Church of the East: Difference between revisions

549:</ref> Shapur II attempted to dismantle the Catholicate's structure and put to death some of the clergy including the Catholicoses ] (341),<ref>Richard W. Burgess, “The Dates of the Martyrdom of Simeon bar Sabba'e and the ‘Great Massacre’”, ''Analecta Bollandiana'' 117 (1999): 9–66.</ref> ] (342), and ] (346).<ref>Donald Attwater & Catherine Rachel John, ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints'', 3rd edn. (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 116, 245.</ref> Afterward, the office of Catholicos lay vacant nearly 20 years (346–363).<ref>Nahal Tajadod, ''Les porteurs de lumière'' (Paris: Plon, 1993), 110–133.</ref> In 363, under the terms of a peace treaty, ] was ceded to the Persians, causing ], accompanied by a number of teachers, to leave the ] for ] still in Roman territory.<ref> 1420: 864: 5348: 2414: 2972: 2210: 1733: 2742: 1678:

Empire (and later the Caliphate), but very early on, provinces formed beyond the empire's borders as well. By the 10th century, the church had between 20 and 30 metropolitan provinces including in China and India. The Chinese provinces were lost in the 11th century, and in the subsequent centuries, other exterior provinces went into decline as well. However, in the 13th century, during the Mongol Empire, the church added two new metropolitan provinces in

6274: 5247: 2757:, whose campaigns during the 1390s spread havoc throughout Persia and Central Asia, but in many parts of Central Asia, Christianity had died out decades before Tamerlane's campaigns. The surviving evidence from Central Asia, including a large number of dated graves, indicates that the crisis for the Church of the East occurred in the 1340s rather than the 1390s. Several contemporary observers, including the papal envoy 71: 1810:

two natures. As such, in 2006 an academic conference changed its name from "Research on Nestorianism in China", explaining in the Preface, "...it was decided not to keep the term "Nestorianism" in the title of the future conferences and the present book, but to use the term Church of the East, which is correct and wide enough to cover the whole field of the research."

2126:. However, through the 6th century the church was frequently beset with internal strife and persecution from the Zoroastrians. The infighting led to a schism, which lasted from 521 until around 539, when the issues were resolved. However, immediately afterward Byzantine-Persian conflict led to a renewed persecution of the church by the Sasanid King 2565: 738:, ], ], ], and ]; and possibly also to places called Calliana, Male, and Sielediva (Ceylon).<ref name=stewart-14>Stewart, pp. 13−14</ref> Beneath the Patriarch in the hierarchy were nine ], and clergy were recorded among the ], in ], Media, and the island of ] in the ].<ref name=stewart-14/> 650:. The Persian Church increasingly aligned itself with the Nestorian schismatics, a measure encouraged by the Zoroastrian ruling class. The church became increasingly Nestorian in doctrine over the next decades, furthering the divide between Roman and Nestorian Christianity. In 486 the Metropolitan of ], ], 2915:

Sulaqa was consecrated "patriarch of Athura and Mosul" in Rome in April 1553 and returned to northern Mesopotamia towards the end of the same year. In December 1553 he obtained documents from the Ottoman authorities recognizing him as an independent "Chaldean" patriarch, and in 1554, during a stay of

2071:. The Persian Church increasingly aligned itself with the Nestorian schismatics, a measure encouraged by the Zoroastrian ruling class. The church became increasingly Nestorian in doctrine over the next decades, furthering the divide between Roman and Nestorian Christianity. In 486 the Metropolitan of 1809:

and Dietmar W. Winkler said, "Nestorius himself was no Nestorian" in terms of doctrine. Even from the beginning, not all churches called "Nestorian" adhered to the Nestorian doctrine; in China, it has been noted that none of the various sources for the local Nestorian church refer to Christ as having

749:

included "all the countries to the east and those immediately to the west of the Euphrates", including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]; and possibly also to places called Calliana, Male, and Sielediva (Ceylon).<ref name=stewart-14>Stewart, pp. 13−14</ref> Beneath the Patriarch in the hierarchy

697:

Now firmly established in the Persian Empire, with centers in Nisibis, ], and ], and several ]s, the Church of the East began to branch out beyond the Persian ]. However, through the 6th century the church was frequently beset with internal strife and persecution from the Zoroastrians. The infighting

685:

628:

Meanwhile, in the Roman Empire, the ] had led many of Nestorius' supporters to relocate to the Persian Empire. The Persian Church increasingly aligned itself with the Nestorian schismatics, a measure encouraged by the Zoroastrian ruling class. The church became increasingly Nestorian in doctrine over

2904:, which set out his claims to be recognized as patriarch. On April 9, having satisfied the Vatican that he was a good Catholic, Sulaqa was consecrated bishop and archbishop in the basilica of Saint Peter. On April 28 he was recognized as "patriarch of Athura and Mosul" by pope Julius III in the bull 2749:

The "exterior provinces" of the Church of the East, with the important exception of India, collapsed during the second half of the fourteenth century. Although little is known of the circumstances of the demise of the Nestorian dioceses in Central Asia (which may never have fully recovered from the

1804:

In modern times some scholars have sought to avoid the Nestorian label, preferring "Church of the East" or one of the other alternatives. This is due both to the term's derogatory connotations, and because it implies a stronger connection to Nestorian doctrine than may have historically existed. As

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churches with little regard for theological consideration. While often used disparagingly in the West to emphasize the Church of the East's connections to a heretical doctrine, many writers of the Middle Ages and since have simply used the label descriptively, as a neutral and conventional term for

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in 1842), and as a neutral and convenient descriptive term by others. Nowadays it is generally felt that the term carries a stigma, and students of the Church of the East are advised to avoid its use. In this thesis the theologically neutral adjective 'East Syrian' has been used wherever possible,

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The terminology used in this study deserves a word of explanation. Until recently the Church of the East was usually called the 'Nestorian' church, and East Syrian Christians were either 'Nestorians' or (after the schism of 1552) by the ethnic and geographic misnomer 'Chaldeans'. During the period

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For most of its history the church had six or so Interior Provinces in its heartland in northern Mesopotamia, southeastern Anatolia, and northwestern Iran and an increasing number of Exterior Provinces elsewhere. Most of these latter were located farther afield within the territory of the Sasanian

1613:

further distinguished itself from the Assyrian Church of the East in the 20th century over reforms such as the use of the Gregorian Calendar. In the early 21st century, both the Assyrian Church of the East and Chaldean Catholic Church had approximately 500,000 members, while the Ancient Assyrian

546:

centuries by large-scale deportations of Christians from the eastern ].<ref name=culture-61>''Culture and customs of Iran'', p. 61</ref> However, the Persian Church faced several severe persecutions, notably during the reign of ] (339–79), from the ethnically Persian ] majority who

485:

1916:, although the date and circumstances of this are not entirely clear. The translators may have been Syriac-speaking Jews or early Jewish converts to Christianity. The translation could have been done separately for different texts, and the whole work was probably done by the second century. 2638:

and Christianity, causing it to decline sharply in China. A Syrian monk visiting China a few decades later described many churches in ruin. The Church disappeared from China in the early 10th century, coinciding with the collapse of the Tang Dynasty and the tumult of the next years (the

2452:, had a long connection with the Church of the East. The earliest known organized Christian presence in Kerala dates to the 3rd century, when Nestorian Christian settlers and missionaries from Persia settled in the region. The Saint Thomas Christians traditionally credit the mission of 2776:

in 1338. In China, the last references to Nestorian and Latin Christians date from the 1350s. It is likely that all foreign Christians were expelled from China soon after the revolution of 1368, which replaced the Mongol Yuan dynasty with the xenophobic Ming dynasty.

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still in Roman territory. The church grew considerably during the Sasanian period, but the pressure of persecution led the Catholicos Dadisho I in 424 to convene the Synod of Markabta at Seleucia and declare the Catholicate independent from the Patriarch of Antioch.

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and a subsequent exodus of Nestorius' supporters to Sasanian Persia. The existing Christians in Persia welcomed these refugees and gradually adopted Nestorian doctrine by the 5th century, leading the Church of Persia to be known alternately as the Nestorian Church.

378:, ], and ].<ref name=concise-1>Winkler, ''Church of the East: a concise history'', p. 1</ref> The Church of the East traced its origins ultimately to the evangelical activity of ], ] and ]. While under the jurisdiction of the ], leadership and structure 1796:

in Assyria and northern Mesopotamia, supported Nestorius—though not necessarily the doctrine ascribed to him—and broke with the churches of the Roman and Byzantine Empires. Many of Nestorius' supporters relocated to Sasanian Persia. These events are known as the

153: 1835:

and the term 'traditionalist' to distinguish the non-Catholic branch of the Church of the East after the schism of 1552. The modern term 'Assyrian', often used in the same sense, was unknown for most of the period covered in this study, and has been avoided.

