321:
nonconstitutional questions, despite the parties' failure to brief these issues: "The obligation to avoid unnecessary adjudication of constitutional questions does not depend upon the parties' litigation strategy, but rather is a 'self-imposed limitation on the exercise of this Court's jurisdiction has an importance to the institution that transcends the significance of particular controversies.'" The dissent asserted that the avoidance doctrine is the most "deeply rooted" doctrine of constitutional adjudication. The doctrine amounts to a "fundamental rule of judicial restraint," which has received the sanction of time and experience. The dissent imbued the avoidance doctrine with constitutional weight by relying on earlier
Supreme Court precedent relating the avoidance doctrine to the case or controversy requirement. The dissenters also likened it to the "policy against entertaining political questions." Despite those constitutional linkages, however, the avoidance doctrine is most commonly classified as a prudential rule of judicial self-restraint.
317:
necessary because the Court could have remanded the case for consideration of alternative grounds of resolution. The lower courts then could have construed the IDEA so as not to require an interpreter for a parochial student so long as the school district provided an interpreter in a public school which the child could attend. The majority, however, merely held that governmental provision of an interpreter did not establish religion and that the
Establishment Clause did not bar provision of an interpreter. In further proceedings, the lower courts may determine—despite the Supreme Court's Establishment Clause ruling—that the IDEA does not require provision of an interpreter in a parochial school when one is available in a public school in the district.
304:
precluded under a federal funding regulation promulgated under the IDEA. The Court declined to address these "unrelated" issues because the parties pressed only the federal constitutional issue at both the appellate level and the summary judgment stage of the district court proceedings. The majority opinion, written by Chief
Justice Rehnquist, recognized the validity of the "prudential rule of avoiding constitutional questions"; however, it acknowledged that the Court, on appeal, is presented with the "entire case," including "'nonconstitutional questions actually decided by the lower court as well as nonconstitutional grounds presented to, but not passed on, by the lower court.'"
31:
308:
issues alone." The Court concluded: "Given this posture of the case, we think the prudential rule of avoiding constitutional questions has no application. The fact that there may be buried in the record a nonconstitutional ground for decision is not by itself enough to invoke this rule." The Court then proceeded directly to the First
Amendment issue, without considering any other grounds for the decision.
4335:
316:
The four dissenters—Justices
Blackmun, O'Connor, Souter and Stevens—accused the Zobrest majority of "unnecessarily address an important constitutional issue, disregarding longstanding principles of constitutional adjudication." The dissent argued that resolution of the constitutional issue was not
303:
In arguing its case before the lower courts, the school district raised other defenses in addition to the
Establishment Clause bar. The district argued that the provision of an interpreter violated the Arizona Constitution, was not required by federal statute (IDEA) or regulation, and was, in fact,
299:
In a 5–4 decision, the
Supreme Court reached the same issue, but reversed on the merits, finding that if it provided an interpreter the school district would not violate the Establishment Clause. The Court held only that the Establishment Clause does not bar the school district from furnishing an
320:
The parties deliberately did not brief or argue the "weighty" nonconstitutional issues because, according to the dissent, they wanted a ruling on the
Establishment Clause question. The dissenters would have heeded the avoidance doctrine by vacating and remanding the case for consideration of the
307:
In the
Zobrest litigation, however, the Court found it significant that only the First Amendment questions—rather than nonconstitutional grounds—were "pressed" before the Ninth Circuit and that, even before the district court, "the parties chose to litigate the case on the federal constitutional
8702:
5434:
437:
Although the deaf child had completed his high school education by the time the
Supreme Court faced this issue, the controversy was not moot because his parents sought reimbursement for the cost of hiring a private interpreter while the child attended parochial
8670:
8758:
8425:
5824:
6026:
5023:
8750:
5103:
10191:
7474:
10324:
5458:
9777:
8822:
4688:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
290:
A federal district court held, and the Court of Appeals affirmed, that as the interpreter "would act as a conduit for the child's religious inculcation", providing one at government expense would violate the Establishment Clause.
8814:
7482:
5880:
5501:
5111:
4924:
4991:
5544:
5418:
8742:
7680:
8220:
8316:
8172:
5888:
5627:
5063:
5079:
127:
A school must continue to provide an interpreter under the Individuals with Disabilities Act even if the child elects to attend a religious school, in so which it does not violate the Establishment Clause.
10084:
7312:
5912:
10292:
8782:
7728:
10076:
8638:
9609:
8925:
8654:
8441:
6681:
8949:
8694:
7648:
6705:
10159:
8909:
8558:
7466:
5127:
8662:
8646:
6952:
6086:
4900:
8766:
8417:
7696:
7688:
7458:
287:("IDEA"), its Arizona counterpart, an IDEA regulation, the Arizona Constitution, and the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
10244:
10100:
8614:
8582:
8518:
8401:
7779:
7563:
5635:
5442:
5159:
5832:
10372:
6801:
8486:
7616:
345:
10143:
8630:
6062:
5095:
4967:
10151:
10060:
8806:
8244:
8228:
8081:
8073:
7571:
5351:
3629:
9769:
9061:
5776:
3686:
2237:
8718:
8622:
8156:
7555:
7148:
5474:
9662:
8013:
7579:
5143:
300:
interpreter in a parochial school. Lower federal courts will now have to determine whether the Zobrests are entitled to reimbursement for the interpreter's expenses.
