31:
425:. The militant groups agreed to abjure the path of violence, and refrain from unlawful activities such as killing, kidnapping, extortions, intimidations, carrying of arms in public, and the imposition of 'taxes' and 'fines'. The government agreed not to launch offensive operations against the armed groups. The armed groups provided lists of their cadres to the security forces, and agreed to stay in designated camps. Identity cards were issued to the cadres, and arms were deposited under a double locking system.
106:
140:
153:
675:
515:(Thang Lian Pau, referred to as "TLP") is mentioned as its president. According to a US State Department cable, Thanglianpau was a general secretary of the Zomi National Congress in the Chin State, and was elected to the Parliament of Myanmar in 1990. Later he was expelled from the party and migrated to India. The cable attributes the formation of both ZRO and ZRA to Thanglianpau.
402:. In 2005, the Vaipheis defected and formed their own armed group called United Socialist Revolutionary Army (USRA) and the Hmars formed Hmar National Army (HNA). A rival Paite group called Zomi Revolutionary Front (ZRF) was also formed. These rival groups eventually joined the fold of a Kuki-led umbrella group
397:
As a result of the Kuki–Paite conflict, the Gangte and Hmar tribes left the Zomi umbrella. ZRA is said to have supported itself through extortion and occasional kidnapping in the
Churachandpur district. Following the seminal clashes, both KNF and ZRA faced splits and defections, and saw the formation
792:
is translated as "Zomi national day". Its celebration started in the
Churachandpur town around 1994–1995. However, it was already being celebrated in Chin State to mark the day when Chins switched to a democratic system of administration on 20 February 1948, dispensing with traditional chieftancies.
479:(PLA) is also said to be using similar strategies in fighting the Myanmarese resistance forces. Even though ZRA-EC issued a public statement claiming to be supporting the resistance forces, the attacks on them continued. In May 2024, the reports became more substantial, saying ZRA-EC was active in
551:
The ZRA allegedly funds itself through the collection of "protection fees" from locals who live in their areas of operations. In exchange for this fee, the ZRA claims they protect locals from being shot, kidnapped, or robbed by rival groups. In June 2004, according to local media reports, the ZRA
612:
approach towards the better understanding of our unique history, and the realisation of the need for a permanent solution to the long standing aspirations of the Zomi people". In spite of this agreement, the Indian security forces allegedly conducted operations against ZRA during the ceasefire.
648:
claimed that two of their soldiers were killed after the ZRA-EC attacked bases in
Tonzang Township. During the first raid, the CDF was greatly outnumbered, and military equipment was seized. Another camp was raided the following week, ZRA killing one CDF fighter, and confiscating one rifle. By
611:
On 9 August 2005, the ZRA released a statement, saying that they had reached a ceasefire agreement with the Indian government, which was to last for six months starting from 1 August. The ZRA also said that they had "viewed the steps taken by the Indian government in this regard as a positive
393:
between the Kukis and Zomis erupted in June 1997, in which the ZRA is said to have taken a beating due to having been inadequately armed. According to security specialist E. N. Rammohan, the Paite fighters fled to
Myanmar, where they teamed up with NSCN-IM to regroup and arm themselves.
656:
between Chin resistance forces consisting of CNA and CDFs against ZRA-EC and its allies, the
Myanmar military. Tonzang residents said that ZRA-EC and the Myanmar military blockaded the town, preventing any evacuations. On 20 May 2024, Chin resistance forces captured
731:
On 20 August 2006, two civilians were killed and four others were injured after Indian security forces opened fire on a group of churchgoers in the
Vengnuam subdivision of Churachandpur, the ZRA's stronghold, believing incorrectly that ZRA members were
632:
in
Sagaing Region and it continually attacked Chin resistance forces and aided Myanmar military in its battles against the resistance. ZRA-EC was also accused to be involved in opium cultivation with the Myanmar military junta's assistance in
361:. By 1997, the organisation also formed an underground military wing called Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA, also referred to as "Zomi Re-unification Army") ostensibly to defend the tribes under its umbrella from rival tribes, mainly the
432:
visited the ZRA camp in
Muvanlai and spent 45 minutes. He promised to initiate talks on the Zomi demand for an autonomous hill state within Manipur. The demand has since evolved into an autonomous territorial council similar to the
1573:
600:-Democracy (HPC-D), but the two groups reached an agreement to "work closely in the spirit of mutual understanding and cooperation for the welfare of the people and for achieving their shared objectives".
