{cite news |title=THE LATE MR. ISAAC NATHAN |place=] |newspaper=] |date=25 March 1864 |quote=Sydney: Mr. Nathan was a passenger by No. 2 ] car alighted from the car at the southern end, but before he got clear of the rails the car moved onwards he was thus whirled round by the sudden motion of the carriage and his body was brought under the front wheel.}}</ref><ref>David Crowden, ''Isaac Nathan: the Biographical Puzzle: Part One'' – article in ''Australian Jewish Historical Society Journal'', Volume XXIII Part 4, June 2018, AJHS Sydney.</ref> 3420:* Trams (and road public transport in general) can be much more efficient in terms of road usage than cars – one vehicle replaces about 40 cars (which take up a far larger area of road space).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humantransit.org/2012/09/the-photo-that-explains-almost-everything.html|title=Human Transit|date=21 September 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331233137/http://www.humantransit.org/2012/09/the-photo-that-explains-almost-everything.html|archive-date=31 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr257.pdf|title=Special Report 257: Making Transit Work<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808042854/http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr257.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> 10344: 10962: 2538: 1887: 435: 11873: 9976: 1866: 3822:''Tramways with tramcars'' (]) or ''street railways with streetcars'' (]) were common throughout the industrialised world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries but they had disappeared from most British, Canadian, French and US cities by the mid-20th century.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://lda.ucdavis.edu/LDA191/Course%20Handouts%20&%20Readings/08-ULI_Streetcars.pdf |first=Jeffrey |last=Spivak |title=Streetcars are back |magazine=Urban Land |date=January 2008 |pages=108–110 |via=Landscape Architecture Department, UC Davis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225095245/http://lda.ucdavis.edu/LDA191/Course%20Handouts%20%26%20Readings/08-ULI_Streetcars.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=10 February 2009}}</ref> 3519:* ULR Ultra Light Rail developments with prefabricated track and onboard power (no OHL Over Head Line) in the UK are aiming for £10 m per km<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/target-cost-timescale-revealed-coventry-light-rail-scheme-25-09-2019//|title=Target cost and timescale revealed for Coventry very light rail scheme <!-- Bot generated title -->|date=25 September 2019|access-date=}}</ref> as opposed to convention tram rail and OHL at £20–£30 m per km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bathtrams.uk/4-cost-of-tram-light-rail-installation/|title=1 tram light rail track installation costs £20-£30 m per km is a good ball-park figure. <!-- Bot generated title -->|date=30 July 2019|access-date=}}</ref> 665: 12541: 10620: 1095: 5919:|url-status=dead |archive-date=12 June 2002 |title=Home HO O N S New Products Price List Miscellaneous Join Email List Dealer Orders Retail Orders Contact |publisher=Bowser-trains.com |date=1961-05-01 |access-date=2015-03-08}}</ref> There are many boutique vendors offering limited run epoxy and wood models. At the high end are highly detailed brass models which are usually imported from Japan or Korea and can cost in excess of $ 500. Many of these run on {{RailGauge|16.5mm}} gauge track, which is correct for the representation of {{RailGauge|ussg}} (standard gauge) in HO scale as in US and Japan, but incorrect in 4&nbsp;mm (1:76.2) scale, as it represents {{RailGauge|4ft8.5in}}. This scale/gauge hybrid is called OO scale. 5164: 12128: 11316: 13859: 13593: 10728: 2473:* Most systems start by building up a strongly nucleated radial pattern of routes linking the city centre with residential suburbs and traffic hubs such as railway stations and hospitals, usually following main roads. Some of these, such as those in ], ] and ], still essentially comprise a single route. Some suburbs may be served by loop lines connecting two adjacent radial roads. Some modern systems have started by reusing existing radial railway tracks, as in ] and ], sometimes ] by a section of street track through the city centre, as in ]. Later developments often include tangential routes linking adjacent suburbs directly, or multiple routes through the town centre to avoid congestion (as in Manchester's ]). 9507: 13279: 3693:* Rail transport can expose neighbouring populations to moderate levels of low-frequency noise. However, transportation planners use ] strategies to minimise these effects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=2593 |title=Wheel/Rail Noise Control Manual &#124; Blurbs &#124; Main |publisher=Trb.org |access-date=2015-03-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601181818/http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=2593 |archive-date=1 June 2008}}</ref> Most of all, the potential for decreased private motor vehicle operations along the tram's service line because of the service provision could result in lower ]s than without. 5291: 2696: 4003:* ] ({{convert|194.8|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/de/k/koeln.htm |title=Köln (Cologne) Underground Tram Network |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818234951/http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/de/k/koeln.htm |archive-date=18 August 2016|website = UrbanRail.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvb-koeln.de/german/unternehmen/leistungsdaten/bahn.html |title=Kölner Verkehrs-Betriebe AG |access-date=2013-09-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531145531/http://www.kvb-koeln.de/german/unternehmen/leistungsdaten/bahn.html |archive-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> 11507: 5931:|url=http://www.sptc.spb.ru |title=St.-Petersburg Tram Collection |publisher=Sptc.spb.ru |access-date=2015-03-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218190917/http://sptc.spb.ru/ |archive-date=18 December 2014}}</ref> produces highly detailed polyurethane non-powered O Scale models from around the world which can easily be powered by trucks from vendors like Q-Car.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qcarcompany.com/ |title=Main |publisher=Q-Car Company |access-date=2015-03-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313054511/http://www.qcarcompany.com/ |archive-date=13 March 2015}}</ref> 774: 12063: 6101:]s;<ref>{{harvnb|Post|2007|p=43}}</ref> this ] is, however, most likely ]. "Trolley" and variants refer to the verb ''troll'', meaning "roll" and probably derived from ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=trolley|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|work=etymonline.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912101708/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=trolley|archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> and cognate uses of the word were well established for handcarts and horse drayage, as well as for nautical uses.<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|1967|p=60}}</ref> 1747:], Pont de Puteaux, Paris, late 1890s]] As early as 1834, ], a Vermont blacksmith, had invented a battery-powered electric motor which he later patented. The following year he used it to operate a small model electric car on a short section of track four feet in diameter.<ref>{{harvnb|Nye|1992|p=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/davenport.html |title=Thomas Davenport |publisher=the Hebrew University of Jerusalem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016141835/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/davenport.html |archive-date=16 October 2008|access-date=14 February 2009}}</ref> 11417:, a French inventor who developed improvements in tram and rail equipment, and helped develop tram lines in New York City and Paris. The invention of grooved rail enabled tramways to be laid without causing a nuisance to other road users, except unsuspecting cyclists, who could get their wheels caught in the groove. The grooves may become filled with gravel and dirt (particularly if infrequently used or after a period of idleness) and need clearing from time to time, this being done by a "scrubber" tram. Failure to clear the grooves can lead to a bumpy ride for the passengers, damage to either wheel or rail and possibly derailing. 10101: 9909: 12631: 1181:] and some other tramways, for example ] in Sweden and some lines in ], used ] trams. ] in Texas operated ] due to the city's hurricane-prone location, which would have resulted in frequent damage to an electrical supply system. Although ] promotes its ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portlandcabletrams.com.au/ |title=Portland Cable Tram website|website=portlandcabletrams.com.au|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref> as being a cable car it actually operates using a diesel motor. The tram, which runs on a circular route around the town of Portland, uses dummies and salons formerly used on the ] and since restored. 13534: 3453:* There is a well studied effect that the installation of a tram service – even if service frequency, speed and price all remain constant – leads to higher ridership and mode shift away from cars compared to buses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=European Conference of Ministers of Transport |title=The role of transport in counter-cyclical policy (report of the forty-first Round Table on Transport Economics) |date=1978 |publisher=OECD Publications and Information Center |location=Washington, D.C. |page=63}}</ref> Conversely, the abandonment of tram service leads to measurable declines in ridership. 1332: 13966: 11146: 15616: 15555: 13129: 8386: 9554: 13626: 12951: 5973: 9824: 8398: 14187: 10880: 12389: 4408:* As of October 2015, Hong Kong has the world's only exclusively double-decker tramway system.<ref>''Light Rail in Figures'', ] (UITP), 2014± {{cite web |url=http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/UITP_Statistic_Brief_4p-Light%20rail-Web.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-09-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185907/http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/UITP_Statistic_Brief_4p-Light%20rail-Web.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> 14047: 11102: 11885: 5952:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222134925/http://www.eastpenn.org/ |archive-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> and Trolleyville a website of the Southern California Traction Club.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trolleyville.com/trolleyville.shtml |title=A Warm Welcome to Trolleyville! |publisher=Trolleyville.com |access-date=2015-03-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302215918/http://www.trolleyville.com/trolleyville.shtml |archive-date=2 March 2015}}</ref> 12981: 12411: 4419:* The busiest junction in any tram network is the Lazarská x Spálená junction in Prague with appx. 150 vehicles passing through per hour.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://prazsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/je-to-nejzatizenejsi-tramvajova-krizovatka-na-svete-haji-dpp-opravy-v-centru-20181104.html|title=Je to nejzatíženější tramvajová křižovatka na světě, hájí DPP opravy v centru|first=Michael|last=Bereň|newspaper=Pražský Deník|date=4 November 2018|access-date=22 July 2019|via=prazsky.denik.cz}}</ref> 1374:"trolley" system on streetcars for collecting electricity from ]s by Sprague, electric tram systems were rapidly adopted across the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=Michael |date=2000 |title=The Early Years of Electric Traction: Invention, Development, Exploitation |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.7227/TJTH.21.1.6 |journal=The Journal of Transport History |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=92–101 |doi=10.7227/TJTH.21.1.6 |s2cid=109210400 |issn=0022-5266}}</ref> 1632: 21114: 14283: 9254: 9116: 8741: 11429: 9913: 12225: 11363: 4566:* Tramway systems were well established in the Asian region at the start of the 20th century but started a steady decline during the mid to late 1930s. The 1960s marked the end of its dominance in public transportation with most major systems closed and the equipment and rails sold for scrap; however, some extensive original systems still remain in service in Japan. In recent years there has been renewed interest in the tram with modern systems being built in Japan and China. 7602:* {{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=John Winthrop |title=Men and volts; the story of General Electric|url=https://archive.org/details/menandvoltsstory00hammrich|year=2011|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.; London, U.K. |publisher=General Electric Company; ]; Literary Licensing, LLC|isbn=978-1-258-03284-5|orig-year=1941 |quote=He was to produce the first motor that operated without gears of any sort, having its armature direct-connected to the car axle. |via=] }} 3704:* The overhead power lines and supporting poles utilized by trams (except for those using a third rail) can be unsightly and contribute to ].<ref name="Shodorf_1973">{{cite thesis |last=Schodorf |first=Robert J. |date=1973 |title=A Study of Visual Pollution from Overhead Wires and Associated Structures |url=https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/2719 |degree=MA |chapter=1, 2 |publisher=ScholarWorks at WMU |oclc=22870575 |access-date=2024-01-30}}</ref> 13950:). This scale/gauge hybrid is called OO scale. O scale trams are also very popular among tram modellers because the increased size allows for more detail and easier crafting of overhead wiring. In the US these models are usually purchased in epoxy or wood kits and some as brass models. The Saint Petersburg Tram Company produces highly detailed polyurethane non-powered O Scale models from around the world which can easily be powered by trucks from vendors like Q-Car. 10896: 5227: 12470: 9655: 2315: 3442:* Vehicles run more ] compared to similar vehicles that use rubber tyres, since the ] of steel on steel is lower than rubber on asphalt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bathtram.org/tfb/tQ24.htm |title=Why are trams different from buses from Trams for Bath |publisher=Bathtram.org |access-date=2012-12-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608062642/http://www.bathtram.org/tfb/tQ24.htm |archive-date=8 June 2013}}</ref> 9777: 10508: 5844:* On 27 February 1930, ] (pen name Vélocio), godfather of the ] was killed by a tram in St Étienne<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/bike-blog/2018/jun/07/10-weird-and-wonderful-derailleurs-and-how-they-changed-cycling|title=10 weird and wonderful derailleurs – and how they changed cycling|first=Mike|last=Sweatman|newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 June 2018|access-date=22 July 2019|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> 9409:, UK. The British Parliament passed the Mumbles Railway Act in 1804, and horse-drawn service started in 1807. The service closed in 1827, but was restarted in 1860, again using horses. It was worked by steam from 1877, and then, from 1929, by very large (106-seat) electric tramcars, until closure in 1960. The Swansea and Mumbles Railway was something of a one-off however, and no street tramway appeared in Britain until 1860 when one was built in 4672:* The Semarang tram network was constructed between 1882 and 1883, essentially as an inner suburb extension of the Samarang Joana Railway (SJS) network. The company already had an extensive rural tram network to the east of Semarang. Due to financial difficulties that hampered the SJS railway company, the Semarang tram network was closed in 1940 (despite public protest in Semarang) and their rolling stock transferred to the Surabaya tram network. 4190:*] ({{convert|142.4|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpp.cz/en/company-profile|title=dpp.cz > Company Profile – Dopravní podnik hlavního města Prahy|publisher=Dopravní podnik hlavního města Prahy, WDF – Web Design Factory, s. r. o.|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219082911/http://www.dpp.cz/en/company-profile/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> 4661:* In Batavia (Jakarta), the capital of the former Dutch colony of the Netherlands East Indies, a horse tram service started in 1869. A steam tram ran from 1881, and electrification followed in 1897. All Jakarta trams were discontinued in the 1960s by an independent Indonesia due to pressure from ], who saw tram network as "antiquated" and a "relic of colonial era". The other cities in Indonesia who used to have urban tram network were ] and ]. 12136: 4342:* The longest systems are in Melbourne ({{convert|254|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}), Saint Petersburg ({{convert|228|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}), Katowice (Upper Silesian Industrial Region) ({{convert|200|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}), Cologne ({{convert|193|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}), Berlin ({{convert|192|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}), Milan ({{convert|182|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}), Budapest ({{convert|172|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}), and Vienna ({{convert|170|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}). 445: 12689: 4974: 4588:* ] existed in several cities during the 20th century; however, by the end of the century, only the systems in ], ], and ] remained extant. The 21st century has seen a resurgence in the development of tram transport as China struggles with urban traffic congestion and pollution with at least 15 systems operating. Hong Kong has an exclusive fleet of double-decker trams. As of 2019, ], ], ], and ] have new tram systems under construction. 707:<!-- The first tram in Continental Europe opened in France in 1839 between ] and ], on the streets inside the towns, and on the roadside outside town. It had permission for steam traction, but was entirely run with horse traction. In 1848, it was closed down after repeated economic failure..........No reference given for this claim, and it is contradicted by many sources but please unhide this if a suitable reference is found --> 11709: 8458: 5270: 7089:| quote = Normally, the Bombardier plant produces one light rail vehicle (LRV) every three weeks, said spokesperson Marc Laforge. That's not happening while a strike at the company's Thunder Bay plant is in its eighth week. Once production resumes, however, Bombardier can accelerate its schedule to three LRVs a month. The two sides are back in bargaining, and Bombardier will discuss a revised delivery schedule with the TTC, he said. 8653: 8417: 11021: 11815: 11498: 11910: 4694:* In 2012, there was talk of reviving Surabaya's tram network as a part of Surabaya Mass Rapid Transit project, which will see parts of the old electric tram right of way reactivated, and it will be combined with the future monorail network. The project is aimed to alleviate Surabaya's traffic congestion and provide cheap public transportation for Surabaya commuters. In 2014, the project entered the tender phase. 4069:* ] ({{convert|170|km|mi|abbr= on|disp=semicolon}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/at/vienna/tram/wien-tram.htm |title=UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Austria > WIEN (Vienna) Straßenbahn – Tram |access-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170121161300/http://urbanrail.net/eu/at/vienna/tram/wien-tram.htm |archive-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> 3992:* ] ({{convert|205.5|km|mi|abbr= on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/ru/pet/tram/petersburg-tram.htm|title=UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Russia> St. Petersburg Tram|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170223055602/http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/ru/pet/tram/petersburg-tram.htm |archive-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> 5614:* The ] in ], Buenos Aires, operated from 2007 to 2012, when it was closed and dismantled.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2047236-el-tranvia-de-puerto-madero-una-postal-de-la-desidia-que-se-empezo-a-demoler |title=El tranvía de Puerto Madero, una postal de la desidia que se empezó a demoler |first=Diego |last=Gabot |publisher=La Nación |date=26 July 2017 |language=pt}}</ref> 1919: 68: 4364:* They carry 13.5&nbsp;billion passengers a year, 3% of all public transport passengers. The highest-volume systems are Budapest (396&nbsp;million passengers a year), Prague (372&nbsp;m),<ref name="dpp.cz">{{cite web|url=https://www.dpp.cz/dpp-v-datech/|title = DPP v datech}}</ref> Bucharest (322&nbsp;m), Saint Petersburg (312&nbsp;m), and Vienna (305&nbsp;m); 9390: 9304: 8603: 8560: 4179:*] ({{convert|143|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/ro/buc/bucuresti-tram.htm|title=UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Romania > BUCHAREST Tram|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323043922/http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/ro/buc/bucuresti-tram.htm|archive-date=23 March 2017}}</ref> 14297: 11123:(APS), is an updated version of the original stud type system. APS uses a third rail placed between the running rails, divided electrically into eight-metre powered segments with three-metre neutral sections between. Each tram has two power collection skates, next to which are antennas that send radio signals to energize the power rail segments as the tram passes over them. 4212:*] ({{convert|133.1|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tundria.com/trams/USA/LosAngeles-2016.shtml|title=Los Angeles 2016|first=Gabor|last=Sandi|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319063124/http://www.tundria.com/trams/USA/LosAngeles-2016.shtml|archive-date=19 March 2017}}</ref> 3981:* ] ({{convert|256 |km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tundria.com/trams/AUS/Melbourne-2014.shtml |title=Melbourne 2014|first=Gabor|last= Sandi|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425110945/http://www.tundria.com/trams/AUS/Melbourne-2014.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> 4047:* ] ({{convert|172|km|mi |abbr= on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tundria.com/trams/HUN/Budapest-2016.shtml |title= Budapest 2016|first=Gabor|last=Sandi|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170820162134/http://www.tundria.com/trams/HUN/Budapest-2016.shtml |archive-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> 5512:* New Zealand's tram gauges were not standardised; the 15 systems used no less than five gauges, making swapping of rolling stock from system to system impractical.{{efn|New Zealand used the following gauges: {{Track gauge|1435mm|allk=on}}, {{Track gauge|4ft8in|lk=on|first=met}}, {{Track gauge|4ft|lk=on}}, {{Track gauge|1067mm|lk=on}}, {{Track gauge|914mm|lk=on}}.}} 4014:* ] ({{convert|191.6|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tundria.com/trams/DEU/Berlin-2016.shtml|title=BERLIN POTSDAM 2016|first= Gabor|last=Sandi|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706163300/http://www.tundria.com/trams/DEU/Berlin-2016.shtml |archive-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> 4756:* The first Japanese tram line was inaugurated in 1895 as the ]. The tram reached its zenith in 1932 when 82 rail companies operated 1,479 kilometres of track in 65 cities. The tram declined in popularity through the remaining years of the 1930s and during the 1960s many of the remaining operational tramways were shut down or converted into commuter railway lines. 4683:* Surabaya's tram network was built in 1886. Initially consisting of steam trams only, electric trams were added in 1923. They served Surabaya commuters well into the independence era. The electric tram bowed out from service in 1968, while its steam counterpart outlived the electrics, becoming the world's last urban steam tram service before its closure in 1978. 5634:* Also in the city of ], in ], a new tramway system is on service since 2012, the ], which will have a route of {{convert|12.5|km|abbr=on}} and will link five districts of the ] conurbation.<ref name="taut-dec2012">{{cite magazine |title=Mendoza light rail service begins |date=December 2012 |magazine=] |page=451 |publisher=] |issn=1460-8324}}</ref> 4168:* ] ({{convert|145|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/pl/lodz/lodz.htm |title=UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Poland > Łódź Tram |access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301104531/http://urbanrail.net/eu/pl/lodz/lodz.htm |archive-date=1 March 2017}}</ref> 4146:* ] ({{convert|148.3|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tundria.com/trams/DEU/Leipzig-2015.shtml|title=Leipzig 2015|first=Gabor|last=Sandi|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706163730/http://www.tundria.com/trams/DEU/Leipzig-2015.shtml|archive-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> 4025:* ] ({{convert|183|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tundria.com/trams/RUS/Moscow-2016.shtml|title=Moscow 2016|first=Gabor|last=Sandi|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170820162823/http://www.tundria.com/trams/RUS/Moscow-2016.shtml |archive-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> 8029:* {{cite book |author1=City of Portland |author2=TriMet |author3=Portland Streetcar, Inc. |title=TriMet Streetcar Prototype |date=January 2015 |publisher=] |pages=30–45 |url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/FTA_Report_No._0085_1.pdf <!-- |access-date=4 November 2021 --> |chapter=History of Streetcar Manufacturing in the U.S.}} 1716:{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129082418/http://thetransportpolitic.wordpress.com/2009/01/22/bombardier-presents-new-catenary-free-streetcar/ |date=29 January 2009 }}, "The transport politic"</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spanishrailwaysnews.com/noticias.asp?not=30|title = Caf's ACR for catenary-free trams}}</ref> 1288: 914: 13238:. However, Canadian cities excluding Toronto, removed their streetcar systems in the mid-20th century. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, light rail systems were introduced in Calgary and Edmonton; with another light rail system established in Ottawa in 2001. There has been something of a renaissance for light railways in mid-sized cities with 13084:, though "tram" may be used colloquially in Canada. Streetcar systems were developed in late 19th to early 20th centuries in a number of cities throughout North America. However, most North American cities saw their streetcar lines removed in the mid-20th century for a variety of financial, technological and social reasons. Exceptions included 11276:, the remnant of the system comprises three isolated radial routes, not connecting in the ancient city centre, but linked by a ring route. Some apparently anomalous lines continue in operation where a new line would not on rational grounds be built, because it is much more costly to build a new line than to continue operating an existing one. 3802:|date=August 2017 |page=301}}</ref> Some of these systems date from the late 19th or early 20th centuries. In the past 20 years their numbers have been augmented by modern tramway or light rail systems in cities that had abandoned this form of transport. There have also been some new tram systems in cities that never previously had them. 4036:* ] ({{convert|181.8|km|mi |abbr=on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.atm.it/it/IlGruppo/ChiSiamo/Documents/carta%20mobilità%202017.pdf |title=Carta della mobilità ATM 2017 |publisher= Azienda Trasporti Milanesi S.p.A. |language=it |trans-title=ATM Mobility Charter 2017 |date=2017 |access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref> 7646:* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Kaempffert |editor-first1=Waldemar Bernhard |editor-link=Waldemar Kaempffert|url=https://archive.org/details/popularhistoryof01kaem |first=T. Commerford |last=Martin |year=1924 |title=A Popular History of American Invention |via=] |publisher=]|location=London; New York |access-date=11 March 2017 |volume=1 }} 5364:* The Sydney system, which closed in 1961, was the most extensive and the largest passenger carrier of any Australian public transport system then or since, moving over 400&nbsp;million passengers per annum, at its peak. In 1997, Sydney reintroduced tram services on a modern ]; the 2010s saw a significant expansion of the network. 