702:-Persian conflict led to a renewed persecution of the church by the Sasanid King ]; this ended in 545. The church survived these trials under the guidance of Patriarch ], who had converted to Christianity from Zoroastrianism.<ref name=Britannica/> 690:-Persian conflict led to a renewed persecution of the church by the Sasanid King ]; this ended in 545. The church survived these trials under the guidance of Patriarch ], who had converted to Christianity from Zoroastrianism.<ref name=Britannica/> 63: 1822:

covered in this study, the word 'Nestorian' was used both as a term of abuse by those who disapproved of the traditional East Syrian theology, as a term of pride by many of its defenders (including Abdisho of Nisibis in 1318, the Mosul patriarch

3184: 2693:. It was at this point, in the late 13th century, that the Church of the East reached its greatest geographical extent. But Mongol power was already waning, as the Empire dissolved into civil war, and it reached a turning point in 1295, when 2231:

minority group headed by the Patriarch of the East. As with all other Christian and Jewish groups given the same status, the Church was restricted within the Caliphate, but also given a degree of protection. Nestorians were not permitted to

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Mar Elias (Eliya), the Nestorian bishop of the Urmia plain village of Geogtapa, c.1831 .The image comes from Justin Perkins, 'A Residence of Eight Years in Persia among the Nestorians, with Notes of the Mohammedans' (Andover,

2499:, supposedly a Nestorian ruler of India who held the offices of both king and priest. The geographically remote Malabar church survived the decay of the Nestorian hierarchy elsewhere, enduring until the 16th century when the 3050:

All Joseph I's successors took the name of Joseph. The life of this patriarchate was difficult: the leadership was continually vexed by traditionalists, while the community struggled under the tax burden imposed by the

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on IV Basidi made the patriarchal succession hereditary, normally from uncle to nephew. This practice, which resulted in a shortage of eligible heirs, eventually led to a schism in the Church of the East. The patriarch

631:] in ] was closed by Byzantine Emperor ] for its Nestorian teachings, the school relocated to its original home of Nisibis, becoming again the ], leading to a wave of Nestorian immigration into the Persian Empire. The 1569:

From its peak of geographical extent, the church experienced a rapid period of decline starting in the 14th century, due in large part to outside influences. The Mongol Empire dissolved into civil war, the Chinese

2984:. The last patriarch to be formally recognized by the Pope died in the 1600, and the heredity of the office was reintroduced, and thus by 1660 the Church of the East had become divided into two patriarchates, the 656:] in ] was closed by Byzantine Emperor ] for its Nestorian teachings, the school relocated to its original home of Nisibis, becoming again the ], leading to a wave of Nestorian immigration into the Persian Empire. 629:

the next decades, furthering the divide between Roman and Nestorian Christianity. In 486 the Metropolitan of ], ], publicly accepted Nestorius' mentor, ], as a spiritual authority. In 489, when the School of

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arrived in India. The Portuguese at first accepted the Nestorian sect, but by the end of the century they had determined to actively bring the Saint Thomas Christians into full communion with Rome under the

2421:

The Church of the East had a vigorous corps of missionaries, who proceeded eastward from their base in Persia, having particular success in India, among the Mongols, and reaching as far as China and Korea.

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By the end of the 5th century and the middle of the 6th, the area occupied by the Church of the East included "all the countries to the east and those immediately to the west of the Euphrates", including

2654:

in the 13th century and other medieval Western writers described many Nestorian communities remaining in China and Mongolia; however, they clearly were not as vibrant as they had been during Tang times.

345:, ].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Eastern Christian Churches: a brief survey|author=Roberson, Ronald |year=1999 |origyear=1986 |publisher=Edizioni Orientalia Christiana |isbn=8872103215}}</ref> 287:

Mesopotamia, ], and ].<ref name=concise-1>Winkler, ''Church of the East: a concise history'', p. 1</ref> The Church of the East traced its origins ultimately to the evangelical activity of

2623:, gives the names of several prominent Christians in China, including the metropolitan Adam, the bishop Yohannan, the 'country-bishops' Yazdbuzid and Sargis and the archdeacons Gigoi of Khumdan ( 2796:, the same general region where the Church of the East had first emerged between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD. Small Nestorian communities were located further west, notably in Jerusalem and 15: 448:].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Eastern Christian Churches: a brief survey|author=Roberson, Ronald |year=1999 |origyear=1986 |publisher=Edizioni Orientalia Christiana |isbn=8872103215}} 4522: 2236:

or attempt to convert Muslims, but their missionaries were otherwise given a free hand, and they increased missionary efforts farther afield. Missionaries established dioceses in

450:</ref><ref>Jean-Michel Fiey, “Les étapes de la prise de conscience de son identité patriarcale par l'Église syrienne orientale”, ''L'Orient syrien'' 12 (1967): 3–22. 2772:

At the end of the 19th century, tombstones in two East Syrian cemeteries were discovered and dated in Mongolia. They dated from 1342, and several commemorated deaths during a

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Seleznyov, Nikolai N., "Nestorius of Constantinople: Condemnation, Suppression, Veneration, With special reference to the role of his name in East-Syriac Christianity" in:

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of the East ] (497–502) reiterated and expanded upon his predecessors' esteem for Theodore, solidifying the church's adoption of Nestorianism.<ref name=Britannica/>

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accused it of Roman leanings.<ref>Foster, pp. 26–27</ref> The church grew considerably during the Sasanian period, but the pressure of persecution led to the

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missionaries were already at work among the Nestorians, and they persuaded Sulaqa's supporters to legitimize their position by seeking their candidate's consecration by

2019:

These early Christian communities in Mesopotamia, Elam and Fars were reinforced in the 4th and 5th centuries by large-scale deportations of Christians from the eastern

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and relocated the see of the patriarchate there. The church split again in 1964, when some traditionalists responded to ecclesiastical reforms brought on by Patriarch

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majority who accused it of Roman leanings. Shapur II attempted to dismantle the Catholicate's structure and put to death some of the clergy including the Catholicoses

1823: 3104:

line of patriarchs at Qochanis, which extended mainly in the Northern mountains, remained independent of the Chaldean Church, and the patriarchate of the present-day

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The Church of the East was headed by the Patriarch of the East, an office that traces its origin to the Apostolic Age. The head of the church also bears the title "

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Sulaqa went to Rome to put his case in person. At Rome he made a satisfactory Catholic profession of faith and presented a letter, drafted by his supporters in

4183: 1582:(1336–1405) nearly eradicated the remaining Christians in Persia; thereafter, Nestorian Christianity remained largely confined to Upper Mesopotamia and to the 1406: 2948:

yahb responded by consecrating two more underage members of the patriarchal family as metropolitans for Nisibis and Gazarta. He also won over the governor of

639:] (497–502) reiterated and expanded upon his predecessors' esteem for Theodore, solidifying the church's adoption of Nestorianism.<ref name=Britannica/> 3803:, 47 (Armenia), 72 (Damascus), 74 (Dailam and Gilan), 94–6 (India), 105 (China), 124 (Rai), 128–9 (Sarbaz), 128 (Samarqand and Beth Turkaye) and 139 (Tibet) 2520:, led to a revolt among the Saint Thomas Christians; the majority of them broke with the Catholic Church and vowed never to submit to the Portuguese in the 1772:(literally, "Bearer of the Christ") as a more suitable alternative title. These statements drew criticism from other prominent churchmen, particularly from 2291:, took a particularly keen interest in the missionary expansion of the Church of the East. He is known to have consecrated metropolitans for Damascus, for 6042: 6001: 5996: 5940: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5768: 5743: 5673: 5513: 5369: 3001: 2673:. Several Mongol tribes had already been converted by Nestorian missionaries in the 7th century, and Christianity was therefore a major influence in the 1720:. Although the "Nestorian" label was initially a theological one, applied to followers of the Nestorian doctrine, it was soon applied to all associated 658:<ref>Sebastian P. Brock, ''Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy'' (Burlington, VT–Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 73.</ref> 6104: 6032: 6022: 5991: 5945: 5859: 5773: 5748: 5738: 5583: 5374: 5332: 4628: 3225: 3220: 5275: 4419: 2921: 2800:, but the Malabar Christians of India represented the only significant survival of the once-thriving exterior provinces of the Church of the East. 3036: 1008: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6037: 5950: 5895: 5864: 5838: 5718: 5688: 5663: 5628: 5598: 5578: 5568: 5503: 5364: 1362: 132:

Rv, again. The edits changed sourced content and made sources appear to say things they do not say. Please take your concerns to the talk page.