649:
September 2023, the ZRA raided camps of the Chin resistance forces at least three times. PDF Zoland, another Chin resistance group, also accused ZRA-EC of killing one of their leaders in
December 2021.
1321:
410:(UPF). All the groups resorted to extortion, drug trade, kidnapping for ransom, forced recruitment of young children as cadres, denial of voting rights to unarmed sections of the community etc.
641:
survey in 2022 that poppy cultivation, which did not exist in Chin state prior to the military coup in
February 2021, suddenly saw a rise in Chin state, concentrating in ZRA-controlled areas.
572:, claimed that on 12 June 2004, the MNF owed the ZRA payment for "services rendered", and that, because the MNF had failed to pay, the ZRA had begun collecting fees from residents of Mizoram.
1665:
596:(KLO) that promises "full cooperation in all spheres, with the objective of strengthening the blood ties among the Kuki-Chin-Mizo/Zomi peoples". The ZRA was once in conflict with the
290:
state, T. Gougin formed a "United Zomi Organisation" in 1961 and "Zomi National Congress" in 1972. The final step in these Zomi nationalist movements was taken in April 1993, when a
822:
836:
593:
115:
1196:
1285:
381:(KNF) to increase its demands for contributions. ZRO and ZRA objected to KNF's demands from the "Zomi" community, and allegedly berated KNF for picking a conflict with the
452:
stated that ZRA had 200 fighers from mostly Paites (presumably from Churachandpur district). Five fighters from Chin National Army (CNA) were said to have joined it after
728:
On 20 September 2005, ZRA insurgents clashed with other insurgents belonging to the Zomi Revolutionary Front, resulting in six deaths; one ZRA activist was also injured.
874:
603:
In 2019, ZRO was reported to be part of United People's Front, an umbrella group of six or seven ethnic organisations with armed wings which were formed in the 1990s.
531:. A particular area of activity is the Singngat subdivision of Churachandpur near the Myanmar border. Their operational areas include bordering regions of Manipur and
913:
725:
carrying Zomi Revolutionary Front (ZRF) insurgents, killing three ZRF members and one civilian. This attack was in retaliation for the ZRF's defection from the ZRA.
1581:
523:
The ZRA mainly conducts operations in the majority areas of Paite, Simte, Vaiphei, Zou, Mizo, Chin, Gangte, Thadou and other tribes under the Zo umbrella, in the
445:
Even though ZRO was originally founded in the Kachin State of Myanmar, it does not appear that it had much following in Myanmar. A US State Department cable from
1160:
1211:
310:. It had the professed objective of unifying all the Zo people divided across national borders (India, Myanmar and Bangladesh) under a united "Zomi" identity.
373:
At the time of the formation of ZRA, the tensions between the Kukis (mainly Thadou-Kukis) and the tribes belonging to the Zomi grouping were on the rise. The
1317:
378:
585:
1344:
1224:
1673:
1236:
1409:
750:
On 15 January 2010, two ZRA insurgents were killed in a clash with insurgents belonging the Revolutionary People's Front, the armed faction of the
1172:
1843:
377:
caused many Thadou-Kukis to migrate to the Churachandpur district, which was previously dominated by Paites, and also caused the armed group
1301:
661:
from ZRA-EC and Myanmar military. During the battle, a ZRA combatant and two junta policemen were captured alive by the Chin resistance.
1248:
1517:
1261:
814:
1487:
844:
1737:
1603:
751:
736:
476:
110:
1184:
1621:
1147:
866:
1643:
1547:
174:
1752:
Suan, H. Kham Khan (2011), "Rethinking 'tribe' identities: The politics of recognition among the Zo in north-east India",
1711:
Haokip, Rebecca C. (2007). "The Kuki-Paite Conflict in the Churachandpur District of Manipur". In Lazar Jeyaseelan (ed.).