4058:* ] ({{convert|171|km|mi|abbr= on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/pl/katow/katowice.htm |website=UrbanRail.Net |title= Katowice Tram|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170208093035/http://urbanrail.net/eu/pl/katow/katowice.htm|archive-date= 8 February 2017}}</ref> 7221:| quote = Seeing these beautiful behemoths rolling through Toronto might force us to reconsider the complaint heard over and over that streetcars are forever in the way. Once all 204 new vehicles have been deployed in four or five years, they will be the undisputed masters of the streets; it will be cars that will have to make way. 3563:* Trams produce less air pollution than rubber tyred transport which produce tyre, asphalt and brake based pollutants. The use of regenerative electric motor braking in trams lowers mechanical brake use. Steel wheel and rail particulates are produced but regular wheel alignment and flexible track mounting can reduce emissions. 5594:* ] once had one of the most extensive tramway networks in the world with over {{convert|857|km|mi|abbr=on}} of track, but most of it was dismantled during the 1960s in favour of bus transportation. A new line, the ] system feeding the ] of the ] has been operating since 1987 on the outskirts of Buenos Aires. 3475:* Tram vehicles are very durable, with some being in continuous revenue service for more than fifty years. This is especially true compared to internal combustion buses, which tend to require high amounts of maintenance and break down after less than 20 years, mostly due to the vibrations of the engine. 12784:. The tram reached its zenith in 1932 when 82 rail companies operated 1,479 kilometres of track in 65 cities. The tram declined in popularity through the remaining years of the 1930s and during the 1960s many of the remaining operational tramways were shut down or converted into commuter railway lines. 13956: 12074: 10969: 9819: 6079: 5972: 5918: 5290: 5226: 5163: 4472: 2716: 2219: 1950: 1138: 892: 17983: 17943: 12743: 12625: 12569: 10606: 9908: 6100: 3801: 3574:* Tram networks can link to other operational heavy rail and rapid transit systems, allowing vehicles to move directly from one to the other without passengers needing to alight. Trams that are compatible with heavy rail systems are called ], while those that can use subway tunnels are called ] or ]. 2537: 1694: 1576: 1331: 1053: 967: 572: 558: 274: 13813: 12965: 12184: 11327: 9748: 9537: 5016: 3884: 3863: 2326: 2002: 1767: 1352: 1287: 1094: 1009: 913: 773: 12493: 5269: 4973: 2251: 1394: 1212: 478: 434: 399: 12747: 12556: 12155: 12016: 11473: 11323:. It automatically sends trams arriving at stand A to the correct platform. The indicator on the right displays "Lijn 24, Spoor 4". The points are accordingly set to send the next tram, on route 24 to De Boelelaan/VU, into the platform 4 on the left. Meanwhile, a tram 4 to RAI waits at platform 2. 10539: 6132: 2780: 2759: 2314: 1610: 1032: 10602: 2922: 1673: 1310: 1117: 871: 664: 444: 12023: 10127: 6015: 5897: 1886: 1373: 573:]s with unflanged wheels since the 1500s, and the paved limestone trackways designed by the Romans for heavy horse and ox-drawn transportation. By the 1700s, paved ]s with ] rails were introduced in England for transporting coal, stone or iron ore from the mines to the urban factories and docks. 13290: 12727: 11936: 10085: 5930: 5353:* Historically, there have been trams in the following Australian cities and towns: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]–], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. They ranged from extensive systems to single lines. Virtually all known types of motive power have been utilised in Australia at some stage. 5120: 988: 729: 640: 7712:* {{cite book |first1=Greg |last1=Young |first2=Tom |last2=Meyers |title=The Bowery boys : adventures in Old New York : an unconventional exploration of Manhattan's historic neighborhoods, secret spots and colorful characters |publisher=Ulysses Press |isbn=978-1612435763 |date=18 April 2016 }} 2389: 1631: 12751: 6133:(]). Furthering confusion, the term ''tram'' has instead been applied to open-sided, low-speed ] generally used to ferry tourists short distances, for example on the ] and, in many countries, as tourist transport to major destinations. The term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e.g. the ]. 6184: 2695: 15212: 2674: 1811: 11929: 968: 3842: 1865: 3530:* Tramways can take advantage of old ] alignments. Some examples include the ] of which the ] was part of the ], the ] was part of the ], and the ] was the ]. Other examples can be found in ], ], ], ] and ]. They hence sometimes take advantage of high speed track while on train tracks. 1233: 11470:. An important advantage of standard gauge is that standard railway maintenance equipment can be used on it, rather than custom-built machinery. Using standard gauge also allows light rail vehicles to be delivered and relocated conveniently using freight railways and locomotives. 4829:* The Northern and Central areas of the City of ] had an electric Tram Car system ({{Track gauge|42in|lk=on|disp=or}} gauge). This system commenced operations about 1900 and was discontinued by 1960. However, a new tram system is being brought to Colombo as part of the plan of ]. 13897: 10567: 7613:* {{cite book |author-link=Robert Hughes (critic) |first=Robert |last=Hughes |title=The Fatal Shore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKVlKHn29xcC&q=%22Convict+railway%22&pg=PA408 |access-date=5 July 2015 |year=1987 |publisher=] |pages=407–408 |isbn=9781407054070}} 1652: 5822:* In the ] in 1909, two armed robbers hijacked a tram and were chased by the police in another tram.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.londonremembers.com/subjects/tottenham-outrage|title=Tottenham Outrage|publisher=londonremembers.com|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref> 13488: 3607:* Many modern tram systems plant low growing vegetation – mostly grasses – between the tracks which has a psychological effect on perceived noise levels and the benefits of ]. This is not possible for buses as they deviate too much from an "ideal" track in daily operations. 2484:* Other new systems, particularly those in large cities which already have well-developed metro and suburban railway systems, such as ] and ], have started by building isolated suburban lines feeding into railway or metro stations. In Paris these have then been linked by ]. 1799: 5079: 6080: 6058: 5951: 2558: 11412: 10277: 1918: 1481:* Rome, Italy: Plauen, Germany; Bucharest, Romania;<ref>{{Cite web |title=STB SA {{!}} Societatea de Transport Bucuresti STB SA |url=https://www.stbsa.ro/eng/istoric_eng |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.stbsa.ro}}</ref> ]; Belgrade, Serbia in 1894; 10815: 12662: 7624:* {{Cite book |last=Malone |first=Dumas |author-link=Dumas Malone |title=Sidney Howe Short |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxFQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA128 |year=1928 |publisher=] |work=] |location=London, UK; New York, USA |volume=17 |access-date=31 May 2017}} 5408:* A completely new tram system opened on the ] on 20 July 2014, with a major extension completed in December 2017. That system is known as the ] and is the first tram/light rail system in the state of Queensland since Brisbane closed its tram network in 1969. 1812:|title=Compressed Air on Tramways |work=] |date=7 July 1883 |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Compressed Air for Street Car Motors |work=The Street Railway Journal |issue=10 |volume=2|date=August 1886 |location=Chicago |page=384}}</ref> 13957: 3958: 1715: 7635:* {{cite book |first=Charles S. |last=McCaleb |title=Rails, Roads & Runways: The 20-Year Saga of Santa Clara County's Transportation Agency |place=San Jose |publisher=Santa Clara County Transportation Agency |date=1994 |isbn=978-0964446601 |page=67}} 11126: 2327: 12594:, before it was closed on 25 February 1961, had 291 km (181 mi) of route, and was thus the largest in Australia. Since 1961, the Melbourne system (recognised as the world's largest) assumed Sydney's title as the largest network in Australia. 12500: 9358: 13797: 2954: 60: 9761: 7580:* {{cite book |last=Freedman |first=Alisa |title=Tokyo in Transit: Japanese Culture on the Rails and Road |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7XKYLNupxUC&pg=PA6 |year=2011 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7145-0 |page=6}} 5833:* On 7 June 1926 Catalan architect ] was knocked down by a ] tram and subsequently died.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.casabatllo.es/en/antoni-gaudi/|title=Biography of Antoni Gaudi|publisher=casabatllo.es|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref> 11161: 5386:* Ballarat and Bendigo have retained some trams as heritage vehicles operating on limited trackage. In 2008 and 2009, Bendigo trialled using its heritage trams for regular public transport, but the service was too infrequent to be useful for that. 16052: 817: 11263: 133: 10610: 2410: 796: 7875:* Hilton, George W. 1997. ''The Cable Car in America: A New Treatise upon Cable or Rope Traction As Applied to the Working of Street and Other Railways'', Revised Edition ({{ISBN|0-8047-3051-2}}). Stanford (CA), US: Stanford University Press. 10766: 13500: 5375:* Melbourne and Adelaide were the only major cities in Australia to retain trams (although Adelaide only retained a single line and dismantled the rest of its network). Other cities had largely dismantled their tram networks by the 1970s. 12027: 7690:* {{cite book |first=Robert C. |last=Post |title=Urban Mass Transit: The Life Story of a Technology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ6Kke0MZWwC&pg=PA43 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-33916-5}} 5121: 12929: 9593: 7668:* {{cite book|first=David E. |last=Nye |title=Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880–1940 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAElGDvk2yUC&pg=PA86 |year=1992 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-64030-5}} 4725:* The 13-kilometre-long ] system began operation in August 2011 and is being extended, with the full system expected to be in operation by 2023. A significant portion of it will be underground. A light rail system for ] is also planned. 1311: 11246: 13496: 12085: 7364:| quote = Torontonians taking the Spadina streetcar might have noticed something different when they stepped on board today. That's because the Toronto Transit Commission has finally launched the first of its new streetcars. 12185: 10298:, opened in 1887, and it was considered quite successful. While this line proved quite versatile as one of the earliest fully functional electric streetcar installations, it required horse-drawn support while climbing the 3864: 3486:* In many cases tram networks have a higher capacity than similar buses. This has been cited as a reason for the replacement of one of Europe's busiest bus lines (with three-minute headways in peak times) with a tram by ]. 8095:* ''Straßenbahnatlas ehem. Sowjetunion / Tramway Atlas of the former USSR'' ({{ISBN|3-926524-15-4}}). 1996. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn, in conjunction with Light Rail Transit Association, London. 11940: 10635:, a Vermont blacksmith, had invented a battery-powered electric motor which he later patented. The following year he used it to operate a small model electric car on a short section of track four feet in diameter. 7591:* {{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Robert |title=The first electric road : a history of the Box Hill and Doncaster tramway |date=1989 |publisher=John Mason Press |location=East Brighton, Victoria |isbn=0731667158}} 18356: 11075:. Washington's was the last of these to close, in 1962. No commercial tramway uses this system anymore. More recently, an equivalent to these systems has been developed which allows for the safe installation of a 10712: 4157:* ] ({{convert|147.1|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2018.stib-activityreports.brussels/file/statistics_2018_fr.pdf |title=Stastiques 2018 |access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> 13644: 7842:* Davies, W. K. J. 1986. ''100 years of the Belgian vicinal: SNCV/NMVB, 1885–1985: a century of secondary rail transport in Belgium'' ({{ISBN|0-900433-97-3}}). Broxbourne, UK: Light Rail Transit Association. 12204: 11174:, still essentially comprise a single route. Some suburbs may be served by loop lines connecting two adjacent radial roads. Some modern systems have started by reusing existing radial railway tracks, as in 752: 17758: 16044: 3843:|publisher=Amtuir.org |access-date=2015-03-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319193228/http://www.amtuir.org/03_index_htu_gale.htm |archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> 18020: 13250:. In the late 20th century, several Canadian locales restored portions of their defunct streetcar lines, operating them as a heritage feature for tourists. Heritage streetcar lines in Canada include the 9792: 4430:* World's longest 9-sectioned {{convert|56|m|ft}}-meter articulated tram vehicle ] started operation ] in 2016. ] vehicles family allows expansion of length up to {{convert|72|m|ft}} with 539 passengers. 1118: 13322:; However, these streetcar systems were designed as heritage streetcar lines, and used vintage or replica-vintage vehicles. The first "second-generation streetcar system" in North America was opened in 13155:, the system consists of both street-running and grade-separated tramways. The streetcar system was established in 1861, and used a variety of vehicles in its history, including horse-drawn streetcars, 11958: 5758:* In ], a tram line started operating since March 2019 as the main public transportation system in the city. The L1 of the ] is {{convert|20.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} long with 20 stops and uses ] (302) trains. 3508:* Trams and light rail systems can be cheaper to install than subways or other forms of ]. In Berlin the commonly cited figure is that one kilometer of subway costs as much as ten kilometers of tramway. 12586: 3497:* Due to the above-mentioned capacity advantage, labor costs (which form the biggest share of operating costs of many public transit systems) per passenger can be significantly lower compared to buses. 3757:[[File:World Tram Systems.png|300px|thumb|Tram networks around the world:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanrail.net |title=Home |website=urbanrail.net |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref> 2590: 11948: 12093: 9565: 8117:* ''Tramway & Light Railway Atlas: Germany 1996'' ({{ISBN|0-948106-18-2}}). 1995. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn, in conjunction with Light Rail Transit Association, London. 2390: 11279: 9538: 409: 13299: 7679:* {{cite book |first=Mark |last=Petrova |title=St. Petersburg in Focus: Photographers of the Turn of the Century; in Celebration of the Tercentenary of St. Petersburg |edition=Palac |date=2003}} 14396: 12214: 12766: 12174:) were common throughout the industrialised world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries but they had disappeared from most British, Canadian, French and US cities by the mid-20th century. 9839:, Victoria, Australia operated one of the largest cable systems in the world, at its peak running 592 trams on 75 kilometres (47 mi) of track. There were also two isolated cable lines in 3959:-->|website=tundria.com|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160505135200/http://www.tundria.com/trams/tramways-index.shtml |archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> are: 479: 15: 18137: 11905: 9928: 14034: 17558: 9428:, which were then common on the well-paved streets of European cities. Running the horsecars on rails allowed for a much smoother ride. There are records of a street railway running in 7657:* {{cite book |author-link=William D. Middleton |last=Middleton |first=William D. |date=1967 |title=The Time of the Trolley |place=] |publisher=Kalmbach Publishing |isbn=0-89024-013-2}} 17920: 13326: 10624: 989:|title=Dunedin Cable Car |url=http://www.dunedincablecars.co.nz/history.html |website=www.dunedincablecars.co.nz |publisher=Dunedin Cable Car |access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> 13953: 17970: 16945: 10018: 8106:* ''Straßenbahnatlas Rumänien'' (compiled by Andreas Günter, Sergei Tarknov and Christian Blank; {{ISBN|3-926524-23-5}}). 2004. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn. 16620:"Novel highly durable rubber safety profiles for rail-based traffic systems such as tram lines which make cycling safer in inner cities by closing gaps to prevent bike accidents" 15974: 11067:(New York City), and Washington, D.C., used live rails, like those on third-rail electrified railways, but in a conduit underneath the road, from which they drew power through a 4860:* Several Tram systems are under construction or proposed in Taiwan, mostly in ] and ] ]. The First LRT system was established in ], followed by the ] Transit in Northern Taiwan. 18287: 12626: 10847: 10200: 8062:* Schweers, Hans. 1988. ''Schmalspurparadies Schweiz'', Band 2: Nordostschweiz, Mittelland, Zentralschweiz, Graubünden, Tessin ({{ISBN|3-921679-46-X}}). Aachen: Schweers + Wall. 17997: 12081: 9932:, but the cable also helps restrain the car to going downhill at a constant speed. Performance in steep terrain partially explains the survival of cable cars in San Francisco. 140: 12156: 4320:* Since 2000, 78 systems have opened while 13 have closed. The countries that have opened the most systems since 2000 are the US (23), France (20), Spain (16), and Turkey (8); 16644: 12487: 11545: 10661: 3649:* Installing rails for tram tracks and overhead lines for power means a higher up-front cost than using buses which require no modifications to streets to begin operations. 8051:* Rowsome, Frank; Stephan McGuire, tech. ed. (1956). A Trolley Car Treasury: A Century of American Streetcars—Horsecars, Cable Cars, Interurbans, and Trolleys. New York: ]. 1074: 14251:, a rubber-tired vehicle running on hard pavement, which draws its power from pairs of overhead wires. These electric buses, which use twin trolley poles, are also called 12049: 11259: 11190:. Later developments often include tangential routes linking adjacent suburbs directly, or multiple routes through the town centre to avoid congestion (as in Manchester's 7853:* Dyer, Peter, and Peter Hodge. 1988. ''Cane Train: The Sugar-Cane Railways of Fiji'' ({{ISBN|0-908573-50-2}}). Wellington: New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society Inc. 4386:* Just over 36,000 trams and light rail vehicles are in operation. The largest fleets are in Prague (788), Vienna (782), Warsaw (756), Saint-Petersburg (750), Moscow (632) 2781: 2431:] developed the system primarily to avoid intrusive power supply cables in the sensitive area of the old city of old ].<ref>. Retrieved 15 February 2009.</ref> 12071: 10965: 7701:* {{cite book |first=C. N. |last=Pyrgidis |title=Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and Operation |publisher=CRC Press |date=2016 |isbn=978-1482262155}} 18167: 12507: 11525: 19576: 18042: 14163:), a four-wheeled device that was dragged along dual overhead wires by a cable that connected the troller to the top of the car and collected electrical power from the 7952:* Morrison, Allen. 1996. ''Latin America by Streetcar: A Pictorial Survey of Urban Rail Transport South of the U.S.A.'' ({{ISBN|0-9622348-3-4}}). New York: Bonde Press. 17476: 16922: 8040:* Röhr, Gustav. 1986. ''Schmalspurparadies Schweiz'', Band 1: Berner Oberland, Jura, Westschweiz, Genfer See, Wallis ({{ISBN|3-921679-38-9}}). Aachen: Schweers + Wall. 13557:, with the governing coalition supporting the project and the opposition against it. The government was returned and Stage 1 of the light rail launched in April 2019. 10527: 17861: 9471: 7045:| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140909020930/http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/09/08/ttcs_spadina_launch_inspires_streetcar_envy_on_other_lines.html 1010: 104: 18257: 17598: 16851: 2495:* A third, weakly nucleated, route pattern may grow up where a number of nearby small settlements are linked, such as in the coal-mining areas served by ] or the ]. 15485: 14401: 19201: 13605: 14822: 9367: 18482: 16417: 12829: 8128:* Turner, Kevin. 1996. ''The Directory of British Tramways: Every Passenger-Carrying Tramway, Past and Present'' ({{ISBN|1-85260-549-9}}). Somerset, UK: Haynes. 7177:| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140909021538/http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/09/01/toronto_rides_new_streetcars_to_its_urban_future_hume.html 5397:* ], introduced a tourist tram line in 1996, which uses two replicas of a Melbourne ] ] or dummy, driven by a concealed ] motor, and two restored trailer cars. 13878:(1:48 in the US and generally 1:43,5 and 1:45 in Europe and Asia). They are typically powered and will accept plastic figures inside. Common manufacturers are 12078: 10266: 14763: 7320:| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140901021055/http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2014/08/31/new_ttc_streetcars_make_their_debut.html 4891:* An extensive ] ran in Bangkok from 1888, until it was suspended in 1968. A smaller single-route tram route tram in ] was also suspended in the early 1960s. 16671: 12490: 16619: 10196: 4331:* {{convert|15618|km|abbr=on}} of track is in operation, with {{convert|850|km|abbr=on}} in construction and a further {{convert|2350|km|abbr=on}} planned; 9238: 8084:* Stewart, Graham. 1993 ''The End of the Penny Section'' (revised and enlarged edition) ({{ISBN|1-86934-037-X}}). Wellington: Grantham House Publishing. 5665:* A historic tram line known as the ] operates in ], In 2016, a new tram line started operating in Rio de Janeiro, known as the ] transportation system. 13542: 12975: 11212: 10235:, and operated for a period of one year by the East Cleveland Street Railway Company. The first city-wide electric streetcar system was implemented in 2003: 9702:(from 1885) and the Dublin & Blessington Steam Tramway (from 1888) in Ireland. Steam tramways also were used on the suburban tramway lines around 18559: 14411: 11453: 11015: 10095: 8139:* Waller, Michael H., and Peter Walker. 1992. ''British & Irish Tramway Systems since 1945'' ({{ISBN|0-7110-1989-4}}). Shepperton (Surrey), UK: ] 18145: 9464:. Other American cities did not follow until the 1850s, after which the "animal railway" became an increasingly common feature in the larger towns. 7133:| title = Toronto rides new streetcars to its urban future: Hume Getting there will be half the fun now that Toronto's new streetcars are in service 3409:] tram running down ] on the Timișoara Boulevard in ], Romania]]<!-- DO NOT add more advantages or disadvantages without reliable sources. --> 12744: 11982: 18210: 16343: 10762:. By most definitions, the tramway was the first passenger-carrying railway/tramway in Australia. An unconfirmed report says that it continued to 7831:* Cheape, Charles W. ''Moving the masses: urban public transit in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, 1880–1912'' (Harvard University Press, 1980) 20838: 17059: 14537: 6185:''trackless trolleys'' (particularly in the northeastern US), or sometimes simply ''trolleys'' (in the UK, as well as the ], including ], and ]). 97: 16504: 18863: 14194: 18191: 17930: 17551: 16573: 13485:. They ranged from extensive systems to single lines. Virtually all known types of motive power have been utilised in Australia at some stage. 12732:, who saw tram network as "antiquated" and a "relic of colonial era". The other cities in Indonesia who used to have urban tram network were 18115: 17719: 17546: 15746: 14352: 13615: 12066: 10343: 17961:"Toronto rides new streetcars to its urban future: Hume Getting there will be half the fun now that Toronto's new streetcars are in service" 3585:* Passengers can reach surface stations quicker than underground stations. Subjective safety at surface stations is often seen to be higher. 17783: 15971: 7787:* Bigon, Liora. 2007, "Tracking Ethno-Cultural Differences: The Lagos Steam Tramway (1902–1933)" ''Journal of Historical Geography'', 33, 3 13295: 12043: 9280: 3464:* Being guided by rails means that even very long tram units can navigate tight, winding city streets that are inaccessible to long buses. 17960: 17015: 16937: 14421: 14391: 12457:, with its 42 km (26 mi). The world's longest urban intracity tram line is 33 km (21 mi) counter-ring routes 5/5a in 12118: 12100: 10515: 8613: 19724: 15875: 11933: 10140: 9276: 5080:|url=https://www.blackpooltransport.com/heritage-tram-tours |title=Blackpool heritage trams |publisher=Blackpool Transport}}</ref> 467:<div style="float:left; padding-top: 7px; padding-bottom: 7px; padding-right: 7px;">]<br/>''Interior of a tram''</div> 19783: 17807: 17583: 16199: 14133: 12516: 10909: 10709: 1800: 18007: 2067: 18279: 18177: 14777: 10961: 5100: 116: 17454: 12988: 11197: 10665: 18585: 18034: 17401: 16989: 16593: 15039: 13565: 12089: 11328: 11205:, have started by building isolated suburban lines feeding into railway or metro stations. In Paris these have then been linked by 9098: 9090: 5696:* In ], there are plans for a tramway that will connect the comunes of Las Condes, Lo Barnechea y Vitacura. (tranvía de Las Condes) 17218: 17170: 16648: 12561: 10010: 2878:| footer= Tram stops can range from purpose-built, tram-exclusive facilities (left), to simple stops within a public road (right). 17507: 17325: 15415: 15388: 14431: 7809:* Buckley, R. J. 1984. ''Tramways and Light Railways of Switzerland and Austria'' ({{ISBN|0-900433-96-5}}). Milton Keynes, UK: ]. 18968: 17117: 17090: 11872: 10185: 9939:, though significantly reduced in number, continue to provide regular transportation service, in addition to being a well-known 17770: 17628: 16970: 16438: 14327: 12603: 9441: 9197: 9144: 4577:], whose line forms a part of the ]. The city is one of several in China to invest in tram systems in the early 21st century.]] 177: 18817: 18390: 16017: 15862: 15698: 12902: 11336:. If the powered system breaks down, most points may be operated manually, by inserting a metal lever ('point iron') into the 11059: 10409: 9250: 8073:* Stewart, Graham. 1985. ''When Trams Were Trumps in New Zealand'' ({{OCLC|12723934}}). Wellington: Grantham House Publishing. 20760: 19170: 19140: 18957: 18913: 17944: 17692: 16914: 14577: 13727:, there are plans for a tramway that will connect the comunes of Las Condes, Lo Barnechea y Vitacura. (tranvía de Las Condes) 11357: 10290: 9519: 9094: 18693: 17480: 16311: 15578: 14724: 11191: 9975: 9955:"). Another system, with two separate cable lines and a shared power station in the middle, operates from the Welsh town of 9686: 20752: 19346: 18775: 18065: 17200: 16862: 15242: 14222: 10030: 9375: 9086: 7776:* Bett, W. C., and J. C. Gillam. 