9323:
7736:
7640:
7320:
6777:
6439:
5920:
3438:
2197:
9342:
7852:
7844:
3172:
2102:
2094:
8606:
8433:
7883:
7108:
6274:
5015:
3666:
3472:
283:, a parochial school. Plaintiffs challenged the refusal to provide an interpreter on a variety of constitutional and statutory grounds, including the federal
9694:
9374:
8981:
8965:
8862:
7140:
5517:
5191:
4823:
4590:
549:
521:
494:
418:
330:
82:
10284:
10175:
9686:
9248:
9144:
8574:
6106:
5359:
5055:
340:
10236:
10135:
9911:
9489:
8686:
8526:
8164:
7812:
6115:
5611:
5071:
8345:
8212:
8005:
7523:
6745:
5981:
5904:
5199:
5087:
651:
626:
10316:
10183:
8997:
8917:
7988:
7450:
7368:
4839:
4764:
237:
8057:
7787:
7116:
5300:
5047:
5031:
4871:
9963:
9718:
9069:
6034:
5466:
4605:
9296:
8598:
7224:
4892:
1889:
9513:
8478:
7752:
6713:
4595:
3779:
3734:
756:
10003:
9919:
9601:
9168:
7944:
7328:
7015:
6825:
4626:
3791:
842:
837:
279:
in Arizona because the district refused to provide a sign language interpreter for the child after he transferred from a public school to
9812:
9350:
9203:
8710:
6833:
5928:
5324:
5316:
2119:
284:
241:
10387:
10367:
8798:
8534:
7907:
7712:
7704:
6769:
6761:
6753:
4815:
276:
9505:
9407:
8901:
7828:
7656:
7304:
6665:
6633:
5989:
5207:
5039:
335:
7360:
6529:
5509:
5375:
4755:
10407:
9785:
9053:
8973:
8838:
8678:
7531:
6729:
4503:
4400:
10377:
10216:
9264:
8989:
8957:
8941:
8449:
8049:
7997:
7976:
7515:
6737:
6160:
5704:
619:
10392:
9820:
9152:
8882:
8196:
8065:
7413:
6697:
5848:
5367:
4908:
1142:
10167:
9029:
9013:
8276:
8105:
8033:
6179:
5952:
5391:
5332:
677:
9944:
10397:
10116:
9865:
9481:
8734:
7632:
7547:
7490:
6960:
6070:
5260:
4645:
4052:
1256:
569:
9734:
9231:
7672:
6911:
6018:
5560:
5450:
4916:
4471:
4098:
3676:
1840:
364:
245:
35:
10268:
9497:
8308:
7836:
7664:
7177:
6878:
6689:
6364:
6053:
4047:
2525:
612:
10068:
9753:
8933:
8726:
8041:
7288:
6793:
5603:
4544:
4154:
4123:
4042:
3691:
2494:
4710:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
10402:
9726:
9315:
8774:
8124:
7952:
6841:
6657:
6569:
6210:
3845:
2894:
2155:
2129:
996:
10340:
9654:
9646:
9577:
9548:
8502:
8377:
8252:
7055:
6407:
6340:
5944:
5872:
5236:
4932:
4650:
4144:
4037:
3724:
3310:
2364:
1203:
1008:
920:
280:
10108:
9085:
8590:
8542:
8385:
8268:
7968:
7875:
7092:
6919:
4975:
4847:
4564:
3527:
3522:
2434:
1791:
1056:
110:
9987:
9473:
9128:
7296:
7193:
7084:
7047:
6326:
5896:
4748:
4697:
both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
4640:
4498:
3786:
3642:
3392:
3143:
2847:
1745:
1634:
1275:
1043:
883:
821:
803:
780:
587:
10228:
9874:
9710:
9670:
7915:
7344:
7240:
6991:
6585:
6512:
6399:
6348:
5840:
5383:
4213:
4167:
3850:
3840:
3430:
2762:
2483:
2471:
2414:
2272:
1935:
1717:
1644:
1413:
1171:
1033:
811:
264:
63:
9761:
9101:
8830:
7587:
7124:
6447:
6423:
4863:
4600:
4288:
4175:
3384:
3032:
1339:
1188:
10382:
10260:
9617:
9465:
9449:
7256:
6809:
6593:
5680:
4283:
4253:
4243:
4228:
4118:
4108:
3817:
3749:
3543:
3130:
3095:
3072:
3040:
2626:
2609:
2424:
2302:
2192:
1907:
1828:
1680:
1023:
856:
816:
740:
9971:
9556:
8494:
8470:
8097:
7442:
7421:
7039:
6817:
6601:
6561:
6356:
6331:
6287:
6218:
6165:
5728:
5426:
5183:
4940:
4559:
4410:
4273:
4208:
4171:
4163:
4103:
4088:
3984:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3913:
3796:
3624:
3616:
3603:
3580:
3551:
3503:
3334:
3302:
3278:
2909:
2860:
2770:
2620:
2599:
2540:
2500:
2477:
2464:
2429:
2419:
2369:
2329:
2319:
2284:
2267:
2247:
2165:
2134:
1917:
1355:
1238:
1215:
1061:
788:
723:
1430:
9678:
9638:
8361:
7595:
7185:
7169:
7132:
6983:
6886:
6492:
6391:
6307:
6266:
6234:
6203:
5720:
5696:
4741:
4655:
4476:
4380:
4309:
4278:
4268:
4223:
4218:
4128:
4010:
3976:
3929:
3903:
3887:
3759:
3754:
3410:
3368:
3318:
3238:
3230:
3077:
2985:
2959:
2829:
2813:
2691:
2614:
2553:
2389:
2202:
2186:
2175:
1897:
1662:
1657:
1511:
1491:
1315:
1225:
1210:
1101:
775:
769:
763:
729:
9593:
9045:
8018:
7216:
6521:
6500:
6476:
6282:
5760:
4690:
4670:
4395:
4263:
4258:
4238:
4233:
4093:
4029:
3963:
3895:
3855:
3809:
3744:
3739:
3698:
3637:
3611:
3572:
3477:
3446:
3350:
3262:
3196:
3180:
3159:
3122:
3114:
3087:
3016:
3008:
2993:
2977:
2969:
2951:
2927:
2917:
2899:
2704:
2675:
2670:
2604:
2505:
2459:
2444:
2404:
2278:
2262:
2257:
2180:
2160:
2064:
1925:
1902:
1799:
1688:
1652:
1613:
1592:
1546:
1532:
1496:
1326:
1270:
1246:
1193:
1183:
1152:
1051:
1018:
868:
746:
710:
700:
646:
170:
3801:
793:
9433:
9195:
8324:
6537:
6250:
6226:
6009:
5864:
4694:
4450:
4390:
4248:
4113:
4083:
3921:
3764:
3729:
3671:
3595:
3585:
3564:
3492:
3402:
3376:
3363:
3358:
3342:
3286:
3270:
3254:
3188:
3151:
3138:
3064:
3056:
2998:
2904:
2886:
2873:
2842:
2821:
2805:
2786:
2778:
2696:
2578:
2566:
2535:
2530:
2515:
2488:
2454:
2439:
2409:
2374:
2356:
2309:
2227:
2207:
2080:
1761:
1735:
1629:
1608:
1587:
1571:
1516:
1506:
1460:
1290:
1220:
1157:
1132:
1093:
1085:
1071:
1066:
1003:
955:
873:
734:
716:
705:
553:
525:
498:
422:
74:
8409:
8353:
8236:
7624:
7248:
7232:
7007:
6931:
6649:
6617:
5744:
5668:
5292:
5268:
5007:
4778:
4698:
4405:
4149:
3908:
3868:
3830:
3774:
3517:
3512:
3482:
3397:
3326:
3214:
3201:
3167:
3048:
2964:
2943:
2935:
2922:
2837:
2754:
2725:
2712:
2683:
2594:
2573:
2449:
2384:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2170:
2150:
1809:
1804:
1775:
1730:
1725:
1698:
1667:
1501:
1447:
1393:
1334:
1232:
1028:
888:
878:
751:
528:
501:
8:
9882:
9853:
9793:
9288:
8790:
8510:
8204:
8188:
8132:
7384:
7280:
6999:
6553:
6545:
6431:
6302:
5536:
4948:
4733:
4630:
4490:
4078:
3968:
3860:
3835:
3769:
3590:
3556:
3535:
3487:
3294:
3246:
3222:
3206:
3024:
3003:
2881:
2746:
2738:
2720:
2545:
2520:
2510:
2399:
2394:
2379:
2314:
2297:
2242:
2232:
1853:
1693:
1566:
1455:
1198:
965:
960:
910:
694:
4574:
10092:
10022:
9903:
9828:
9585:
9540:
9272:
9219:
9093:
9021:
8566:
8089:
7960:
7272:
7023:
6935:
6862:
6673:
6625:
6609:
6577:
6415:
6242:
6131:
5808:
5792:
5784:
5768:
5579:
5552:
5502:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
5284:
5167:
5112:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
4831:
4621:
4519:
4000:
3825:
3082:
2852:
2733:
2633:
2558:
2252:
1703:
560:
425:
10300:
9702:
9441:
9077:
8854:
8461:
8288:
8140:
7899:
7864:
7539:
7405:
7352:
7336:
7063:
6785:
6721:
6641:
6484:
6382:
5619:
5244:
5175:
5135:
4999:
4807:
4799:
4524:
4185:
578:
162:
142:
10276:
9979:
9358:
9240:
9187:
9136:
9120:
9005:
8893:
8703:
Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy
8369:
8180:
7820:
7506:
7376:
7264:
7031:
6455:
6094:
6078:
5936:
5816:
5752:
5712:
5587:
5119:
4855:
4723:
4534:
4365:
4346:
4529:
372:
368:
249:
10252:
9995:
9521:
9457:
9419:
9280:
9211:
8870:
8393:
8300:
7923:
7760:
7744:
7720:
6972:
6944:
6902:
6870:
6314:
6258:
5997:
5736:
5688:
5643:
5595:
5410:
5276:
5252:
5215:
4660:
4455:
4435:
4314:
194:
182:
77:
10308:
9382:
9366:
8260:
8148:
8025:
6376:
5973:
5493:
5308:
4983:
4569:
4554:
4445:
4430:
4200:
174:
158:
518:
Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold Reservation v. Wold Engineering, P.C.