417:(SoO) agreement with the Indian security forces. In 2008, this was revised to a tripartite agreement joint with the Union
909:
1702:
374:
628:. ZRA-EC was said to be operating under the proxy command of the junta’s Regional Tactical Command based in nearby
418:
1792:
Zou, S. Thangboi (2012), "Emergent Micro-National Communities: The Logic of Kuki-Chin Armed Struggle in Manipur",
1197:
Revealed: How Zomi Revolutionary Army - Eastern Command becomes the puppet fighters of Myanmar's military council
357:, with the Paites leading the collection. Its formation day is said to be observed on 20 February every year as
1848:
1435:
325:
identity, agreed to come under the banner of Zomi Re-unification Organisation in 1995. The seven tribes were
186:
768:
On 20 May 2024, Chin resistance forces consisting of Chin National Army and Chinland Defense Force captured
793:
Starting out as "Chin National Day", the event is said to have been renamed as "Zomi National Day" in 1950.
621:
620:
Although ZRA Eastern Command (ZRA-EC) initially claimed to not be cooperating with the military junta, the
434:
169:
85:
1462:
597:
589:
119:
1375:
403:
1728:
Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar/Burma: A Comparative Study of the Kuki-Chin and Karen Insurgencies
467:, having allied with the Burmese military junta. In January 2022, ZRA-EC is said to have clashed with
459:
By around 2020, reports started appearing referring to an "Eastern Command" (EC) of ZRA in Myanmar's
949:
947:
1034:
1032:
1030:
944:
735:
On 10 January 2010, three ZRA insurgents were killed in a clash with insurgents belonging to the
696:
581:
1267:
1027:
206:
nationalist militant group formed in 1997, following an increase in ethnic tensions between the
762:
722:
645:
524:
508:
464:
398:
of new groups rivalling themselves. In 1997, Zou tribes formed Zou Defence Volunteers (ZDV) in
318:
266:) rallied behind a "Mizo" ("Zo people") identity in 1946. In 1953, the Baptist Associations of
219:
157:
70:
1726:
988:
422:
286:("Zo people") as their "national" name (subsuming the various tribal identities). In India's
259:
179:
1302:
ZRO President’s Letter to Amit Shah Points to Nexus Between Armed Groups, Political Parties
1129:
1105:
1093:
507:
The founding president of ZRO in 1993 is mentioned as Khaijasong Guite (K. Guite) from the
30:
1161:
Manipur armed groups reject 'suspension of operation', demand immediate dialogue with Govt
1005:
1003:
8:
959:
920:
553:
499:
and that it was fighting the resistance forces in conjunction with the Burmese military.
468:
247:
1781:
1694:
Zo Chronicles: A Documentary Study of History and Culture of the Kuki-Chin-Lushai Tribe
1117:
1021:
1000:
472:
453:
144:
1698:
1049:
1047:
1771:
1735:
1595:
1084:
1038:
953:
1801:
1772:
Zou, David Vumlallian (3–9 April 2010), "A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle",
1761:
1212:
Junta Enlists Indian Insurgent Groups to Fight Resistance Forces in Western Myanmar
740:
653:
634:
561:
480:
399:
390:
1666:"India-based Zomi armed group raids Chin resistance camps in northwestern Myanmar"
1617:
1410:"India-based Zomi armed group raids Chin resistance camps in northwestern Myanmar"
1044:
1805:
1724:
1692:
1273:
251:
1712:
1635:
1237:
India-based Zomi armed group raids Chin resistance camps in northwestern Myanmar
978:
976:
974:
1765:
496:
484:
429:
334:
314:
1059:
1837:
1376:"Is the Myanmar junta facilitating opium cultivation near the Indian border?"