1962. ''Great British Tramway Networks'' (4th Edition), {{ISBN|0-900433-03-5}}. London: ]. 2220:] but this does not always hold true. Though these two systems differ in their operation, their equipment is much the same. 158: 18978: 17868: 16756: 16730: 16325: 10974: 10731: 18253: 18110: 17298: 17272: 16887: 15668: 14471: 14376: 13462: 13168: 13007: 12752: 12114: 11440:, just west of Mitcham Station, where the formation is narrowed by an old landslip causing an obstruction. (See photo in 10844: 10511: 10493: 9453: 7437:* {{Cite book |author=Duden |title=das Herkunftswörterbuch: Etymologie der deutschen Sprache |place=Mannheim |date=2001}} 1139: 526:{{Main|History of trams}}{{Duplication|date=July 2024|dupe=History of trams|discuss=Talk:Tram#Article_Division?|section}} 19667:). 1995. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn, in conjunction with Light Rail Transit Association, London. 19639:). 1996. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn, in conjunction with Light Rail Transit Association, London. 17045: 15481: 15065: 12075: 11515: 10642: 10328: 559: 19208: 19189: 19152: 19063: 15772: 12966: 12540: 10619: 8671: 17375: 15838: 13886:, with many custom models being made as well. The German firm Hödl and the Austrian Halling specialise in 1:87 scale. 5017: 2294:]s are used to provide power for most electric trams. Overhead wires are used for both trams and light rail systems.]] 19694: 19679: 19664: 19650: 19636: 19622: 19592: 19570: 19545: 19544: 19535: 19521: 19507: 19493: 19470: 19455: 19440: 19423: 19404: 19375: 19353: 19331: 19316: 19283: 19268: 19242: 19119: 18992: 18884: 17245: 16413: 15365: 14812: 13759:, a tram line started operating since March 2019 as the main public transportation system in the city. The L1 of the 13231: 12326: 11919: 11854: 11796: 10929: 10317: 10178: 8711: 8693: 8634: 8541: 8444: 7897:* King, B. R., and J. H. Price. 1995. ''The Tramways of Portugal'' (4th Edition) ({{ISBN|0-948106-19-0}}). London: ]. 3735:{{Main|Tram and light rail transit systems|List of tram and light rail transit systems|List of town tramway systems}} 14966: 14183:, and cognate uses of the word were well established for handcarts and horse drayage, as well as for nautical uses. 12127: 9589:, survived until 1954. The last horse-drawn tram to be withdrawn from public service in the UK took passengers from 8675: 20965: 20884: 19930: 17427: 13858: 12705: 11777: 11304: 11133: 10934: 10251: 10231: 9843:, New South Wales, Australia; the North Sydney line from 1886 to 1900, and the King Street line from 1892 to 1905. 9082: 8522: 6990:| url = https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/09/08/ttcs_spadina_launch_inspires_streetcar_envy_on_other_lines.html 1854:] |location=Washington DC |oclc=14735367 |page=43}}</ref> Tramcar from Matsuyama Handcar Tramway, ], Japan.]] 1577: 151: 16467: 15724: 13529: 11315: 9506: 2760: 1213: 252:<div style="float:right; padding-left: 7px; padding-bottom: 7px;">]<br/>''A tram in ], ]''</div> 69: 17477:"Providing Public Transportation Alternatives for the Greater Phoenix Metro Area – Valley Metro – Press Releases" 16682: 13592: 13072: 11955:. In Berlin the commonly cited figure is that one kilometer of subway costs as much as ten kilometers of tramway. 11749: 11027: 10982: 10727: 10437: 10402: 9492: 9476: 9410: 8494: 7996::''Part Two, Asia+USSR'' / Africa / Australia ({{ISBN|0-948619-00-7}}). 1987. London: Rapid Transit Publications. 7886:* Howarth, W. Des. 1971. ''Tramway Systems of Southern Africa'' (No ISBN). Johannesburg: published by the author. 18318: 17654: 17139: 15821: 14921: 12181: 10336: 1299: 21153: 19776: 19740: 19554: 19379: 19287: 19246: 18932: 18231: 16491: 16264: 16222: 16220: 14542: 14451: 14371: 14219: 13928:) (standard gauge) in HO scale as in US and Japan, but incorrect in 4 mm (1:76.2) scale, as it represents 13482: 13164: 11734: 11007: 10270: 10019: 9936: 9917: 9836: 9828: 9801: 9614: 9610: 9488: 9437: 9190: 8934: 8774: 8479: 7864:* Gragt, Frits van der. 1968. ''Europe's Greatest Tramway Network'' (No ISBN). Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. 18719: 7122:| url = https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/09/01/toronto_rides_new_streetcars_to_its_urban_future_hume.html 20569: 19937: 13263: 11889: 10536: 9729:(US). The most notable system to adopt such trams was in Paris. French-designed steam trams also operated in 9027: 90: 17847: 16217: 16167: 14366: 11756: 8501: 7963:* Pabst, Martin. 1989. ''Tram & Trolley in Africa'' ({{ISBN|3-88490-152-4}}). Krefeld: Röhr Verlag GMBH. 1971: 1021:], 1885. From its founding to 1940, Melbourne operated one of the largest cable car networks in the world.]] 20993: 20955: 19887: 19800: 16142: 14872: 14386: 13039: 12650: 12263: 12122: 10228: 9809: 9808: 9794: 9781: 9433: 9284: 7798:* Brimson, Samuel. 1983. ''The Tramways of Australia'' ({{ISBN|0-949825-01-8}}). Sydney: Dreamweaver Books. 7265:| url = https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2014/08/31/new_ttc_streetcars_make_their_debut.html 3552:* The tram with its fixed route gives developers confidence to invest as opposed to a changeable bus route. 2283:{{main|Railway electrification system|Current collector|List of tram systems by gauge and electrification}} 28: 18563: 13278: 12553: 12545: 11202: 9573:, had its Sarah Street line drawn by horses until 1923. The last regular mule-drawn cars in the US ran in 21039: 20131: 20029: 18641: 18586:"Home HO O N S New Products Price List Miscellaneous Join Email List Dealer Orders Retail Orders Contact" 18511: 18254:"Ayacucho Tram Begins Operation, Metro de Medellin Discuss Further Expansion Plans « Metro Americas" 18226: 18070: 14347: 13251: 13160: 13113: 13067: 12020: 11300: 10800: 10632: 10444:; afterwards, this was installed as a commercial venture operating between the outer Melbourne suburb of 10244: 9882: 9831:, 1885. From its founding to 1940, Melbourne operated one of the largest cable car networks in the world. 9754: 9699: 9402: 9394: 8882: 8877: 8570: 19309: 17347: 11506: 21003: 20894: 20817: 20802: 19925: 19084: 19019: 16347: 14441: 13646: 13629: 13442: 13152: 13105: 12587: 12449:, which runs almost the entire length of the Belgian coast. Another fairly long interurban line is the 12062: 11836: 11825: 11320: 11175: 11072: 10572: 10489: 10148: 10129: 10104: 10079: 9461: 9137: 8929: 8370: 181: 18667: 17063: 15913: 14738: 14065: 13684: 11763: 8508: 21148: 20935: 20925: 20771: 20662: 19769: 18949: 16676: 16623: 16172: 14446: 14426: 14416: 14381: 13580: 13458: 13446: 13335: 13179: 13172: 13097: 13093: 12781: 12575: 12566: 12393: 11942: 11877: 11106: 11096: 11080: 11048: 10820: 10596: 9991: 9980: 9859: 9602: 9449: 9042: 9037: 9032: 8894: 8751: 19734: 19046: 18537: 15615: 15554: 14868: 12876: 12053:. This is not possible for buses as they deviate too much from an "ideal" track in daily operations. 10560: 10100: 4787:* A tram system is planned for construction in ], Pakistan, where construction started in late 2011. 4375:* The most busy networks (passengers per km, per year) are: Istanbul, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Sarajevo. 4234:] in 2022. The system was once the world's largest, before it was surpassed by Melbourne's system.]] 1276:] in 1882. Early electric trams operated by the company lacked ]s, drawing current from the rails.]] 20960: 18195: 17894: 16162: 16160: 14646: 14630: 14476: 14223: 13863: 13853: 13654: 13259: 13133: 13117: 12993: 12830: 12820: 12201: 11986: 11832: 11726: 11292: 10532: 10177:) in 1884, remains in service as the oldest operating electric tramway in the world. Also in 1883, 10007: 10003: 9570: 9170: 9057: 8993: 8789: 18105: 17742: 17715: 15750: 14128: 12630: 12582:; however Saint Petersburg's tram system has declined in size since the fall of the Soviet Union. 12504: 12356: 10564:'s 1914–1920 plans for the capital then in the planning stage did propose a Canberra tram system. 2717: 21138: 21064: 21024: 20970: 18611: 14636: 13533: 13454: 13355: 13255: 13183: 13089: 12590: 11974: 11745: 11719: 11530: 11056: 10998: 10791:, Liang Jianying, said that the company is studying how to reduce the running costs of the tram. 10776: 10752: 10216: 9595: 9329: 9277: 9062: 9022: 8944: 8490: 8468: 8018::''Part Four, North America'' ({{ISBN|0-948619-06-6}}). 1998. London: Rapid Transit Publications. 4276:* Tram and light rail systems operate in 388 cities across the world, 206 of which are in Europe; 173: 16192: 16157: 13525: 12396: 11272:) or where isolated outlying lines have been preserved (as on the eastern fringe of Berlin). In 124: 21143: 20722: 20702: 20446: 20441: 20193: 19252: 18974: 14562: 14466: 14315: 13777: 13561: 13550: 13538: 13522: 12890: 12886: 12579: 12442: 12380: 12362: 12197: 12171: 11036: 10557: 10549: 10220: 10186: 10152: 10043: 9924: 9885: 9574: 9457: 9257: 9215: 9052: 8949: 8818: 8756: 2506:* A fourth starting point may be a loop in the city centre, sometimes called a ], as in ] or ]. 19013: 17011: 16518: 15951: 15343: 15043: 14948: 12445: 21079: 21059: 20874: 20707: 20367: 20049: 19855: 19160: 19130: 18437: 16708: 15900: 15190: 14406: 13650: 13296: 13215: 13109: 13058: 12939: 12898: 12894: 12531: 11730: 11463: 10748: 10740: 10561: 10422: 10369: 10133: 9816: 9804:, in 1873. Part of its success is attributed to the development of an effective and reliable 9721: 9496: 9130: 9067: 8475: 8430: 8366: 7908:* McKay, John P. ''Tramways and Trolleys: The Rise of Urban Mass Transport in Europe'' (1976) 7820:* Chandler, Allison. 1963. ''Trolley Through the Countryside'' (No ISBN). Denver: Sage Books. 3356:{{More citations needed|section|talk=Talk:Tram#Debate_Section_Needs_Sources!|date=July 2024}} 1536:* Helsinki, Finland; and Madrid and Barcelona, Spain, in 1899.<ref name="guarnieri 1"/> 86: 63: 18903: 15879: 13687:, which will have a route of 12.5 km (7.8 mi) and will link five districts of the 12513: 11420: 11377: 9440:, in New York City which began service in the year 1832. The New York and Harlem Railroad's 21054: 21019: 20747: 20717: 20672: 20483: 20362: 20076: 20039: 19860: 19698: 19392: 19103: 17214: 15605: 14481: 14436: 14342: 13894: 13569: 13490: 13470: 13382: 13223: 13156: 13012: 12906: 12763: 12299: 12189: 11994: 11966: 11405: 11333: 11217: 11187: 10987: 10868: 10689: 10553: 10541: 10039: 9952: 9730: 9566: 9414: 9072: 8007::''Part Three, Europe'' ({{ISBN|0-948619-01-5}}). 1993. London: Rapid Transit Publications. 7985::''Part One, Latin America'' ({{ISBN|1-898319-02-2}}). 1980. Exeter, UK: Quail Map Company. 147: 128: 19448: 19056: 16368: 14773: 12642:. The city is one of several in China to invest in tram systems in the early 21st century. 10919: 9667: 8: 21094: 21074: 20889: 20584: 20463: 20256: 20251: 19947: 19897: 19845: 19408: 19074: 18943: 18534:"Straßenbahnmodelle, Eisenbahnmodelle, Werkzeugbau und Konstruktionsbüro Leopold Halling" 17833: 17746: 17450: 16091: 15991: 14656: 14137: 13965: 13890: 13821: 13508: 13438: 13434: 13351: 13315: 12855: 12844: 12574: 12570: 12094: 11256: 11224: 11179: 11145: 10914: 10678: 10658: 10592: 10576: 10544: 10485: 10481: 10449: 10240: 10015: 9771: 9527: 9207: 9047: 8845: 8801: 8404: 19302: 18589: 17397: 16985: 16597: 16519:"1 tram light rail track installation costs £20-£30 m per km is a good ball-park figure" 14527: 13663: 13128: 12424: 11529:, particularly in private right-of-way sections and where trams are boarded at standard 11366: 11280: 10807: 9553: 7765:* Arrivetz, Jean. 1956. ''Les Tramways Français'' (No ISBN). Lyon: Editions Omni-Presse. 3367:{{Disputed|what=section|date=July 2024|discuss=Talk:Tram#Debate_Section_Needs_Sources!}} 2517:* Occasionally a modern tramway system may grow from a preserved heritage line, as in ]. 20848: 20649: 20276: 20081: 20064: 19987: 19714: 19034: 18857: 18386: 17166: 16555: 16382: 15462: 15324: 14332: 13676: 13576: 13504: 13474: 13450: 13418: 13378: 13331: 13323: 13310: 13283: 13199: 13047: 13016: 12997: 12950: 12578:(St. Petersburg) with 350 km (220 mi), USSR, and was included as such in the 12368: 12257: 12193: 12006: 11923: 11248: 11239: 11228: 11163: 11154: 10924: 10856: 10788: 10469: 10445: 10441: 10299: 10255: 10137: 10011: 9940: 9851: 9823: 9678:. Generally, there were two types of steam tram. The first and most common had a small 9578: 9325: 9269: 9261: 9174: 9005: 7974:* Peschkes, Robert. ''World Gazetteer of Tram, Trolleybus, and Rapid Transit Systems''. 6153: 17795: 17651:"Welcome to the Shore Line Interurban Historical Society | Chicago Surface Lines" 17503: 17321: 16706:, p. 67 Besides recounting statistics and anecdotes, this source also reprints a 15434: 15419: 15392: 11951: 11474: 10436: 9542: 8401: 8397: 8385: 7919:* ] 1967. ''The Time of the Trolley'' ({{ISBN|0-89024-013-2}}). Milwaukee (WI), US: ]. 5258:] was the first (non-heritage) tram network established in North America in decades.]] 243:{{Redirect|Streetcar|other uses|Tram (disambiguation)|and|Streetcar (disambiguation)}} 21158: 20807: 20473: 20408: 20374: 19999: 19942: 19825: 19756: 19690: 19675: 19672: 19660: 19646: 19632: 19618: 19603: 19588: 19566: 19531: 19517: 19503: 19489: 19466: 19451: 19436: 19419: 19400: 19371: 19349: 19327: 19312: 19279: 19264: 19238: 19204: 19185: 19166: 19136: 19115: 19078: 19059: 18988: 18953: 18928: 18909: 18890: 18880: 18873: 18235: 18075: 17577: 17113: 17086: 16785: 16779: 16146: 15466: 15454: 15328: 14817: 14547: 14513: 14260: 14186: 13818: 13702: 13625: 13554: 13406: 13398: 13359: 13327: 13300: 13267: 13239: 13195: 13191: 13101: 13008: 12989: 12954: 12859: 12802: 12571: 12450: 12293: 12269: 11269: 11232: 11171: 11167: 11011: 10944: 10879: 10852: 10780: 10685:, England adopted battery-powered trams on sections through the city centre close to 10647: 10639: 10528: 10465: 10457: 10453: 10406: 10348: 10309: 10193: 10189: 9905: 9715: 9663: 6004:] that reads "go by streetcar". Trams are often called streetcars in North America.]] 4124:* ] ({{convert|153.6|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}})<ref name="tundria.com" /> 2462:]Route patterns vary greatly among the world's tram systems, leading to different ]. 17624: 17192: 16962: 16888:"Musée des Transports Urbains – Histoire – Histoire Générale des Transports Urbains" 16559: 16431: 14046: 12313: 11478: 11238: 8225:* (British Transport Films, 1953) showing changeover from conduit to overhead power 8203:* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Tramway|volume=27 |pages=159–167 |first=Emile |last=Garcke}} 21118: 21034: 20998: 20988: 20945: 20940: 20920: 20915: 20797: 20742: 20712: 20203: 20163: 20101: 19982: 19967: 19962: 19882: 19840: 19792: 19095: 18963: 18809: 18342: 18172: 17956: 16713: 16545: 16021: 15694: 15446: 15314: 15306: 14557: 14288: 14168: 13970: 13810: 13784: 13426: 13402: 13339: 13027: 13023: 12873: 12851: 12702: 12664: 12548: 12519: 12454: 12388: 12374: 12344: 12322: 12101: 12090: 12050: 11990: 11526: 11252: 11183: 11101: 10995: 10674: 10643: 10584: 10473: 10461: 10303: 10295: 10259: 10120: 9797:, which opened for passengers in east London, England, in 1840 used such a system. 9679: 9480: 9467: 9319: 9293: 9194: 9120: 8971: 8872: 8855: 4091: 1054: 185: 16: 17688: 17268: 14233: 13393: 13286: 11770: 11063: 10732: 8515: 20833: 20667: 20503: 20324: 20208: 20178: 20121: 20009: 19994: 19753:(British Transport Films, 1953) showing changeover from conduit to overhead power 18689: 16108: 15978: 15570: 15105: 14720: 14716: 14337: 14230: 14215: 14207: 14145: 14051: 14027: 13973: 13756: 13688: 13507:, introduced a tourist tram line in 1996, which uses two replicas of a Melbourne 13478: 13430: 13319: 13203: 13187: 13085: 12935: 12931: 12919: 12668: 12591: 12338: 12318: 12305: 12281: 12228: 12178: 12163: 11978: 11884: 11421: 11414: 11296: 11260: 11153: 10722: 10705: 10686: 10501: 10477: 10232: 10204: 10124: 10071: 9691: 9618: 9523: 9511: 9468: 9333: 9313: 8924: 8919: 8904: 8377: 18771: 18083: 16712: 13825: 13034:, which opened in 1971 but dates back to 1949. Other preserved tramways include 12980: 12013:. They hence sometimes take advantage of high speed track while on train tracks. 10575:, which was widely used in London, Washington, D.C., and New York City, and the 10306: 10063: 10059: 9432: 4461:] was the world's largest, with over {{convert|1111|km|mi}} of track in 1925.]] 3916:{{main|List of largest currently operating tram and light rail transit systems}} 21049: 20950: 20930: 20766: 20687: 20478: 20403: 20332: 20126: 19917: 18211:"El tranvía de Puerto Madero, una postal de la desidia que se empezó a demoler" 17599:"Je to nejzatíženější tramvajová křižovatka na světě, hájí DPP opravy v centru" 17371: 16752: 16727:"Light Rail Service: Pedestrian and Vehicular Safety | Blurbs | Main" 16726: 16533: 16203: 15610: 15549: 14621: 14456: 14172: 14113: 13986: 13764: 13706: 13466: 13243: 13077: 13055: 13051: 13043: 13031: 12958: 12647: 12494: 12350: 12287: 12082: 11534: 11467: 11433: 11353: 11329: 11117: 11052: 10939: 10904: 10864: 10860: 10824: 10812: 10808: 10763: 10739: 10497: 10313: 10287: 9893: 9586: 9239: 8939: 8813: 8732: 1106:]'s effectiveness in hilly environments partially explains its continued use.]] 198: 19748: 19543: 18948:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.; London, U.K.: General Electric Company; 18925: 17867:. American Public Transportation Association. 30 November 2015. Archived from 17241: 17215:"UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Austria > WIEN (Vienna) Straßenbahn – Tram" 16891: 15672: 15246: 13670:, Buenos Aires, operated from 2007 to 2012, when it was closed and dismantled. 10884: 10211: 9253: 8667: 8577: 4911:* Other countries with discontinued tram systems include ], ], ], ], ], and ]. 21132: 21099: 21044: 20639: 20624: 20604: 20599: 20342: 20228: 20111: 20071: 20059: 19952: 19818: 19728:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–167. 19719: 18894: 18459: 18239: 18079: 17294: 17037: 16488: 16274: 16177: 15458: 15310: 14572: 14500: 14486: 14302: 14164: 14097: 13883: 13836: 13742: 13709:, In 2016, a new tram line started operating in Rio de Janeiro, known as the 13667: 13515: 13035: 12843: 12639: 12614: 12524: 12332: 11475: 11382: 11349: 11337: 11273: 11223: 11044: 11032: 11024: 10991: 10840: 10835: 10743: 10662: 10580: 10376: 10362: 10337: 10329: 10291: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10141: 10108: 10075: 9999: 9925: 9912: 9558: 9531: 9500: 9227: 9219: 9211: 9186: 9182: 8988: 8914: 8909: 8887: 8836: 8796: 8784: 8740: 3398:]. Trams typically have longer service life than internal combustion buses.]] 18412: 16789: 16550: 16150: 15776: 15600: 15541: 15435:"The Early Years of Electric Traction: Invention, Development, Exploitation" 13840: 12528: 11283: 10151: 9920:'s effectiveness in hilly environments partially explains its continued use. 9788: 9332: 44: 21113: 21084: 21069: 20869: 20853: 20843: 20812: 20792: 20776: 20737: 20697: 20692: 20677: 20634: 20357: 20136: 20044: 19957: 19872: 19835: 19733: 19009: 18984: 18002: 17965: 17925: 17426:. Dopravní podnik hlavního města Prahy, WDF – Web Design Factory, s. r. o. 14282: 14245: 14012: 14000: 13794: 13641: 13633: 13367: 13347: 13311: 13247: 13081: 12848: 11409: 11401: 11389: 11386: 11374: 11362: 11206: 11040: 10520: 10333: 9687: 9675: 9543: 9421: 9231: 9223: 9115: 9077: 8867: 2652:{{Main|Tramway track|gauntlet track|Worldwide examples of gauntlet tracks}} 193: 19587:, Band 2: Nordostschweiz, Mittelland, Zentralschweiz, Graubünden, Tessin ( 15361: 11880:. Trams typically have longer service life than internal combustion buses. 10067: 9742: 7941:* Morrison, Allen. 1992. ({{ISBN|0-9622348-2-6}}). New York: Bonde Press. 7930:* Morrison, Allen. 1989. ({{ISBN|0-9622348-1-8}}). New York: Bonde Press. 629:], 1870. Established in 1804, the railway service was the world's first.]] 21089: 20727: 20589: 20559: 20549: 20337: 20304: 20284: 20141: 19902: 19607: 19577: 18353: 16781: 16493:. Washington, D.C.: OECD Publications and Information Center. p. 63. 16227: 15319: 15013: 14691: 14461: 14195: 14129: 14004: 13996: 13802: 13760: 13410: 13219: 12469: 12275: 12029: 11893: 11459: 11394: 10895: 10430: 10279: 10274: 10116: 9964: 9929: 9871: 9758: 9750: 9726: 9722: 9683: 9659: 9649: 9645: 9633: 9606: 9582: 8808: 1033: 18741: 16505:"Target cost and timescale revealed for Coventry very light rail scheme" 15450: 14198: 13738: 10355: 9654: 9622: 1470:* Dresden, Germany; Lyon, France; and Milan and Genoa, Italy, ] in 1893; 21029: 20899: 20619: 20614: 20534: 20436: 20314: 20294: 20246: 20213: 20183: 20148: 20091: 20019: 20014: 19977: 19907: 19892: 19867: 19850: 19813: 17423: 16716: 16463: 15720: 15643: 14518: 14397: 14247: 14180: 13801: 13710: 13511: 13292: 12562: 12245: 12215: 12192:" trams are considered a "symbol" of the city. The same can be said of 12131: 11962: 11952: 11737: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 11466: 11076: 10983: 10971: 10949: 10836: 10701: 10682: 10224: 9960: 9944: 9874: 9863: 9805: 9789: 9734: 9626: 9547: 9397:, 1870. Established in 1804, the railway service was the world's first. 9247: 9243: 9235: 9199: 8983: 8978: 8850: 8823: 1437: 19415: 17269:"UrbanRail.Net > USA > Dallas Light Rail & Streetcar (DART)" 17242:"UrbanRail.Net > USA > Dallas Light Rail & Streetcar (DART)" 15413: 15386: 13741:, A tram line began operation on 15 October 2015, as a revival of old 12224: 10758: 10507: 9776: 1951: 1426:] in 1908. The city established a network of electric trams in 1894.]] 20732: 20682: 20629: 20544: 20498: 20468: 20458: 20398: 20352: 20309: 20299: 20218: 20188: 20173: 20116: 19972: 19830: 19629: 19430: 19111: 18310: 17650: 14992: 14774:"The Swansea and Mumbles Railway – the world's first railway service" 14567: 14552: 14268: 14218: 13829: 13806: 13680: 13304: 13235: 13227: 13001: 12767: 12659: 12655: 12520: 12462: 12249: 12241: 12233: 12135: 12037: 12033: 11970: 11897: 11487: 11425: 11064: 11060: 10651: 10418: 10410: 10321: 10047: 9956: 9948: 9897: 9886: 9870: 9738: 9429: 9372: 9364: 9264: 8779: 8436: 7001:| title = TTC's Spadina launch inspires streetcar envy on other lines 20153: 19132: 18194:(Press release). Transport for NSW. 26 December 2014. Archived from 17424:"dpp.cz > Company Profile – Dopravní podnik hlavního města Prahy" 15143: 12688: 11876: 11708: 9420: 9246:, may have segments that run on mainline railway tracks, similar to 8457: 4353:* These lines have 32,345 stops at an average spacing of 484 metres; 741:], 1894. The city saw Australia's first tram service open in 1860.]] 20564: 20554: 20539: 20529: 20508: 20488: 20453: 20431: 20393: 20384: 20347: 20261: 20034: 20004: 19761: 18483:"10 weird and wonderful derailleurs – and how they changed cycling" 18413:"19 Aug 1901 – A DARING RAID. ROBBERY UNDER ARMS. TRAMCAR STUCK..." 17529: 14532: 14523: 14082: 13871: 13791: 13787: 13724: 13597: 13394: 13363: 13207: 13148: 13137: 12737: 12733: 12446: 11522: 11441: 11437: 11378: 11213: 11198: 11134: 11110: 11084: 10848: 10588: 10414: 10398: 10035: 9987: 9472: 9425: 9384: 9368: 9360: 9104: 8390: 5470:* There are tentative plans for new tram systems in ] and on the ]. 19565:, Band 1: Berner Oberland, Jura, Westschweiz, Genfer See, Wallis ( 19182: 19058:. San Jose: Santa Clara County Transportation Agency. p. 67. 18715: 15952:"The Rebirth of Trams: The Promise of Light Railway Transit (LRT)" 15220: 14015: 12497: 10700: 10351: 9389: 20879: 20756: 20594: 20524: 20426: 20266: 20238: 20168: 20158: 20054: 19645:(compiled by Andreas Günter, Sergei Tarknov and Christian Blank; 19387: 16269: 14505: 14264: 13875: 13144: 12877: 12816: 12748: 12729: 12714: 12706: 12693: 12672: 12635: 11020: 10888: 10804: 10784: 10759: 10670: 10283: 10208: 10055: 10051: 10031: 9995: 9878: 9867: 9847: 9590: 9514:, 1894. The city saw Australia's first tram service open in 1860. 9424: 9178: 3596:* Trams can be tourist attractions in ways buses usually are not. 1448:* Prague, Bohemia (then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire), in 1891; 605: 18508:"Auto-Modellbahn-Welt Hödl Straßenbahn und Oldtimertram Modelle" 15168: 11909: 10819: 9268: 5428:]. The development of light rail became a major issue in the ]]] 20579: 20574: 20493: 20198: 20024: 19877: 18347: 17895:"TTC retiring last of older streetcar fleet vehicles on Sunday" 17808:"Aubagne aura le premier tramway au monde entièrement gratuit!" 17676: 17012:"UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Russia> St. Petersburg Tram" 16534:"The renaissance of tramways and urban redevelopment in France" 16245: 16231: 15297: 15243:"Cieplice lšskie Zdrój is one of the best known Silesian towns" 15086: 14151: 14121: 13657: 13526: 13422: 13211: 12795: 12710: 12676: 12651: 12583: 12473: 12046: 12010: 12002: 11998: 11497: 11149: 11130: 11068: 10744: 10545: 10359: 10340: 10182: 9901: 9840: 9695: 9630: 9484: 9445: 9000: 4397:* Between 1997 and 2014, 400–450 vehicles were built each year. 19713: 19478: 19334:). Wellington: New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society Inc. 18637: 18507: 16127:. Vol. 2, no. 10. Chicago. August 1886. p. 384. 13568: 11922: 10136: 860:] from the ], pulling a train through ] marketplace, c. 1900]] 275: 20289: 17921:"TTC's Spadina launch inspires streetcar envy on other lines" 16074:"The Mekarski Compressed Air Tramway at Berne, Switzerland". 13809:, just past Power Street. For their trouble the men received 13414: 13343: 12510: 12477: 12458: 11051: 10666: 10107: 9707: 9703: 9530: 9406: 9273: 9189: 8899: 8862: 19653:). 2004. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn. 17398:"UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Romania > BUCHAREST Tram" 16645:"Trams/Light Rail – Road Safety Authority Rules of the Road" 15669:"Sarajevo Official Web Site : Sarajevo through history" 15507: 15505: 15503: 14949:"The Cable Car Home Page – Miscellaneous Newspaper Articles" 14929:. British Newspaper Archive. 23 August 1905. p. 6 col.5 14020:("beam, handle of a barrow, bar, rung"). The identical word 13541:. The development of light rail became a major issue in the 12780: 11305: 11186: 10855: 10394: 10368: 10038: 9203:, which also includes systems separated from other traffic. 20654: 20609: 20223: 18663: 18560:"Marktübersicht – Straßenbahnen – Straßenbahnfreunde Hemer" 16810: 16753:"Wheel/Rail Noise Control Manual | Blurbs | Main" 16228:"Port Arthur Historic Sites Statutory Management Plan 2008" 14255:(particularly in the northeastern US), or sometimes simply 13879: 13763: 10426: 10325: 10316: 10236: 5048:{{Main|List of town tramway systems in the United Kingdom}} 18106:"Results – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)" 18066:"Return of the (modern) streetcar: Portland leads the way" 14296: 13906:) gauge track, which is correct for the representation of 13167:. Since 29 December 2019, the system exclusively uses the 12565: 11424:, have the tracks interlaced, e.g. in the Leidsestraat in 9214: 7503:| url = https://archive.org/details/busestrolleystra00dunb 2889:| image2 = Straßenbahnlinie 14, Oppenheimer Landstraße.jpg 2748:{{main|List of tram systems by gauge and electrification}} 1265:{{main|List of tram systems by gauge and electrification}} 19808: 18850: 18615: 18533: 18387:"Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot: Melbourne's horse trams" 18035:"Next-generation streetcars arrive in Toronto for trials" 15524: 15522: 15520: 15500: 15066:"Cinquant'anni fa Milano diceva addio al "Gamba de legn"" 14199: 14125: 11390: 11031: 10708:. Trials on street tramways in Britain, including by the 9281: 18905: 16876:– via Landscape Architecture Department, UC Davis. 16835: 16464:"Why are trams different from buses from Trams for Bath" 14402: 13151: 12252:) networks in the world by route length as of 2016 are: 11079: 9690:, New Zealand; Sydney, Australia; other city systems in 5574:] is a tram network that has operated in ] since 1987.]] 17771:"Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan" 16574:"Transforming Australian Cities : Urban corridors" 16312:"China Presents the World's First Hydrogen-Fueled Tram" 15863: 14891: 14889: 14202: 13805:", held up an eastbound horse tram in Riversdale Road, 13493:; the 2010s saw a significant expansion of the network. 