10361:
7100:
6294:
6123:
4539:
4440:
4425:
4420:
4057:
635:
10041:
9256:
9037:
8846:
8550:
7935:
7891:
7207:
5856:
5800:
4415:
4360:
186:
10332:
9160:
6467:
4549:
4319:
150:
596:
9629:
9424:
8623:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
7556:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
6190:
4665:
4304:
3647:
3456:
2865:
2339:
1280:
8671:
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois
6087:
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania
4190:
4159:
4015:
3451:
89:
8583:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
10245:
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.
10101:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
7564:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
6195:
4370:
4329:
4180:
3934:
114:
8639:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee
8615:
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio
8519:
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council
7459:
Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association
6802:
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland
4005:
8759:
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.
8426:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
5825:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
604:
384:
ARIZ. REV. STAT. ANN. §§ 15-761 to -772 (1991 & Supp. 1993).
346:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
219:
Blackmun, joined by Souter (in full); Stevens, O'Connor (Part I)
7689:
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
7572:
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
4634:
3719:
991:
979:
30:
8807:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
8317:
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers
8245:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
8229:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
8082:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
8074:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
5024:
Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty
8751:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
5777:
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.
5104:
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan
10192:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
8487:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations
7475:
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
7149:
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC
10325:
BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board
8823:
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA
8631:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
5475:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano
4334:
4324:
107:
9778:
Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC
9062:
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett
7580:
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra
6063:
Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal
5636:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
5160:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
5144:
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind
4763:
10373:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
5921:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
5352:
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.
9663:
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
7771:
9695:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
8815:
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States
8607:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
8434:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
8982:
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee
8966:
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC
8863:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
7141:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
5360:
Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette
4824:
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union
4591:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
331:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 509
10285:
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited
9687:
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
7483:
Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes
6275:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.
5881:
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security
516:, 509 U.S. at 14 (Blackmun, J., dissenting, quoting
489:, 509 U.S. at 16 (Blackmun, J., dissenting, quoting
341:
Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
54:
Zobrest et al. v. Catalina Foothills School District
8157:
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle
7853:
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II
7813:
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington
4992:
Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen
211:
Rehnquist, joined by White, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas
8213:United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
8006:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
7884:Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans
7845:USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I
6746:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
5905:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
5545:Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley
10317:Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation
10184:New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres
9145:Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee
8918:Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley
7369:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
7117:Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board
4840:McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union
10359:
8014:Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.
7788:Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight
6953:Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus
5459:Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich
4872:American Legion v. American Humanist Association
9964:Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath
9719:Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
9070:American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock
8743:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
8527:Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
7681:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
6035:Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru
5419:Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila
4606:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
9297:National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo
8346:Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio
6159:
7753:Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association
5152:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
4749:
4596:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
620:
546:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
415:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
260:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
24:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
10004:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
9920:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
9602:Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner
9169:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
8173:Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local
7524:West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette
7329:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
7016:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
5889:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
5628:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
5064:Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger
2654:
670:
477:, 509 U.S. at 14 (Blackmun, J., dissenting).
9813:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
9204:Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
8711:Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
8165:Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.
5929:Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
5518:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
5192:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
5080:Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland
285:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
263:, 509 U.S. 1 (1993), was a case before the
242:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
9943:
8535:Carey v. Population Services International
8221:Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr
8058:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
7908:Houston Community College System v. Wilson
7313:USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.
6754:City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.
6714:American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut
6440:Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie
5301:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
4893:Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York
4816:Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary
4756:
4742:
627:
613:
491:City of Mesquite v. Aladdin's Castle, Inc.
470:
468:
277:Catalina Foothills Unified School District
10293:Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees
9506:Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
8902:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
8783:Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
8575:Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n
7829:National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
7729:Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association
7657:Communications Workers of America v. Beck
6666:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film
6634:United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs
5990:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
5913:Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton
5208:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
5040:Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist
336:List of United States Supreme Court cases
9406:
9351:Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union
6530:United States v. One Book Called Ulysses
5667:
5510:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
5376:Good News Club v. Milford Central School
4777:
10215:
10085:New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York
9852:
9786:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
9054:Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan
8974:Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC
8926:FEC v. National Right to Work Committee
8839:Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman
8679:City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network
7713:Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n
7532:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
6770:United States v. American Library Ass'n
6730:United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.
6682:Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad
4401:Manually coded language in South Africa
465:
294:
10360:
9821:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
8990:Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
8958:Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce
8950:Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.
8942:FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life
8695:United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.
8450:Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement
8050:Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
7998:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
7977:Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
7945:American Communications Ass'n v. Douds
7649:Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson
7516:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
6826:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n
6706:Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.
5705:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
5325:Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow
275:A deaf child and his parents sued the
10214:
10160:Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party
10077:Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte
9942:
9851:
9405:
8910:California Medical Association v. FEC
8559:Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association
8197:Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
7467:Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund
7361:Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.