971:
569:
492:
488:
338:
211:
1751:
994:
965:
926:
700:
362:
354:
346:
342:
307:
299:
215:
1819:
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism
382:
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322:
303:
207:
203:
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1785:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
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536:
460:
330:
279:
255:
689:
414:
406:(KNO). The Paite-led groups likewise formed an umbrella group called
243:
258:
began to take shape soon after World War II. The people of the then
1345:"Insurgents from India add fuel to fire in Myanmar's restive north"
932:
685:
629:
625:
565:
1823:
1818:
1488:"Chin PDF group accuses Zomi Revolutionary Army of killing leader"
1225:
Insurgents from India add fuel to fire in Myanmar's restive north
769:
755:
658:
557:
532:
528:
386:
287:
263:
223:
74:
1286:
Say sorry for raid on chief's house: Zomi outfit to Assam Rifles
1710:
1065:
1053:
982:
1574:"Three ZRF Cadres, One Civilian Killed in ZRA attack on truck"
1318:"Fact Sheet for Zomi Revolutionary Organisation - Silobreaker"
389:. The KNF in turn suspected ZRA of teaming up with NSCN-IM. A
638:
275:
271:
267:
227:
78:
1518:"Chin Tensions High as Myanmar Junta Blockades Border Town"
1039:
Rammohan, Blueprint for Counterinsurgency in Manipur (2002)
910:"Zomi Revolutionary Organisation / Zomi Revolutionary Army"
867:"Paul Lu: ZRO/ZRA Has Abducted And Killed Our CJDC Members"
837:"Myanmar-based ZRO and CNF sign peace agreement in Mizoram"
815:"Chin National Front Signs Deal with Myanmar's Shadow Govt"
283:
1185:
Zomi Revolutionary Army attacks anti-regime group in Tedim
1720:. North Eastern Social Research Centre. pp. 185–207.
1262:
Chin Tensions High as Myanmar Junta Blockades Border Town
1828:
1714:
Conflict Mapping and Peace Processes in North East India
1548:"Chin Resistance Forces Capture Tonzang and Cikha Towns"
1274:
Haokip, Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar/Burma (2018)
575:
1742:
The Journal of the United Services Institution of India
1148:
Incidents and Statements involving ZRO/ ZRA: 2012-2001
1343:
Sithlou, Makepeace; Hanghal, Ninglun (19 June 2022).
1207:
1205:
761:
Between August and September 2023, ZRA cadres raided
624:, news began to surface about ZRA's cooperation with
475:(CNF/CNA) resistance forces, and lost four fighters.
321:
in Manipur, that had previously declined to accept a
1150:, South Asia Terrorism Portal, retrieved 6 May 2024.
1082:
954:
Zou, A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle (2010)
721:On 9 June 2005, ZRA insurgents ambushed a truck in
540:
1202:
1078:
1076:
1074:
586:National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Isak Muivah
1690:
938:
440:
1835:
1566:
1436:"Zomi BGF Defends Burma Army In Tedim Township"
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1217:
1173:Manipur’s Zomi people push for BTC-like council
1136:Zou, Emergent Micro-National Communities (2012)
1124:Zou, Emergent Micro-National Communities (2012)
1112:Zou, Emergent Micro-National Communities (2012)
1100:Zou, Emergent Micro-National Communities (2012)
1071:
1010:Zou, Emergent Micro-National Communities (2012)
564:for campaigning on behalf of MNF candidates in
1342:
1312:
1310:
1249:Battle breaks out between ZRA and CNA in Tedim
1141:
606:
1460:
1296:
1294:
644:In late August and early September 2023, the
580:The ZRA's maintains close alliances with the
1738:"Blueprint for Counterinsurgency in Manipur"
1628:
1480:
1454:
1393:
1362:
568:. A prominent opposition leader in Mizoram,
1307:
1230:
35:Flag of the Zomi people, adopted by the ZRA
1511:
1509:
1291:
995:Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities (2011)
966:Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities (2011)
927:Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities (2011)
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
413:In August 2005, both KNO and UPF signed a
1373:
747:. one member of PLA was also eliminated.
111:National Socialist Council of Nagaland IM
1463:"Myanmar Junta's Drug Trafficking Links"
1374:Choudhury, Angshuman (1 February 2023).
1083:Rangoon Mission (US) (4 February 2017),
652:In May 2024, battles again broke out in
1588:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1506:
889:
1836:
1515:
1461:Bhattacharyya, Rajeev (29 June 2023).