13242: 12885: 10452: 9815: 9621:. New horse-drawn systems have been established at the 1492:* Bristol, United Kingdom; and Munich, Germany in 1895; 19276: 18746: 17949: 17372:"UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Poland > Łódź Tram" 16489: 15517: 14959: 14849: 14190: 14081: 13291: 10223:, but they were not deemed good enough to replace the 9532: 5543:{{Main|List of town tramway systems in South America}} 299:] is the most widely produced tram model in history.]] 51: 16078:. Vol. 34. New York. 20 April 1893. p. 380. 15624: 15542:"Professor Sidney Howe Short experiments with motors" 13683:, a new tramway system is on service since 2012, the 12032:, while those that can use subway tunnels are called 11835:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 10382: 18280:"Medellín: Ayacucho tram will begin service in 2015" 17146:(in Italian). Azienda Trasporti Milanesi S.p.A. 2017 16326:"China Develops World's First Hydrogen-Powered Tram" 16265:"Taranna – Tiny township on the road to Port Arthur" 16020:. the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Archived from 15695:"City of Belgrade – Important Years in City History" 14901: 14886: 14278: 14124:. In parts of the United States, internally powered 12992:, opened in 1885 and one of the few tramways to use 12798:, Pakistan, where construction started in late 2011. 12208: 10128: 5322:{{See also|Trams in Australia|Trams in New Zealand}} 1514:* Copenhagen, Denmark; and Vienna, Austria, in 1897; 18032: 17892: 15644:"STB SA | Societatea de Transport Bucuresti STB SA" 14837: 14792: 11436:. There is a UK example of interlaced track on the 11319:A 3-way Hanning & Kahl point-setting system at 10401:built a citywide system of electric trams in 1895. 9206:Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than 8482:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 19319:). Broxbourne, UK: Light Rail Transit Association. 19162:Urban Mass Transit: The Life Story of a Technology 18872: 18311:"The trams and trolleybuses of Medellín, Colombia" 17989: 17912: 16938:"Toronto rides new streetcars to its urban future" 15548:. Fort Worth, Texas. 11 November 1894 – via 15416:"Milestones in U.S. Public Transportation History" 15389:"Milestones in U.S. Public Transportation History" 14920: 14214:has instead been applied to open-sided, low-speed 13575:There are tentative plans for new tram systems in 13178:Streetcars once existed in the Canadian cities of 12976:List of town tramway systems in the United Kingdom 11926:of steel on steel is lower than rubber on asphalt. 10388:Copenhagen, Denmark; and Vienna, Austria, in 1897; 10375:Rome, Italy: Plauen, Germany; Bucharest, Romania; 9753:rather than coal as fuel to avoid emitting smoke; 9601:Horse-drawn trams still operate on the 1876-built 9518:The first tram in South America opened in 1858 in 9401:The world's first passenger train or tram was the 8393:is the most widely produced tram model in history. 5501:] in 1889 with horse-drawn trams on the roadway.]] 3779:{{Legend|#ADADAD|Countries without tram networks}} 1674:centuries.{{citation needed|date = February 2018}} 221:{{Short description|Street-running light railcar}} 19363:(No ISBN). Johannesburg: published by the author. 18074:. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Publishing Ltd. 16200:"Local History – History of the Tasman Peninsula" 14412:List of tram systems by gauge and electrification 14026:with the meaning "crossbeam" is also used in the 11454:List of tram systems by gauge and electrification 11083:; the main example of this is the new tramway in 11016:List of tram systems by gauge and electrification 10531:, connecting Adelaide to the beachside suburb of 10115:The world's first electric tram line operated in 10096:List of tram systems by gauge and electrification 9800:The first practical cable car line was tested in 9741:, Sweden, had a steam tram line at the island of 9522:. The first trams in Australia opened in 1860 in 9452:in New York City. It was followed in 1835 by the 7111:<ref name=TorStarHume2014-09-01>{{cite news 4309:* Since 1985, 120 light rail systems have opened; 4201:*] ({{convert|134|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}}) 4135:*] ({{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}}) 21130: 19356:). Stanford (CA), US: Stanford University Press. 18138:"Thanks for joining us to launch the Light Rail" 17955: 15341: 11983:Manchester South Junction and Altrincham Railway 11291:Tram systems operate across national borders in 10199:The earliest tram system in Canada was built by 8365:"Streetcar" redirects here. For other uses, see 2369:] track in ] with powered and neutral sections]] 19657:Tramway & Light Railway Atlas: Germany 1996 18840: 18588:. Bowser-trains.com. 1 May 1961. Archived from 18370:Isaac Nathan: the Biographical Puzzle: Part One 16957: 16955: 16076:Engineering News & American Railway Journal 15609:. Topeka, Kansas. 14 November 1894 – via 14984: 14538:Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts 14148:, which are unrelated to other kinds of trams. 14104:being the preferred term in the eastern US and 12484:Since 1985, 120 light rail systems have opened; 4504:{{Main|List of town tramway systems in Africa}} 3768:{{Legend|#1CB34B|Countries with tram networks}} 19687:British & Irish Tramway Systems since 1945 18562:. Strassenbahnfreunde-hemer.de. Archived from 18376:, Volume XXIII Part 4, June 2018, AJHS Sydney. 17918: 17862:"Transit Ridership Report: Third Quarter 2015" 16669: 15822:Innovation in the world’s largest tram network 15775:. Ljubljanski potniški promet . Archived from 15747:"RATB – Regia Autonoma de Transport Bucureşti" 15292: 15290: 15288: 15193:. Markthefitter.blogspot.com. 17 November 2008 14971:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture 13893:is a mass supplier of HO streetcars and kits. 13600:in 1889 with horse-drawn trams on the roadway. 12815:The Northern and Central areas of the City of 11533:, as opposed to using steps at the doorway or 11381:for street-running operation, or use standard 10779:(CSR) demonstrated the world's first hydrogen 10677:and has been running since 2014. In 2019, the 9581:issued in 1983. The last mule tram service in 9363:that were used in central Europe to transport 8358:Latest revision as of 06:16, 20 September 2024 125:Latest revision as of 06:16, 20 September 2024 19777: 18927:. East Brighton, Victoria: John Mason Press. 18217: 17547:International Association of Public Transport 14813:"Could the Mumbles Railway make a come back?" 13995:, referring respectively to a type of truck ( 13616:List of town tramway systems in South America 13147:operates the largest streetcar system in the 12794:A tram system is planned for construction in 12713:in 1960. Tram service was started in 1884 in 10851:in London), or kept in heritage use (such as 9636:, first built in 1902, was reopened in 2012. 9193:. The tramlines or tram networks operated as 9138: 8674:. Unsourced categories may be challenged and 8214:* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Street Railway|short=x}} 7276:| title = New TTC streetcars make their debut 7254:<ref name=TorStar2014-08-31>{{cite news 6979:<ref name=TorStar2014-09-08>{{cite news 5195:] is the largest streetcar system in the ].]] 4298:] tram at longest intracity tram route in ]]] 19685:Waller, Michael H., and Peter Walker. 1992. 19538:). 1998. London: Rapid Transit Publications. 19524:). 1993. London: Rapid Transit Publications. 19510:). 1987. London: Rapid Transit Publications. 18945:Men and volts; the story of General Electric 18374:Australian Jewish Historical Society Journal 18352:Sydney: Mr. Nathan was a passenger by No. 2 18057: 17854: 17740: 16952: 16771: 16588: 16586: 15482:"Nashville now and then: From here to there" 15414:American Public Transportation Association. 15387:American Public Transportation Association. 15032: 14021: 13960: 11295:(from Switzerland into France and Germany), 11118: 11090: 10294:. One of the first systems to use it was in 10203:, brother of the famous mining entrepreneur 9856:Eugen Langen one-railed floating tram system 2923:opposed to using steps at the doorway or ]s. 19416:"The Tramways of Brazil: A 130-Year Survey" 19341:(No ISBN). Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. 19324:Cane Train: The Sugar-Cane Railways of Fiji 19198: 19018:. Vol. 17. London, UK; New York, USA: 17295:"Dallas M-Line (McKinney Avenue Streetcar)" 15671:. Sarajevo.ba. 29 June 1914. Archived from 15575:Grace's Guide to British Industrial History 15534: 15364:. Fylde Tramway Society. 3 September 2004. 15285: 15130: 14422:List of tram and light rail transit systems 14392:List of tram and light rail transit systems 14179:, meaning "roll" and probably derived from 14175:. "Trolley" and variants refer to the verb 14007:and the tracks on which they ran. The word 13990: 13521:A completely new tram system opened on the 13022:Many decommissioned trams are preserved at 12119:List of tram and light rail transit systems 10787:. The chief engineer of the CSR subsidiary 10591:in the UK (the Dolter stud system), and in 10571:Two rare but significant alternatives were 10448:and the then tourist-oriented country town 9674:The first mechanical trams were powered by 8580:into consolidated sections based on topics. 8445:Learn how and when to remove these messages 19784: 19770: 19199:Young, Greg; Meyers, Tom (18 April 2016). 18862:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 15801:. AS Oslo Sporveier, Oslo 1975, pp. 49–50. 15593: 15088:The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal 14134:American Public Transportation Association 12938:became the first tram system in the world 12854:. The First LRT system was established in 11913:A Nantes tram in front of the Bouffay stop 9858:started operating. Cable cars operated on 9557:Horse-drawn trams continued to be used in 9546:where they are used as sleeping rooms for 9145: 9131: 365:{{Unreferenced category|date=July 2024}}}} 19625:). Wellington: Grantham House Publishing. 19610:). Wellington: Grantham House Publishing. 19102: 18830: 18033:National Post Staff (27 September 2012). 17995: 17038:"Köln (Cologne) Underground Tram Network" 16596:. Bv.com.au. 14 July 2004. Archived from 16583: 16549: 16432:"Special Report 257: Making Transit Work" 16369:Allez le Tram from Railway-Technology.com 15318: 15296: 15085: 15058: 14144:has sometimes been used for rubber-tired 12679:have new tram systems under construction. 11855:Learn how and when to remove this message 11797:Learn how and when to remove this message 11408:designed for tramway or railway track in 10994:had also seen trams use automobile-style 10755:oversaw the construction of the tramway. 9749:smoke or steam. Usually the engines used 9526:. Africa's first tram service started in 8712:Learn how and when to remove this message 8694:Learn how and when to remove this message 8635:Learn how and when to remove this message 8542:Learn how and when to remove this message 5005:] is the largest tram network in the ].]] 4798:* Trams are also under construction in ]. 893:at the island of ] between 1887 and 1901. 19179: 18908:. Stanford University Press. p. 6. 18901: 18480: 17893:Canadian Post Staff (29 December 2019). 16777: 16594:"Crossing tram tracks – Bicycle Network" 16298:Australian Railway Atlas: No.1 -Tasmania 16123:"Compressed Air for Street Car Motors". 16089:"Compressed Air as a Street Car Motor". 15938: 15267: 14185: 14045: 13964: 13857: 13624: 13591: 13532: 13277: 13127: 12979: 12949: 12687: 12629: 12539: 12476:tram at longest intracity tram route in 12468: 12387: 12223: 12196:in general, but particularly the iconic 12134: 12126: 12061: 11908: 11883: 11871: 11361: 11314: 11144: 11100: 11019: 10960: 10894: 10878: 10726: 10650:in Australia, and for about 14 years as 10618: 10514: 10506: 10342: 10099: 10070:in Poland (from 1897); and in the UK at 9974: 9911: 9822: 9775: 9653: 9577:, until 1926 and were commemorated by a 9552: 9505: 9388: 9252: 8396: 8384: 332:{{more citations needed|date=July 2024}} 19496:). 1980. Exeter, UK: Quail Map Company. 19149: 19080:A Popular History of American Invention 19053: 18941: 18820:from the original on 12 September 2015. 17522: 16936:Hume, Christopher (14 September 2015). 16925:from the original on 15 September 2015. 16834: 16703: 16380: 16346:. Facstaff.bucknell.edu. Archived from 15528: 15432: 15279: 14597:New Zealand used the following gauges: 14432:List of railway electrification systems 13632:is a tram network that has operated in 13136:is the largest streetcar system in the 10050:, Australia (1886–1888); in Berlin and 9943:. A single cable line also survives in 3905:===Major tram and light rail systems=== 21131: 19711: 19230:(No ISBN). Lyon: Editions Omni-Presse. 19072: 19008: 18973: 18870: 18063: 17805: 17582:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 16948:from the original on 9 September 2014. 16912: 16849: 16531: 16300:(Map). Exeter U.K.: Quail Map Company. 16251: 15630: 15511: 15488:from the original on 28 September 2007 14907: 14895: 14855: 14843: 14810: 14798: 14096:are often used interchangeably in the 13076:is more likely to be understood as an 12880:was also suspended in the early 1960s. 12604:List of town tramway systems in Africa 11965:alignments. Some examples include the 11462:has had considerable variations, with 11303:(from France into Germany). A planned 10986:-style controller which incorporate a 10433:, starting operation on 2 March 1894. 10302:and for two months of the winter when 19765: 19600:When Trams Were Trumps in New Zealand 19233:Bett, W. C., and J. C. Gillam. 1962. 18922: 18847: 18758: 18716:"Tramway & Light Railway Society" 18670:from the original on 22 February 2015 18664:"East Penn Traction Club – Home Page" 18514:from the original on 22 February 2015 18290:from the original on 4 September 2015 18260:from the original on 25 February 2017 18224:"Mendoza light rail service begins". 18208: 18168:"Last train leaves Newcastle station" 17998:"New TTC streetcars make their debut" 17973:from the original on 9 September 2014 17596: 17430:from the original on 19 February 2017 17203:from the original on 8 February 2017. 17018:from the original on 23 February 2017 16295: 15810: 15563: 14578:Worldwide examples of gauntlet tracks 14030:. Etymologists believe that the word 13839:(pen name Vélocio), godfather of the 13518:motor, and two restored trailer cars. 13163:and its articulated counterpart, the 12801:Trams are also under construction in 12150: Countries without tram networks 11358:Worldwide examples of gauntlet tracks 11286: 10830: 10535:, and tourist trams in the Victorian 10227:fireless engines then propelling the 9990:and some other tramways, for example 9970: 9714:("Peg-Leg") tramway ran on the Milan- 9436:developed by the Irish coach builder 7492:| title = Buses, Trolleys & Trams 5875:{{see also|Rail transport modelling}} 1525:* Florence and Turin, Italy, in 1898; 19791: 19366:King, B. R., and J. H. Price. 1995. 19322:Dyer, Peter, and Peter Hodge. 1988. 19158: 18796: 18321:from the original on 8 December 2015 18308: 18045:from the original on 30 January 2013 17848:"New addition to Beamish tram fleet" 17743:"OLMT project to face further delay" 17266: 17239: 17221:from the original on 21 January 2017 17142:[ATM Mobility Charter 2017] 17048:from the original on 18 August 2016. 16935: 16915:"Streetcars are our neglected stars" 16913:Keenan, Edward (14 September 2015). 16778:Schodorf, Robert J. (1973). "1, 2". 16055:from the original on 14 January 2018 15836: 15701:from the original on 11 January 2015 15299:IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine 15235: 14993:"The Indomitable Tramways of Celaya" 14990: 12404: 12179:trams in parts of continental Europe 11831:Relevant discussion may be found on 11808: 11735:adding citations to reliable sources 11725:Relevant discussion may be found on 11702: 10627:, Pont de Puteaux, Paris, late 1890s 10623:Recharging battery-powered trams of 9896:costs, since an expensive system of 9297: 8672:adding citations to reliable sources 8646: 8619:Please help consolidate the article. 8596: 8553: 8480:adding citations to reliable sources 8451: 8410: 5152:{{Main|Streetcars in North America}} 4265:{{Update section|date=January 2018}} 849:{{See also|Tram engine|Steam dummy}} 354:{{Too many sections|date=July 2024}} 77: 43: 19128: 18748:. Dictionary of the Scots Language. 18315:Electric Transport in Latin America 18111:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 17919:Tess Kalinoski (8 September 2014). 17173:from the original on 20 August 2017 17120:from the original on 20 August 2017 16647:. Rulesoftheroad.ie. Archived from 16420:from the original on 31 March 2015. 16004: 15992:"Caf's ACR for catenary-free trams" 14825:from the original on 13 August 2022 14472:Tram and light rail transit systems 14377:Comparison of train and tram tracks 12957:is the largest tram network in the 12219: 12115:Tram and light rail transit systems 11961:Tramways can take advantage of old 11299:(from Switzerland into France) and 10899:Siemens tram in Almada near Lisbon. 10845:General Motors streetcar conspiracy 10783:tramcar at an assembly facility in 10556:opened in February 2019, while the 10391:Florence and Turin, Italy, in 1898; 10286:that could be used, and delivering 10262:had built. Sprague later developed 9718:-Castano Primo route in late 1957. 9454:New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad 8389:With more than 14,000 units built, 343:{{pro and con list|date=July 2024}} 191: 170: 139: 122: 115: 110: 96: 87:Revision as of 04:25, 8 August 2003 84: 13: 20956:Transit-oriented development (TOD) 19361:Tramway Systems of Southern Africa 19219: 18644:from the original on 13 March 2015 18176:. 26 December 2014. Archived from 17722:from the original on 19 March 2017 17695:from the original on 6 August 2017 17631:from the original on 6 August 2017 17597:Bereň, Michael (4 November 2018). 17510:from the original on 19 March 2017 17457:from the original on 19 March 2017 17404:from the original on 23 March 2017 17301:from the original on 10 March 2017 17275:from the original on 13 March 2017 17248:from the original on 13 March 2017 16992:from the original on 25 April 2017 16861:. pp. 108–110. Archived from 16784:(MA thesis). ScholarWorks at WMU. 16444:from the original on 8 August 2017 16381:Bickell, David (2 December 2014). 16045:"Battery trams running in Nanjing" 15697:. Beograd.org.rs. 5 October 2000. 15581:from the original on 12 March 2017 15169:"Australian Timetable Association" 14727:from the original on 9 April 2015. 14320: 14216:segmented vehicles on rubber tires 14210:). Furthering confusion, the term 14140:". In the United States, the term 13843:was killed by a tram in St Étienne 13701:A historic tram line known as the 12558: 12144: Countries with tram networks 11432:); this is known as interlaced or 10710:North Metropolitan Tramway Company 10425:in 1901 – it closed in 1958. 10025: 9585:ended in 1932, and a mule tram in 8360: 5789:{{further|List of tram accidents}} 3006:|+Trams on order as February 2017 2358:{{Main|Ground-level power supply}} 288:{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} 32: 21170: 19705: 19339:Europe's Greatest Tramway Network 19083:. Vol. 1. London; New York: 18722:from the original on 2 April 2015 18696:from the original on 2 March 2015 18690:"A Warm Welcome to Trolleyville!" 18540:from the original on 2 April 2015 18393:from the original on 1 March 2015 18118:from the original on 9 March 2017 17713: 17686: 17657:from the original on 2 April 2015 17622: 17564:from the original on 4 March 2016 17501: 17448: 17378:from the original on 1 March 2017 17319: 17164: 17111: 17084: 16983: 15865:Transport for NSW 3 February 2019 15727:from the original on 2 March 2015 15368:from the original on 17 July 2011 14780:from the original on 26 June 2007 13847: 13824:On 7 June 1926 Catalan architect 12969: 12819:had an electric Tram Car system ( 12638:, whose line forms a part of the 12209:Major tram and light rail systems 11993:. Other examples can be found in 11552:Trams on order as February 2017 11373:Tramway track can have different 11266:tramways vicinaux/buurtspoorwegen 11113:with powered and neutral sections 10695: 10417:ran a regular service from 1894. 10111:, drawing current from the rails. 9698:, Germany (from August 1883 on), 8426:This article has multiple issues. 7415:==General and cited references == 7331:| archive-date = 1 September 2014 7056:| archive-date = 9 September 2014 2347:====Ground-level power supply==== 21112: 20966:Transportation demand management 19617:(revised and enlarged edition) ( 19432:The Tramways of Chile: 1858–1978 19304:(Harvard University Press, 1980) 18942:Hammond, John Winthrop (2011) . 18824: 18802: 18790: 18778:from the original on 10 May 2015 18764: 18752: 18734: 18708: 18682: 18656: 18630: 18612:"St.-Petersburg Tram Collection" 18604: 18578: 18552: 18536:. Halling.at. 25 February 2015. 18526: 18500: 18496:– via www.theguardian.com. 18474: 18452: 18430: 18405: 18379: 18362: 18333: 18302: 18272: 18246: 18202: 18184: 18160: 18130: 18098: 18026: 17886: 17840: 17826: 17799: 17788: 17763: 17734: 17707: 17680: 17669: 17643: 17616: 17590: 17536: 17495: 17469: 17442: 17416: 17390: 17364: 17340: 17328:from the original on 6 July 2017 17313: 17287: 17260: 17233: 17207: 17185: 17158: 17132: 17105: 17093:from the original on 6 July 2017 17078: 17052: 17030: 17004: 16977: 16973:from the original on 5 May 2016. 16929: 16906: 16880: 16850:Spivak, Jeffrey (January 2008). 16759:from the original on 1 June 2008 16733:from the original on 1 June 2008 16670:Andrew Heasley (29 April 2004). 16470:from the original on 8 June 2013 15721:"Trams of Hungary and much more" 15614: 15553: 15479: 15439:The Journal of Transport History 15350:. Hearst Magazines. p. 750. 15191:"mark the fitter: November 2008" 14591: 14295: 14281: 13609: 13514:or dummy, driven by a concealed 13273: 13061: 12409: 12232:The largest tram (classic tram, 12139:Tram networks around the world: 12057: 11813: 11707: 11540: 11505: 11496: 11310: 11035:. The most common device is the 10794: 10312:designed and produced the first 10252:Richmond Union Passenger Railway 10123:invented and tested by inventor 9302: 9177:consisting of either individual 9114: 8739: 8662:contains unreferenced categories 8651: 8601: 8558: 8456: 8415: 7232:| author-link = Christopher Hume 3182:| PKTS/Metrovagonmash || 316 || 19295:Trolley Through the Countryside 19254:Journal of Historical Geography 17140:"Carta della mobilità ATM 2017" 16843: 16828: 16803: 16745: 16719: 16697: 16663: 16637: 16612: 16566: 16525: 16511: 16497: 16482: 16456: 16424: 16406: 16393: 16374: 16362: 16344:"An Introduction To Capacitors" 16336: 16318: 16304: 16289: 16257: 16131: 16116: 16099: 16082: 16067: 16036: 16010: 15998: 15984: 15965: 15944: 15932: 15906: 15894: 15868: 15856: 15830: 15815: 15804: 15799:Sporveier i Oslo gjennom 100 år 15791: 15765: 15739: 15713: 15687: 15661: 15636: 15473: 15426: 15407: 15380: 15354: 15335: 15273: 15261: 15205: 15183: 15171:. austta.org.au. 10 August 2012 15161: 15136: 15124: 15098: 15094:. New York: Wiley & Putnam. 15079: 15006: 14941: 14913: 14861: 14811:Turner, Robin (26 March 2015). 14743:Edmonton Radial Railway Society 14493: 14155:(said to derive from the words 14041: 13560:The railway into the centre of 12168:street railways with streetcars 11718:needs additional citations for 11039:, while some older systems use 11001: 10625:Paris and Seine Tramway Company 10438:Melbourne Centennial Exhibition 10247:Company, and ran for 50 years. 9979:The only petrol-driven tram of 9850:, Germany, in 1901 an elevated 9835:From 1885 to 1940, the city of 9765: 9393:A horse-drawn tram operated by 8467:needs additional citations for 8434:or discuss these issues on the 2034:] tram in ], Finland, in 2022]] 265:{{Distinguish|trackless train}} 19750:The Elephant Will Never Forget 19741:New International Encyclopedia 19555:Federal Transit Administration 19380:Light Rail Transit Association 19297:(No ISBN). Denver: Sage Books. 19288:Light Rail Transit Association 19247:Light Railway Transport League 19235:Great British Tramway Networks 19165:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 19073:Martin, T. Commerford (1924). 18481:Sweatman, Mike (7 June 2018). 18234:. December 2012. p. 451. 18064:Taplin, M. R. (October 2001). 17806:Robert, Marcel (6 July 2011). 16106:"Compressed Air on Tramways". 16042: 15901:Kyoto Tram from Kyoto City Web 15014:"History of trams, light rail" 14804: 14766: 14757: 14731: 14709: 14684: 14543:Railway electrification system 14452:Railway electrification system 14372:Battery electric multiple unit 14309: 14220:Universal Studios backlot tour 13587: 13553:became the major issue of the 13165:Articulated Light Rail Vehicle 12394:Saint Petersburg's tram system 12290:(181.8 km; 113.0 mi) 12278:(191.6 km; 119.1 mi) 12272:(194.8 km; 121.0 mi) 12266:(205.5 km; 127.7 mi) 12024:mounting can reduce emissions. 11896:on the Timișoara Boulevard in 11447: 11428:on three short stretches (see 11008:Railway electrification system 10716: 10020:Melbourne cable tramway system 9892:Cable cars suffered from high 9829:cable car service in Melbourne 9460:, which still operates as the 9378: 3270:| Škoda Transtech || 104 || 47 3226:| Stadler-Vossloh || 189 || 25 513:There are also ] trams, see ]. 1: 19938:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 19473:). Krefeld: Röhr Verlag GMBH. 19271:). Sydney: Dreamweaver Books. 19075:Kaempffert, Waldemar Bernhard 18810:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 18772:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 18614:. Sptc.spb.ru. Archived from 18340:"THE LATE MR. ISAAC NATHAN". 18209:Gabot, Diego (26 July 2017). 17741:Adnan, Imran (1 April 2019). 17716:"Minneapolis – St. Paul 1947" 17612:– via prazsky.denik.cz. 17060:"Kölner Verkehrs-Betriebe AG" 16371:. Retrieved 15 February 2009. 15903:. Retrieved 12 February 2009. 15342:Hearst Magazines (May 1929). 