6240: 6225: 6220: 6205: 6200: 6190: 6175: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6125: 6120: 6109: 6047: 5966: 5955: 5935: 5920: 5915: 5905: 5874: 5778: 5728: 5708: 5618: 5608: 5603: 5593: 5558: 5538: 5523: 5384: 5379: 5337: 2689:, Nestorian Christianity was the primary religious influence in the Empire, and this also carried over to Mongol-conquered China, during the 2315:. By the 10th century the Church of the East had a number of dioceses stretching from across the Caliphate's territories to India and China. 863: 6312: 5890: 5823: 5698: 5653: 5508: 5437: 4665: 4621: 3230: 2716:, so it is possible that there was a Nestorian presence in the city ca.1300. There was certainly a recognizable Nestorian presence at the 2611: 2013: 1574:

overthrew the Mongols (1368) and ejected Christians and other foreign influences from China, and many Mongols in Central Asia converted to

1493: 148: 93: 3183:. Church leaders have proposed moving the patriarchal see from Chicago back to Erbil. There have also been talks of reunification. In the 1666:. The office of metropolitan bishop is an important one, and comes with additional duties and powers; canonically, only metropolitans can 5442: 5268: 3039:" as leader of the Assyrian people who stayed in communion with Rome, and thus forming the third patriarchate of the Church of the East. 2469: 2435: 2312: 1543: 31: 28: 3187:

in 1994, the two churches recognized the legitimacy and rightness of each other's titles for Mary. In 2015, Chaldean Catholic Patriarch

2853:(1558–91). These appointments, combined with other accusations of impropriety, caused discontent throughout the church, and by 1552 Shem 72: 6088: 6077: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6027: 6006: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5930: 5925: 5910: 5900: 5879: 5869: 5854: 5849: 5833: 5828: 5818: 5808: 5783: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5733: 5723: 5713: 5703: 5693: 5678: 5668: 5658: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5623: 5613: 5588: 5573: 5563: 5553: 5543: 5533: 5518: 5493: 5477: 5472: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5389: 5327: 3215: 2308: 1474: 1399: 3089:

in 1804, but he was recognized as Patriarch by the Pope only in 1830. This merged the majority of the Patriarchate of Alqosh with the

5683: 5467: 2296: 1593:, rival patriarchs were appointed within the Church of the East, leading to the emergence of two distinct churches, the contemporary 2753:

The blame for the destruction of the Nestorian communities east of northern Iraq has often been thrown upon the Turco-Mongol leader

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and received the pallium from the pope's hands at a secret consistory in the Vatican. These events, which marked the birth of the

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destruction caused by the Mongols a century earlier), it was probably due to a combination of persecution, disease, and isolation.

2508:. They installed Portuguese bishops over the local sees and made liturgical changes to accord with the Latin practice. In 1599 the 1762:. He suggested that the title denied Christ's full humanity, arguing instead that Jesus had two loosely joined natures, the divine 4579: 790:

also flourished in the kingdom of the ] until the Islamic conquest, particularly after the ruler ] officially converted in c. 592.

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also flourished in the kingdom of the ] until the Islamic conquest, particularly after the ruler ] officially converted in c. 592.

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running from 1898 until 1918. In 1933, the Assyrian Church was roiled by conflicts with the Iraqi government, culminating in the

3133: 2107:(497–502) reiterated and expanded upon his predecessors' esteem for Theodore, solidifying the church's adoption of Nestorianism. 6185: 2640: 1473:. Between the 9th and 14th centuries it represented the world's largest Christian church in terms of geographical extent, with 1051: 2170:; and possibly also to places called Calliana, Male, and Sielediva (Ceylon). Beneath the Patriarch in the hierarchy were nine 4604: 4547: 4490: 4443: 4290: 4242: 3925: 3564: 1562:

from the 7th to the 9th century. In the 13th and 14th centuries the church experienced a final period of expansion under the

1392: 2456:, a Nestorian from the Middle East, with the further expansion of their community. From at least the early 4th century, the 2043:(346). Afterward, the office of Catholicos lay vacant nearly 20 years (346–363). In 363, under the terms of a peace treaty, 6327: 6302: 1028: 178: 144: 89: 3354: 2460:

provided the Saint Thomas Christians with clergy, holy texts, and ecclesiastical infrastructure, and around 650 Patriarch

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were nine ], and clergy were recorded among the ], in ], Media, and the island of ] in the ].<ref name=stewart-14/>

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Labourt, Jérôme. "St. Ephraem." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 8 Mar. 2015

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as his successor, presumably because no older relatives were available. Several years later, probably because Khnanisho

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led to a schism, which lasted from 521 until around 539, when the issues were resolved. However, immediately afterward

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led to a schism, which lasted from 521 until around 539, when the issues were resolved. However, immediately afterward

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Jean-Michel Fiey, “Les étapes de la prise de conscience de son identité patriarcale par l'Église syrienne orientale”,

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as introducing Nestorian Christianity to China in 635. In the 7th century, the Church had grown to have two Nestorian

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merged all the Mesopotamian and Persian churches into the Catholicate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and took the title of

6260: 5110: 5095: 4948: 4894: 2465: 2284: 2198: 1349: 1239: 975: 837: 2837:(1539–58) caused great offense at the beginning of his reign by designating his twelve-year-old nephew Khnanisho 6322: 5090: 3649: 3330: 3255: 2980:

The connections with Rome loosened up under Shimun VIII Sulaqa's successors, who all used the patriarchal name

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the church. Other names for the church include "Persian Church", "Syriac" or "Syrian" (often distinguished as

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had died in the interim, he designated as successor his fifteen-year-old brother Eliya, the future patriarch

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Christological spectrum during the 5th–7th centuries showing the views of The Church of the East (light blue)

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Meanwhile, in the Roman Empire, the ] had led many of Nestorius' supporters to relocate to the Persian Empire

3012:. In 1692 he formally broke communion with Rome and he allegedly resumed relations with the line at Alqosh. 1419: 6052: 6011: 5971: 5035: 4991: 4848: 4829: 4824: 4383: 3952: 3591: 3235: 2728:, Cyprus, a Nestorian community was established just before 1300, and a church was built for them ca.1339. 2541: 2092: 1898: 1866: 1078: 100: 6317: 6180: 5813: 5309: 5005: 4933: 4819: 4814: 4774: 4562: 3394: 3205: 3121: 3105: 2878: 2577: 1878: 1840: 1740:

Nestorius's doctrine represented the culmination of a philosophical current developed by scholars at the

1713: 1594: 1555: 1294: 1023: 992: 987: 982: 933: 2472:, one of the church's Provinces of the Exterior. After this point the Province of India was headed by a 6195: 6150: 5045: 4838: 4789: 3200: 3153: 2758: 2067:

had led many of Nestorius' supporters to relocate to the Persian Empire, mainly around the theological

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for its Nestorian teachings, the school relocated to its original home of Nisibis, becoming again the

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included "all the countries to the east and those immediately to the west of the Euphrates", including

6215: 4427: 2630:

Nestorian Christianity thrived in China for approximately 200 years, but then faced persecution from

2537: 2218: 1671: 1533: 1189: 1059: 923: 904: 2889:. However, no bishop of metropolitan rank was available to consecrate him, as canonically required. 1788:

and deposed him as patriarch. Nestorianism was officially anathematized, a ruling reiterated at the

6235: 6130: 5305: 4513: 4264: 4184:"Common Christological declaration between the Catholic church and the Assyrian Church of the East" 3210: 3094: 2909: 2882: 1886: 1781: 1598: 1542:

community under Muslim rule. From the 6th century it expanded greatly, establishing communities in

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by the Persian ] (becoming the province of ]), and there were significant Christian communities in

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by the Persian ] (becoming the province of ]), and there were significant Christian communities in

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has shunned the "Nestorian" label in recent times. The church's former head, Catholicos-Patriarch

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Richard W. Burgess, “The Dates of the Martyrdom of Simeon bar Sabba'e and the ‘Great Massacre’”,

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Common Christological Declaration between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East

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By the 15th century, Nestorian Christianity was largely confined to the Eastern Aramaic speaking

2603: 2431: 2241: 1924: 1777: 1659: 1602: 1547: 1033: 3749: 2103:, leading to a wave of Nestorian immigration into the Persian Empire. The Patriarch of the East 3245: 3175:

In September 2015, Warda Sliwa was consecrated Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East in

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Christianity reached China by 635, and its relics can still be seen in Chinese cities such as

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Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux.

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tribes. Nestorian missionaries were firmly established in China during the early part of the

2023:. However, the Persian Church faced several severe persecutions, notably during the reign of 1932: 1513: 1259: 66: 4315:

Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux

1748:. This became a source of controversy when Nestorius publicly challenged usage of the title 5347: 4539: 4272: 3188: 2363: 1997: 1789: 1462: 1367: 1214: 855: 107: 3916:

Ding, Wang (2006). "Renmants of Christianity from Chinese Central Asia in Medieval ages".

