42:
62:
230:. Passerine birds are distinguished by an anisodactyl foot, but it is thought that their earliest ancestors may have been zygodactyl, likely using this arrangement of toes to cling to the bark of trees as woodpeckers do. Only later did the fourth toe rotate from the rear to face forward in the modern passerine fashion.
203:. First named in 1971, based on fragmentary remains of two species from Germany, a more complete description of the birds became possible in 2008 when a number of other, better-preserved fossil species were assigned to the family based on a number of shared characteristics.
218:, and the zygodactylids were at one time thought to be related to the woodpecker family. More recent analyses, however, have shown that they are more likely to be the sister
280:
246:
572:
321:
451:"Systematics and phylogeny of the Zygodactylidae (Aves, Neognathae) with description of a new species from the early Eocene of Wyoming, USA"
263:
656:
559:
509:
367:
from Messel and the ecomorphology and evolutionary significance of early Eocene zygodactylid birds (Aves, Zygodactylidae)".
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651:
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210:
foot, with two toes projecting forward, and two to the rear. This is the same arrangement as seen in living
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or "perching" birds, the large clade that includes, among others, all living
486:
402:
Mayr, Gerald (2008). "Phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic avian taxon
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32:
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83:
28:
219:
449:
Smith, N. Adam; DeBee, Aj M.; Clarke, Julia A. (June 2018).
406:
based on new material from the Early
Oligocene of France".
192:
103:
206:The name of the group comes from the presence of a
628:
448:
363:Mayr, Gerald (November 2016). "New species of
504:. Exeter: Pelagic Publishing. p. 152.
195:found in Europe and North America from the
40:
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466:
442:
395:
356:
629:
499:
526:
525:
401:
362:
408:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
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657:Prehistoric birds of North America
14:
668:
60:
331:, Smith, DeBee & Clark 2018
493:
1:
381:10.1080/08912963.2016.1261135
349:
267:, Harrison & Walker 1977
273:, Harrison & Walker 1977
7:
647:Prehistoric birds of Europe
288:Primozygodactlyus ballmanni
10:
673:
302:, Mayr & Zelenkov 2009
300:Primozygodactlyus eunjooae
294:Primozygodactlyus danielsi
233:
652:Prehistoric bird families
534:
428:10.1017/S1477201907002398
312:Primozygodactlyus quintus
254:Eozygodactylus americanus
176:
169:
144:
139:
57:Scientific classification
55:
48:
39:
23:
642:Eocene first appearances
306:Primozygodactlyus major
239:† Family Zygodactylidae
191:is a family of extinct
16:Extinct family of birds
335:Zygodactlyus grivensis
599:Paleobiology Database
500:Reilly, John (2018).
341:Zygodactlyus ignotus
329:Zygodactlyus grandei
199:epoch to the Middle
502:The Ascent of Birds
420:2008JSPal...6..333M
468:10.7717/peerj.4950
369:Historical Biology
271:Primoscens minutus
624:
623:
586:Open Tree of Life
528:Taxon identifiers
511:978-1-78427-203-6
365:Primozygodactylus
281:Primozygodactylus
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158:Primozygodactylus
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50:Primozygodactylus
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117:Psittacopasseres
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27:Temporal range:
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536:Zygodactylidae
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414:(3): 333–344.
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375:(7): 875–884.
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250:, Weidig 2010
247:Eozygodactylus
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189:Zygodactylidae
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178:Primoscenidae
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148:Eozygodactylus
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134:Brodkorb, 1971
130:Zygodactylidae
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24:Zygodactylidae
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404:Zygodactylus
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322:Zygodactylus
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284:, Mayr 1998
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163:Zygodactylus
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18:
461:: 6:e4950.
314:, Mayr 2017
308:, Mayr 1998
296:, Mayr 1998
290:, Mayr 1998
216:woodpeckers
637:Neognathae
631:Categories
350:References
264:Primoscens
208:zygodactyl
153:Primoscens
31:to Middle
551:Q20072492
228:songbirds
224:passerine
180:Mayr 1998
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
545:Wikidata
487:29967716
436:84422594
389:89599089
171:Synonyms
123:Family:
94:Chordata
90:Phylum:
84:Animalia
70:Domain:
614:5460575
591:3599324
565:4845887
478:6022727
416:Bibcode
234:Species
222:to the
212:parrots
201:Miocene
140:Genera
100:Class:
33:Miocene
611:uBio:
578:101673
508:
485:
475:
434:
387:
319:Genus
278:Genus
261:Genus
244:Genus
197:Eocene
29:Eocene
604:39362
573:IRMNG
455:PeerJ
432:S2CID
385:S2CID
220:clade
193:birds
111:Clade
560:GBIF
506:ISBN
483:PMID
214:and
104:Aves
473:PMC
463:doi
424:doi
377:doi
633::
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481:.
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373:29
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412:6
391:.
379::
161:†
156:†
151:†
146:†
127:†
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