15144:"Portland Cable Tram website" 14672: 14359: 14241:Although the use of the term 14236: 13264:Whitehorse Waterfront Trolley 13159:, the PCC streetcar, and the 13054:(opened 1995). Additionally, 12535: 12447:Belgian Coast Tram (Kusttram) 12400: 12383:(133.1 km; 82.7 mi) 12371:(142.4 km; 88.5 mi) 12353:(147.1 km; 91.4 mi) 12347:(148.3 km; 92.1 mi) 12335:(153.6 km; 95.4 mi) 11867: 11521:Tram stops may be similar to 10935:Double ended and Single ended 10212: 10078:, Manchester (1897–1908) and 9733:, in the Australian state of 8930:Passenger traffic terminology 8356: 8347: 8338: 8327: 8316: 8305: 8294: 8283: 8274: 8263: 8252: 8243: 8232: 8221: 8210: 8199: 8188: 8177: 8166: 8157: 8146: 8135: 8124: 8113: 8102: 8091: 8080: 8069: 8058: 8047: 8036: 8025: 8014: 8003: 7992: 7981: 7970: 7959: 7948: 7937: 7926: 7915: 7904: 7893: 7882: 7871: 7860: 7849: 7838: 7827: 7816: 7805: 7794: 7783: 7772: 7761: 7750: 7739: 7730: 7719: 7708: 7697: 7686: 7675: 7664: 7653: 7642: 7631: 7620: 7609: 7598: 7587: 7576: 7565: 7554: 7543: 7532: 7521: 7510: 7499: 7488: 7477: 7466: 7455: 7444: 7433: 7422: 7411: 7402: 7391: 7382: 7371: 7360: 7349: 7338: 7327: 7316: 7305: 7294: 7283: 7272: 7261: 7250: 7239: 7228: 7217: 7206: 7195: 7184: 7173: 7162: 7151: 7140: 7129: 7118: 7107: 7096: 7085: 7074: 7063: 7052: 7041: 7030: 7019: 7008: 6997: 6986: 6975: 6964: 6953: 6942: 6933: 6922: 6911: 6902: 6891: 6880: 6869: 6858: 6847: 6836: 6825: 6814: 6803: 6792: 6781: 6770: 6759: 6748: 6737: 6726: 6715: 6704: 6693: 6684: 6673: 6662: 6651: 6640: 6629: 6618: 6607: 6596: 6585: 6574: 6563: 6552: 6541: 6530: 6519: 6492: 6481: 6470: 6459: 6448: 6437: 6426: 6415: 6404: 6393: 6382: 6371: 6362: 6351: 6340: 6329: 6318: 6307: 6296: 6285: 6274: 6263: 6254: 6243: 6232: 6223: 6212: 6201: 6192: 6180: 6169: 6160: 6149: 6140: 6128: 6117: 6108: 6096: 6087: 6075: 6066: 6054: 6043: 6032: 6023: 6011: 6000: 5993:==Etymology and terminology== 5989: 5980: 5968: 5959: 5947: 5938: 5926: 5914: 5905: 5893: 5882: 5871: 5860: 5851: 5840: 5829: 5818: 5807: 5796: 5785: 5774: 5765: 5754: 5743: 5734: 5723: 5712: 5703: 5692: 5681: 5672: 5661: 5650: 5641: 5630: 5621: 5610: 5601: 5590: 5581: 5570: 5559: 5550: 5539: 5528: 5519: 5508: 5497: 5486: 5477: 5466: 5455: 5444: 5435: 5424: 5415: 5404: 5393: 5382: 5371: 5360: 5349: 5338: 5329: 5318: 5307: 5298: 5286: 5277: 5265: 5254: 5243: 5234: 5222: 5213: 5202: 5191: 5180: 5171: 5159: 5148: 5137: 5128: 5116: 5107: 5096: 5087: 5075: 5064: 5055: 5044: 5033: 5024: 5012: 5001: 4990: 4981: 4969: 4958: 4949: 4938: 4927: 4918: 4907: 4898: 4887: 4876: 4867: 4856: 4845: 4836: 4825: 4814: 4805: 4794: 4783: 4772: 4763: 4752: 4741: 4732: 4721: 4710: 4701: 4690: 4679: 4668: 4657: 4646: 4637: 4626: 4615: 4604: 4595: 4584: 4573: 4562: 4551: 4542: 4531: 4520: 4511: 4500: 4489: 4480: 4468: 4457: 4446: 4437: 4426: 4415: 4404: 4393: 4382: 4371: 4360: 4349: 4338: 4327: 4316: 4305: 4294: 4283: 4272: 4261: 4250: 4241: 4230: 4219: 4208: 4197: 4186: 4175: 4164: 4153: 4142: 4131: 4120: 4109: 4098: 4087: 4076: 4065: 4054: 4043: 4032: 4021: 4010: 3999: 3988: 3977: 3966: 3954: 3943: 3932: 3923: 3912: 3901: 3892: 3880: 3871: 3859: 3850: 3838: 3829: 3818: 3809: 3797: 3786: 3775: 3764: 3753: 3742: 3731: 3720: 3711: 3700: 3689: 3678: 3667: 3656: 3645: 3634: 3623: 3614: 3603: 3592: 3581: 3570: 3559: 3548: 3537: 3526: 3515: 3504: 3493: 3482: 3471: 3460: 3449: 3438: 3427: 3416: 3405: 3394: 3383: 3374: 3363: 3352: 3341: 3332: 3321: 3310: 3299: 3288: 3277: 3266: 3255: 3244: 3233: 3222: 3211: 3200: 3189: 3178: 3167: 3156: 3145: 3134: 3123: 3112: 3101: 3090: 3079: 3068: 3057: 3046: 3035: 3024: 3013: 3002: 2991: 2982: 2971: 2962: 2950: 2939: 2930: 2918: 2907: 2896: 2885: 2874: 2863: 2852: 2841: 2830: 2819: 2808: 2797: 2788: 2776: 2767: 2755: 2744: 2733: 2724: 2712: 2703: 2691: 2682: 2670: 2659: 2648: 2637: 2628: 2617: 2606: 2597: 2586: 2575: 2566: 2554: 2545: 2533: 2524: 2513: 2502: 2491: 2480: 2469: 2458: 2447: 2438: 2427: 2418: 2406: 2397: 2385: 2376: 2365: 2354: 2343: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2301: 2290: 2279: 2268: 2259: 2247: 2236: 2227: 2215: 2204: 2193: 2184: 2173: 2162: 2151: 2140: 2129: 2118: 2107: 2096: 2085: 2074: 2063: 2052: 2041: 2030: 2019: 2010: 1998: 1987: 1978: 1967: 1958: 1946: 1935: 1926: 1914: 1903: 1894: 1882: 1873: 1861: 1850: 1839: 1828: 1819: 1807: 1795: 1784: 1775: 1763: 1754: 1743: 1732: 1723: 1711: 1702: 1690: 1681: 1669: 1660: 1648: 1639: 1627: 1618: 1606: 1595: 1584: 1572: 1563: 1552: 1543: 1532: 1521: 1510: 1499: 1488: 1477: 1466: 1455: 1444: 1433: 1422: 1411: 1402: 1390: 1381: 1369: 1360: 1348: 1339: 1327: 1318: 1306: 1295: 1283: 1272: 1261: 1250: 1241: 1229: 1220: 1208: 1197: 1188: 1177: 1170:], on line 19, in the 1920s]] 1166: 1155: 1146: 1134: 1125: 1113: 1102: 1090: 1081: 1070: 1061: 1049: 1040: 1028: 1017: 1005: 996: 984: 975: 963: 952: 941: 930: 921: 909: 900: 888: 879: 867: 856: 845: 834: 825: 813: 804: 792: 781: 769: 760: 748: 737: 725: 712: 703: 690: 683: 670: 660: 636: 625: 614: 601: 592: 568: 554: 545: 522: 509: 500: 474: 463: 454: 440: 430: 405: 395: 372: 361: 350: 339: 328: 317: 306: 295: 284: 270: 261: 248: 239: 226: 217: 20994:Passenger information system 19697:). Shepperton (Surrey), UK: 19615:The End of the Penny Section 19463:Tram & Trolley in Africa 19337:Gragt, Frits van der. 1968. 19054:McCaleb, Charles S. (1994). 18841:General and cited references 18418:. Nla.gov.au. 19 August 1901 18389:. Hawthorntramdepot.org.au. 18227:Tramways & Urban Transit 18071:Tramways & Urban Transit 17996:Kim Brown (31 August 2014). 16890:. Amtuir.org. Archived from 16839:. No. 956. p. 301. 16145:. 31 July 1944. p. 43. 16143:Office of Strategic Services 16139:Civil Affairs Handbook Japan 16095:. 5 August 1876. p. 82. 14873:Mid-Continent Railway Museum 14869:"The John Stephenson Car Co" 14677: 14387:List of town tramway systems 13783:In January 1864, well-known 13771: 13620: 13387: 13040:East Anglia Transport Museum 12809: 12721: 12123:List of town tramway systems 12108: 11548:The main manufacturers are: 11481: 11307:was cancelled in June 2022. 10956: 10930:Drop-centre (or drop-center) 10777:China South Rail Corporation 10229:St. Charles Avenue Streetcar 10179:Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram 9994:in Sweden and some lines in 9795:London and Blackwall Railway 9625:Museum in Japan and also in 9434:New York and Harlem Railroad 8362:Street-running light railcar 945:{{Main|Cable car (railway)}} 18:Browse history interactively 7: 20132:Demand-responsive transport 20030:Medium-capacity rail system 19595:). Aachen: Schweers + Wall. 19573:). Aachen: Schweers + Wall. 18952:; Literary Licensing, LLC. 18875:Buses, Trolleys & Trams 18460:"Biography of Antoni Gaudi" 18213:(in Portuguese). La Nación. 16403:no. 952, April 2017, 0. 131 15601:"Street Railways his hobby" 14348:Streetcars in North America 14274: 14259:(in the UK, as well as the 13870:Model trams are popular in 13832:tram and subsequently died. 13731: 13543:2016 ACT general elections. 13252:High Level Bridge Streetcar 13234:, Winnipeg, St. John's and 13161:Canadian Light Rail Vehicle 13068:Streetcars in North America 12866: 12862:Transit in Northern Taiwan. 12788: 12308:(170 km; 110 mi). 10977: 10770: 10379:; Belgrade, Serbia in 1894; 10245:Capital City Street Railway 10215:were exhibited at the 1884 10089: 10046:in the northern suburbs of 9569:until its closure in 1917. 9403:Swansea and Mumbles Railway 9395:Swansea and Mumbles Railway 9353: 9316:the scope of other articles 7514:| url-access = registration 7188:| archive-date = 2014-09-09 7155:| author = Christopher Hume 6216:{{Portal|Transport|Trains}} 3017:|- style="text-align:left;" 2975:The main manufacturers are: 2856:| image1 = Tram lyon 04.jpg 10: 21175: 20895:Public transport timetable 19926:Passenger rail terminology 19585:Schmalspurparadies Schweiz 19563:Schmalspurparadies Schweiz 19547:TriMet Streetcar Prototype 18950:J. B. Lippincott & Co. 17834:"Blackpool heritage trams" 16837:Tramways and Urban Transit 16729:. Trb.org. 30 March 2014. 16401:Tramways and Urban Transit 16125:The Street Railway Journal 15837:Division, Infrastructure. 15110:www.dunedincablecars.co.nz 14367:Acumulador de Carga Rápida 14136:(APTA) refers to them as " 13851: 13775: 13749: 13613: 13376: 13372: 13153:Toronto Transit Commission 13065: 12973: 12945: 12917: 12612: 12601: 12302:(171 km; 106 mi) 12296:(172 km; 107 mi) 12284:(183 km; 114 mi) 12260:(256 km; 159 mi) 12212: 12188:In Milan, Italy, the old " 12112: 11485: 11451: 11347: 11321:Amsterdam Centraal station 11094: 11073:conduit current collection 11005: 10902: 10720: 10614: 10577:surface contact collection 10573:conduit current collection 10254:began to operate trams in 10130:Gross-Lichterfelde tramway 10093: 9983:, on line 19, in the 1920s 9769: 9666:, pulling a train through 9643: 9462:St. Charles Streetcar Line 9382: 9291: 9287: 9222:; older systems may use a 8375: 8371:Streetcar (disambiguation) 8364: 8181:{{Commons category|Trams}} 7754:{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} 7342:| access-date = 2014-09-08 7199:| access-date = 2014-09-08 7067:| access-date = 2014-09-08 3204:| Kinkisharyo || 155 || 97 3072:| Bombardier || 962 || 296 2663:] of a grooved tram rail]] 2579:====Cross-border trams==== 956:] cable-operated railway]] 21108: 21012: 20979: 20926:Green transport hierarchy 20908: 20862: 20826: 20785: 20663:Automated fare collection 20648: 20517: 20417: 20383: 20323: 20275: 20237: 20100: 19916: 19799: 19643:Straßenbahnatlas Rumänien 19458:). New York: Bonde Press. 19443:). New York: Bonde Press. 19426:). New York: Bonde Press. 19293:Chandler, Allison. 1963. 19261:The Tramways of Australia 18871:Dunbar, Chas. S. (1967). 16677:The Sydney Morning Herald 16672:"Slippery issue on track" 16624:Enterprise Europe Network 16173:The Sydney Morning Herald 16112:. 7 July 1883. p. 3. 15981:, "The transport politic" 15749:. Ratb.ro. Archived from 15433:Robbins, Michael (2000). 15148:portlandcabletrams.com.au 15040:"1876 – 1964 (Überblick)" 14967:"Sulphur Rock Street Car" 14927:Newcastle Daily Chronicle 14447:Rapid transit track gauge 14427:List of tram track gauges 14417:List of transport museums 14382:Ground-level power supply 14171:is, however, most likely 13961:Etymology and terminology 13862:A model of a town with a 13695: 13173:Bombardier Transportation 13123: 13030:. The first of these was 12996:in the 21st century, and 12924: 12913: 12837: 12756: 12597: 12418:This section needs to be 12377:(134 km; 83 mi) 12365:(143 km; 89 mi) 12359:(145 km; 90 mi) 12341:(150 km; 93 mi) 12329:(155 km; 96 mi) 11943:Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe 11698: 11140: 11097:Ground-level power supply 11091:Ground-level power supply 11081:ground-level power supply 11049:Ground-level power supply 10874: 10821:Queen Anne Counterbalance 10675:Nanjing battery Tram line 10597:ground-level power supply 10429:had the first tramway in 10144:being installed in 1883. 9603:Douglas Bay Horse Tramway 9540:Newcastle Daily Chronicle 9043:List of high-speed trains 8345: 8336: 8325: 8314: 8303: 8292: 8281: 8272: 8261: 8250: 8241: 8230: 8219: 8208: 8197: 8186: 8175: 8164: 8155: 8144: 8133: 8122: 8111: 8100: 8089: 8078: 8067: 8056: 8045: 8034: 8023: 8012: 8001: 7990: 7979: 7968: 7957: 7946: 7935: 7924: 7913: 7902: 7891: 7880: 7869: 7858: 7847: 7836: 7825: 7814: 7803: 7792: 7781: 7770: 7759: 7748: 7737: 7728: 7717: 7706: 7695: 7684: 7673: 7662: 7651: 7640: 7629: 7618: 7607: 7596: 7585: 7574: 7563: 7552: 7541: 7530: 7525:| publisher = Paul Hamlyn 7519: 7508: 7497: 7486: 7475: 7464: 7453: 7442: 7431: 7420: 7409: 7400: 7389: 7380: 7369: 7358: 7347: 7336: 7325: 7314: 7303: 7292: 7281: 7270: 7259: 7248: 7237: 7226: 7215: 7204: 7193: 7182: 7171: 7160: 7149: 7138: 7127: 7116: 7105: 7094: 7083: 7072: 7061: 7050: 7039: 7028: 7023:| author = Tess Kalinoski 7017: 7006: 6995: 6984: 6973: 6962: 6951: 6940: 6931: 6920: 6909: 6900: 6889: 6878: 6867: 6856: 6845: 6834: 6823: 6812: 6801: 6790: 6779: 6768: 6757: 6746: 6735: 6724: 6713: 6708:{{Div col|colwidth=20em}} 6702: 6691: 6682: 6671: 6660: 6649: 6638: 6627: 6616: 6605: 6594: 6583: 6572: 6561: 6550: 6539: 6528: 6517: 6490: 6479: 6468: 6457: 6446: 6435: 6424: 6413: 6402: 6391: 6386:{{Div col|colwidth=20em}} 6380: 6369: 6360: 6349: 6338: 6327: 6316: 6305: 6294: 6283: 6278:{{Div col|colwidth=20em}} 6272: 6261: 6252: 6241: 6230: 6221: 6210: 6199: 6190: 6178: 6167: 6158: 6147: 6138: 6126: 6115: 6106: 6094: 6085: 6073: 6064: 6052: 6041: 6030: 6021: 6009: 5998: 5987: 5978: 5966: 5957: 5945: 5936: 5924: 5912: 5903: 5891: 5880: 5869: 5858: 5849: 5838: 5827: 5816: 5805: 5794: 5783: 5772: 5763: 5752: 5741: 5732: 5721: 5710: 5701: 5690: 5679: 5670: 5659: 5648: 5639: 5628: 5619: 5608: 5599: 5588: 5579: 5568: 5557: 5548: 5537: 5526: 5517: 5506: 5495: 5484: 5475: 5464: 5453: 5442: 5433: 5422: 5413: 5402: 5391: 5380: 5369: 5358: 5347: 5336: 5327: 5316: 5305: 5296: 5284: 5275: 5263: 5252: 5241: 5232: 5220: 5211: 5200: 5189: 5178: 5169: 5157: 5146: 5135: 5126: 5114: 5105: 5094: 5085: 5073: 5062: 5053: 5042: 5031: 5022: 5010: 4999: 4988: 4979: 4967: 4956: 4947: 4936: 4925: 4916: 4905: 4896: 4885: 4874: 4865: 4854: 4843: 4834: 4823: 4812: 4803: 4792: 4781: 4770: 4761: 4750: 4739: 4730: 4719: 4708: 4699: 4688: 4677: 4666: 4655: 4644: 4635: 4624: 4613: 4602: 4593: 4582: 4571: 4560: 4549: 4540: 4529: 4518: 4509: 4498: 4487: 4478: 4466: 4455: 4444: 4435: 4424: 4413: 4402: 4391: 4380: 4369: 4358: 4347: 4336: 4325: 4314: 4303: 4292: 4281: 4270: 4259: 4248: 4239: 4228: 4217: 4206: 4195: 4184: 4173: 4162: 4151: 4140: 4129: 4118: 4107: 4096: 4085: 4074: 4063: 4052: 4041: 4030: 4019: 4008: 3997: 3986: 3975: 3964: 3952: 3941: 3930: 3921: 3910: 3899: 3890: 3878: 3869: 3857: 3848: 3836: 3827: 3816: 3807: 3795: 3784: 3773: 3762: 3751: 3740: 3729: 3718: 3709: 3698: 3687: 3676: 3665: 3654: 3643: 3632: 3621: 3612: 3601: 3590: 3579: 3568: 3557: 3546: 3535: 3524: 3513: 3502: 3491: 3480: 3469: 3458: 3447: 3436: 3425: 3414: 3403: 3392: 3381: 3372: 3361: 3350: 3339: 3330: 3319: 3308: 3297: 3286: 3275: 3264: 3253: 3242: 3231: 3220: 3209: 3198: 3187: 3176: 3165: 3154: 3143: 3132: 3121: 3110: 3099: 3088: 3077: 3066: 3055: 3044: 3033: 3022: 3011: 3000: 2989: 2980: 2969: 2960: 2948: 2937: 2928: 2916: 2905: 2894: 2883: 2872: 2861: 2850: 2839: 2828: 2817: 2806: 2795: 2786: 2774: 2765: 2753: 2742: 2731: 2722: 2710: 2701: 2689: 2680: 2668: 2657: 2646: 2635: 2626: 2615: 2604: 2595: 2584: 2573: 2564: 2552: 2543: 2531: 2522: 2511: 2500: 2489: 2478: 2467: 2456: 2445: 2436: 2425: 2416: 2404: 2395: 2383: 2374: 2363: 2352: 2341: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2299: 2288: 2277: 2266: 2257: 2245: 2234: 2225: 2213: 2202: 2191: 2182: 2171: 2160: 2149: 2138: 2127: 2116: 2105: 2094: 2083: 2078:{{col div|colwidth=23em}} 2072: 2061: 2050: 2039: 2028: 2017: 2008: 1996: 1985: 1976: 1965: 1956: 1944: 1933: 1924: 1912: 1901: 1892: 1880: 1871: 1859: 1848: 1837: 1826: 1817: 1805: 1793: 1782: 1773: 1761: 1752: 1741: 1730: 1721: 1709: 1700: 1688: 1679: 1667: 1658: 1646: 1637: 1625: 1616: 1604: 1593: 1582: 1570: 1561: 1550: 1541: 1530: 1519: 1508: 1503:* Bilbao, Spain, in 1896; 1497: 1486: 1475: 1464: 1453: 1442: 1431: 1420: 1409: 1400: 1388: 1379: 1367: 1358: 1346: 1337: 1325: 1316: 1304: 1293: 1281: 1270: 1259: 1248: 1239: 1227: 1218: 1206: 1195: 1186: 1175: 1164: 1153: 1144: 1132: 1123: 1111: 1100: 1088: 1079: 1068: 1059: 1047: 1038: 1026: 1015: 1003: 994: 982: 973: 961: 950: 939: 928: 919: 907: 898: 886: 877: 865: 854: 843: 832: 823: 811: 802: 790: 779: 767: 758: 746: 735: 723: 719: 701: 697: 681: 677: 658: 634: 623: 612: 608: 590: 566: 562: 543: 520: 516: 498: 482: 470: 452: 448: 428: 412: 393: 370: 359: 348: 337: 326: 315: 304: 293: 282: 278: 259: 255: 237: 233: 215: 210: 207: 121: 83: 20961:Transportation authority 19682:). Somerset, UK: Haynes. 19528:Part Four, North America 19368:The Tramways of Portugal 19344:Hilton, George W. 1997. 19180:Pyrgidis, C. N. (2016). 19159:Post, Robert C. (2007). 18902:Freedman, Alisa (2011). 15546:Fort Worth Daily Gazette 15311:10.1109/MIE.2020.2966810 15018:Bath & Bristol Trams 14653:3 ft 6 in 14632:4 ft 8 in 14584: 14477:Tramway (disambiguation) 14224:Roosevelt Island Tramway 13854:Rail transport modelling 13717: 13655:Buenos Aires Underground 13134:Toronto streetcar system 12856:Kaohsiung (Circular LRT) 12831:Western Region Megapolis 12822:3 ft 6 in 12774: 12683: 12619: 12202:Toronto streetcar system 11987:Oldham and Rochdale Line 11894:tracks embedded in grass 11343: 10548:, was introduced on the 10320:direct-connected to the 10004:Galveston Island Trolley 9937:San Francisco cable cars 9854:cable car following the 9639: 9629:. A horse-tram route in 9609:, and at the 1894-built 9571:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 8614:too many section headers 8376:Not to be confused with 5037:==== United Kingdom ==== 4942:{{Main|Trams in Europe}} 3936:====Existing systems==== 2845:| direction = horizontal 1991:===Modern development=== 1843:{{Main|Convict tramway}} 1159:===Liquid fossil fuel=== 159:Extended confirmed users 21025:Bus rapid transit creep 20971:Transportation planning 19757:Battery tram in Yucatan 19725:Encyclopædia Britannica 19598:Stewart, Graham. 1985. 19486:Part One, Latin America 19446:Morrison, Allen. 1996. 19429:Morrison, Allen. 1992. 19414:Morrison, Allen. 1989. 19407:). Milwaukee (WI), US: 19397:The Time of the Trolley 19359:Howarth, W. Des. 1971. 19307:Davies, W. K. J. 1986. 19259:Brimson, Samuel. 1983. 19114:: Kalmbach Publishing. 19108:The Time of the Trolley 19085:Charles Scribner's Sons 19020:Charles Scribner's Sons 18879:. London: Paul Hamlyn. 18192:"New era for Newcastle" 17773:. The News. 26 May 2016 16944:. Torstar Corporation. 16921:. Torstar Corporation. 16551:10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0005 16538:Miscellanea Geographica 15977:29 January 2009 at the 15876:"Routes for Light Rail" 15773:"Historical Highlights" 15131:Young & Meyers 2016 14050:Trackless Train at the 14038:is attested from 1873. 14016: 13991: 13685:Metrotranvía of Mendoza 13256:Nelson Electric Tramway 12782:Kyoto Electric Railroad 12717:but was closed in 1975. 12703:tram service in Kolkata 12608: 11975:East Lancashire Railway 11878:New Orleans tram system 11531:railway platform height 11393:, an approach known as 11120:alimentation par le sol 10801:Trieste–Opicina tramway 10552:, on 20 July 2014. The 10385:Bilbao, Spain, in 1896; 10217:World Cotton Centennial 10149:Volk's Electric Railway 10105:Gross-Lichterfelde Tram 9918:San Francisco cable car 9883:Trieste–Opicina tramway 9745:between 1887 and 1901. 9737:between 1909 and 1939. 9596:Ulster Transport Museum 9278:total cost of ownership 9242:. Some trams, known as 8945:Railway nationalization 5247:==== United States ==== 3116:| Siemens || 557 || 205 2056:{{Main|Types of trams}} 82: 20723:Manual fare collection 20703:Farebox recovery ratio 20194:Personal rapid transit 19735:"Street Railway"  19712:Garcke, Emile (1911). 19613:Stewart, Graham. 1993 19583:Schweers, Hans. 1988. 19502:/ Africa / Australia ( 19286:). Milton Keynes, UK: 19226:Arrivetz, Jean. 1956. 19150:Petrova, Mark (2003). 19129:Nye, David E. (1992). 18923:Green, Robert (1989). 17984:will have to make way. 17836:. Blackpool Transport. 16383:"Signalling Metrolink" 15914:"The Rebirth of Trams" 14563:Traction current pylon 14467:Traction current pylon 14353:Trams in South America 14316:Category:Tram vehicles 14191: 14169:portmanteau derivation 14054: 14022: 14011:probably derived from 13974: 13867: 13828:was knocked down by a 13814:large amounts of cash. 13778:List of tram accidents 13713:transportation system. 13637: 13601: 13572:line in February 2019. 13551:light rail in Canberra 13545: 13539:light rail in Canberra 13297:F Market & Wharves 13287: 13141: 13000:which has operated at 12985: 12984:Blackpool tram in 2003 12962: 12762:The 13-kilometre-long 12697: 12648:Tram services in China 12643: 12588:Minneapolis–Saint Paul 12580:Guinness World Records 12549: 12480: 12397: 12300:Katowice agglomeration 12229: 12172:North American English 12160:Tramways with tramcars 12152: 12132: 12067: 11914: 11901: 11881: 11370: 11369:of a grooved tram rail 11332:. Such is the case at 11324: 11150: 11119: 11114: 11028: 10966: 10900: 10892: 10867:with features such as 10827:wharf line in Sydney. 10736: 10673:. In China there is a 10628: 10550:Gold Coast, Queensland 10524: 10512: 10352: 10221:New Orleans, Louisiana 10112: 9984: 9951:but still called the " 9947:(rebuilt in 1979 as a 9921: 9832: 9785: 9784:cable-operated railway 9671: 9575:Sulphur Rock, Arkansas 9562: 9515: 9458:New Orleans, Louisiana 9398: 9265: 9262:Melbourne tram network 9258:Melbourne E-Class Tram 9053:Longest train services 8935:Named passenger trains 8408: 8394: 7547:| isbn = 9780753709702 6774:* ], also known as a ] 4535:{{Main|Trams in Asia}} 3248:| Stadler || 182 || 28 3094:| Alstom || 650 || 202 21154:Sustainable transport 21080:Sustainable transport 21060:Passenger load factor 20875:Clock-face scheduling 20708:Free public transport 20560:Bus turnout (bus bay) 20257:Real-time ridesharing 20050:Platform screen doors 19670:Turner, Kevin. 1996. 19461:Pabst, Martin. 1989. 19393:Middleton, William D. 19274:Buckley, R. J. 1984. 19228:Les Tramways Français 19104:Middleton, William D. 18440:. londonremembers.com 17689:"Rio de Janeiro 1958" 17543:Light Rail in Figures 17087:"BERLIN POTSDAM 2016" 16852:"Streetcars are back" 16709:San Jose Mercury News 16532:Boquet, Yves (2017). 16416:. 21 September 2012. 15839:"City Tram Extension" 15577:. Grace's Guide Ltd. 14953:www.cable-car-guy.com 14573:Trams and roundabouts 14407:List of tram builders 14189: 14138:trolley-replica buses 14049: 13985:are derived from the 13968: 13861: 13835:On 27 February 1930, 13776:Further information: 13628: 13595: 13536: 13281: 13157:Peter Witt streetcars 13131: 12983: 12953: 12845:Kaohsiung (Phase III) 12691: 12633: 12543: 12472: 12391: 12227: 12138: 12130: 12065: 11912: 11887: 11875: 11400:Tramway tracks use a 11365: 11318: 11184:joining them together 11148: 11104: 11023: 10990:. The success of the 10964: 10898: 10882: 10749:Port Arthur, Tasmania 10730: 10622: 10583:(the Lorain system), 10562:Walter Burley Griffin 10518: 10510: 10346: 10103: 10082:, Wales (1896–1920). 10058:(1921–1951); between 9978: 9959:up to the top of the 9915: 9826: 9812:, from 1881 to 1957. 9780:Winding drums of the 9779: 9657: 9556: 9509: 9392: 9334:splitting the content 9328:and help introduce a 9256: 9068:Platform screen doors 8400: 8388: 8367:Tram (disambiguation) 8267:{{Authority control}} 6267:===Trams by region=== 5490:==== New Zealand ==== 3314:| Durmazlar || 90 || 2610:====Route-setting==== 1201:===Gas fossil fuel=== 21119:Transport portal 21055:Outline of transport 20748:Reduced fare program 20718:Integrated ticketing 20673:Contract of carriage 20484:Personal transporter 20040:Narrow-gauge railway 19888:Rail replacement bus 19561:Röhr, Gustav. 1986. 18987:. pp. 407–408. 18692:. Trolleyville.com. 18198:on 26 December 2014. 18180:on 25 December 2014. 18086:on 27 September 2013 17959:(1 September 2014). 16507:. 25 September 2019. 16296:Yonge, John (2004). 16168:"Taranna – Tasmania" 15606:Topeka Daily Capital 15249:on 29 September 2006 14776:. Welshwales.co.uk. 14482:Tramway (industrial) 14437:List of track gauges 14343:Trams in New Zealand 13895:Bowser Manufacturing 13675:Also in the city of 13570:Newcastle Light Rail 13549:The construction of 13383:Trams in New Zealand 13282:Opened in 2001, the 13244:Mississauga, Ontario 13013:Manchester Metrolink 12764:Jerusalem Light Rail 12095:ambient noise levels 11967:Manchester Metrolink 11824:factual accuracy is 11731:improve this article 11334:Manchester Metrolink 11218:Silesian Interurbans 11192:Second City Crossing 10869:regenerative braking 10753:Charles O'Hara Booth 10690:Birmingham Town Hall 10554:Newcastle Light Rail 10370:Douglas, Isle of Man 10022:and since restored. 9992:Stockholms Spårvägar 9981:Stockholms Spårvägar 9953:Wellington Cable Car 9862:in North London and 9782:London and Blackwall 9670:marketplace, c. 1900 9664:Cologne-Bonn Railway 9567:Bleecker Street Line 9415:George Francis Train 9183:multiple unit trains 9121:Transport portal 9073:Railway speed record 8668:improve this article 8476:improve this article 8256:{{Public transport}} 7298:| author = Kim Brown 6741:* Cater MetroTrolley 4254:=====Statistics===== 1788:===Compressed air=== 21095:Transport economics 20890:On-time performance 20885:Night (owl) service 20585:Interchange station 20464:Horse-drawn vehicle 20252:Flexible carpooling 20060:Metro/Rapid Transit 19500:Part Two, Asia+USSR 19409:Kalmbach Publishing 19348:, Revised Edition ( 19300:Cheape, Charles W. 18718:. Tramwayinfo.com. 18618:on 18 December 2014 18510:. Hoedl-linie8.de. 18438:"Tottenham Outrage" 18256:. 15 October 2015. 18010:on 1 September 2014 17933:on 9 September 2014 17747:The Express Tribune 17483:on 26 February 2017 16868:on 25 February 2009 16651:on 29 November 2007 16092:Scientific American 15571:"Sidney Howe Short" 15514:, pp. 122–123. 15451:10.7227/TJTH.21.1.6 15344:"Popular Mechanics" 15223:on 30 December 2012 15112:. Dunedin Cable Car 15106:"Dunedin Cable Car" 15046:on 24 February 2011 14739:"Streetcars vs LRT" 14696:The Free Dictionary 14108:in the western US. 14057:Although the terms 13891:Bachmann Industries 13649:system feeding the 13050:(opened 1980), and 12994:double decker trams 12940:not to charge fares 12592:Sydney tram network 11623:PKTS/Metrovagonmash 11553: 11225:downtown circulator 10823:in Seattle and the 10679:West Midlands Metro 10558:Canberra light rail 10241:Montgomery, Alabama 9772:Cable car (railway) 9336:into a new article. 9272:of metal wheels on 9230:. In some cases, a 9048:List of train songs 8925:High-speed railways 8878:Couplers by country 8727:Part of a series on 8405:multiple-unit train 7743:==Further reading== 7536:| location = London 7353:| url-status = dead 7309:| date = 2014-08-31 7210:| url-status = live 7166:| date = 2014-09-01 7078:| url-status = dead 7034:| date = 2014-09-08 5563:==== Argentina ==== 5532:===South America=== 5342:==== Australia ==== 5141:===North America=== 4818:==== Sri Lanka ==== 4650:==== Indonesia ==== 3627:===Disadvantages=== 3160:| CRRC || 370 || 30 3138:| CAF || 411 || 112 2995:{|class="wikitable" 1939:===Hybrid system=== 188:is only a proposal. 20849:Standing passenger 20112:Auto rickshaw taxi 20082:Suspension railway 20065:Rubber-tyred metro 19988:Heritage streetcar 19893:Share taxi/Taxibus 19514:Part Three, Europe 19476:Peschkes, Robert. 18774:. Etymonline.com. 18142:Transport Canberra 17874:on 31 January 2016 17850:. 25 January 2024. 17653:. Shore-line.org. 17451:"Los Angeles 2016" 17267:Schwandl, Robert. 17240:Schwandl, Robert. 16685:on 8 November 2012 16254:, pp. 407–408 16024:on 16 October 2008 16018:"Thomas Davenport" 15675:on 23 October 2014 15020:. 19 February 2017 14526:, also known as a 14510:Cater MetroTrolley 14442:Narrow gauges used 14333:Trams in Australia 14253:trackless trolleys 14192: 14055: 13977:The English terms 13975: 13868: 13638: 13602: 13546: 13505:Portland, Victoria 13491:light rail network 13379:Trams in Australia 13288: 13284:Portland Streetcar 13142: 13048:Telford steam tram 13017:Nottingham Tramway 12998:Great Orme Tramway 12986: 12963: 12858:, followed by the 12698: 12644: 12572:Santa Teresa route 12552:Historically, the 12550: 12523:started operation 12481: 12398: 12327:heritage streetcar 12230: 12194:trams in Melbourne 12153: 12133: 12068: 11924:rolling resistance 11918:Vehicles run more 11915: 11902: 11892:tram running down 11882: 11551: 11458:Historically, the 11371: 11325: 11287:Cross-border trams 11155:network topologies 11151: 11115: 11029: 10967: 10901: 10893: 10891:, Finland, in 2022 10863:) are articulated 10857:Bombardier Flexity 10831:Modern development 10789:CSR Sifang Co Ltd. 10737: 10631:As early as 1834, 10629: 10525: 10513: 10407:its tramway system 10353: 10300:Niagara Escarpment 10256:Richmond, Virginia 10201:John Joseph Wright 10190:current collectors 10138:Werner von Siemens 10113: 10012:Portland, Victoria 10006:in Texas operated 9985: 9971:Liquid fossil fuel 9941:tourist attraction 9922: 9906:stationary engines 9833: 9786: 9672: 9579:U.S. postage stamp 9563: 9516: 9442:Fourth Avenue Line 9399: 9326:discuss this issue 9270:rolling resistance 9266: 9181:or self-propelled 9175:urban rail transit 8883:Coupler conversion 8409: 8395: 8170:==External links== 7558:| oclc = 487529500 7470:| first = Chas. S. 6697:===Other topics=== 6036:===Alternatives=== 5864:==Tram modelling== 5716:==== Colombia ==== 4880:==== Thailand ==== 4776:==== Pakistan ==== 4450:====Historical==== 3387:=== Advantages === 3292:| Škoda || 110 || 2812:{{Main|Tram stop}} 2272:===Power supply=== 934:===Cable-hauled=== 321:{{Multiple issues| 137: 94: 21126: 21125: 20818:Transport network 20808:Non-revenue track 20474:Inclined elevator 20409:Inclined elevator 20375:Inclined elevator 20000:Higher-speed rail 19943:Airport rail link 19826:Bus rapid transit 19557:. pp. 30–45. 19203:. Ulysses Press. 19172:978-0-313-33916-5 19154:(Palac ed.). 19142:978-0-262-64030-5 19015:Sidney Howe Short 18959:978-1-258-03284-5 18915:978-0-8047-7145-0 18640:. Q-Car Company. 18350:. 25 March 1864. 18309:Morrison, Allen. 18286:. 18 March 2015. 18284:metroamericas.com 17348:"Stastiques 2018" 16277:. 8 February 2004 16180:. 8 February 2014 16141:. Washington DC: 16109:The Star (London) 15480:Wood, E. Thomas. 15362:"Blackpool Trams" 15348:Popular Mechanics 15217:www.google.com.au 14991:Morrison, Allen. 14858:, pp. 16–17. 