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proposed unifying the three modern Patriarchates into a reestablished Church of the East.

2480:, who had authority over the clergy and also wielded a great amount of secular power. The 8: 6278: 5251: 5233: 4168: 3250: 2822: 2495:

In the 12th century Indian Nestorianism engaged the Western imagination in the figure of

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from 428 – 431 AD, which emphasizes the disunion between the human and divine natures of

1663: 1458: 1380: 1334: 1274: 908: 2598:, attributes the introduction of Christianity to a mission under a Persian cleric named 2413: 2000:, leadership and structure remained disorganized until 310 when, at a synod convened in 5788: 4909: 4705: 4613: 4500: 4400: 4366: 4252: 4123: 3935: 3574: 3141: 2685:

clan, as did their sons in turn. During the rule of Genghis's grandson, the Great Khan

2525: 2449: 2327: 2222: 1993: 1985: 1940: 1521: 883: 167: 3315: 2130:; this ended in 545. The church survived these trials under the guidance of Patriarch 1984:. The Church of the East traced its origins ultimately to the evangelical activity of 5260: 4996: 4738: 4600: 4565: 4543: 4486: 4462: 4439: 4352: 4286: 4238: 4124:"The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries" 3921: 3896: 3871: 3645: 3560: 3485: 3369: 3109: 2762: 2627:) and Gabriel of Sarag (Loyang). The names of around seventy monks are also listed. 2533: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2323: 2319: 2100: 2068: 2052: 2048: 2032: 1973: 1741: 1478: 1269: 892: 878: 2476:, provided from Persia, who oversaw a varying number of bishops as well as a native 2209: 3274:

Though the "Nestorian" label is well established, it has been contentious. See the

3070: 2709: 2614: 2545: 2509: 2481: 2347: 2119: 2088: 2064: 2012:, or universal leader. This position received an additional title in 410, becoming 1798: 1793: 1721: 1695: 1647: 1525: 1509: 1501: 1489:. Several modern churches claim continuity with the historical Church of the East. 1122: 1100: 654:

publicly accepted Nestorius' mentor, ], as a spiritual authority. In 489, when the

16: 4485:

The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

2971: 2646:

Christianity in China experienced a significant revival during the Mongol-created

4681: 4480: 4476: 4215: 3513:"Cyril of Alexandria, Third epistle to Nestorius, including the twelve anathemas" 3137: 3078: 2894: 2781: 2591: 2569: 2395: 2387: 2379: 2335: 2331: 2288: 2265: 2123: 1965: 1961: 1936: 1913: 1466: 1439: 1304: 1299: 1095: 4277:, London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-29770-2. Google Print, retrieved 16 July 2005. 3124:

faced a further split in 1898, when a bishop and a number of followers from the

2916:

five months in Amid, consecrated five metropolitan bishops (for the dioceses of

2877:

districts in northern Mesopotamia, chose a new patriarch, electing a monk named

2784:

communities of northern Mesopotamia, in and around the rough triangle formed by

2564: 5313: 5151: 4748: 4729: 4686: 4660: 4393:

Light from the East: A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Churches

4163: 3082: 3052: 3028: 2963:

Amadiya, imprisoned him for four months, and put him to death in January 1555.

2809: 2717: 2572:, created in 781, describes the introduction of Nestorian Christianity to China 2453: 2351: 2300: 2096: 2040: 2028: 1969: 1590: 1344: 1117: 1105: 1038: 4559:

Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the first journey from China to the West

4101:

Habbi, "Signification de l'union chaldéenne de Mar Sulaqa avec Rome en 1553",

2686: 1865:, in some cases lightly revised and with missing books added, is the standard 1792:

in 451. However, a number of churches, particularly those associated with the

1732: 745:

By the end of the 5th century and the middle of the 6th, the area occupied by

723:

By the end of the 5th century and the middle of the 6th, the area occupied by

6291: 5126: 4320: 4301: 3737: 3157: 3055:

authorities. Nevertheless, its influence expanded from the original towns of

2992:(which comprised those who had not entered into Communion with Rome) and the 2766: 2674: 2540:

hierarchy; by the next year, 84 of the 116 communities returned, forming the

1981: 1920: 1909: 1844: 1583: 1563: 1497: 1199: 1184: 1164: 1127: 1112: 1088: 957: 438:, vol. 3, s.v. “Papa bar Aggai” (InterVarsity Press, 2014), 3104.</ref> 3156:. Today the Assyrian Church has about 170,000 members, mostly living in the 3144:

was exiled. In 1940-41, Shimun settled in the sizable diaspora community in

2610:. The inscription on the Nestorian Stele, whose dating formula mentions the 2464:

solidified the church's jurisdiction in India. In the 8th century Patriarch

1847:, explicitly rejected the term on the occasion of his consecration in 1976. 1626:". Like the churches from which it developed, the Church of the East has an 47: 5075: 5070: 5015: 4966: 4889: 4784: 4187: 3630:, 2nd edn., vol. 3, s.v. “Papa bar Aggai” (InterVarsity Press, 2014), 3104. 3180: 2865:

yahb had become so unpopular that a group of bishops, principally from the

2690: 2678: 2647: 2607: 2496: 2461: 2261: 2253: 2187: 2020: 1806: 1768: 1701: 1691: 1667: 1571: 1559: 1505: 1454: 1428: 1224: 1209: 1194: 1174: 1169: 1159: 6161: 6151: 6079: 6068: 6013: 5957: 5881: 5840: 5544: 4860: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2860: 2854: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2815: 2761:, mention the murder of a Latin bishop in 1339 or 1340 by a Muslim mob in 2616: 5141: 5131: 5100: 5060: 5055: 5020: 5010: 4976: 4943: 4879: 4310: 3176: 2773: 2650:, established after the Mongols had conquered China in the 13th century. 2624: 2595: 2273: 2249: 2233: 2179: 2151: 2115: 2104: 1957: 1759: 1705: 1679: 1424: 1339: 1204: 1083: 4237:. Vol. Volume 5, Eastern Christianity. Cambridge University Press. 1496:, continuing a line that, according to tradition, stretched back to the 5196: 5136: 5105: 5085: 5080: 5050: 4918: 4904: 4899: 4869: 4858: 4691: 3278:

section for the naming issue and alternate designations for the church.

2890: 2793: 2721: 2651: 2529: 2505: 2485: 2477: 2398: 2391: 2375: 2339: 2131: 2110:

Now firmly established in the Persian Empire, with centers in Nisibis,

1989: 1627: 1623: 1229: 3031:

with Rome, separating from the Patriarchal see of Alqosh. In 1681 the

2741: 2712:

had initially conceived of his journey to the West as a pilgrimage to

5228: 5209: 5170: 5040: 4458: 2850: 2754: 2725: 2713: 2698: 2681:

was a shamanist, but his sons took Christian wives from the powerful

2669:

The Church of the East enjoyed a final period of expansion under the

2402: 2383: 2355: 2277: 2183: 2139: 2127: 2111: 2024: 2005: 1890: 1827: 1750: 1709: 1639: 1517: 1314: 1234: 1179: 551:</ref> The church grew considerably during the Sasanian period, 4597:

The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

4211:"Chaldean Patriarch gambles on re-establishing "Church of the East"" 4024:

The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

1815:

The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

1427:, in a 7th- or 8th-century wall painting from a Nestorian church in 5218: 5183: 5165: 4938: 4884: 4794: 4743: 4724: 4719: 3140:. Thousands of Assyrian Christians fled the country, and Patriarch 3086: 3032: 3005: 2789: 2635: 2587: 2500: 2489: 2367: 2318:

Nestorian Christians made substantial contributions to the Islamic

2194: 2163: 2076: 2036: 2001: 1923:

of the Peshitta, which originally excluded certain disputed books (

1862: 1856: 1606: 1219: 1154: 4341:

Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923

4005:

H. C. Luke, "The Christian Communities in the Holy Sepulchre," in

2634:(reigned 840–846). He suppressed all foreign religions, including 2213:

Ecclesiastical provinces of the Church of the East in 10th century

1566:, where influential Nestorian Christians sat in the Mongol court. 6273: 5246: 5223: 5146: 4923: 4804: 4799: 4758: 4753: 4710: 4435: 3145: 3009: 2954: 2917: 2769:, and the forcible conversion of the city's Christians to Islam. 2670: 2417:

Church of the East and its largest extent during the Middle Ages.

2343: 2257: 2159: 2147: 2072: 2044: 2004:, the bishop Mar Papa bar Aggai (310-329) of the see of Seleucia- 1651: 1264: 352:

Christians were already forming communities in ] as early as the

4046:

Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

2122:, the Church of the East began to branch out beyond the Persian 4928: 4482:

Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.