6698:Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
6158:
5849:Bob Jones University v. United States
5666:
4909:Bob Jones University v. United States
4776:
4737:
2653:
669:
608:
18:1993 United States Supreme Court case
10168:California Democratic Party v. Jones
9610:Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland
9030:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
9014:Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC
8799:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
8106:Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.
8034:Island Trees School District v. Pico
7705:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
6834:FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.
5128:School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball
410:
408:
10117:Christian Legal Society v. Martinez
9482:New York Times Co. v. United States
8735:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
8663:State University of New York v. Fox
8647:Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association
7633:Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
7548:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
7491:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
6961:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
6071:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
5261:Abington School District v. Schempp
4901:California v. Grace Brethren Church
4712:
4703:
4681:
1438:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
13:
9735:Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
8767:United States v. United Foods Inc.
8418:Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.
7780:Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co
7697:United States v. United Foods Inc.
6912:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
6019:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
5561:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
5451:Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church
4917:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
2751:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
2365:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
10419:
10388:United States disability case law
10368:United States Supreme Court cases
10269:United Mine Workers v. Pennington
9153:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n
8655:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
8442:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
8402:Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar
8309:United Public Workers v. Mitchell
8277:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
7837:Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez
7665:Keller v. State Bar of California
7305:Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe
7178:Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
6879:Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
6690:Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
6365:Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus
5953:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
5443:Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
5435:Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
5392:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
5333:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
5317:Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe
4925:Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos
634:
538:
405:
10069:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
9754:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
8934:FEC v. National Conservative PAC
8727:Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.
8066:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
8042:Bethel School District v. Fraser
7414:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
7289:Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne
5982:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
5368:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
5200:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
4333:
4124:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
393:34 C.F.R. § 76.532(a)(1) (1992).
29:
9727:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
9316:NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
9265:Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach
8775:Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
8479:Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.
8125:Pickering v. Board of Education
7953:Garner v. Board of Public Works
7673:Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n
6842:Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton
6658:Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
6570:MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
6211:Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
4714:
4705:
4683:
4651:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
3735:Far North Queensland Indigenous
2357:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
556:1 (1993) is available from:
507:
480:
10408:1993 in United States case law
10341:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
9655:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
9647:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
9578:Grosjean v. American Press Co.
9549:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
9498:Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
8503:Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
8378:Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
8253:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
7617:Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson
6408:Terminiello v. City of Chicago
6341:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
6046:Statutory religious exemptions
5945:Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
5237:McCollum v. Board of Education
4933:Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock
4472:Bilingual–bicultural education
3792:Western Torres Strait Islander
2866:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
843:Western Torres Strait Islander
453:
441:
431:
396:
387:
378:
358:
281:Salpointe Catholic High School
1:
10378:Establishment Clause case law
10144:Democratic Party v. Wisconsin
10109:Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
10061:Hishon v. King & Spalding
9086:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
8591:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
8543:Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
8386:Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown
8269:Heffernan v. City of Paterson
7969:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
7876:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
7093:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
6920:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
5604:Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.
5096:New York v. Cathedral Academy
4976:Everson v. Board of Education
4968:Cochran v. Board of Education
4848:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
4765:United States First Amendment
3544:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2692:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2554:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2303:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
1810:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
351:
270:
10393:Education in Tucson, Arizona
10152:Tashjian v. Republican Party
9988:Bates v. City of Little Rock
9894:Protection from prosecution
9474:Lamont v. Postmaster General
9129:Bates v. City of Little Rock
7297:Coates v. City of Cincinnati
7194:Packingham v. North Carolina
7085:Lamont v. Postmaster General
5897:Employment Division v. Smith
2130:Providence Island (Provisle)
1780:North West Frontier Province
7:
10229:United States v. Cruikshank
9875:United States v. Cruikshank
9770:FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild
9711:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
9671:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
7916:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
7345:Ward v. Rock Against Racism
7241:Martin v. City of Struthers
7056:City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.
6586:Quantity of Books v. Kansas
6400:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
6349:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
5873:O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
5384:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
3730:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
402:ARIZ. CONST. art. II, § 12.
324:
265:United States Supreme Court
227:O'Connor, joined by Stevens
10:
10424:
10398:History of Tucson, Arizona
9762:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
9102:FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate
8831:Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.
8719:Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.
7588:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
7125:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
6448:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
6424:Gregory v. City of Chicago
4864:Town of Greece v. Galloway
4601:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
3810:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)
3740:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
2526:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
2380:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
1800:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
1194:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
597:Oyez (oral argument audio)
311:
10261:Edwards v. South Carolina
10223:
10210:
10127:
10052:
10033:
10014:
9955:
9951:
9938:
9893:
9864:
9860:
9847:
9804:
9745:
9628:
9618:Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
9567:
9532:
9466:Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.