14548:Rubber-tyred tram 14514:Dual-mode vehicle 14261:Pacific Northwest 13819:Tottenham Outrage 13703:Santa Teresa Tram 13564:was truncated at 13555:2016 ACT election 13301:San Diego Trolley 13254:in Edmonton, the 13248:Hamilton, Ontario 13240:Waterloo, Ontario 13028:heritage railways 13024:transport museums 13009:Edinburgh Tramway 12990:Blackpool Tramway 12955:Cologne Stadtbahn 12860:Danhai Light Rail 12852:(New Taipei City) 12803:DHA City, Karachi 12554:Paris Tram System 12546:Paris tram system 12544:At its peak, the 12453:agglomeration of 12451:Valley Metro Rail 12439: 12438: 11865: 11864: 11857: 11807: 11806: 11799: 11781: 11696: 11695: 11527:railway platforms 11012:Current collector 10988:dead man's switch 10839:, automobiles or 10781:fuel cell vehicle 10529:Glenelg tram line 10310:Sidney Howe Short 10194:Blackpool Tramway 9351: 9350: 9161:(also known as a 9155: 9154: 8873:Railway couplings 8856:Steam locomotives 8722: 8721: 8714: 8704: 8703: 8696: 8645: 8644: 8637: 8595: 8594: 8552: 8551: 8544: 8526: 8449: 8355: 6957:=== Citations === 6236:===Tram models=== 5886:] built into it]] 5747:==== Ecuador ==== 4994:==== Germany ==== 2943:==Manufacturing== 1832:===Human power=== 618:{{Main|Horsecar}} 596:===Horse-drawn=== 123: 85: 65: 21166: 21149:Public transport 21117: 21116: 21035:Destination sign 20999:Platform display 20989:Destination sign 20946:Transit district 20941:Street hierarchy 20921:Complete streets 20916:Airport security 20798:Cross-city route 20743:Proof-of-payment 20713:Free travel pass 20204:Public light bus 20164:Hackney carriage 19983:Heritage railway 19968:Elevated railway 19963:Cross-city route 19883:Public light bus 19841:Cross-city route 19793:Public transport 19786: 19779: 19772: 19763: 19762: 19745: 19737: 19729: 19717: 19558: 19552: 19214: 19195: 19176: 19155: 19146: 19125: 19099: 19096:Internet Archive 19093: 19091: 19069: 19050: 19044: 19040: 19038: 19030: 19028: 19026: 19005: 19003: 19001: 18970: 18964:Internet Archive 18938: 18919: 18898: 18878: 18867: 18861: 18853: 18834: 18828: 18822: 18821: 18806: 18800: 18794: 18788: 18787: 18785: 18783: 18768: 18762: 18756: 18750: 18749: 18738: 18732: 18731: 18729: 18727: 18712: 18706: 18705: 18703: 18701: 18686: 18680: 18679: 18677: 18675: 18666:. Eastpenn.org. 18660: 18654: 18653: 18651: 18649: 18634: 18628: 18627: 18625: 18623: 18608: 18602: 18601: 18599: 18597: 18582: 18576: 18575: 18573: 18571: 18556: 18550: 18549: 18547: 18545: 18530: 18524: 18523: 18521: 18519: 18504: 18498: 18497: 18495: 18493: 18478: 18472: 18471: 18469: 18467: 18456: 18450: 18449: 18447: 18445: 18434: 18428: 18427: 18425: 18423: 18409: 18403: 18402: 18400: 18398: 18383: 18377: 18366: 18360: 18359: 18343:Jewish Chronicle 18337: 18331: 18330: 18328: 18326: 18306: 18300: 18299: 18297: 18295: 18276: 18270: 18269: 18267: 18265: 18250: 18244: 18243: 18221: 18215: 18214: 18206: 18200: 18199: 18188: 18182: 18181: 18173:Newcastle Herald 18164: 18158: 18157: 18155: 18153: 18148:on 23 April 2019 18144:. Archived from 18134: 18128: 18127: 18125: 18123: 18102: 18096: 18095: 18093: 18091: 18082:. Archived from 18061: 18055: 18054: 18052: 18050: 18030: 18024: 18023: 18017: 18015: 18006:. Archived from 17993: 17987: 17986: 17980: 17978: 17957:Christopher Hume 17953: 17947: 17946: 17940: 17938: 17929:. Archived from 17916: 17910: 17909: 17907: 17905: 17890: 17884: 17883: 17881: 17879: 17873: 17866: 17858: 17852: 17851: 17844: 17838: 17837: 17830: 17824: 17823: 17821: 17819: 17803: 17797: 17796: 17792: 17786: 17785: 17780: 17778: 17767: 17761: 17760: 17755: 17753: 17738: 17732: 17731: 17729: 17727: 17711: 17705: 17704: 17702: 17700: 17684: 17678: 17677: 17673: 17667: 17666: 17664: 17662: 17647: 17641: 17640: 17638: 17636: 17620: 17614: 17613: 17611: 17609: 17594: 17588: 17587: 17581: 17573: 17571: 17569: 17563: 17556: 17540: 17534: 17533: 17526: 17520: 17519: 17517: 17515: 17499: 17493: 17492: 17490: 17488: 17479:. Archived from 17473: 17467: 17466: 17464: 17462: 17446: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17435: 17420: 17414: 17413: 17411: 17409: 17394: 17388: 17387: 17385: 17383: 17368: 17362: 17361: 17359: 17357: 17352: 17344: 17338: 17337: 17335: 17333: 17317: 17311: 17310: 17308: 17306: 17291: 17285: 17284: 17282: 17280: 17264: 17258: 17257: 17255: 17253: 17237: 17231: 17230: 17228: 17226: 17211: 17205: 17204: 17189: 17183: 17182: 17180: 17178: 17162: 17156: 17155: 17153: 17151: 17145: 17136: 17130: 17129: 17127: 17125: 17109: 17103: 17102: 17100: 17098: 17082: 17076: 17075: 17073: 17071: 17062:. Archived from 17056: 17050: 17049: 17034: 17028: 17027: 17025: 17023: 17008: 17002: 17001: 16999: 16997: 16986:"Melbourne 2014" 16981: 16975: 16974: 16963:"World Tramways" 16959: 16950: 16949: 16942:The Toronto Star 16933: 16927: 16926: 16919:The Toronto Star 16910: 16904: 16903: 16901: 16899: 16894:on 19 March 2015 16884: 16878: 16877: 16875: 16873: 16867: 16856: 16847: 16841: 16840: 16832: 16826: 16825: 16823: 16821: 16807: 16801: 16800: 16798: 16796: 16775: 16769: 16768: 16766: 16764: 16749: 16743: 16742: 16740: 16738: 16723: 16717: 16701: 16695: 16694: 16692: 16690: 16681:. Archived from 16667: 16661: 16660: 16658: 16656: 16641: 16635: 16634: 16632: 16630: 16616: 16610: 16609: 16607: 16605: 16600:on 31 March 2012 16590: 16581: 16580: 16578: 16570: 16564: 16563: 16553: 16529: 16523: 16522: 16515: 16509: 16508: 16501: 16495: 16494: 16486: 16480: 16479: 16477: 16475: 16466:. Bathtram.org. 16460: 16454: 16453: 16451: 16449: 16443: 16436: 16428: 16422: 16421: 16410: 16404: 16397: 16391: 16390: 16378: 16372: 16366: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16355: 16340: 16334: 16333: 16332:. 24 March 2015. 16322: 16316: 16315: 16314:. 21 March 2015. 16308: 16302: 16301: 16293: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16282: 16261: 16255: 16249: 16243: 16242: 16240: 16238: 16224: 16215: 16214: 16212: 16210: 16196: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16185: 16164: 16155: 16154: 16135: 16129: 16128: 16120: 16114: 16113: 16103: 16097: 16096: 16086: 16080: 16079: 16071: 16065: 16064: 16062: 16060: 16040: 16034: 16033: 16031: 16029: 16014: 16008: 16002: 15996: 15995: 15988: 15982: 15969: 15963: 15962: 15960: 15958: 15948: 15942: 15936: 15930: 15929: 15927: 15925: 15910: 15904: 15898: 15892: 15891: 15889: 15887: 15878:. Archived from 15872: 15866: 15860: 15854: 15853: 15851: 15849: 15834: 15828: 15819: 15813: 15808: 15802: 15795: 15789: 15788: 15786: 15784: 15769: 15763: 15762: 15760: 15758: 15753:on 18 March 2015 15743: 15737: 15736: 15734: 15732: 15717: 15711: 15710: 15708: 15706: 15691: 15685: 15684: 15682: 15680: 15665: 15659: 15658: 15656: 15654: 15640: 15634: 15628: 15622: 15621: 15619: 15618: 15597: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15586: 15567: 15561: 15560: 15558: 15557: 15538: 15532: 15526: 15515: 15509: 15498: 15497: 15495: 15493: 15477: 15471: 15470: 15430: 15424: 15423: 15422:on 3 March 2009. 15418:. Archived from 15411: 15405: 15404: 15402: 15400: 15391:. Archived from 15384: 15378: 15377: 15375: 15373: 15358: 15352: 15351: 15339: 15333: 15332: 15322: 15294: 15283: 15277: 15271: 15265: 15259: 15258: 15256: 15254: 15245:. Archived from 15239: 15233: 15232: 15230: 15228: 15219:. Archived from 15209: 15203: 15202: 15200: 15198: 15187: 15181: 15180: 15178: 15176: 15165: 15159: 15158: 15156: 15154: 15140: 15134: 15128: 15122: 15121: 15119: 15117: 15102: 15096: 15095: 15083: 15077: 15076: 15074: 15072: 15062: 15056: 15055: 15053: 15051: 15042:. Archived from 15036: 15030: 15029: 15027: 15025: 15010: 15004: 15003: 15001: 14999: 14988: 14982: 14981: 14979: 14977: 14963: 14957: 14956: 14945: 14939: 14938: 14936: 14934: 14924: 14917: 14911: 14905: 14899: 14893: 14884: 14883: 14881: 14879: 14865: 14859: 14853: 14847: 14841: 14835: 14834: 14832: 14830: 14808: 14802: 14796: 14790: 14789: 14787: 14785: 14770: 14764: 14761: 14755: 14754: 14752: 14750: 14745:. 1 January 2018 14735: 14729: 14728: 14713: 14707: 14706: 14704: 14702: 14688: 14666: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14633: 14628: 14624: 14618: 14616: 14615: 14611: 14608: 14600: 14595: 14558:Streetcar suburb 14305: 14300: 14299: 14291: 14289:Transport portal 14286: 14285: 14146:trackless trains 14120:is preferred in 14112:is preferred in 14025: 14019: 13994: 13949: 13945: 13943: 13942: 13938: 13935: 13927: 13923: 13921: 13920: 13916: 13913: 13905: 13901: 13785:Anglo-Australian 13664:Tranvía del Este 13647:PreMetro line E2 13630:PreMetro line E2 13537:Construction of 13368:Washington, D.C. 12828: 12823: 12770:is also planned. 12455:Phoenix, Arizona 12434: 12431: 12425: 12413: 12412: 12405: 12323:modern streetcar 12264:Saint Petersburg 12220:Existing systems 12149: 12143: 12102:visual pollution 12091:noise mitigation 11991:Oldham Loop Line 11981:was part of the 11973:was part of the 11860: 11853: 11849: 11846: 11840: 11837:reliably sourced 11817: 11816: 11809: 11802: 11795: 11791: 11788: 11782: 11780: 11739: 11711: 11703: 11554: 11550: 11509: 11500: 11122: 11071:. It was called 10883:A modern design 10638:Attempts to use 10633:Thomas Davenport 10579:method, used in 10349:tram in Budapest 10304:hydroelectricity 10296:Thorold, Ontario 10260:Frank J. Sprague 10219:World's Fair in 10181:was opened near 10176: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10165: 10162: 10121:Saint Petersburg 9889:and its cables. 9680:steam locomotive 9481:Saint Petersburg 9413:by the American 9346: 9343: 9337: 9320:History of trams 9306: 9305: 9298: 9294:History of trams 9195:public transport 9147: 9140: 9133: 9119: 9118: 8819:Gauge conversion 8743: 8724: 8723: 8717: 8710: 8699: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8679: 8655: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8620: 8605: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8587: 8581: 8571:pro and con list 8562: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8527: 8525: 8484: 8460: 8452: 8441: 8419: 8418: 8411: 6375:===Tram lists=== 6173:===Trolleybus=== 5654:==== Brazil ==== 5184:==== Canada ==== 4962:==== France ==== 4849:==== Taiwan ==== 4714:==== Israel ==== 2823:{{multiple image 2252:fare collection. 549:=== Creation === 376:{{Train topics}} 202: 201: 189: 178:ChillyDude153198 165: 155: 136: 131: 113: 108: 93: 66: 57: 56: 54: 49: 47: 39: 36: 21: 19: 21174: 21173: 21169: 21168: 21167: 21165: 21164: 21163: 21129: 21128: 21127: 21122: 21111: 21104: 21008: 20981: 20975: 20904: 20858: 20834:Checked baggage 20822: 20781: 20668:Bus advertising 20652: 20644: 20513: 20504:Trackless train 20447:Scooter-sharing 20442:Bicycle-sharing 20419: 20413: 20379: 20319: 20271: 20233: 20209:Pulled rickshaw 20179:Motorcycle taxi 20122:Combination bus 20103: 20096: 20010:Inter-city rail 19995:High-speed rail 19912: 19795: 19790: 19732: 19715:"Tramway"  19708: 19703: 19550: 19385:McKay, John P. 19370:(4th Edition) ( 19237:(4th Edition), 19222: 19220:Further reading 19217: 19211: 19192: 19173: 19143: 19122: 19089: 19087: 19066: 19042: 19041: 19032: 19031: 19024: 19022: 18999: 18997: 18995: 18980:The Fatal Shore 18960: 18935: 18916: 18887: 18855: 18854: 18843: 18838: 18837: 18829: 18825: 18808: 18807: 18803: 18795: 18791: 18781: 18779: 18770: 18769: 18765: 18757: 18753: 18740: 18739: 18735: 18725: 18723: 18714: 18713: 18709: 18699: 18697: 18688: 18687: 18683: 18673: 18671: 18662: 18661: 18657: 18647: 18645: 18636: 18635: 18631: 18621: 18619: 18610: 18609: 18605: 18595: 18593: 18592:on 12 June 2002 18584: 18583: 18579: 18569: 18567: 18566:on 2 April 2015 18558: 18557: 18553: 18543: 18541: 18532: 18531: 18527: 18517: 18515: 18506: 18505: 18501: 18491: 18489: 18479: 18475: 18465: 18463: 18462:. casabatllo.es 18458: 18457: 18453: 18443: 18441: 18436: 18435: 18431: 18421: 18419: 18411: 18410: 18406: 18396: 18394: 18385: 18384: 18380: 18368:David Crowden, 18367: 18363: 18339: 18338: 18334: 18324: 18322: 18307: 18303: 18293: 18291: 18278: 18277: 18273: 18263: 18261: 18252: 18251: 18247: 18232:LRTA Publishing 18223: 18222: 18218: 18207: 18203: 18190: 18189: 18185: 18166: 18165: 18161: 18151: 18149: 18136: 18135: 18131: 18121: 18119: 18104: 18103: 18099: 18089: 18087: 18062: 18058: 18048: 18046: 18031: 18027: 18013: 18011: 17994: 17990: 17976: 17974: 17954: 17950: 17936: 17934: 17917: 17913: 17903: 17901: 17891: 17887: 17877: 17875: 17871: 17864: 17860: 17859: 17855: 17846: 17845: 17841: 17832: 17831: 17827: 17817: 17815: 17804: 17800: 17794: 17793: 17789: 17776: 17774: 17769: 17768: 17764: 17751: 17749: 17739: 17735: 17725: 17723: 17712: 17708: 17698: 17696: 17685: 17681: 17675: 17674: 17670: 17660: 17658: 17649: 17648: 17644: 17634: 17632: 17621: 17617: 17607: 17605: 17595: 17591: 17575: 17574: 17567: 17565: 17561: 17554: 17552:"Archived copy" 17550: 17541: 17537: 17528: 17527: 17523: 17513: 17511: 17500: 17496: 17486: 17484: 17475: 17474: 17470: 17460: 17458: 17447: 17443: 17433: 17431: 17422: 17421: 17417: 17407: 17405: 17396: 17395: 17391: 17381: 17379: 17370: 17369: 17365: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17346: 17345: 17341: 17331: 17329: 17318: 17314: 17304: 17302: 17293: 17292: 17288: 17278: 17276: 17265: 17261: 17251: 17249: 17238: 17234: 17224: 17222: 17213: 17212: 17208: 17193:"Katowice Tram" 17191: 17190: 17186: 17176: 17174: 17167:"Budapest 2016" 17163: 17159: 17149: 17147: 17143: 17138: 17137: 17133: 17123: 17121: 17110: 17106: 17096: 17094: 17083: 17079: 17069: 17067: 17058: 17057: 17053: 17036: 17035: 17031: 17021: 17019: 17010: 17009: 17005: 16995: 16993: 16982: 16978: 16961: 16960: 16953: 16934: 16930: 16911: 16907: 16897: 16895: 16886: 16885: 16881: 16871: 16869: 16865: 16854: 16848: 16844: 16833: 16829: 16819: 16817: 16809: 16808: 16804: 16794: 16792: 16776: 16772: 16762: 16760: 16751: 16750: 16746: 16736: 16734: 16725: 16724: 16720: 16702: 16698: 16688: 16686: 16668: 16664: 16654: 16652: 16643: 16642: 16638: 16628: 16626: 16618: 16617: 16613: 16603: 16601: 16592: 16591: 16584: 16576: 16572: 16571: 16567: 16530: 16526: 16521:. 30 July 2019. 16517: 16516: 16512: 16503: 16502: 16498: 16487: 16483: 16473: 16471: 16462: 16461: 16457: 16447: 16445: 16441: 16434: 16430: 16429: 16425: 16414:"Human Transit" 16412: 16411: 16407: 16398: 16394: 16389:. No. 122. 16379: 16375: 16367: 16363: 16353: 16351: 16350:on 9 March 2015 16342: 16341: 16337: 16324: 16323: 16319: 16310: 16309: 16305: 16294: 16290: 16280: 16278: 16263: 16262: 16258: 16250: 16246: 16236: 16234: 16226: 16225: 16218: 16208: 16206: 16198: 16197: 16193: 16183: 16181: 16166: 16165: 16158: 16137: 16136: 16132: 16122: 16121: 16117: 16105: 16104: 16100: 16088: 16087: 16083: 16073: 16072: 16068: 16058: 16056: 16049:Railway Gazette 16043:UK, DVV Media. 16041: 16037: 16027: 16025: 16016: 16015: 16011: 16003: 15999: 15990: 15989: 15985: 15979:Wayback Machine 15970: 15966: 15956: 15954: 15950: 15949: 15945: 15937: 15933: 15923: 15921: 15920:. December 2007 15912: 15911: 15907: 15899: 15895: 15885: 15883: 15882:on 2 April 2019 15874: 15873: 15869: 15861: 15857: 15847: 15845: 15835: 15831: 15820: 15816: 15809: 15805: 15797:Fasting, Kåre: 15796: 15792: 15782: 15780: 15779:on 4 March 2012 15771: 15770: 15766: 15756: 15754: 15745: 15744: 15740: 15730: 15728: 15719: 15718: 15714: 15704: 15702: 15693: 15692: 15688: 15678: 15676: 15667: 15666: 15662: 15652: 15650: 15642: 15641: 15637: 15629: 15625: 15613: 15599: 15598: 15594: 15584: 15582: 15569: 15568: 15564: 15552: 15540: 15539: 15535: 15527: 15518: 15510: 15501: 15491: 15489: 15478: 15474: 15431: 15427: 15412: 15408: 15398: 15396: 15395:on 3 March 2009 15385: 15381: 15371: 15369: 15360: 15359: 15355: 15340: 15336: 15295: 15286: 15278: 15274: 15266: 15262: 15252: 15250: 15241: 15240: 15236: 15226: 15224: 15211: 15210: 15206: 15196: 15194: 15189: 15188: 15184: 15174: 15172: 15167: 15166: 15162: 15152: 15150: 15142: 15141: 15137: 15129: 15125: 15115: 15113: 15104: 15103: 15099: 15084: 15080: 15070: 15068: 15064: 15063: 15059: 15049: 15047: 15038: 15037: 15033: 15023: 15021: 15012: 15011: 15007: 14997: 14995: 14989: 14985: 14975: 14973: 14965: 14964: 14960: 14947: 14946: 14942: 14932: 14930: 14919: 14918: 14914: 14906: 14902: 14894: 14887: 14877: 14875: 14867: 14866: 14862: 14854: 14850: 14842: 14838: 14828: 14826: 14809: 14805: 14797: 14793: 14783: 14781: 14772: 14771: 14767: 14762: 14758: 14748: 14746: 14737: 14736: 14732: 14721:Merriam Webster 14715: 14714: 14710: 14700: 14698: 14690: 14689: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14669: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14631: 14626: 14620: 14613: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14603:4 ft  14602: 14598: 14596: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14496: 14491: 14362: 14357: 14338:Trams in Europe 14328:Trams in Africa 14323: 14321:Trams by region 14312: 14301: 14294: 14287: 14280: 14277: 14239: 14231:New South Wales 14208:tourist trolley 14052:Desert of Maine 14044: 14028:French language 13963: 13947: 13940: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13930:4 ft  13929: 13925: 13918: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13908:4 ft  13907: 13903: 13899: 13856: 13850: 13780: 13774: 13752: 13734: 13720: 13698: 13689:Greater Mendoza 13623: 13618: 13612: 13590: 13390: 13385: 13375: 13276: 13169:Flexity Outlook 13126: 13070: 13064: 13046:(opened 1979), 13042:(opened 1965), 13038:(opened 1963), 12978: 12972: 12948: 12936:Southern France 12932:Aubagne tramway 12927: 12922: 12920:Trams in Europe 12916: 12869: 12840: 12826: 12821: 12812: 12791: 12777: 12759: 12724: 12709:in 1954 and in 12686: 12622: 12617: 12611: 12606: 12600: 12538: 12435: 12429: 12426: 12423: 12414: 12410: 12403: 12386: 12319:DART light rail 12311: 12222: 12217: 12211: 12164:British English 12151: 12147: 12145: 12141: 12125: 12113:Main articles: 12111: 12060: 11979:Altrincham Line 11870: 11861: 11850: 11844: 11841: 11830: 11822:This section's 11818: 11814: 11803: 11792: 11786: 11783: 11740: 11738: 11724: 11712: 11701: 11666:Škoda Transtech 11644:Stadler-Vossloh 11543: 11535:low-floor trams 11519: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11512: 11511: 11510: 11502: 11501: 11490: 11484: 11456: 11450: 11415:Alphonse Loubat 11360: 11348:Main articles: 11346: 11313: 11289: 11281:Leipzigerstraße 11143: 11099: 11093: 11053:supercapacitors 11018: 11006:Main articles: 11004: 10980: 10959: 10954: 10907: 10877: 10865:low-floor trams 10833: 10797: 10775:In March 2015, 10773: 10725: 10723:Convict tramway 10719: 10706:Mekarski system 10698: 10617: 10423:its tram system 10288:electric shocks 10282:, limiting the 10233:Cleveland, Ohio 10205:Whitaker Wright 10174: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10157:2 ft  10156: 10125:Fyodor Pirotsky 10098: 10092: 10072:Lytham St Annes 10028: 10026:Gas fossil fuel 9973: 9774: 9768: 9692:New South Wales 9652: 9642: 9619:South Australia 9520:Santiago, Chile 9469:Alphonse Loubat 9438:John Stephenson 9387: 9381: 9356: 9347: 9341: 9338: 9323: 9318:, specifically 9307: 9303: 9296: 9290: 9173:) is a type of 9151: 9113: 9010: 8959:Special systems 8954: 8920:Inter-city rail 8905:Passenger train 8830: 8785:Railway station 8762: 8761: 8718: 8707: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8689: 8683: 8680: 8665: 8656: 8652: 8641: 8630: 8624: 8621: 8618: 8606: 8602: 8591: 8585: 8582: 8575: 8563: 8559: 8548: 8537: 8531: 8528: 8485: 8483: 8473: 8461: 8420: 8416: 8381: 8378:trackless train 8374: 8363: 8352: 8341: 8332: 8321: 8310: 8299: 8288: 8277: 8268: 8257: 8246: 8237: 8226: 8215: 8204: 8193: 8182: 8171: 8160: 8151: 8140: 8129: 8118: 8107: 8096: 8085: 8074: 8063: 8052: 8041: 8030: 8019: 8008: 7997: 7986: 7975: 7964: 7953: 7942: 7931: 7920: 7909: 7898: 7887: 7876: 7865: 7854: 7843: 7832: 7821: 7810: 7799: 7788: 7777: 7766: 7755: 7744: 7733: 7724: 7713: 7702: 7691: 7680: 7669: 7658: 7647: 7636: 7625: 7614: 7603: 7592: 7581: 7570: 7559: 7548: 7537: 7526: 7515: 7504: 7493: 7482: 7471: 7460: 7459:| last = Dunbar 7449: 7438: 7427: 7416: 7405: 7396: 7385: 7376: 7365: 7354: 7343: 7332: 7321: 7310: 7299: 7288: 7287:| newspaper = ] 7277: 7266: 7255: 7244: 7233: 7222: 7211: 7200: 7189: 7178: 7167: 7156: 7145: 7144:| newspaper = ] 7134: 7123: 7112: 7101: 7090: 7079: 7068: 7057: 7046: 7035: 7024: 7013: 7012:| newspaper = ] 7002: 6991: 6980: 6969: 6968:{{Reflist|refs= 6958: 6947: 6936: 6927: 6916: 6905: 6896: 6885: 6874: 6863: 6852: 6841: 6830: 6819: 6808: 6797: 6786: 6775: 6764: 6753: 6742: 6731: 6720: 6709: 6698: 6687: 6678: 6667: 6656: 6645: 6634: 6623: 6612: 6601: 6590: 6579: 6568: 6557: 6546: 6535: 6524: 6513: 6506: 6497: 6486: 6475: 6464: 6453: 6442: 6431: 6420: 6409: 6398: 6387: 6376: 6365: 6356: 6345: 6334: 6323: 6312: 6301: 6290: 6279: 6268: 6257: 6248: 6237: 6226: 6217: 6206: 6195: 6186: 6174: 6163: 6154: 6143: 6134: 6122: 6111: 6102: 6090: 6081: 6069: 6060: 6048: 6037: 6026: 6017: 6005: 5994: 5983: 5974: 5962: 5953: 5941: 5932: 5920: 5908: 5899: 5887: 5876: 5865: 5854: 5845: 5834: 5823: 5812: 5801: 5790: 5779: 5768: 5759: 5748: 5737: 5728: 5717: 5706: 5697: 5686: 5685:==== Chile ==== 5675: 5666: 5655: 5644: 5635: 5624: 5615: 5604: 5595: 5584: 5575: 5564: 5553: 5544: 5533: 5522: 5513: 5502: 5491: 5480: 5471: 5460: 5449: 5438: 5429: 5418: 5409: 5398: 5387: 5376: 5365: 5354: 5343: 5332: 5323: 5312: 5301: 5292: 5280: 5271: 5259: 5248: 5237: 5228: 5216: 5207: 5196: 5185: 5174: 5165: 5153: 5142: 5131: 5122: 5110: 5101: 5090: 5081: 5069: 5058: 5049: 5038: 5027: 5018: 5006: 4995: 4984: 4975: 4963: 4952: 4943: 4932: 4921: 4912: 4901: 4892: 4881: 4870: 4861: 4850: 4839: 4830: 4819: 4808: 4799: 4788: 4777: 4766: 4757: 4746: 4745:==== Japan ==== 4735: 4726: 4715: 4704: 4695: 4684: 4673: 4662: 4651: 4640: 4631: 4620: 4609: 4608:==== India ==== 4598: 4589: 4578: 4567: 4556: 4555:==== China ==== 4545: 4536: 4525: 4514: 4505: 4494: 4483: 4474: 4462: 4451: 4440: 4431: 4420: 4409: 4398: 4387: 4376: 4365: 4354: 4343: 4332: 4321: 4310: 4299: 4288: 4277: 4266: 4255: 4244: 4235: 4224: 4223:{{col div end}} 4213: 4202: 4191: 4180: 4169: 4158: 4147: 4136: 4125: 4114: 4103: 4092: 4081: 4080:{{col div end}} 4070: 4059: 4048: 4037: 4026: 4015: 4004: 3993: 3982: 3971: 3960: 3948: 3937: 3926: 3917: 3906: 3895: 3886: 3874: 3865: 3853: 3844: 3832: 3823: 3812: 3803: 3791: 3780: 3769: 3758: 3747: 3736: 3725: 3714: 3705: 3694: 3683: 3672: 3661: 3650: 3639: 3628: 3617: 3608: 3597: 3586: 3575: 3564: 3553: 3542: 3531: 3520: 3509: 3498: 3487: 3476: 3465: 3454: 3443: 3432: 3421: 3410: 3399: 3388: 3377: 3368: 3357: 3346: 3335: 3326: 3315: 3304: 3293: 3282: 3271: 3260: 3249: 3238: 3227: 3216: 3205: 3194: 3183: 3172: 3161: 3150: 3139: 3128: 3117: 3106: 3095: 3084: 3073: 3062: 3051: 3040: 3029: 3018: 3007: 2996: 2985: 2976: 2965: 2956: 2955:131</ref> 2944: 2933: 2924: 2912: 2901: 2890: 2879: 2868: 2857: 2846: 2835: 2834:| align = right 2824: 2813: 2802: 2801:===Tram stop=== 2791: 2782: 2770: 2761: 2749: 2738: 2737:==Track gauge== 2727: 2718: 2706: 2697: 2685: 2676: 2664: 2653: 2642: 2631: 2622: 2611: 2600: 2591: 2580: 2569: 2560: 2548: 2539: 2527: 2518: 2507: 2496: 2485: 2474: 2463: 2452: 2441: 2432: 2421: 2412: 2400: 2391: 2379: 2370: 2359: 2348: 2337: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2295: 2284: 2273: 2262: 2253: 2241: 2230: 2221: 2209: 2198: 2187: 2178: 2177:{{col div end}} 2167: 2156: 2145: 2134: 2123: 2112: 2101: 2090: 2079: 2068: 2057: 2046: 2035: 2024: 2013: 2004: 1992: 1981: 1972: 1961: 1952: 1940: 1929: 1920: 1908: 1897: 1888: 1876: 1867: 1855: 1844: 1833: 1822: 1813: 1801: 1789: 1778: 1769: 1757: 1748: 1737: 1736:====Battery==== 1726: 1717: 1705: 1696: 1684: 1675: 1663: 1654: 1642: 1633: 1621: 1612: 1600: 1589: 1578: 1566: 1557: 1546: 1537: 1526: 1515: 1504: 1493: 1482: 1471: 1460: 1449: 1438: 1427: 1416: 1405: 1396: 1384: 1375: 1363: 1354: 1342: 1333: 1321: 1312: 1300: 1289: 1277: 1266: 1255: 1244: 1235: 1223: 1214: 1202: 1191: 1182: 1171: 1160: 1149: 1140: 1128: 1119: 1107: 1096: 1084: 1075: 1064: 1055: 1043: 1034: 1022: 1011: 999: 990: 978: 969: 957: 946: 935: 924: 915: 903: 894: 882: 873: 861: 850: 839: 828: 819: 807: 798: 786: 785:] until 1917.]] 775: 763: 754: 742: 731: 717: 708: 695: 686: 675: 666: 654: 649: 642: 630: 619: 606: 597: 586: 581: 574: 560: 550: 539: 534: 527: 514: 505: 494: 489: 480: 468: 459: 458:{{toc limit|3}} 446: 436: 424: 419: 410: 401: 389: 384: 377: 366: 355: 344: 333: 322: 311: 300: 289: 276: 266: 253: 244: 231: 222: 203: 197: 192: 190: 172:Undid revision 171: 169: 168: 167: 163: 161: 145: 143: 138: 132: 127: 119: 117:← Previous edit 114: 112:No edit summary 111: 109: 102: 100: 95: 89: 81: 80: 79: 78: 76: 75: 74: 73: 72: 71: 62: 58: 52: 50: 45: 42: 40: 37: 35:Content deleted 34: 31: 29:← Previous edit 26: 25: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 21172: 21162: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21139:Tram transport 21124: 21123: 21109: 21106: 21105: 21103: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21082: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21050:Land transport 21047: 21042: 21037: 21032: 21027: 21022: 21016: 21014: 21010: 21009: 21007: 21006: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20985: 20983: 20977: 20976: 20974: 20973: 20968: 20963: 20958: 20953: 20951:Transit police 20948: 20943: 20938: 20933: 20931:Rail subsidies 20928: 20923: 20918: 20912: 20910: 20906: 20905: 20903: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 20872: 20866: 20864: 20860: 20859: 20857: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20830: 20828: 20824: 20823: 20821: 20820: 20815: 20810: 20805: 20803:Network length 20800: 20795: 20789: 20787: 20783: 20782: 20780: 20779: 20774: 20769: 20767:Ticket machine 20764: 20750: 20745: 20740: 20735: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20715: 20710: 20705: 20700: 20695: 20690: 20688:Fare avoidance 20685: 20680: 20675: 20670: 20665: 20659: 20657: 20646: 20645: 20643: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20597: 20592: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20570:Ferry terminal 20567: 20562: 20557: 20552: 20547: 20542: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20521: 20519: 20515: 20514: 20512: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20486: 20481: 20479:Moving walkway 20476: 20471: 20466: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20450: 20449: 20444: 20434: 20429: 20423: 20421: 20415: 20414: 20412: 20411: 20406: 20404:Moving walkway 20401: 20396: 20390: 20388: 20381: 20380: 20378: 20377: 20372: 20371: 20370: 20365: 20355: 20350: 20345: 20340: 20335: 20333:Aerial tramway 20329: 20327: 20321: 20320: 20318: 20317: 20312: 20307: 20302: 20297: 20292: 20287: 20281: 20279: 20273: 20272: 20270: 20269: 20264: 20259: 20254: 20249: 20243: 20241: 20235: 20234: 20232: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20145: 20144: 20139: 20129: 20127:Cycle rickshaw 20124: 20119: 20114: 20108: 20106: 20098: 20097: 20095: 20094: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20077:Street running 20074: 20069: 20068: 20067: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20037: 20032: 20027: 20022: 20017: 20012: 20007: 20002: 19997: 19992: 19991: 19990: 19980: 19975: 19970: 19965: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19934: 19933: 19922: 19920: 19914: 19913: 19911: 19910: 19905: 19900: 19895: 19890: 19885: 19880: 19875: 19870: 19865: 19864: 19863: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19833: 19828: 19823: 19822: 19821: 19816: 19805: 19803: 19797: 19796: 19789: 19788: 19781: 19774: 19766: 19760: 19759: 19754: 19746: 19730: 19720:Chisholm, Hugh 19707: 19706:External links 19704: 19702: 19701: 19699:Ian Allan Ltd. 19683: 19668: 19654: 19640: 19626: 19611: 19596: 19581: 19574: 19559: 19540: 19539: 19525: 19511: 19497: 19482: 19481: 19474: 19459: 19444: 19427: 19412: 19390: 19383: 19364: 19357: 19342: 19335: 19320: 19305: 19298: 19291: 19272: 19257: 19250: 19231: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19215: 19210:978-1612435763 19209: 19196: 19191:978-1482262155 19190: 19177: 19171: 19156: 19147: 19141: 19126: 19120: 19100: 19070: 19065:978-0964446601 19064: 19051: 19006: 18993: 18975:Hughes, Robert 18971: 18958: 18939: 18933: 18920: 18914: 18899: 18885: 18868: 18848:Duden (2001). 18844: 18842: 18839: 18836: 18835: 18831:Middleton 1967 18823: 18814:etymonline.com 18801: 18789: 18763: 18751: 18733: 18707: 18681: 18655: 18629: 18603: 18577: 18551: 18525: 18499: 18473: 18451: 18429: 18404: 18378: 18361: 18332: 18301: 18271: 18245: 18216: 18201: 18183: 18159: 18129: 18097: 18056: 18025: 17988: 17948: 17911: 17885: 17853: 17839: 17825: 17798: 17787: 17762: 17733: 17714:Sandi, Gabor. 17706: 17687:Sandi, Gabor. 17679: 17668: 17642: 17623:Sandi, Gabor. 17615: 17589: 17549:(UITP), 2014± 17535: 17530:"DPP v datech" 17521: 17504:"Phoenix 2005" 17502:Sandi, Gabor. 17494: 17468: 17449:Sandi, Gabor. 