1336:
1066:Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict (2007)
1054:Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict (2007)
983:Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict (2007)
843:. Aizawl. 29 July 2024. Archived from
825:from the original on 21 November 2021.
637:, Chin state, as it was reported in a
1844:Ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar
1624:from the original on 15 October 2014.
1606:from the original on 16 October 2014.
1324:from the original on 27 February 2012
576:Alliances with other insurgent groups
518:
463:. Reports said that it was attacking
1535:
1223:Makepeace Sitlhou, Ninglun Hanghal,
668:
664:
615:
302:of Myanmar, under the leadership of
1736:Rammohan, E. N. (April–June 2002),
1672:, 14 September 2023, archived from
1646:from the original on 6 October 2011
1596:"Ambush kills nine Indian soldiers"
1428:
752:People's Liberation Army of Manipur
737:People's Liberation Army of Manipur
477:People's Liberation Army of Manipur
13:
1288:, The Times of India, 6 July 2013.
1024:, Zogam.com, retrieved 6 May 2024.
14:
1860:
1812:
1754:Contributions to Indian Sociology
1636:"Two militants killed in Manipur"
1239:, Myanmar Now, 14 September 2023.
1214:, The Irrawaddy, 2 February 2022.
1187:, Myanmar Now, 27 September 2021.
916:from the original on 2 July 2015.
877:from the original on 28 June 2022
428:In 2010, the Union home minister
1829:Zomi Re-Unification Organization
1725:Haokip, T. S. Letkhosei (2018),
1022:Zomi National Day: 20th February
673:
588:(NSCN-IM). The group also has a
292:Zomi Re-unification Organisation
232:Zomi Re-unification Organisation
175:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
151:
138:
104:
29:
1684:
1658:
1618:"CZC flays CCpur Church attack"
1610:
1279:
1254:
1242:
1199:, The Chindwin, 6 October 2021.
1190:
1178:
1166:
1153:
1015:
912:. South Asia Terrorism Portal.
783:
230:. Its parent organisation, the
1175:, The Hindu, 25 December 2020.
859:
829:
807:
772:from ZRA and Myanmar military.
688:format but may read better as
539:of Myanmar under a so-called "
441:ZRA Eastern Command in Myanmar
313:With these antecedents, seven
250:speaking people spread across
1:
1774:Economic and Political Weekly
1620:. E-pao.net. 29 August 2006.
1580:, 9 June 2005, archived from
1163:, NDTV News, 8 December 2012.
800:
560:of only partially paying ZRA
502:
487:Townships in Chin State, and
446:
237:
234:, was founded in April 1993.
187:Insurgency in Northeast India
1806:10.1080/09700161.2012.646509
1516:Khaing, Mary (16 May 2024).
1300:Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty,
1227:, Nikkei Asia, 19 June 2022.
622:State Administration Council
594:Kuki Liberation Organization
435:Bodoland Territorial Council
170:Internal conflict in Myanmar
116:Kuki Liberation Organisation
7:
1824:South Asia Terrorism Portal
607:Peace negotiations in India
590:memorandum of understanding
298:) was formed at Phapian in
120:Memorandum of understanding
16:Nationalist insurgent group
10:
1865:
1766:10.1177/006996671104500201
546:
404:Kuki National Organisation
368:
1304:, The Wire, 8 April 2019.
1264:, Irrawaddy, 16 May 2024.
165:
128:
94:
84:
66:
48:
40:
28:
23:
1731:, Educreation Publishing
1552:Burma News International
1440:Burma News International
1159:Kishalay Bhattacharjee,
939:Go, Zo Chronicles (2008)
871:Burma News International
776:
598:Hmar People's Convention
556:(MNF) administration in
415:Suspension of Operations
1697:, Mittal Publications,
1251:, CNI News, 3 May 2024.