3060: 2989: 2929: 2886: 2874: 2797: 2694: 2682: 2599: 2445: 2371: 2269: 2227: 2143: 2056: 1785: 1655: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1538: 1532:

The church grew rapidly under the Sasanians, and following the

4588:

Nestorian missionary enterprise, the story of a church on fire

4327:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010 ISBN 978-0-230-62125-1 4843: 4700: 3169: 3125: 3064: 2933: 2901: 2814:

Around the middle of the fifteenth century the patriarch Shem

2785: 2745:

Mongol tribes that adopted Syriac Christianity ca. 600 - 1400

2701:, made a formal conversion to Islam when he took the throne. 2304: 2245: 2237: 2193:

The Church of the East also flourished in the kingdom of the

2167: 2155: 1763: 1717: 1658:

communities overseen by priests. Dioceses are organized into

1579: 1575: 1486: 1482: 1309: 3316:"CNEWA United States – The Assyrian Church of the East" 1654:, each headed by a bishop and made up of several individual 6160: 4779: 4335:. Great Britain: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 3165: 3161: 3056: 3024: 2925: 2870: 2866: 2307:. He also detached India from the metropolitan province of 2175: 1977: 1470: 605:

Jugie, “”, ''Échos d'Orient'' 34(177) (1935): 5–25.</ref

3918:

Jingjiao: the Church of the East in China and Central Asia

3557:

Jingjiao: the Church of the East in China and Central Asia

2197:

until the Islamic conquest, particularly after the ruler

2134:, who had converted to Christianity from Zoroastrianism. 1755: 1019:

Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia

547:

accused it of Roman leanings.<ref>Foster, pp. 26–27

4643: 3767:

Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy

3333:. The American Foundation for Syriac Studies. 2012-10-05 2912:, created a permanent schism in the Church of the East. 2276:, and over 20 bishops east of the Iranian border of the 1002:

Eastern Rite Community in Germany and the Czech Republic

3816:. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3, p. 4 3475:, p. 34, in the 9th century there were 25 metropolitans 2326:, particularly in translating the works of the ancient 2311:

and made it a separate metropolitan province, known as

1972:), and there were significant Christian communities in 5290: 3890: 3865: 3015:

In the Western regions, a new start for the so-called

2448:, India, who trace their origins to the evangelism of 2256:, where they had significant success converting local 1685: 1670:

a patriarch. The Patriarch also has the charge of the

1558:, which became home to a thriving community under the 1039:

P'ent'ay - Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelical Churches

400:

Mesopotamian and Persian churches into the Catholicate

54: 4343:, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02700-4 4107:

Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East

3851:

Christianity in India: from Beginnings to the Present

3715:, 3rd edn. (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 116, 245. 3409:

Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East

2966: 2736: 1943:), had become the standard by the early 5th century. 210:(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) 4271:

Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W (1 January 2003).

3554: 3037:

Patriarch of the Chaldeans deprived of its patriarch

2051:, accompanied by a number of teachers, to leave the 1630:

clergy divided into the three traditional orders of

3827:

Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization

3519: 3484: 2303:of Central Asia, for China, and possibly also for 194: 2594:, set up on 7 January 781 at the then-capital of 2225:designated the Church of the East as an official 6289: 4280: 3639: 1951: 1504:, and theologically, it adopted the doctrine of 254:Christians were already forming communities in ] 4556: 4346: 4232: 4164:"Assyrian Church of the East elects new leader" 4085: 4083: 4081: 3853:, pp. 102–107; 115. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-826377-5. 2536:to re-establish the East Syrian rites under an 2299:in Tabaristan, for Sarbaz in Segestan, for the 1956:Christians were already forming communities in 1009:Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile) 4426: 3769:(Burlington, VT–Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 73. 3642:The Eastern Christian Churches: a brief survey 3296: 2552:; from the Malankara Church has also come the 2083:where he publicly accepted Nestorius' mentor, 1964:. In 266, the area was annexed by the Persian 1817:, offers an explanation in the first chapter: 1700:The Church of the East became associated with 5338:Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552 5333:Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552 5276: 4629: 4585: 4533: 4527:Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions 4121: 3777: 3775: 3711:Donald Attwater & Catherine Rachel John, 3401: 3226:Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1552–1913 3221:Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552 2338:. Nestorians made their own contributions to 2087:, as a spiritual authority. In 489, when the 1617: 1400: 341:. This position received an additional title 4078: 4060: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3331:"The Church of the East – Mark Dickens" 3231:List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East 3112:, USA, forms the continuation of this line. 3004:, moved his seat to the Assyrian village of 2720:from the 1348 through 1575, as contemporary 2658: 2268:describes a mission under a proselyte named 4452: 4105:11 (1966), 99–132 and 199–230; Wilmshurst, 3352: 2731: 2436:India (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 2264:(618–907); the Chinese source known as the 1536:(633-654) it was designated as a protected 1508:, which emphasizes the distinctness of the 440:This position received an additional title 5390:Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 5328:Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318 5283: 5269: 4636: 4622: 4594: 4475: 3915: 3891:Baum, Wilhelm; Dietmar W. Winkler (2003). 3866:Baum, Wilhelm; Dietmar W. Winkler (2003). 3772: 3671: 3216:Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318 2492:, where the shrine of Thomas was located. 2295:, for Dailam and Gilan in Azerbaijan, for 1869:for churches in the Syriac tradition: the 1500:. Liturgically, the church adhered to the 1407: 1393: 4418:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4274:The Church of the East: A Concise History 3893:The Church of the East: A Concise History 3868:The Church of the East: A Concise History 3861: 3859: 3607: 3541:Baum, W. & Winkler, D., (2000, 2003) 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3414: 3042: 1492:The Church of the East was headed by the 4117: 4115: 4097: 4095: 4022:(Beirut, 1993) p. 71. David Wilsmhurst, 3555:Hofrichter, Peter L. (2006). "Preface". 3360:. Catholic Near East Welfare Association 3128:area in Iran entered communion with the 3081:profession of faith in 1780. He entered 2970: 2740: 2563: 2412: 2287:(780–823), a contemporary of the caliph 2208: 1731: 1418: 4520: 4351:(in Russian). Moscow: Onyx Publishers. 4208: 4009:(London: John Murray, 1924), pp. 46–56. 3977: 3598: 3346: 3152:(1908–1975) by forming the independent 3134:Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Urmia 2704: 2548:, soon entered into communion with the 538:, Elam and Fars were reinforced in the 477:, Elam and Fars were reinforced in the 6290: 4330: 3856: 3445: 3093:line of Amid, thus forming the modern 2641:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2544:. The rest, which became known as the 2027:(339–79), from the ethnically Persian 1996:. While under the jurisdiction of the 1960:as early as the 1st century under the 1784:in 431, which condemned Nestorius for 1646:. Also like other churches, it has an 1052:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India 825:Revision as of 09:59, 23 November 2016 145:Revision as of 09:59, 23 November 2016 90:Revision as of 01:58, 22 November 2016 5264: 4617: 4235:The Cambridge History of Christianity 4112: 4092: 3615:Church of the East: a concise history 2528:responded by sending a delegation of 2174:, and clergy were recorded among the 1465:. It was the Christian church of the 1423:Nestorian priests in a procession on 1005:Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia 534:These early Christian communities in 473:These early Christian communities in 4580:Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 4390: 4161: 3920:. Steyler Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH. 3628:Encyclopedia of Ancient Christianity 3559:. Steyler Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH. 3355:"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2010" 3019:Patriarchate began in 1672 when Mar 2063:Meanwhile, in the Roman Empire, the 2014:Catholicos and Patriarch of the East 1912:of the Peshitta was translated from 1469:, and quickly spread widely through 1443: 1047:Society for Eastern Rite Anglicanism 1029:Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church 80: 46: 6313:Christianity in the Sasanian Empire 4432:The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410 4126:. Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 3276:Nestorianism and naming conventions 2996:line. In 1672 the Patriarch of the 2458:Patriarch of the Church of the East 2047:was ceded to the Persians, causing 1686:Nestorianism and naming conventions 831:Church of the East (disambiguation) 555:but the pressure of persecution led 388:bishop Mar Papa bar Aggai (310-329) 384:310 when, at a synod convened in ], 245:===Parthian and Sasanian periods=== 238:===Parthian and Sasanian periods=== 209: 201: 190: 159: 142: 135: 130: 99: 87: 13: 3644:. Edizioni Orientalia Christiana. 3545:, London, RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 4–5 3077:hereditary line in Alqosh, made a 2967:Sees in Qochanis, Amid, and Alqosh 2737:Collapse of the exterior provinces 2394:of the Abbasid Caliphs were often 1766:and the human Jesus, and proposed 1744:, most notably Nestorius's mentor 1516:. This doctrine and its namesake, 827: 35: 6339: 4162:Nagl, Kurt (September 26, 2015). 3275: 2803: 2252:presence there, and they entered 1520:(386–451), were condemned by the 998:Believers Eastern Church of India 648:, mainly around the theological ] 6272: 5346: 5245: 4455:The Lost History of Christianity 4395:. Toronto: Anglican Book Centre. 4209:Valente, Gianni (25 June 2015). 4143:Baum & Winkler, pp. 143–144. 4026:(Louvain: Peeters, 2000), p. 66. 3713:The Penguin Dictionary of Saints 3395:CNEWA - Chaldean Catholic Church 3241:Second Council of Constantinople 3067:, where they relocated the see. 2470:Ecclesiastical Province of India 2201:officially converted in c. 592. 2095:was closed by Byzantine Emperor 1946: 1895:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 1729:Syriac/Syrian), and "Assyrian". 1614:Church of the East had 100,000. 862: 6298:Ancient Christian controversies 5609:Beth Tabyathe and the Kartawaye 5234:Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–58) 4590:. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark. 4333:The Church of the T'ang Dynasty 4226: 4202: 4176: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4069: 4051: 4038: 4029: 4012: 3999: 3986: 3968: 3959: 3909: 3884: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3814:Islamic Science and Engineering 3806: 3793: 3784: 3759: 3742: 3731: 3718: 3705: 3692: 3683: 3658: 3633: 3620: 3548: 3535: 3505: 3115: 2468:organised the community as the 2204: 838:The Assyrian Church of the East 557:the Catholicos Dadisho I in 424 423:.<ref>Angelo Di Berardino 195:→‎Parthian and Sasanian periods 4300:"Nestorius and Nestorianism". 4285:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 3750:L'ecclésiologie des nestoriens 3496: 3478: 3465: 3268: 3256:Christians in the Persian Gulf 2665:Christianity among the Mongols 2554:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 2244:). They made some advances in 2221:in 644, the newly established 2217:After the Sasanian Empire was 1903:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 1: 4521:Moffett, Samuel Hugh (1999). 4349:Poiski vymyshlennogo tsarstva 4233:Angold, Michael, ed. (2006). 3728:(Paris: Plon, 1993), 110–133. 3532:. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 3442:. Retrieved January 28, 2010. 3285: 1952:Parthian and Sasanian periods 1850: 1014:Evangelical Church of Romania 823: 780: 767: 741: 719: 693: 681: 642: 624: 530: 469: 348: 250: 6186:Erbil (Chaldean archeparchy) 6058:Tus and Abrashahr (Nishapur) 4739:Shemʿon Bar Sabbaʿe (329–41) 3492:. Doubleday. pp. 20–23. 3290: 3236:Schism of the Three Chapters 2542:Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 2488:, or (perhaps nominally) in 2408: 2199:Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir 1899:Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 1682:, Tangut and Katai and Ong. 553:<ref name=Britannica/> 18:Browse history interactively 7: 6328:Non-Chalcedonian Christians 6303:Assyrian Church of the East 6181:Erbil (East Syriac diocese) 6162: 6152: 6080: 6069: 6014: 5958: 5882: 5841: 5545: 5310:Assyrian Church of the East 5304:Hierarchy divided into the 4861: 4563:Kodansha International Ltd. 4283:Culture and customs of Iran 4152:Baum & Winkler, p. 148. 3678:Culture and customs of Iran 3311:. Retrieved April 19, 2010. 3206:Assyrian Church of the East 3194: 3122:Assyrian Church of the East 3106:Assyrian Church of the East 3023:, then the metropolitan of 2959: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2906:Divina disponente clementia 2861: 2855: 2845: 2839: 2831: 2825: 2816: 2617: 2578:Church of the East in China 2182:, Media, and the island of 1879:Assyrian Church of the East 1841:Assyrian Church of the East 1714:Patriarch of Constantinople 1595:Assyrian Church of the East 1578:. The Muslim Mongol leader 1024:Evangelical Orthodox Church 993:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 988:Assyrian Evangelical Church 983:Armenian Evangelical Church 334:], or universal leader, of 10: 6344: 6105:dioceses from 1318 to 1552 5152:Yahballaha III (1281–1317) 4595:Wilmshurst, David (2000). 