9450:Lovell v. City of Griffin
9418:
9414:
9401:
9334:
9307:
9230:
9179:
9112:
8881:
8460:
8335:
8287:
8116:
7987:
7934:
7863:
7802:
7606:
7505:
7432:
7395:
7257:Edwards v. South Carolina
7204:
7159:
7074:
6971:
6930:
6901:
6852:
6810:United States v. Kilbride
6794:United States v. Williams
6594:Ginzburg v. United States
6511:
6466:
6375:
6325:
6189:
6178:
6174:
6154:
6105:
6052:
6045:
6008:
5963:
5681:Reynolds v. United States
5675:
5662:
5571:
5528:
5485:
5402:
5343:
5226:
4959:
4882:
4789:
4785:
4772:
4679:
4614:
4583:
4512:
4489:
4464:
4379:
4356:
4345:
4297:
4199:
4137:
4066:
4028:
3993:
3877:
3846:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
3709:
3419:
3104:
2795:
2660:
2646:
2587:
2285:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)
2143:
2118:
2095:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
2079:
2062:
1943:
1934:
1916:
1888:
1852:
1818:
1790:
1744:
1716:
1679:
1643:
1622:
1601:
1580:
1559:
1525:
1502:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
1484:
1475:
1445:
1428:
1411:
1372:
1348:
1266:
1255:
1179:
1170:
1141:
1128:
1119:
1084:
1042:
997:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
987:
978:
948:
919:
906:
897:
864:
855:
830:
802:
676:
660:
652:List by number of signers
642:
236:
231:
223:
215:
207:
202:
136:
131:
126:
121:
102:
97:
69:
59:
49:
42:
28:
23:
9972:Watkins v. United States
9557:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
8495:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
8471:Valentine v. Chrestensen
8098:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
7772:Compelled representation
7737:Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000
7443:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
7422:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
7040:United States v. Eichman
6992:United States v. O'Brien
6818:United States v. Stevens
6602:Memoirs v. Massachusetts
6562:Marcus v. Search Warrant
6357:United States v. Alvarez
6288:clear and present danger
6219:Schenck v. United States
5729:United States v. Ballard
5427:United States v. Ballard
5344:Private religious speech
5184:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
4941:City of Boerne v. Flores
4411:Paget Gorman Sign System
3865:Samoa and American Samoa
2655:Sign languages by region
2440:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
2166:Albarradas Sign Language
2156:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
1989:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
1841:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
1805:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
1057:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
671:Sign languages by family
43:Argued February 24, 1993
10128:Primaries and elections
9679:Time, Inc. v. Firestone
9639:Beauharnais v. Illinois
9324:FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA
8362:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
7641:Ellis v. Railway Clerks
7596:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
7186:City of Ladue v. Gilleo
7170:Schneider v. New Jersey
7133:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
6984:Stromberg v. California
6887:United States v. Hansen
6493:Elonis v. United States
6392:Cantwell v. Connecticut
6308:imminent lawless action
6267:Dennis v. United States
6235:Abrams v. United States
6204:Alien and Sedition Acts
5721:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
5697:Cantwell v. Connecticut
5403:Internal church affairs
4656:Monastic sign languages
4504:Television shows (list)
4477:Manually coded language
4310:Hamburg Notation System
2103:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
1349:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
1072:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
1009:Northern Ireland (NISL)
10403:American Sign Language
10053:Membership restriction
9945:Freedom of association
9896:and state restrictions
9594:Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
9046:Citizens United v. FEC
8019:substantial disruption
7321:United States v. Grace
7217:Davis v. Massachusetts
7048:Barnes v. Glen Theatre
6522:Rosen v. United States
6501:Counterman v. Colorado
6477:Watts v. United States
6283:Yates v. United States
5833:Thomas v. Review Board
5761:Fowler v. Rhode Island
4627:CHCI chimpanzee center
4396:Manually coded English
4094:Henniker Sign Language
3760:Warumungu (Warramunga)
3745:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
2739:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
647:List of sign languages
9805:Copyrighted materials
9434:Patterson v. Colorado
9343:Procunier v. Martinez
9196:Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner
8338:restriction of speech
8325:Broadrick v. Oklahoma
6538:Roth v. United States
6251:Whitney v. California
6227:Debs v. United States