1089:– via archive.org
697:converting this section
582:Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup
527:and other districts in
196:Zomi Revolutionary Army
24:Zomi Revolutionary Army
1086:State Department cable
763:Chinland Defense Force
754:operating in interior
723:Churachandpur district
646:Chinland Defense Force
535:. It also operates in
509:Karbi Anglong district
465:Chinland Defence Force
319:Churachandpur district
262:in India (present-day
220:Churachandpur district
158:Chinland Defense Force
1849:Rebel groups in India
1602:. 20 September 2005.
423:Government of Manipur
408:United People's Front
260:Lushai Hills district
180:Clashes in Chin State
1691:Go, Khup Za (2008),
133:Non-state opponents:
1416:. 14 September 2023
1320:. Silobreaker.com.
1138:, pp. 324–325.
1114:, pp. 323–324.
1102:, pp. 322–323.
1056:, pp. 191–192.
997:, pp. 180–181.
941:, pp. 185–187.
554:Mizo National Front
541:ZRA Eastern Command
469:Chin National Front
379:Kuki National Front
1794:Strategic Analysis
1676:on 8 February 2024
1584:on 29 October 2010
1442:. 23 December 2023
699:, if appropriate.
519:Areas of operation
513:Thanglianpau Guite
473:Chin National Army
391:year-long conflict
375:Kuki–Naga conflict
248:Kuki-Chin language
145:Chin National Army
50:Dates of operation
44:Thanglianpau Guite
1578:Chinland Guradian
1494:. 8 December 2021
765:camps in Myanmar.
718:
717:
665:Notable incidents
616:Myanmar Civil War
246:identity for the
192:
191:
99:Non-state allies:
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741:Tonzang Township
713:
710:
704:
695:You can help by
677:
676:
669:
654:Tonzang township
635:Tonzang Township
626:Myanmar military
511:in Assam. Later
456:became defunct.
451:
448:
400:Chandel district
166:Battles and wars
156:
155:
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143:
142:
141:
109:
108:
107:
90:Zomi Nationalism
61:
59:
51:
33:
21:
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67:Headquarters
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1670:Myanmar Now
1492:Myanmar Now
1414:Myanmar Now
1349:Nikkei Asia
790:Zomi Nam Ni
450: 2010
359:Zomi Nam Ni
351:Tedim Chins
304:Tedim Chins
208:Kuki people
1838:Categories
1650:12 October
1472:9 February
1328:12 October
801:References
745:Chin State
537:Chin State
503:Leadership
461:Chin State
280:Chin State
256:Chin State
238:Background
214:) and the
210:(i.e. the
592:with the
315:Zo tribes
218:tribe in
129:Opponents
1786:25664306
1644:Archived
1622:Archived
1604:Archived
1600:BBC News
1322:Archived
914:Archived
875:Archived
851:5 August
823:Archived
732:present.
566:Champhai
421:and the
282:adopted
86:Ideology
62:–present
1640:Outlook
881:28 June
770:Tonzang
756:Manipur
659:Tonzang
558:Mizoram
547:Funding
533:Mizoram
529:Manipur
481:Tonzang
387:NSCN-IM
369:History
335:Vaiphei
288:Manipur
264:Mizoram
224:Manipur
75:Manipur
56: (
41:Leaders
1784:
1746:CXXXII
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1558:21 May
1527:21 May
1498:21 May
1446:21 May
1420:21 May
1385:21 May
1354:21 May
684:is in
562:cadres
353:) and
339:Gangte
308:Paites
216:Paites
212:Thadou
95:Allies
1782:JSTOR
1718:(PDF)
777:Notes
739:, in
690:prose
639:UNODC
630:Kalay
489:Kalay
485:Tedim
355:Paite
347:Sukte
343:Simte
276:Hakha
272:Falam
268:Tedim
228:India
79:India
1699:ISBN
1652:2014
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1500:2024
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1448:2024
1422:2024
1387:2024
1356:2024
1330:2014
883:2022
853:2024
686:list
493:Tamu
491:and
483:and
471:and
383:Naga
327:Hmar
323:Kuki
306:and
284:Zomi
274:and
242:The
204:Zomi
194:The
58:1997
54:1997
1802:doi
1762:doi
543:".
454:CNA
331:Zou
317:of
296:ZRO
222:of
200:ZRA
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