4325:Religions of the Silk Road 3640:Roberson, Ronald (1999) . 3626:Angelo Di Berardino, ed., 3473:Church of the Tang Dynasty 3471:According to John Foster, 3201:Ancient Church of the East 3154:Ancient Church of the East 3035:granted him the title of " 2885:near the Assyrian town of 2807: 2697:, the Mongol ruler of the 2662: 2575: 2429: 1968:(becoming the province of 1883:Ancient Church of the East 1854: 1689: 1618:Organization and structure 1611:Ancient Church of the East 1056:St. Valentine's Fellowship 1043:Russian Evangelical Church 835: 828: 192: 6269: 6097: 5534:Ardashir Khurrah (Shiraf) 5486: 5398: 5355: 5344: 5320: 5302: 5242: 5127:Yahballaha II (1190–1222) 5119: 4959: 4767: 4674: 4655: 4281:Daniel, Elton L. (2006). 3895:. Routledge. p. 53. 3870:. Routledge. p. 52. 3849:Frykenberg, Eric (2008). 3490:The Realm of Prester John 3387:Information sourced from 3362:. Retrieved December 2010 2659:Mongolia and Central Asia 2401:such as the long serving 2219:conquered by Muslim Arabs 1672:Province of the Patriarch 1662:under the authority of a 1534:Muslim conquest of Persia 1363:Index of related articles 1350:Eastern Christian history 1060:Ukrainian Lutheran Church 295:leadership and structure 217: 214: 141: 86: 5306:Chaldean Catholic Church 5166:Denha II (1336/7–1381/2) 4557:Rossabi, Morris (1992). 4391:Hill, Henry, ed (1988). 4347:Gumilev, Lev N. (2003). 3261: 3211:Chaldean Catholic Church 3095:Chaldean Catholic Church 2957:, who invited Sulaqa to 2910:Chaldean Catholic Church 2883:Rabban Hormizd Monastery 2732:Schism and later history 2602:in 635, in the reign of 2559: 2425: 1887:Chaldean Catholic Church 1824:Eliya X Yohannan Marogin 1782:First Council of Ephesus 1599:Chaldean Catholic Church 1510:divine and human natures 1135:Eastern Catholic liturgy 1072:Eastern liturgical rites 836:Not to be confused with 598:the Patriarch of Antioch 179:Extended confirmed users 6279:Christianity portal 5494:Abiward and Shahr Piroz 5252:Christianity portal 5101:ʿAbdishoʿ III (1139–48) 5076:Sabrishoʿ III (1064–72) 4582:62:3–4 (2010): 165–190. 3726:Les porteurs de lumière 3530:Encyclopædia Britannica 3440:Encyclopædia Britannica 3309:Encyclopædia Britannica 3130:Russian Orthodox Church 2759:Giovanni de' Marignolli 2724:accounts indicate. At 2604:Emperor Taizong of Tang 2432:Saint Thomas Christians 2242:Saint Thomas Christians 1998:patriarchate of Antioch 1925:Second Epistle of Peter 1778:Patriarch of Alexandria 1754:(literally, "Bearer of 1708:doctrine attributed to 1603:Eastern Catholic Church 1548:Saint Thomas Christians 1524:in 431, leading to the 1034:Mar Thoma Syrian Church 652:convened the ] where he 434:Christianity'', 2nd edn 299:disorganized until the 85: 5086:Makkikha I (1092–1110) 5081:ʿAbdishoʿ II (1074–90) 5071:Yohannan VII (1049–57) 4890:Ishoʿyahb III (649–59) 4599:. Peeters Publishers. 4586:Stewart, John (1928). 4534:Morgan, David (2007). 4075:Wilmshurst, pp. 21–22. 3543:The Church of the East 3377:Check date values in: 3246:Syriac Orthodox Church 3150:Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII 2977: 2746: 2632:Emperor Wuzong of Tang 2573: 2550:Syriac Orthodox Church 2442:Saint Thomas Christian 2418: 2214: 2085:Theodore of Mopsuestia 2010:Catholicos of the East 1929:Second Epistle of John 1875:Syrian Catholic Church 1871:Syriac Orthodox Church 1837: 1746:Theodore of Mopsuestia 1737: 1605:in communion with the 1431: 952:Independent communions 747:the Church of the East 421:], or universal leader 6323:Christian terminology 5880:Niffar, Nil and al-Nu 5709:Harran and Callinicus 5399:Exterior metropolitan 5356:Interior metropolitan 5219:Shemʿon V (1497–1502) 5142:Makkikha II (1257–65) 5137:Sabrishoʿ V (1226–56) 5132:Sabrishoʿ IV (1222–5) 5106:Ishoʿyahb V (1149–75) 5061:Ishoʿyahb IV (1020–5) 5056:Yohannan VI (1012–20) 4967:Ishoʿ bar Nun (823–8) 4944:Hnanishoʿ II (773–80) 4880:Ishoʿyahb II (628–45) 4870:Sabrishoʿ I (596–604) 4785:Yahballaha I (415–20) 4331:Foster, John (1939). 4303:Catholic Encyclopedia 3756:34(177) (1935): 5–25. 2974: 2744: 2582:Christianity in China 2567: 2416: 2248:, despite the strong 2212: 1933:Third Epistle of John 1819: 1735: 1554:in Central Asia, and 1494:Patriarch of the East 1449:), also known as the 1422: 1240:Eastern Protestantism 976:Eastern Protestantism 873:Mainstream communions 307:of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 6007:Shenna d'Beth Ramman 5589:Beth Mazunaye (Oman) 5453:Kashgar and Nevaketh 5413:Beth Tuptaye (Tibet) 5229:Shemʿon VI (1504–38) 5051:Yohannan V (1000–11) 5041:ʿAbdishoʿ I (963–86) 5026:Abraham III (906–37) 5021:Yohannan IV (900–05) 5016:Yohannan III (893–9) 5011:Yohannan II (884–91) 4977:Sabrishoʿ II (831–5) 4972:Giwargis II (828–31) 4905:Hnanishoʿ I (686–98) 4540:Blackwell Publishing 3994:Mongols and the West 3765:Sebastian P. Brock, 3700:Analecta Bollandiana 3189:Louis Raphael I Sako 3008:in the mountains of 2765:, the chief city of 2705:Jerusalem and Cyprus 2364:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu 1832:Shem'on XVII Abraham 1790:Council of Chalcedon 1477:stretching from the 1463:Eastern Christianity 1368:Western Christianity 856:Eastern Christianity 829:For other uses, see 6110:dioceses after 1552 5834:Mashmahig (Bahrain) 5624:Bih Shabur (Kazrun) 5554:Badisi and Qadistan 5408:Beth Sinaye (China) 5210:Shemʿon IV Basidi ( 5120:13th–16th centuries 5111:Eliya III (1176–90) 5031:Emmanuel I (937–60) 4982:Abraham II (837–50) 4949:Timothy I (780–823) 4919:Sliba-zkha (714–28) 4895:Giwargis I (661–80) 4749:Barbaʿshmin (343–6) 4339:Charles A. Frazee, 4190:. November 11, 1994 4169:Rudaw Media Network 4122:Heleen H.L. Murre. 4007:Jerusalem 1920–1922 3983:Moffett, pp. 14–15. 3389:Annuario Pontificio 3251:Syriac Christianity 3063:toward the area of 2474:metropolitan bishop 2360:Patriarch Eutychius 2081:Synod of Beth Lapat 1664:metropolitan bishop 1381:Christianity portal 1335:Christian mysticism 1148:Major controversies 924:Eastern Catholicism 427:ed., ''Encyclopedia 267:when it was part of 6318:Church of the East 6098:Post-1318 dioceses 5987:Seleucia-Ctesiphon 5769:Karka d'Beth Slokh 5448:Islands of the Sea 5296:Church of the East 5096:Bar Sawma (1134–6) 5091:Eliya II (1111–32) 4997:Israel of Kashkar 4987:Theodosius (853–8) 4960:9th–12th centuries 4939:Yaʿqob II (753–73) 4900:Yohannan I (680–3) 4649:Church of the East 4411:has generic name ( 4380:|trans-title= 4376:|trans_title= 4374:Unknown parameter 4089:Wilmshurst, p. 22. 4066:Wilsmhurst, p. 21. 3943:Unknown parameter 3781:Stewart, pp. 13−14 3582:Unknown parameter 3486:Silverberg, Robert 3142:Shimun XXIII Eshai 3073:, the last in the 2978: 2881:, the superior of 2747: 2574: 2534:Chaldean Catholics 2526:Pope Alexander VII 2450:Thomas the Apostle 2419: 2328:Greek philosophers 2324:Abbasid Caliphates 2223:Rashidun Caliphate 2215: 2033:Simeon bar Sabba'e 1994:Thomas the Apostle 1986:Thaddeus of Edessa 1941:Book of Revelation 1738: 1650:: organization by 1522:Council of Ephesus 1457:church within the 1436:Church of the East 1432: 929:Church of the East 884:Oriental Orthodoxy 818:===Islamic rule=== 811:===Islamic rule=== 788:Church of the East 404:Seleucia-Ctesiphon 382:disorganized until 157: 97: 6285: 6284: 6114: 5926:Qasr and Nahrawan 5401:provinces to 1318 5358:provinces to 1318 5258: 5257: 5157:Timothy II (1318– 5147:Denha I (1265–81) 5066:Eliya I (1028–49) 4800:Dadishoʿ (421–56) 4768:5th–8th centuries 4720:Ahadabui (204–20) 4675:1st–4th centuries 4606:978-90-429-0876-5 4549:978-1-4051-3539-9 4492:978-0-88-141056-3 4453:Jenkins, Philip. 4445:978-0-582-36896-5 4292:978-0-313-32053-8 4244:978-0-521-81113-2 4057:Wilmshurst, p. 19 3927:978-3-8050-0534-0 3702:117 (1999): 9–66. 3689:Foster, pp. 26–27 3566:978-3-8050-0534-0 3379:|accessdate= 3353:Ronald Roberson. 3110:Chicago, Illinois 3108:, now located in 3002:Shimun XIII Denha 2524:of 1653. In 1661 2522:Coonan Cross Oath 2518:Archbishop of Goa 2514:Aleixo de Menezes 2120:metropolitan sees 2101:School of Nisibis 2069:School of Nisibis 2053:School of Nisibis 2049:Ephrem the Syrian 1974:Upper Mesopotamia 1826:in 1672, and the 1780:, leading to the 1742:School of Antioch 1479:Mediterranean Sea 1417: 1416: 963:Spiritual Russian 920: 893:Orthodox Tewahedo 879:Eastern Orthodoxy 822: 274:the third century 143: 88: 68: 6335: 6277: 6276: 6165: 6155: 6100: 6083: 6072: 6017: 6012:Shigar and Beth 5961: 5921:Qarta and Adarma 5885: 5845:altha and Hnitha 5844: 5829:Mashkena d'Qurdu 5739:Hormizd Ardashir 5644:Dasqarta d'Malka 5548: 5487:dioceses to 1318 5350: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5250: 5249: 5224:Eliya V (1503–4) 4924:Pethion (731–40) 4885:Maremmeh (646–9) 4864: 4854:Ezekiel (570–81) 4825:Elishaʿ (524–37) 4810:Acacius (485–96) 4805:Babowai (457–84) 4759:Qayyoma (377–99) 4754:Tomarsa (363–71) 4744:Shahdost (341–3) 4725:Shahlufa (220–4) 4706:Abraham (159–71) 4638: 4631: 4624: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4591: 4575: 4553: 4538:(2nd ed.). 4530: 4517: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4496: 4477:Meyendorff, John 4472: 4449: 4423: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4404: 4396: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4362: 4336: 4307: 4296: 4268: 4263:has extra text ( 4262: 4258: 4256: 4248: 4221: 4220: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4119: 4110: 4099: 4090: 4087: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4016: 4010: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3931: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3863: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3810: 3804: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3770: 3763: 3757: 3746: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3668:12 (1967): 3–22. 