17441: 17415: 17389: 17363: 17339: 17322:"Leipzig 2015" 17320:Sandi, Gabor. 17312: 17286: 17259: 17232: 17206: 17184: 17165:Sandi, Gabor. 17157: 17131: 17112:Sandi, Gabor. 17104: 17085:Sandi, Gabor. 17077: 17066:on 31 May 2013 17051: 17029: 17003: 16984:Sandi, Gabor. 16976: 16951: 16928: 16905: 16879: 16842: 16827: 16802: 16770: 16744: 16718: 16696: 16662: 16636: 16611: 16582: 16565: 16524: 16510: 16496: 16481: 16455: 16423: 16405: 16392: 16373: 16361: 16335: 16317: 16303: 16288: 16256: 16244: 16216: 16204:Tasman Council 16191: 16156: 16130: 16115: 16098: 16081: 16066: 16035: 16009: 15997: 15983: 15964: 15943: 15931: 15918:JFS Newsletter 15905: 15893: 15867: 15855: 15843:dpti.sa.gov.au 15829: 15814: 15803: 15790: 15764: 15738: 15723:. Hampage.hu. 15712: 15686: 15660: 15635: 15633:, p. 128. 15623: 15611:newspapers.com 15592: 15562: 15550:Newspapers.com 15533: 15531:, p. 142. 15516: 15499: 15472: 15425: 15406: 15379: 15353: 15334: 15284: 15272: 15260: 15234: 15204: 15182: 15160: 15135: 15123: 15097: 15078: 15057: 15031: 15005: 14983: 14958: 14940: 14922:"Near and far" 14912: 14900: 14885: 14860: 14848: 14836: 14803: 14791: 14765: 14756: 14730: 14708: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14668: 14667: 14622:standard gauge 14589: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14508: 14503: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14457:Reserved track 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14311: 14308: 14307: 14306: 14292: 14276: 14273: 14238: 14235: 14173:folk etymology 14165:overhead wires 14114:English Canada 14043: 14040: 14013:Middle Flemish 13962: 13959: 13849: 13848:Tram modelling 13846: 13845: 13844: 13833: 13822: 13815: 13799: 13773: 13770: 13769: 13768: 13765:Alstom Citadis 13751: 13748: 13747: 13746: 13733: 13730: 13729: 13728: 13719: 13716: 13715: 13714: 13707:Rio de Janeiro 13697: 13694: 13693: 13692: 13672: 13671: 13659: 13658: 13622: 13619: 13614:Main article: 13611: 13608: 13607: 13606: 13596:A painting of 13589: 13586: 13585: 13584: 13581:Sunshine Coast 13573: 13558: 13531: 13530: 13519: 13502: 13498: 13494: 13486: 13389: 13386: 13374: 13371: 13275: 13272: 13125: 13122: 13078:aerial tramway 13066:Main article: 13063: 13060: 13056:Beamish Museum 13052:Wirral Tramway 13044:Heaton Tramway 13032:Seaton Tramway 12974:Main article: 12971: 12970:United Kingdom 12968: 12959:European Union 12947: 12944: 12926: 12923: 12918:Main article: 12915: 12912: 12911: 12910: 12882: 12881: 12868: 12865: 12864: 12863: 12839: 12836: 12835: 12834: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12806: 12799: 12790: 12787: 12786: 12785: 12776: 12773: 12772: 12771: 12758: 12755: 12754: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12723: 12720: 12719: 12718: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12680: 12628: 12627: 12621: 12618: 12613:Main article: 12610: 12607: 12602:Main article: 12599: 12596: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12517: 12514: 12511: 12508: 12505: 12502: 12498: 12495: 12491: 12488: 12485: 12467: 12466: 12443: 12437: 12436: 12417: 12415: 12408: 12402: 12399: 12385: 12384: 12378: 12372: 12366: 12360: 12354: 12348: 12342: 12336: 12330: 12315: 12310: 12309: 12303: 12297: 12291: 12285: 12279: 12273: 12267: 12261: 12254: 12221: 12218: 12213:Main article: 12210: 12207: 12146: 12140: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12105: 12098: 12087: 12079: 12076: 12072: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12047: 12044: 12041: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12014: 11959: 11956: 11949: 11946: 11938: 11934: 11931: 11927: 11907: 11906: 11869: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11821: 11819: 11812: 11805: 11804: 11729:. Please help 11715: 11713: 11706: 11700: 11697: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11684: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11674: 11673: 11670: 11667: 11663: 11662: 11659: 11656: 11652: 11651: 11648: 11645: 11641: 11640: 11637: 11634: 11630: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11620: 11619: 11616: 11613: 11609: 11608: 11605: 11602: 11598: 11597: 11594: 11591: 11587: 11586: 11583: 11580: 11576: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11565: 11564: 11561: 11558: 11542: 11539: 11514: 11513: 11504: 11503: 11495: 11494: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11486:Main article: 11483: 11480: 11468:standard gauge 11452:Main article: 11449: 11446: 11434:gauntlet track 11354:gauntlet track 11345: 11342: 11330:induction loop 11312: 11309: 11288: 11285: 11244: 11243: 11236: 11221: 11210: 11195: 11142: 11139: 11095:Main article: 11092: 11089: 11045:bow collectors 11033:overhead lines 11025:Overhead lines 11003: 11000: 10979: 10976: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10911: 10905:Types of trams 10903:Main article: 10876: 10873: 10861:Alstom Citadis 10832: 10829: 10825:Darling Street 10813:reserved track 10809:street running 10796: 10793: 10772: 10769: 10764:Eaglehawk Neck 10721:Main article: 10718: 10715: 10702:compressed air 10697: 10696:Compressed air 10694: 10687:Grade I listed 10616: 10613: 10595:, France (the 10396: 10395: 10392: 10389: 10386: 10383: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10360: 10314:electric motor 10272:overhead wires 10213:electric trams 10109:overhead wires 10094:Main article: 10091: 10088: 10054:, Germany; in 10027: 10024: 9972: 9969: 9894:infrastructure 9770:Main article: 9767: 9764: 9641: 9638: 9587:Celaya, Mexico 9548:potato pickers 9512:tram in Sydney 9510:A horse-drawn 9444:ran along the 9383:Main article: 9380: 9377: 9355: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9310: 9308: 9301: 9292:Main article: 9289: 9286: 9218:sliding on an 9187:tramway tracks 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9102: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9017: 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3118: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3028:! Manufacturer 3027: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2900:| width2 = 180 2899: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2867:| width1 = 200 2866: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2240:===Controls=== 2239: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1907:===Hydrogen=== 1906: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1254:===Electric=== 1253: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 987: 985: 983: 980: 979: 976: 974: 971: 970: 966: 964: 962: 959: 958: 955: 953: 951: 948: 947: 944: 942: 940: 937: 936: 933: 931: 929: 926: 925: 922: 920: 917: 916: 912: 910: 908: 905: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 891: 889: 887: 884: 883: 880: 878: 875: 874: 870: 868: 866: 863: 862: 859: 857: 855: 852: 851: 848: 846: 844: 841: 840: 837: 835: 833: 830: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 816: 814: 812: 809: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 795: 793: 791: 788: 787: 784: 782: 780: 777: 776: 772: 770: 768: 765: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 751: 749: 747: 744: 743: 740: 738: 736: 733: 732: 728: 726: 724: 721: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 706: 704: 702: 699: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 676: 674:== See also == 673: 671: 668: 667: 663: 661: 659: 656: 655: 652: 650: 647: 644: 643: 639: 637: 635: 632: 631: 628: 626: 624: 621: 620: 617: 615: 613: 610: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 598: 595: 593: 591: 588: 587: 584: 582: 579: 576: 575: 571: 569: 567: 564: 563: 561: 557: 555: 552: 551: 548: 546: 544: 541: 540: 537: 535: 532: 529: 528: 525: 523: 521: 518: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 503: 501: 499: 496: 495: 492: 490: 487: 484: 483: 481: 477: 475: 472: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 457: 455: 453: 450: 449: 447: 443: 441: 438: 437: 433: 431: 429: 426: 425: 422: 420: 417: 414: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 398: 396: 394: 391: 390: 387: 385: 382: 379: 378: 375: 373: 371: 368: 367: 364: 362: 360: 357: 356: 353: 351: 349: 346: 345: 342: 340: 338: 335: 334: 331: 329: 327: 324: 323: 320: 318: 316: 313: 312: 309: 307: 305: 302: 301: 298: 296: 294: 291: 290: 287: 285: 283: 280: 279: 277: 273: 271: 268: 267: 264: 262: 260: 257: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 242: 240: 238: 235: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 220: 218: 216: 213: 212: 209: 205: 204: 162: 157: 156: 141: 120: 98: 67: 61: 59: 41: 33: 27: 23: 22: 14: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21171: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21144:Tram vehicles 21142: 21140: 21137: 21136: 21134: 21121: 21120: 21115: 21107: 21101: 21100:Micromobility 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21045:Hail and ride 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21021: 21018: 21017: 21015: 21011: 21005: 21002: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20986: 20984: 20978: 20972: 20969: 20967: 20964: 20962: 20959: 20957: 20954: 20952: 20949: 20947: 20944: 20942: 20939: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20924: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20913: 20911: 20907: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20881: 20878: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20867: 20865: 20861: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20831: 20829: 20825: 20819: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20809: 20806: 20804: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20794: 20791: 20790: 20788: 20784: 20778: 20775: 20773: 20770: 20768: 20765: 20762: 20758: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20746: 20744: 20741: 20739: 20736: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20714: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20701: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20689: 20686: 20684: 20681: 20679: 20676: 20674: 20671: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20661: 20660: 20658: 20656: 20651: 20647: 20641: 20640:Transport hub 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20625:Train station 20623: 20621: 20620:Taxicab stand 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20605:Park and ride 20603: 20601: 20600:Metro station 20598: 20596: 20593: 20591: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20536: 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20522: 20520: 20516: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20440: 20439: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20424: 20422: 20416: 20410: 20407: 20405: 20402: 20400: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20382: 20376: 20373: 20369: 20366: 20364: 20361: 20360: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20343:Cable railway 20341: 20339: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20330: 20328: 20326: 20322: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20306: 20303: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20283: 20282: 20280: 20278: 20274: 20268: 20265: 20263: 20260: 20258: 20255: 20253: 20250: 20248: 20245: 20244: 20242: 20240: 20236: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20135: 20134: 20133: 20130: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20120: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20109: 20107: 20105: 20099: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20072:Regional rail 20070: 20066: 20063: 20062: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20013: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19996: 19993: 19989: 19986: 19985: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19953:Commuter rail 19951: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19932: 19929: 19928: 19927: 19924: 19923: 19921: 19919: 19915: 19909: 19906: 19904: 19901: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19889: 19886: 19884: 19881: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19862: 19859: 19858: 19857: 19856:Intercity bus 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19811: 19810: 19807: 19806: 19804: 19802: 19798: 19794: 19787: 19782: 19780: 19775: 19773: 19768: 19767: 19764: 19758: 19755: 19752: 19751: 19747: 19743: 19742: 19736: 19731: 19727: 19726: 19721: 19716: 19710: 19709: 19700: 19696: 19695:0-7110-1989-4 19692: 19688: 19684: 19681: 19680:1-85260-549-9 19677: 19673: 19669: 19666: 19665:0-948106-18-2 19662: 19658: 19655: 19652: 19651:3-926524-23-5 19648: 19644: 19641: 19638: 19637:3-926524-15-4 19634: 19630: 19627: 19624: 19623:1-86934-037-X 19620: 19616: 19612: 19609: 19605: 19601: 19597: 19594: 19593:3-921679-46-X 19590: 19586: 19582: 19579: 19575: 19572: 19571:3-921679-38-9 19568: 19564: 19560: 19556: 19549: 19548: 19542: 19541: 19537: 19536:0-948619-06-6 19533: 19529: 19526: 19523: 19522:0-948619-01-5 19519: 19515: 19512: 19509: 19508:0-948619-00-7 19505: 19501: 19498: 19495: 19494:1-898319-02-2 19491: 19487: 19484: 19483: 19479: 19475: 19472: 19471:3-88490-152-4 19468: 19464: 19460: 19457: 19456:0-9622348-3-4 19453: 19449: 19445: 19442: 19441:0-9622348-2-6 19438: 19434: 19433: 19428: 19425: 19424:0-9622348-1-8 19421: 19417: 19413: 19410: 19406: 19405:0-89024-013-2 19402: 19398: 19394: 19391: 19388: 19384: 19381: 19377: 19376:0-948106-19-0 19373: 19369: 19365: 19362: 19358: 19355: 19354:0-8047-3051-2 19351: 19347: 19343: 19340: 19336: 19333: 19332:0-908573-50-2 19329: 19325: 19321: 19318: 19317:0-900433-97-3 19314: 19310: 19306: 19303: 19299: 19296: 19292: 19289: 19285: 19284:0-900433-96-5 19281: 19277: 19273: 19270: 19269:0-949825-01-8 19266: 19262: 19258: 19255: 19251: 19248: 19244: 19243:0-900433-03-5 19240: 19236: 19232: 19229: 19225: 19224: 19212: 19206: 19202: 19197: 19193: 19187: 19184:. CRC Press. 19183: 19178: 19174: 19168: 19164: 19163: 19157: 19153: 19148: 19144: 19138: 19135:. MIT Press. 19134: 19133: 19127: 19123: 19121:0-89024-013-2 19117: 19113: 19109: 19105: 19101: 19097: 19086: 19082: 19081: 19076: 19071: 19067: 19061: 19057: 19052: 19048: 19036: 19021: 19017: 19016: 19011: 19010:Malone, Dumas 19007: 18996: 18994:9781407054070 18990: 18986: 18982: 18981: 18976: 18972: 18969: 18965: 18961: 18955: 18951: 18947: 18946: 18940: 18936: 18930: 18926: 18921: 18917: 18911: 18907: 18906: 18900: 18896: 18892: 18888: 18886:9780753709702 18882: 18877: 18876: 18869: 18865: 18859: 18851: 18846: 18845: 18832: 18827: 18819: 18815: 18811: 18805: 18798: 18793: 18777: 18773: 18767: 18761:, p. 859 18760: 18755: 18747: 18743: 18737: 18721: 18717: 18711: 18695: 18691: 18685: 18669: 18665: 18659: 18643: 18639: 18633: 18617: 18613: 18607: 18591: 18587: 18581: 18565: 18561: 18555: 18539: 18535: 18529: 18513: 18509: 18503: 18488: 18484: 18477: 18461: 18455: 18439: 18433: 18417: 18414: 18408: 18392: 18388: 18382: 18375: 18372:– article in 18371: 18365: 18358: 18355: 18349: 18345: 18344: 18336: 18320: 18316: 18312: 18305: 18289: 18285: 18281: 18275: 18259: 18255: 18249: 18241: 18237: 18233: 18229: 18228: 18220: 18212: 18205: 18197: 18193: 18187: 18179: 18175: 18174: 18169: 18163: 18147: 18143: 18139: 18133: 18117: 18113: 18112: 18107: 18101: 18085: 18081: 18077: 18073: 18072: 18067: 18060: 18044: 18040: 18039:National Post 18036: 18029: 18022: 18009: 18005: 18004: 17999: 17992: 17985: 17972: 17968: 17967: 17962: 17958: 17952: 17945: 17932: 17928: 17927: 17922: 17915: 17900: 17896: 17889: 17870: 17863: 17857: 17849: 17843: 17835: 17829: 17813: 17809: 17802: 17791: 17784: 17772: 17766: 17759: 17748: 17744: 17737: 17721: 17717: 17710: 17694: 17690: 17683: 17672: 17656: 17652: 17646: 17630: 17626: 17619: 17604: 17603:Pražský Deník 17600: 17593: 17585: 17579: 17560: 17553: 17548: 17544: 17539: 17531: 17525: 17509: 17505: 17498: 17482: 17478: 17472: 17456: 17452: 17445: 17429: 17425: 17419: 17403: 17399: 17393: 17377: 17373: 17367: 17349: 17343: 17327: 17323: 17316: 17300: 17296: 17290: 17274: 17270: 17263: 17247: 17243: 17236: 17220: 17216: 17210: 17202: 17198: 17197:UrbanRail.Net 17194: 17188: 17172: 17168: 17161: 17141: 17135: 17119: 17115: 17114:"Moscow 2016" 17108: 17092: 17088: 17081: 17065: 17061: 17055: 17047: 17043: 17042:UrbanRail.net 17039: 17033: 17017: 17013: 17007: 16991: 16987: 16980: 16972: 16968: 16964: 16958: 16956: 16947: 16943: 16939: 16932: 16924: 16920: 16916: 16909: 16893: 16889: 16883: 16864: 16860: 16853: 16846: 16838: 16831: 16816: 16815:urbanrail.net 16812: 16806: 16791: 16787: 16783: 16782: 16774: 16758: 16754: 16748: 16732: 16728: 16722: 16715: 16711: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16684: 16680: 16679:.drive.com.au 16678: 16673: 16666: 16650: 16646: 16640: 16625: 16621: 16615: 16599: 16595: 16589: 16587: 16575: 16569: 16561: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16543: 16539: 16535: 16528: 16520: 16514: 16506: 16500: 16492: 16485: 16469: 16465: 16459: 16440: 16433: 16427: 16419: 16415: 16409: 16402: 16399:Mike Taplin, 16396: 16388: 16387:Rail Engineer 16384: 16377: 16370: 16365: 16349: 16345: 16339: 16331: 16327: 16321: 16313: 16307: 16299: 16292: 16276: 16275:Fairfax Media 16272: 16271: 16266: 16260: 16253: 16248: 16233: 16229: 16223: 16221: 16205: 16201: 16195: 16179: 16178:Fairfax Media 16175: 16174: 16169: 16163: 16161: 16152: 16148: 16144: 16140: 16134: 16126: 16119: 16111: 16110: 16102: 16094: 16093: 16085: 16077: 16070: 16054: 16050: 16046: 16039: 16023: 16019: 16013: 16006: 16001: 15993: 15987: 15980: 15976: 15973: 15972:Wordpress.com 15968: 15953: 15947: 15940: 15939:Freedman 2011 15935: 15919: 15915: 15909: 15902: 15897: 15881: 15877: 15871: 15864: 15859: 15844: 15840: 15833: 15826: 15823: 15818: 15812: 15807: 15800: 15794: 15778: 15774: 15768: 15752: 15748: 15742: 15726: 15722: 15716: 15700: 15696: 15690: 15674: 15670: 15664: 15649: 15645: 15639: 15632: 15627: 15617: 15612: 15608: 15607: 15602: 15596: 15580: 15576: 15572: 15566: 15556: 15551: 15547: 15543: 15537: 15530: 15525: 15523: 15521: 15513: 15508: 15506: 15504: 15487: 15483: 15476: 15468: 15464: 15460: 15456: 15452: 15448: 15445:(1): 92–101. 15444: 15440: 15436: 15429: 15421: 15417: 15410: 15394: 15390: 15383: 15367: 15363: 15357: 15349: 15345: 15338: 15330: 15326: 15321: 15320:11577/3340486 15316: 15312: 15308: 15304: 15300: 15293: 15291: 15289: 15281: 15276: 15270:, p. 156 15269: 15268:Pyrgidis 2016 15264: 15248: 15244: 15238: 15222: 15218: 15214: 15208: 15192: 15186: 15170: 15164: 15149: 15145: 15139: 15133:, p. 179 15132: 15127: 15111: 15107: 15101: 15093: 15089: 15082: 15067: 15061: 15045: 15041: 15035: 15019: 15015: 15009: 14994: 14987: 14972: 14968: 14962: 14954: 14950: 14944: 14928: 14923: 14916: 14910:, p. 21. 14909: 14904: 14898:, p. 18. 14897: 14892: 14890: 14874: 14870: 14864: 14857: 14852: 14846:, p. 23. 14845: 14840: 14824: 14820: 14819: 14814: 14807: 14801:, p. 15. 14800: 14795: 14779: 14775: 14769: 14760: 14744: 14740: 14734: 14726: 14722: 14718: 14712: 14697: 14693: 14687: 14683: 14660: 14650: 14648:1,067 mm 14643:1,219 mm 14640: 14634: 14627:1,422 mm 14623: 14599:1,435 mm 14594: 14590: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14501:Armoured tram 14499: 14498: 14488: 14487:Tramway track 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14364: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14325: 14318: 14317: 14304: 14303:Trains portal 14298: 14293: 14290: 14284: 14279: 14272: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14249: 14244: 14234: 14232: 14227: 14225: 14221: 14217: 14213: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14200:tourist buses 14197: 14188: 14184: 14182: 14178: 14174: 14170: 14166: 14162: 14158: 14154: 14149: 14147: 14143: 14139: 14135: 14131: 14130:trolley buses 14127: 14123: 14119: 14115: 14111: 14107: 14103: 14099: 14098:United States 14095: 14091: 14086: 14084: 14080: 14076: 14072: 14068: 14064: 14060: 14053: 14048: 14039: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14024: 14018: 14014: 14010: 14006: 14002: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13984: 13980: 13972: 13967: 13958: 13954: 13951: 13948:1,435 mm 13926:1,435 mm 13896: 13892: 13887: 13885: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13866:built into it 13865: 13860: 13855: 13842: 13838: 13837:Paul de Vivie 13834: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13808: 13804: 13800: 13796: 13793: 13789: 13786: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13767:(302) trains. 13766: 13762: 13758: 13754: 13753: 13744: 13743:Ayacucho tram 13740: 13736: 13735: 13726: 13722: 13721: 13712: 13708: 13704: 13700: 13699: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13673: 13669: 13668:Puerto Madero 13665: 13661: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13643: 13640: 13639: 13635: 13631: 13627: 13617: 13610:South America 13604: 13603: 13599: 13594: 13582: 13578: 13574: 13571: 13567: 13563: 13559: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13547: 13544: 13540: 13535: 13528: 13524: 13520: 13517: 13513: 13510: 13506: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13492: 13487: 13484: 13483:Victor Harbor 13480: 13476: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13452: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13391: 13384: 13380: 13370: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13357: 13356:Oklahoma City 13353: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13308: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13285: 13280: 13274:United States 13271: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13176: 13174: 13170: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13139: 13135: 13130: 13121: 13119: 13115: 13114:San Francisco 13111: 13107: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13069: 13062:North America 13059: 13057: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13041: 13037: 13036:Crich Tramway 13033: 13029: 13025: 13020: 13018: 13014: 13010: 13005: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12982: 12977: 12967: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12943: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12921: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12896: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12872:An extensive 12871: 12870: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12841: 12832: 12827:1,067 mm 12824: 12818: 12814: 12813: 12804: 12800: 12797: 12793: 12792: 12783: 12779: 12778: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12760: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12726: 12725: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12695: 12690: 12678: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12661: 12657: 12653: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12641: 12640:Chengdu Metro 12637: 12632: 12624: 12623: 12616: 12615:Trams in Asia 12605: 12595: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12555: 12547: 12542: 12530: 12529:Škoda ForCity 12526: 12522: 12521:CAF Urbos 3/9 12518: 12515: 12512: 12509: 12506: 12503: 12501:(305 m); 12499: 12496: 12492: 12489: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12433: 12421: 12416: 12407: 12406: 12395: 12390: 12382: 12379: 12376: 12373: 12370: 12367: 12364: 12361: 12358: 12355: 12352: 12349: 12346: 12343: 12340: 12337: 12334: 12331: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12307: 12304: 12301: 12298: 12295: 12292: 12289: 12286: 12283: 12280: 12277: 12274: 12271: 12268: 12265: 12262: 12259: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12247: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12226: 12216: 12206: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12186: 12182: 12180: 12177:By contrast, 12175: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12137: 12129: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12103: 12099: 12097:than without. 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12077: 12073: 12070: 12069: 12064: 12058:Disadvantages 12052: 12048: 12045: 12042: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12026: 12022: 12019: 12015: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11969:of which the 11968: 11964: 11960: 11957: 11954: 11950: 11947: 11944: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11928: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11916: 11911: 11904: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11886: 11879: 11874: 11859: 11856: 11848: 11838: 11834: 11828: 11827: 11820: 11811: 11810: 11801: 11798: 11790: 11779: 11776: 11772: 11769: 11765: 11762: 11758: 11755: 11751: 11748: –  11747: 11743: 11742:Find sources: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11722: 11721: 11716:This section 11714: 11710: 11705: 11704: 11692: 11689: 11686: 11685: 11682: 11679: 11676: 11675: 11671: 11668: 11665: 11664: 11660: 11657: 11654: 11653: 11649: 11646: 11643: 11642: 11638: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11628: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11617: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11606: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11595: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11584: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11573: 11570: 11567: 11566: 11562: 11559: 11557:Manufacturer 11556: 11555: 11549: 11546: 11541:Manufacturing 11538: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11508: 11499: 11489: 11479: 11477: 11476:loading gauge 11471: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11455: 11445: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11418: 11416: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11398: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11387:railroad ties 11384: 11380: 11376: 11375:rail profiles 11368: 11367:Cross section 11364: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11350:Tramway track 11341: 11339: 11338:point machine 11335: 11331: 11322: 11317: 11311:Route-setting 11308: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11294: 11284: 11282: 11277: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11241: 11237: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11160: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11147: 11138: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11121: 11112: 11108: 11105:A section of 11103: 11098: 11088: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11041:trolley poles 11038: 11034: 11026: 11022: 11017: 11013: 11009: 10999: 10997: 10996:foot controls 10993: 10992:PCC streetcar 10989: 10985: 10975: 10973: 10963: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10925:Double-Decker 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10906: 10897: 10890: 10886: 10881: 10872: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10841:rapid transit 10838: 10828: 10826: 10822: 10817: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10795:Hybrid system 10792: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10768: 10765: 10761: 10756: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10663:New York City 10660: 10656: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10636: 10634: 10626: 10621: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10581:Wolverhampton 10578: 10574: 10569: 10565: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10522: 10519:Streetcar in 10517: 10509: 10505: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10434: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10393: 10390: 10387: 10384: 10381: 10378: 10377:Lviv, Ukraine 10374: 10371: 10367: 10364: 10363:Kyiv, Ukraine 10361: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10350: 10345: 10341: 10339: 10338:multiple unit 10335: 10331: 10330:overhead wire 10327: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10292:bow collector 10289: 10285: 10281: 10275: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10264:multiple unit 10261: 10257: 10253: 10250:In 1888, the 10248: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10197: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10154: 10150: 10145: 10143: 10142:overhead wire 10139: 10135: 10131: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10097: 10087: 10083: 10081: 10077: 10076:Trafford Park 