6027:Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC
6010:Ministerial exception
5964:Exclusion of religion
5865:Goldman v. Weinberger
4451:Signing Exact English
4391:Indian Signing System
4114:Plateau Sign Language
3488:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
3065:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2595:Amami Shuwa languages
2268:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
2208:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2187:Caucasian (Harsneren)
2135:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
1663:Norwegian (Tegnspråk)
1635:French Belgian (LSFB)
1067:Swedish (Teckenspråk)
88:113 S. Ct. 2462; 125
45:Decided June 18, 1993
9408:Freedom of the press
9232:Official retaliation
8886:and political speech
8410:Freedman v. Maryland
8354:Cox v. New Hampshire
8237:Garcetti v. Ceballos
7625:Machinists v. Street
7249:Niemotko v. Maryland
7233:Thornhill v. Alabama
7109:Butterworth v. Smith
7008:Spence v. Washington
6650:Miller v. California
6618:Ginsberg v. New York
5966:from public benefits
5841:United States v. Lee
5745:Niemotko v. Maryland
5669:Free Exercise Clause
5293:Edwards v. Aguillard
5269:Epperson v. Arkansas
5016:Lemon v. Kurtzman II
5008:Tilton v. Richardson
4779:Establishment Clause
4699:French Sign Language
4406:Manually Coded Malay
4214:British (two-handed)
4150:Bimodal bilingualism
3780:Far North Queensland
3088:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2610:Sri Lankan languages
2541:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
2445:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
1956:Chaticks si Chaticks
1936:Plains Sign Language
1854:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
1356:Indonesian (Bisindo)
1034:South African (SASL)
757:Far North Queensland
295:Opinion of the court
238:U.S. Const. amend. I
10217:Freedom to petition
9883:Presser v. Illinois
9854:Freedom of assembly
9794:Bartnicki v. Vopper
9375:Overton v. Bazzetta
9289:Gonzalez v. Trevino
8791:Nike, Inc. v. Kasky
8511:Bigelow v. Virginia
8205:Waters v. Churchill
8189:Rankin v. McPherson
8133:Perry v. Sindermann
7385:McCullen v. Coakley
7281:Adderley v. Florida
7000:Cohen v. California
6855:to criminal conduct
6778:Ashcroft v. ACLU II
6554:Smith v. California
6546:One, Inc. v. Olesen
6432:Cohen v. California
6303:Brandenburg v. Ohio
5537:McGowan v. Maryland
4949:Cutter v. Wilkinson
4883:Statutory religious
2621:Tanzanian languages
2600:Ethiopian languages
2567:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
1658:Icelandic (Táknmál)
1373:Francophone African
1331:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
1189:Swiss-German (DSGS)
1120:Chilean-Paraguayan-
588:Library of Congress
171:Sandra Day O'Connor
10176:Clingman v. Beaver
10093:Dallas v. Stanglin
10023:Baggett v. Bullitt
9904:De Jonge v. Oregon
9829:Eldred v. Ashcroft
9586:Branzburg v. Hayes
9541:Time, Inc. v. Hill
9273:Nieves v. Bartlett
9249:Reichle v. Howards
9220:Murthy v. Missouri
9094:Thompson v. Hebdon
9022:Randall v. Sorrell
8567:Friedman v. Rogers
8090:Morse v. Frederick
7961:Speiser v. Randall
7273:Brown v. Louisiana
7024:Dallas v. Stanglin
6863:New York v. Ferber
6762:Ashcroft v. ACLU I
6674:Jenkins v. Georgia
6626:Stanley v. Georgia
6610:Redrup v. New York
6578:Jacobellis v. Ohio
6416:Feiner v. New York
6243:Gitlow v. New York
6132:Ramirez v. Collier
5809:Wisconsin v. Yoder
5793:Sherbert v. Verner
5785:Torcaso v. Watkins
5769:Braunfeld v. Brown
5580:Torcaso v. Watkins
5553:Braunfeld v. Brown
5285:Wallace v. Jaffree
5168:Agostini v. Felton
5056:Wheeler v. Barrera
4832:Van Orden v. Perry
4622:Baby sign language
4520:Jabbar Baghtcheban
4001:International Sign
3904:Brazilian (Libras)
3818:New Zealand (NZSL)
3765:Mudbura (Mudburra)
3693:Sandy River Valley
3672:Keresan (Keresign)
3263:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
2634:International Sign
2615:Sudanese languages
2238:Navajo/Diné Family
2052:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e
1890:Original Thai Sign
1668:Danish (Tegnsprog)
1211:Brazilian (Libras)
1024:New Zealand (NZSL)
450:, 509 U.S. at 7-8.
147:Associate Justices
10355:
10354:
10351:
10350:
10301:McDonald v. Smith
10237:Thomas v. Collins
10206:
10205:
10202:
10201:
10136:Cousins v. Wigoda
9934:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9912:Thomas v. Collins
9843:
9842:
9839:
9838:
9703:McDonald v. Smith
9490:Pell v. Procunier
9442:Near v. Minnesota
9397:
9396:
9393:
9392:
9078:McCutcheon v. FEC
8855:Iancu v. Brunetti
8687:Edenfield v. Fane
8462:Commercial speech
8141:Arnett v. Kennedy
7900:Iancu v. Brunetti
7803:Government grants
7798:
7797:
7609:of others' speech
7607:Compelled subsidy
7540:Wooley v. Maynard
7501:
7500:
7406:Widmar v. Vincent
7353:Burson v. Freeman
7337:Frisby v. Schultz
7064:Virginia v. Black
6897:
6896:
6786:Nitke v. Gonzales
6722:People v. Freeman