3662: 3656: 3655: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3570: 3552: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3482: 3476: 3469: 3463: 3462:Wilmshurst, p. 4 3460: 3443: 3433: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3386: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3300: 3279: 3272: 3071:Yohannan Hormizd 2962: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2864: 2858: 2848: 2842: 2834: 2828: 2819: 2710:Rabban Bar Sauma 2620: 2546:Malankara Church 2538:Eastern Catholic 2510:Synod of Diamper 2484:was probably in 2482:metropolitan see 2390:). The personal 2348:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 2089:School of Edessa 2065:Nestorian Schism 1799:Nestorian Schism 1794:School of Edessa 1722:East Syrian Rite 1696:Nestorian Schism 1648:episcopal polity 1526:Nestorian Schism 1502:East Syrian Rite 1459:Syriac tradition 1451:Nestorian Church 1445: 1409: 1402: 1395: 1295:Antiochian Greek 941: 886: 866: 843: 842: 258:as early as the 199: 198: 197: 185: 175: 156: 151: 133: 125: 115: 96: 69: 60: 59: 57: 52: 50: 42: 39: 21: 19: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6271: 6265: 6146:Atel and Bohtan 6107: 6103: 6099: 6093: 5906:Prath d'Maishan 5804:Mahoze d'Arewan 5779:Karka d'Maishan 5524:Aoustan d'Arzun 5482: 5400: 5394: 5357: 5351: 5342: 5316: 5298: 5289: 5259: 5254: 5244: 5238: 5115: 4992:Sargis (860–72) 4955: 4929:Aba II (741–51) 4910:Yohannan Garba 4875:Gregory (605–9) 4865:yahb I (582–95) 4849:Joseph (552–67) 4815:Babai (497–503) 4775:Isaac (399–410) 4763: 4670: 4651: 4642: 4607: 4572: 4550: 4509: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4469: 4446: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4379: 4375: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4299: 4293: 4260: 4259: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4229: 4224: 4216:Vatican Insider 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4129: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4103:L'Orient Syrien 4100: 4093: 4088: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974:Stewart, p. 183 3973: 3969: 3965:Stewart, p. 169 3964: 3960: 3948: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3864: 3857: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3811: 3807: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3773: 3764: 3760: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3732: 3724:Nahal Tajadod, 3723: 3719: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3666:L'Orient syrien 3663: 3659: 3652: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3524: 3520: 3515:. 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1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1190:Three Chapters 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1003: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 979: 974: 973: 970: 969: 966: 965: 960: 954: 951: 950: 947: 946: 943: 942: 926: 921: 881: 875: 872: 871: 868: 867: 859: 858: 852: 851: 826: 821: 820: 817: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 804: 801: 799: 796: 793: 792: 787: 784: 783: 781: 779: 774: 771: 770: 768: 765: 764: 761: 759: 756: 753: 752: 746: 744: 742: 740: 735: 733: 728: 724: 722: 720: 717: 716: 713: 711: 708: 705: 704: 699: 696: 694: 692: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 675: 673: 670: 667: 666: 661: 657: 655: 651: 647: 645: 643: 641: 636: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 618: 616: 613: 610: 609: 604: 601: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 539: 535: 533: 531: 529: 524: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 482: 478: 474: 472: 470: 467: 466: 463: 461: 458: 455: 454: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 430: 426: 422: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 368: 364: 361: 357: 353: 351: 349: 347: 342: 338: 335: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 277: 273: 270: 266: 263: 259: 255: 253: 251: 248: 247: 244: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 228: 226: 223: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 207: 206: 182: 177: 176: 161: 140: 122: 119:Administrators 117: 116: 101: 70: 64: 62: 44: 36: 27: 23: 22: 14: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6340: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6106: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860:Mihraganqadaq 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5774:Karka d'Ledan 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5458:Katai and Ong 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5354: 5349: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5279: 5274: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5253: 5248: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5197:Shemʿon III ( 5195: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5046:Mari (987–99) 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4780:Ahha (410–14) 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4687:Aggai (66–87) 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4571:4-7700-1650-6 4567: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4502: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4468:0-06-147281-6 4464: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4402: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4368: 4360: 4358:5-9503-0041-6 4354: 4350: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4261:|volume= 4254: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4230: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4125: 4118: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4032: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3954: 3949:|editor= 3937: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3902:0-415-29770-2 3898: 3894: 3887: 3879: 3877:0-415-29770-2 3873: 3869: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3825:Rémi Brague, 3822: 3815: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3790:Foster, p. 33 3787: 3778: 3776: 3768: 3762: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3714: 3708: 3701: 3695: 3686: 3679: 3674: 3667: 3661: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3601: 3593: 3588:|editor= 3576: 3568: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3474: 3468: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3410: 3404: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3391:2010 edition 3390: 3384: 3371: 3356: 3349: 3332: 3328: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3158:United States 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3027:, entered in 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2964: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2743: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675:Mongol Empire 2672: 2666: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2566: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2444:community of 2443: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2415: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172:metropolitans 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1947:Early history 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1921:New Testament 1917: 1915: 1911: 1910:Old Testament 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1845:Mar Dinkha IV 1842: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1584:Malabar Coast 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1564:Mongol Empire 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550:), among the 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498:Apostolic Age 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1437: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1325: 1324: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1284: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1250: 1249: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1200:Monothelitism 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1185:Caesaropapism 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1165:Monophysitism 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1144: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 980: 977: 972: 971: 964: 961: 959: 958:Old Believers 956: 955: 949: 948: 939: 935: 930: 927: 925: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 870: 869: 865: 861: 860: 857: 854: 853: 849: 845: 844: 839: 832: 824: 816: 814: 809: 807: 806: 802: 800: 797: 795: 794: 782: 769: 766: 762: 760: 757: 755: 754: 743: 721: 718: 714: 712: 709: 707: 706: 695: 683: 680: 676: 674: 671: 669: 668: 644: 626: 623: 619: 617: 614: 612: 611: 532: 471: 468: 464: 462: 459: 457: 456: 350: 301:establishment 252: 249: 243: 241: 236: 234: 233: 229: 227: 224: 222: 221: 213: 208: 204: 196: 180: 173: 169: 164: 155: 150: 146: 138: 120: 113: 109: 104: 95: 91: 73: 58: 51: 41:Content added 33: 30: 20: 6308:Nestorianism 6101: 5936:Qube d'Arzun 5901:Piroz Shabur 5729:Hesna d'Kifa 5604:Beth Rahimaï 5599:Beth Nuhadra 5594:Beth Moksaye 5321:Time periods 5295: 5211: 5202: 5198: 5189: 5185: 5176: 5172: 5171:Shemʿon II ( 5158: 5036:Israel (961) 4998: 4911: 4831: 4731: 4712: 4693: 4648: 4596: 4587: 4558: 4535: 4526: 4481: 4454: 4431: 4409:|first= 4392: 4382:suggested) ( 4348: 4340: 4332: 4324: 4314: 4302: 4282: 4273: 4234: 4227:Bibliography 4214: 4204: 4192:. Retrieved 4188:The Holy See 4178: 4167: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4128:. Retrieved 4106: 4102: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4045: 4044:Wilmshurst, 4040: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4018:J. M. Fiey, 4014: 4006: 4001: 3993: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3951:suggested) ( 3917: 3911: 3892: 3886: 3867: 3850: 3845: 3837:Britannica, 3833: 3821: 3813: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3786: 3766: 3761: 3753: 3744: 3733: 3725: 3720: 3712: 3707: 3699: 3694: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3660: 3641: 3635: 3627: 3622: 3614: 3609: 3604:Hill, p. 107 3600: 3590:suggested) ( 3556: 3550: 3542: 3537: 3529: 3521: 3507: 3502:Foltz, p. 63 3498: 3489: 3480: 3472: 3467: 3439: 3408: 3407:Wilmshurst, 3403: 3388: 3348: 3335:. Retrieved 3320:. Retrieved 3308: 3298: 3270: 3181:Gewargis III 3174: 3119: 3116:20th century 3101: 3099: 3090: 3074: 3069: 3049: 3043: 3016: 3014: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2922:Hesna d'Kifa 2914: 2905: 2899: 2813: 2779: 2771: 2752: 2748: 2708: 2691:Yuan Dynasty 2679:Genghis Khan 2668: 2648:Yuan Dynasty 2645: 2629: 2608:Tang Dynasty 2585: 2497:Prester John 2494: 2462:Ishoyahb III 2439: 2420: 2317: 2282: 2262:Tang Dynasty 2254:Central Asia 2226: 2216: 2205:Islamic rule 2192: 2188:Indian Ocean 2136: 2109: 2062: 2021:Roman Empire 2018: 1955: 1918: 1907: 1867:Syriac Bible 1860: 1838: 1820: 1814: 1812: 1807:Wilhelm Baum 1803: 1769:Christotokos 1767: 1749: 1739: 1726: 1702:Nestorianism 1699: 1692:Nestorianism 1676: 1621: 1588: 1572:Ming dynasty 1568: 1560:Tang dynasty 1537: 1531: 1506:Nestorianism 1491: 1450: 1446: 1435: 1433: 1328:Other topics 1225:Paulicianism 1210:Dyothelitism 1195:Monoenergism 1175:Dyophysitism 1170:Miaphysitism 1160:Nestorianism 928: 775:Christianity 452:</ref> 396:] merged all 394:of Seleucia- 289:the apostles 5946:Ram Hormizd 5744:Hrbath Glal 5619:Beth Zabdaï 5574:Beth Daraye 5375:Beth Huzaye 5370:Beth Garmaï 4934:Surin (753) 4790:Maʿna (420) 4536:The Mongols 4311:Fiey, J. M. 4194:January 25, 4109:, pp. 21–22 3748:M. Jugie, “ 3526:"Nestorius" 3436:"Nestorian" 3318:. 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