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10014:promotes its 10013: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9982: 9977: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9926:lose traction 9919: 9914: 9910: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9877:In Italy, in 9875: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9860:Highgate Hill 9857: 9853: 9849: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9830: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9813: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9802:San Francisco 9798: 9796: 9791: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9763: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9746: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9712:Gamba de Legn 9709: 9705: 9701: 9700:British India 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9647: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9615:Victor Harbor 9612: 9608: 9604: 9599: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9560: 9559:New York City 9555: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9513: 9508: 9504: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9465: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9450:Fourth Avenue 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9345: 9335: 9331: 9330:summary style 9327: 9321: 9317: 9315: 9311:This section 9309: 9300: 9299: 9295: 9285: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9228:bow collector 9225: 9221: 9220:overhead line 9217: 9213: 9212:rapid transit 9209: 9204: 9202: 9201: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9171:United States 9168: 9164: 9160: 9148: 9143: 9141: 9136: 9134: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9111: 9106: 9103: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9014: 9013: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8989:Rapid transit 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8957: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8915:Regional rail 8913: 8911: 8910:Commuter rail 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8900:Bogie (truck) 8898: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8888:Dual coupling 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8868:Railroad cars 8866: 8864: 8861: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8838: 8837:rolling stock 8834: 8833: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8797:Railway track 8795: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8770: 8766: 8765: 8758: 8757:Company types 8755: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8726: 8725: 8716: 8713: 8698: 8695: 8687: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8663: 8660:This article 8658: 8649: 8648: 8639: 8636: 8628: 8616: 8615: 8610:This article 8608: 8599: 8598: 8589: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8567:This article 8565: 8556: 8555: 8546: 8543: 8535: 8524: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8496: 8493: –  8492: 8488: 8487:Find sources: 8481: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8465:This article 8463: 8459: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8446: 8439: 8438: 8433: 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7529: 7523: 7518: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7496: 7490: 7485: 7481:| year = 1967 7479: 7474: 7468: 7463: 7457: 7452: 7448:* {{cite book 7446: 7441: 7435: 7430: 7424: 7419: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7393: 7388: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7357: 7351: 7346: 7340: 7335: 7329: 7324: 7318: 7313: 7307: 7302: 7296: 7291: 7285: 7280: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7247: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7225: 7219: 7214: 7208: 7203: 7197: 7192: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7170: 7164: 7159: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7137: 7131: 7126: 7120: 7115: 7109: 7104: 7098: 7093: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7071: 7065: 7060: 7054: 7049: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7005: 6999: 6994: 6988: 6983: 6977: 6972: 6966: 6961: 6955: 6950: 6944: 6939: 6935: 6930: 6924: 6919: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6866: 6860: 6855: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6833: 6827: 6822: 6816: 6811: 6805: 6800: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6778: 6772: 6767: 6761: 6756: 6750: 6745: 6739: 6734: 6728: 6723: 6717: 6712: 6706: 6701: 6695: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6675: 6670: 6664: 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5778:==Incidents== 5776: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5658: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5315: 5311:===Oceania=== 5309: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5204: 5199: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5014: 5009: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4946: 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Firm orders 3037: 3032: 3026: 3021: 3015: 3010: 3004: 2999: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2909: 2904: 2898: 2893: 2887: 2882: 2876: 2871: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2849: 2843: 2838: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2816: 2810: 2805: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2741: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2656: 2650: 2645: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2614: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2588: 2583: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2515: 2510: 2504: 2499: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2466: 2460: 2455: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2351: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2206: 2201: 2197:==Operation== 2195: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2170: 2164: 2159: 2153: 2148: 2142: 2137: 2131: 2126: 2120: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2093: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2060: 2054: 2049: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2027: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2000: 1995: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1916: 1911: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1863: 1858: 1852: 1847: 1841: 1836: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1745: 1740: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1592: 1586: 1581: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1534: 1529: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1496: 1490: 1485: 1479: 1474: 1468: 1463: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1441: 1435: 1430: 1424: 1419: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1292: 1285: 1280: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1258: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1210: 1205: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1179: 1174: 1168: 1163: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1115: 1110: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1030: 1025: 1019: 1014: 1007: 1002: 998: 993: 986: 981: 977: 972: 965: 960: 954: 949: 943: 938: 932: 927: 923: 918: 911: 906: 902: 897: 890: 885: 881: 876: 869: 864: 858: 853: 847: 842: 836: 831: 827: 822: 815: 810: 806: 801: 794: 789: 783: 778: 771: 766: 762: 757: 750: 745: 739: 734: 727: 722: 714: 711: 705: 700: 692: 689: 685: 680: 672: 669: 662: 657: 653: 651: 648: 646: 645: 638: 633: 627: 622: 616: 611: 603: 600: 594: 589: 585: 583: 580: 578: 577: 570: 565: 556: 553: 547: 542: 538: 536: 533: 531: 530: 524: 519: 511: 508: 502: 497: 493: 491: 488: 486: 485: 476: 473: 465: 462: 456: 451: 442: 439: 432: 427: 423: 421: 418: 416: 415: 407: 404: 397: 392: 388: 386: 383: 381: 380: 374: 369: 363: 358: 352: 347: 341: 336: 330: 325: 319: 314: 308: 303: 297: 292: 286: 281: 272: 269: 263: 258: 250: 247: 241: 236: 228: 225: 219: 214: 206: 200: 195: 187: 184:) Currently, 183: 179: 175: 160: 153: 149: 144: 135: 130: 126: 118: 106: 101: 99:68.21.163.149 92: 88: 70: 55: 48: 38:Content added 30: 20: 21110: 21085:Timing point 21070:Request stop 21013:Other topics 20870:Bus bunching 20854:Travel class 20813:Radial route 20793:Circle route 20777:Transit pass 20738:Penalty fare 20698:Fare evasion 20693:Fare capping 20678:Dead mileage 20635:Transit mall 20358:Gondola lift 20137:Microtransit 20086: 20045:People mover 19958:Circle route 19873:Open top bus 19836:Circle route 19749: 19739: 19723: 19686: 19671: 19656: 19642: 19628: 19614: 19599: 19584: 19562: 19546: 19527: 19513: 19499: 19485: 19477: 19462: 19447: 19431: 19396: 19386: 19367: 19360: 19345: 19338: 19323: 19308: 19301: 19294: 19275: 19260: 19253: 19234: 19227: 19200: 19181: 19161: 19151: 19131: 19107: 19094:– via 19088:. 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Retrieved 14695: 14686: 14593: 14494:Other topics 14313: 14263:, including 14256: 14252: 14246: 14242: 14240: 14228: 14211: 14203: 14196:conduit cars 14193: 14176: 14160: 14156: 14152: 14150: 14141: 14117: 14109: 14105: 14101: 14093: 14089: 14087: 14078: 14074: 14070: 14066: 14062: 14058: 14056: 14042:Alternatives 14035: 14031: 14008: 14001:railroad car 13982: 13978: 13976: 13955: 13952: 13904:0.65 in 13900:16.5 mm 13888: 13869: 13826:Antoni Gaudí 13795:Isaac Nathan 13705:operates in 13691:conurbation. 13642:Buenos Aires 13634:Buenos Aires 13309: 13289: 13216:Peterborough 13177: 13143: 13106:Philadelphia 13082:people-mover 13073: 13071: 13021: 13006: 13004:since 1902. 12987: 12964: 12928: 12559:Buenos Aires 12551: 12430:January 2018 12427: 12419: 12312: 12237: 12231: 12187: 12183: 12176: 12167: 12159: 12158: 12154: 11851: 11842: 11823: 11793: 11784: 11774: 11767: 11760: 11753: 11741: 11720:verification 11717: 11560:Firm orders 11547: 11544: 11520: 11472: 11464:narrow gauge 11457: 11419: 11402:grooved rail 11399: 11372: 11326: 11290: 11278: 11265: 11245: 11182:, sometimes 11152: 11129: 11125: 11116: 11030: 11002:Power supply 10981: 10968: 10945:Rubber-tired 10908: 10853:Spårväg City 10837:trolleybuses 10834: 10818: 10798: 10774: 10757: 10738: 10699: 10654: 10637: 10630: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10570: 10566: 10526: 10521:Toledo, Ohio 10435: 10405:established 10397: 10354: 10334:trolley pole 10308: 10276: 10249: 10198: 10147:In Britain, 10146: 10134:Lichterfelde 10114: 10084: 10060:Jelenia Góra 10044:Clifton Hill 10029: 10016:tourist tram 10008:diesel trams 9986: 9934: 9930:track brakes 9923: 9891: 9876: 9855: 9845: 9834: 9814: 9799: 9787: 9766:Cable-hauled 9759:superheating 9747: 9720: 9711: 9688:Christchurch 9673: 9600: 9564: 9544:Lincolnshire 9539: 9536: 9517: 9466: 9419: 9400: 9357: 9339: 9312: 9267: 9232:contact shoe 9224:trolley pole 9205: 9198: 9191:right-of-way 9185:that run on 9166: 9162: 9158: 9156: 8966: 8835:Service and 8708: 8690: 8681: 8666:Please help 8661: 8631: 8622: 8611: 8583: 8578:rewriting it 8576:Please help 8568: 8538: 8529: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8486: 8474:Please help 8469:verification 8466: 8442: 8435: 8429: 8428:Please help 8425: 8382: 7426:{{refbegin}} 6926:{{notelist}} 6205:==See also== 4931:===Europe=== 4493:===Africa=== 2451:===Routes=== 1459:*], in 1892; 21090:Transit map 21065:Public good 20982:and signage 20839:First class 20753:Smart cards 20728:Money train 20590:Kassel kerb 20550:Bus station 20338:Cable ferry 20305:Ocean liner 20285:Cable ferry 20142:Paratransit 19903:Transit bus 19898:Shuttle bus 19846:Express bus 19801:Bus service 19578:McGraw-Hill 19378:). London: 19043:|work= 18852:. Mannheim. 18021:streetcars. 18014:8 September 17977:8 September 17937:8 September 17899:Global News 17814:(in French) 16967:tundria.com 16872:10 February 16755:. Trb.org. 16714:Rod Diridon 16252:Hughes 1987 16184:23 February 16028:14 February 15941:, p. 6 15924:12 February 15631:Malone 1928 15512:Martin 1924 15372:19 November 15071:10 February 14998:22 December 14976:23 December 14933:11 November 14908:Dunbar 1967 14896:Dunbar 1967 14878:25 February 14856:Dunbar 1967 14844:Dunbar 1967 14818:WalesOnline 14799:Dunbar 1967 14701:19 February 14658:914 mm 14462:Track gauge 14310:Tram models 14206:in the US ( 14077:. The term 13999:or freight 13997:goods wagon 13889:In the US, 13874:(1:87) and 13803:bushrangers 13761:Cuenca tram 13636:since 1987. 13588:New Zealand 13579:and on the 13471:Rockhampton 13411:Broken Hill 13348:Kansas City 13320:Little Rock 13220:Quebec City 13098:New Orleans 13094:Mexico City 12903:Philippines 12874:tram system 12525:in Budapest 12381:Los Angeles 12238:straßenbahn 12030:tram-trains 11920:efficiently 11633:Kinkisharyo 11460:track gauge 11448:Track gauge 11395:green track 11385:track with 11257:Montpellier 10920:Cargo trams 10915:Articulated 10885:Škoda Artic 10859:series and 10741:Port Arthur 10717:Human power 10603:centuries. 10431:Scandinavia 10421:introduced 10280:model train 10175:825 mm 10117:Sestroretsk 9965:North Wales 9872:Isle of Man 9790:fixed track 9731:Rockhampton 9727:steam dummy 9723:tram engine 9710:; the last 9684:tram engine 9660:tram engine 9650:Steam dummy 9646:Tram engine 9634:gmina Mrozy 9607:Isle of Man 9583:Mexico City 9561:until 1917. 9379:Horse-drawn 9244:tram-trains 9083:Terminology 9028:Attractions 9015:Miscellanea 8851:Locomotives 8809:Track gauge 8802:Maintenance 8569:contains a 8402:Zürich tram 4102:{{col div}} 3970:{{col div}} 2641:===Track=== 838:===Steam=== 504:==History== 21133:Categories 21040:Dwell time 21030:Crush load 20980:Technology 20900:Short turn 20863:Scheduling 20827:Facilities 20615:Queue jump 20535:Bus garage 20437:Carsharing 20315:Water taxi 20295:Hovercraft 20247:Car jockey 20239:Carpooling 20214:Share taxi 20184:Marshrutka 20149:Dollar van 20092:Tram-train 20020:Light rail 20015:Interurban 19978:Heavy rail 19908:Trolleybus 19868:Marshrutka 19851:Guided bus 19245:. London: 18934:0731667158 18759:Duden 2001 18742:"tram, n." 18416:Advertiser 18049:31 October 17878:21 January 17812:carfree.fr 17777:24 January 16859:Urban Land 16795:30 January 16689:8 December 16655:8 December 16629:18 January 16604:8 December 16474:8 December 16330:IFLScience 15827:5 May 2020 15811:Green 1989 15175:8 December 14673:References 14519:Light rail 14360:Tram lists 14248:trolleybus 14237:Trolleybus 14181:Old French 14088:The terms 14075:trolleycar 14005:coal mines 14003:) used in 13969:A sign in 13864:tram model 13852:See also: 13841:dérailleur 13798:accident). 13711:Light rail 13523:Gold Coast 13509:cable tram 13439:Launceston 13435:Kalgoorlie 13377:See also: 13336:Cincinnati 13293:Muni Metro 13268:Whitehorse 13262:, and the 13110:Pittsburgh 12692:A tram in 12634:A tram in 12563:trolleybus 12536:Historical 12465:, Russia). 12401:Statistics 12246:light rail 12051:greenspace 11985:, and the 11963:heavy rail 11953:heavy rail 11930:ridership. 11868:Advantages 11757:newspapers 11568:Bombardier 11430:map detail 11391:grass turf 11301:Strasbourg 11207:ring lines 11188:Manchester 11180:Birmingham 11176:Nottingham 11077:third rail 11055:; when an 11037:pantograph 10984:locomotive 10972:light rail 10950:Tram-train 10704:using the 10683:Birmingham 10599:system). 10537:Goldfields 10486:Launceston 10482:Kalgoorlie 10365:, in 1892; 10187:pantograph 10040:Alphington 9961:Great Orme 9945:Wellington 9864:Kennington 9827:The first 9806:cable grip 9755:condensers 9735:Queensland 9682:(called a 9644:See also: 9627:Disneyland 9611:horse tram 9528:Alexandria 9493:Manchester 9477:Birmingham 9426:horsebuses 9411:Birkenhead 9365:mine carts 9314:duplicates 9248:interurban 9236:third rail 9216:pantograph 9200:light rail 9033:By country 8984:Interurban 8979:Light rail 8824:Dual gauge 8775:Management 8502:newspapers 8431:improve it 8150:{{refend}} 7723:{{refend}} 6895:{{colend}} 6677:{{colend}} 6355:{{colend}} 4619:], India]] 4524:===Asia=== 3345:==Debate== 2023:==Design== 174:1246521422 142:KatVanHuis 21004:Timetable 20733:Paid area 20683:Exit fare 20650:Ticketing 20630:Tram stop 20545:Bus stand 20518:Locations 20499:Slope car 20469:Hyperloop 20459:Escalator 20420:transport 20399:Escalator 20387:transport 20353:Funicular 20310:Vaporetto 20300:Hydrofoil 20219:Songthaew 20189:Nanny van 20174:Limousine 20117:Boda boda 19973:Funicular 19948:Cable car 19831:Charabanc 19112:Milwaukee 19045:ignored ( 19035:cite book 18895:487529500 18858:cite book 18797:Post 2007 18325:8 January 18240:1460-8324 18080:1460-8324 17904:1 January 15467:109210400 15459:0022-5266 15329:214624057 15116:2 January 15024:2 January 14829:13 August 14678:Citations 14663:3 ft 14638:4 ft 14568:Tram stop 14553:Stadtbahn 14269:Vancouver 14110:Streetcar 14106:streetcar 14090:streetcar 14083:horsecars 14079:streetcar 14067:streetcar 13830:Barcelona 13807:Melbourne 13772:Incidents 13681:Argentina 13621:Argentina 13562:Newcastle 13463:Newcastle 13451:Melbourne 13419:Fremantle 13388:Australia 13352:Milwaukee 13332:Charlotte 13307:in 1981. 13305:San Diego 13236:Vancouver 13228:Saskatoon 13200:Kitchener 13090:Cleveland 13002:Llandudno 12891:Singapore 12887:Indonesia 12810:Sri Lanka 12768:Beersheba 12722:Indonesia 12660:Changchun 12656:Hong Kong 12576:Leningrad 12527:in 2016. 12474:City Star 12463:Tatarstan 12363:Bucharest 12258:Melbourne 12250:stadtbahn 12242:fast tram 12234:streetcar 12109:By region 12038:Stadtbahn 12034:pre-metro 12007:Melbourne 11971:Bury Line 11900:, Romania 11898:Bucharest 11845:July 2024 11833:Talk:Tram 11787:July 2024 11727:Talk:Tram 11687:Durmazlar 11523:bus stops 11488:Tram stop 11482:Tram stop 11426:Amsterdam 11383:ballasted 11249:Amsterdam 11240:Stockholm 11168:Blackpool 11164:Hong Kong 11109:track in 11065:Manhattan 11061:capacitor 11057:insulator 10957:Operation 10940:Low-floor 10652:The Hague 10640:batteries 10494:Newcastle 10470:Fremantle 10450:Doncaster 10442:Melbourne 10419:Ljubljana 10411:Bucharest 10322:streetcar 10243:, by the 10153:re-gauged 10068:Sobieszów 10048:Melbourne 9957:Llandudno 9949:funicular 9887:funicular 9852:suspended 9837:Melbourne 9820:to 1898. 9743:Södermalm 9739:Stockholm 9662:from the 9430:Baltimore 9373:cast iron 9369:plateways 9361:wagonways 9342:July 2024 9208:main line 9163:streetcar 9058:Modelling 9038:Companies 9023:Accidents 8846:Operating 8780:Rail yard 8684:July 2024 8625:July 2024 8612:may have 8586:July 2024 8532:July 2024 8437:talk page 6915:==Notes== 3050:! Options 2411:problems. 1599:], 1895]] 186:WP:PROCON 21159:Railcars 21020:Boarding 20936:Security 20909:Politics 20772:Transfer 20565:Dry dock 20555:Bus stop 20540:Bus lane 20530:Bus bulb 20509:Vactrain 20489:Robotaxi 20454:Elevator 20432:Airliner 20394:Elevator 20385:Building 20368:tricable 20348:Elevator 20262:Slugging 20104:for hire 20102:Vehicles 20035:Monorail 20005:Horsecar 19931:glossary 19608:12723934 19106:(1967). 19090:11 March 19012:(1928). 18977:(1987). 18818:Archived 18776:Archived 18720:Archived 18694:Archived 18668:Archived 18642:Archived 18538:Archived 18512:Archived 18466:21 April 18444:21 April 18391:Archived 18319:Archived 18294:5 August 18288:Archived 18264:12 March 18258:Archived 18152:23 April 18122:12 March 18116:Archived 18043:Archived 17971:Archived 17818:21 April 17726:12 March 17720:Archived 17699:12 March 17693:Archived 17655:Archived 17635:12 March 17629:Archived 17578:cite web 17559:Archived 17514:12 March 17508:Archived 17487:12 March 17461:12 March 17455:Archived 17434:12 March 17428:Archived 17408:12 March 17402:Archived 17382:12 March 17376:Archived 17332:12 March 17326:Archived 17305:12 March 17299:Archived 17279:12 March 17273:Archived 17252:12 March 17246:Archived 17225:12 March 17219:Archived 17201:Archived 17177:12 March 17171:Archived 17124:12 March 17118:Archived 17097:12 March 17091:Archived 17046:Archived 17022:12 March 17016:Archived 16996:12 March 16990:Archived 16971:Archived 16946:Archived 16923:Archived 16820:22 April 16790:22870575 16757:Archived 16731:Archived 16560:54004937 16544:: 5–18. 16468:Archived 16448:12 March 16439:Archived 16418:Archived 16151:14735367 16053:Archived 16005:Nye 1992 15975:Archived 15957:19 April 15783:25 April 15725:Archived 15699:Archived 15653:20 March 15585:10 March 15579:Archived 15492:7 August 15486:Archived 15399:20 March 15366:Archived 15213:"Google" 15153:17 March 14823:Archived 14778:Archived 14725:Archived 14617: in 14533:Premetro 14524:Minecart 14275:See also 14257:trolleys 14204:trolleys 14157:traveler 14116:, while 14036:Tram-car 13971:Portland 13944: in 13922: in 13872:HO scale 13792:composer 13788:musician 13739:Medellín 13732:Colombia 13725:Santiago 13598:Auckland 13512:grip car 13475:Sorrento 13459:Wallaroo 13447:Maitland 13407:Brisbane 13399:Ballarat 13395:Adelaide 13324:Portland 13208:Montreal 13196:Kingston 13192:Hamilton 13184:Edmonton 13171:made by 13149:Americas 13138:Americas 12899:Pakistan 12895:Malaysia 12867:Thailand 12789:Pakistan 12738:Semarang 12734:Surabaya 12665:Wuyishan 12351:Brussels 12294:Budapest 12190:Ventotto 12086:systems. 12083:geometry 12017:density. 11989:was the 11826:disputed 11563:Options 11444:entry). 11442:Tramlink 11438:Tramlink 11422:switches 11410:pavement 11379:concrete 11270:Brussels 11253:Bordeaux 11229:Portland 11227:, as in 11214:BOGESTRA 11135:Bordeaux 11111:Bordeaux 11085:Bordeaux 10978:Controls 10887:tram in 10849:Tramlink 10771:Hydrogen 10735:, Japan. 10655:accutram 10648:Adelaide 10593:Bordeaux 10589:Hastings 10466:Brisbane 10458:Ballarat 10454:Adelaide 10446:Box Hill 10415:Belgrade 10403:Budapest 10399:Sarajevo 10372:in 1893; 10318:armature 10171: in 10090:Electric 10064:Cieplice 10036:coal gas 9988:Hastings 9963:hill in 9725:(UK) or 9658:A steam 9623:Hokkaidō 9473:Budapest 9385:Horsecar 9354:Creation 9179:railcars 9105:Vactrain 8895:Wheelset 8391:Tatra T3 152:contribs 53:Wikitext 21075:Service 20880:Headway 20844:Sleeper 20786:Routing 20761:Calypso 20757:CIPURSE 20595:Layover 20525:Airport 20427:Airline 20363:bicable 20267:Vanpool 20229:Tuk tuk 20169:Jeepney 20159:Gondola 20055:Railbus 19744:. 1905. 19722:(ed.). 19256:, 33, 3 19077:(ed.). 18782:8 March 18726:8 March 18700:8 March 18674:8 March 18648:8 March 18622:8 March 18596:8 March 18570:8 March 18544:8 March 18518:8 March 18492:22 July 18422:8 March 18397:8 March 18354:tramway 17752:2 April 17661:8 March 17608:22 July 16898:8 March 16763:8 March 16737:8 March 16354:8 March 16270:The Age 15886:22 July 15848:22 July 15757:8 March 15731:8 March 15705:8 March 15679:8 March 15253:8 March 15227:22 July 15197:8 March 15050:8 March 14784:8 March 14749:17 June 14612:⁄ 14506:Capabus 14265:Seattle 14243:trolley 14167:; this 14153:troller 14118:tramway 14102:trolley 14100:, with 14094:trolley 14071:trolley 14063:tramway 13983:tramway 13939:⁄ 13917:⁄ 13876:O scale 13817:In the 13811:£2 10/- 13750:Ecuador 13677:Mendoza 13653:of the 13566:Wickham 13443:Leonora 13427:Geelong 13403:Bendigo 13373:Oceania 13360:Seattle 13344:Detroit 13328:Atlanta 13312:Memphis 13232:Windsor 13188:Halifax 13180:Calgary 13145:Toronto 13118:Toronto 12946:Germany 12907:Vietnam 12878:Lopburi 12817:Colombo 12730:Sukarno 12715:Karachi 12707:Chennai 12696:, India 12694:Kolkata 12673:Jiaxing 12669:Baoshan 12636:Chengdu 12420:updated 12392:Map of 12375:Dresden 12345:Leipzig 12270:Cologne 12198:W class 11937:engine. 11771:scholar 11655:Stadler 11590:Siemens 11404:with a 11233:El Paso 11216:or the 10889:Tampere 10811:and on 10805:Trieste 10785:Qingdao 10760:Taranna 10671:Bergamo 10644:Bendigo 10615:Battery 10585:Torquay 10533:Glenelg 10490:Leonora 10474:Geelong 10462:Bendigo 10284:voltage 10258:, that 10209:Toronto 10166:⁄ 10056:Estonia 10052:Dresden 10034:gas or 10032:naphtha 10002:trams. 9998:, used 9996:Karachi 9902:pulleys 9879:Trieste 9868:Brixton 9848:Dresden 9817:Chicago 9810:Dunedin 9716:Magenta 9605:on the 9591:Fintona 9324:Please 9288:History 9240:freight 9169:in the 9167:trolley 9078:Suicide 9063:Museums 8994:History 8972:History 8950:Freight 8752:History 8676:removed 8516:scholar 211:Line 1: 208:Line 1: 20580:Harbor 20575:Hangar 20494:Shweeb 20199:Pesero 20154:Dolmuş 20025:Maglev 19878:Pesero 19861:driver 19814:driver 19693:  19678:  19663:  19649:  19635:  19621:  19606:  19591:  19569:  19534:  19520:  19506:  19492:  19469:  19454:  19439:  19422:  19403:  19395:1967. 19389:(1976) 19374:  19352:  19330:  19315:  19282:  19267:  19241:  19207:  19188:  19169:  19139:  19118:  19062:  19025:31 May 19000:5 July 18991:  18956:  18931:  18912:  18893:  18883:  18638:"Main" 18357:wheel. 18348:London 18238:  18078:  17356:19 May 17150:5 June 16811:"Home" 16788:  16558:  16281:4 July 16237:5 July 16232:UNESCO 16209:4 July 16149:  16059:2 June 15465:  15457:  15327:  14717:"tram" 14692:"tram" 14267:, and 14161:roller 14132:, the 14122:Quebec 13757:Cuenca 13696:Brazil 13651:Line E 13577:Hobart 13527:G:link 13516:diesel 13497:1970s. 13479:Sydney 13455:Moonta 13431:Hobart 13423:Gawler 13366:, and 13364:Tucson 13340:Dallas 13318:, and 13260:Nelson 13224:Regina 13212:Ottawa 13204:London 13124:Canada 13116:, and 13102:Newark 13086:Boston 13015:, and 12925:France 12914:Europe 12905:, and 12849:Taipei 12838:Taiwan 12796:Gwadar 12757:Israel 12711:Mumbai 12677:Haikou 12675:, and 12658:, and 12652:Dalian 12598:Africa 12584:Vienna 12369:Prague 12339:Warsaw 12306:Vienna 12282:Moscow 12276:Berlin 12240:) and 12200:. The 12148:  12142:  12121:, and 12011:Sydney 12003:Boston 11999:London 11977:, the 11773:  11766:  11759:  11752:  11746:"Tram" 11744:  11699:Debate 11579:Alstom 11406:groove 11356:, and 11297:Geneva 11261:Berlin 11199:London 11172:Bergen 11141:Routes 11131:Alstom 11069:plough 11014:, and 10875:Design 10843:. The 10745:Hobart 10546:G:link 10542:Sydney 10523:, 1895 10502:Sydney 10500:, and 10478:Hobart 10332:and a 10268:subway 10192:. The 10183:Vienna 10066:, and 10000:petrol 9967:, UK. 9898:cables 9881:, the 9841:Sydney 9696:Munich 9631:Polish 9524:Sydney 9489:London 9485:Lisbon 9446:Bowery 9422:paving 9260:. The 9001:Maglev 8863:Trains 8518:  8511:  8504:  8497:  8491:"Tram" 8489:  2559:Ghent. 1653:2018}} 310:] ].]] 64:Inline 46:Visual 20655:fares 20418:Other 20325:Cable 20290:Ferry 19718:. In 19551:(PDF) 18090:3 May 17872:(PDF) 17865:(PDF) 17562:(PDF) 17555:(PDF) 17351:(PDF) 17144:(PDF) 16866:(PDF) 16855:(PDF) 16577:(PDF) 16556:S2CID 16442:(PDF) 16435:(PDF) 15463:S2CID 15325:S2CID 14585:Notes 14177:troll 14126:buses 14073:, or 14023:trame 14017:trame 13989:word 13987:Scots 13718:Chile 13679:, in 13501:that. 13467:Perth 13415:Derby 13316:Tampa 13080:or a 12775:Japan 12684:India 12620:China 12478:Kazan 12459:Kazan 12333:Sofia 12288:Milan 12166:) or 11995:Paris 11778:JSTOR 11764:books 11677:Škoda 11344:Track 11293:Basel 11203:Paris 10733:Osaki 10667:Milan 10498:Perth 10207:, in 10119:near 10080:Neath 9708:Padua 9704:Milan 9676:steam 9668:Brühl 9640:Steam 9497:Paris 9407:Wales 9405:, in 9371:with 9282:buses 9274:steel 9234:on a 9226:or a 9006:Urban 8523:JSTOR 8509:books 6247:See ] 818:2012. 230:] ] ] 166:edits 20653:and 20610:Port 20277:Ship 20224:Taxi 20087:Tram 19918:Rail 19819:list 19691:ISBN 19676:ISBN 19661:ISBN 19647:ISBN 19633:ISBN 19619:ISBN 19604:OCLC 19589:ISBN 19567:ISBN 19532:ISBN 19518:ISBN 19504:ISBN 19490:ISBN 19467:ISBN 19452:ISBN 19437:ISBN 19420:ISBN 19401:ISBN 19372:ISBN 19350:ISBN 19328:ISBN 19313:ISBN 19280:ISBN 19265:ISBN 19239:ISBN 19205:ISBN 19186:ISBN 19167:ISBN 19137:ISBN 19116:ISBN 19092:2017 19060:ISBN 19047:help 19027:2017 19002:2015 18989:ISBN 18954:ISBN 18929:ISBN 18910:ISBN 18891:OCLC 18881:ISBN 18864:link 18784:2015 18728:2015 18702:2015 18676:2015 18650:2015 18624:2015 18598:2015 18572:2015 18546:2015 18520:2015 18494:2019 18468:2018 18446:2018 18424:2015 18399:2015 18327:2016 18296:2015 18266:2017 18236:ISSN 18154:2019 18124:2017 18092:2014 18076:ISSN 18051:2012 18016:2014 17979:2014 17939:2014 17906:2020 17880:2016 17820:2020 17779:2017 17754:2019 17728:2017 17701:2017 17663:2015 17637:2017 17610:2019 17584:link 17570:2016 17516:2017 17489:2017 17463:2017 17436:2017 17410:2017 17384:2017 17358:2020 17334:2017 17307:2017 17281:2017 17254:2017 17227:2017 17179:2017 17152:2019 17126:2017 17099:2017 17072:2013 17024:2017 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