6642:Kois v. Wisconsin
6485:Virginia v. Black
6161:Freedom of speech
6150:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6116:Sossamon v. Texas
5658:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5620:Bowen v. Kendrick
5612:Larson v. Valente
5486:Taxpayer standing
5245:Zorach v. Clauson
5176:Mitchell v. Helms
5136:Aguilar v. Felton
5072:Meek v. Pittenger
5000:Lemon v. Kurtzman
4808:Lynch v. Donnelly
4800:Marsh v. Chambers
4731:
4730:
4724:extinct languages
4646:Legal recognition
4525:Jeanette Berglind
4485:
4484:
4186:Nonmanual feature
4099:Martha's Vineyard
4024:
4023:
3678:Martha's Vineyard
3173:Faroese (Teknmál)
2895:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
2705:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
2642:
2641:
2627:Zimsign languages
2605:Laotian languages
2489:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
2248:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
2193:Azerbaijani (AİD)
2114:
2113:
1712:
1711:
1555:
1554:
1471:
1470:
1461:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)
1166:
1165:
1094:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
1080:
1079:
974:
973:
944:
943:
851:
850:
706:Eltye eltyarrenke
686:
685:multiple families
256:
255:
143:William Rehnquist
10415:
10383:1993 in religion
10277:Cox v. Louisiana
10212:
10211:
9980:NAACP v. Alabama
9953:
9952:
9940:
9939:
9862:
9861:
9849:
9848:
9420:Prior restraints
9416:
9415:
9403:
9402:
9359:Turner v. Safley
9241:Hartman v. Moore
9188:Marsh v. Alabama
9137:Buckley v. Valeo
9121:NAACP v. Alabama
9113:Anonymous speech
9006:McConnell v. FEC
8894:Buckley v. Valeo
8883:Campaign finance
8370:Kunz v. New York
8181:Connick v. Myers
8117:Public employees
7821:Rust v. Sullivan
7769:
7768:
7507:Compelled speech
7377:Hill v. Colorado
7265:Cox v. Louisiana
7202:
7201:
7032:Texas v. Johnson
6456:Snyder v. Phelps
6187:
6186:
6176:
6175:
6169:
6156:
6155:
6095:Tanzin v. Tanvir
6079:Zubik v. Burwell
6050:
6049:
5961:
5960:
5937:Tandon v. Newsom
5817:McDaniel v. Paty
5753:Kunz v. New York
5713:Jamison v. Texas
5664:
5663:
5588:McDaniel v. Paty
5120:Mueller v. Allen
5088:Wolman v. Walter
4856:Salazar v. Buono
4787:
4786:
4774:
4773:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4735:
4734:
4718:
4709:
4687:
4575:Pierre Pélissier
4560:Thomas Gallaudet
4535:Thomas Braidwood
4366:Initialized sign
4354:
4353:
4337:
3822:Papua New Guinea
3725:Australian-Irish
3431:Plains Sign Talk
3311:Northern Ireland
3307:Northern Ireland
2830:Hong Kong (HKSL)
2651:
2650:
2430:Nicaraguan (ISN)
2345:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
2161:Albanian (AlbSL)
1941:
1940:
1755:Bangalore-Madras
1736:Israeli (Shassi)
1704:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
1614:Honduran (LESHO)
1482:
1481:
1340:Singapore (SgSL)
1276:Black ASL (BASL)
1264:
1263:
1204:Australian-Irish
1177:
1176:
1126:
1125:
1102:Hong Kong (HKSL)
1062:Portuguese (LGP)
1052:Eritrean (EriSL)
985:
984:
904:
903:
862:
861:
800:
799:
684:
667:
666:
629:
622:
615:
606:
605:
601:
595:
592:
586:
583:
577:
574:
568:
565:
559:
532:
511:
505:
484:
478:
472:
463:
462:, 509 U.S. at 8.
457:
451:
445:
439:
435:
429:
412:
403:
400:
394:
391:
385:
382:
376:
362:
132:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
10423:
10422:
10418:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10413:
10412:
10358:
10357:
10356:
10347:
10253:NAACP v. Button
10219:
10198:
10123:
10048:
10029:
10010:
9996:NAACP v. Button
9947:
9926:
9895:
9889:
9856:
9835:
9800:
9746:Broadcast media
9741:
9738:(9th Cir. 2014)
9624:
9569:
9563:
9528:
9522:Tory v. Cochran
9458:Tucker v. Texas
9422:
9410:
9389:
9330:
9303:
9281:Egbert v. Boule
9226:
9212:Lindke v. Freed
9175:
9108:
8998:FEC v. Beaumont
8885:
8877:
8871:Vidal v. Elster
8456:
8394:NAACP v. Button
8337:
8331:
8301:Ex parte Curtis
8292:
8283:
8112:
7983:
7930:
7924:Vidal v. Elster
7866:
7859:
7804:
7794:
7767:
7761:Janus v. AFSCME
7745:Harris v. Quinn
7721:Locke v. Karass
7608:
7602:
7497:
7451:Brown v. Glines
7434:
7428:
7397:
7391:
7206:
7200:
7161:
7160:Content-neutral
7155:
7076:
7070:
6975:
6973:Symbolic speech
6967:
6945:Smith v. Goguen
6934:
6926:
6903:Strict scrutiny
6893:
6871:Osborne v. Ohio
6854:
6853:Speech integral
6848:
6813:(9th Cir. 2009)
6805:(6th Cir. 2009)
6789:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
6717:(7th Cir. 1985)
6533:(S.D.N.Y. 1933)
6507:
6462:
6380:
6371:
6330:
6321:
6315:Hess v. Indiana
6259:Fiske v. Kansas
6214:(S.D.N.Y. 1917)
6193:
6181:
6170:
6163:
6138:
6101:
6041:
6004:
5998:Carson v. Makin
5965:
5959:
5737:Tucker v. Texas
5689:Davis v. Beason
5671:
5650:
5644:Trump v. Hawaii
5596:Harris v. McRae
5567:
5524:
5481:
5411:Watson v. Jones
5398:
5339:
5277:Stone v. Graham
5253:Engel v. Vitale
5228:
5222:
5216:Carson v. Makin
4955:
4884:
4878:
4791:
4790:Public displays
4781:
4768:
4762:
4732:
4727:
4675:
4661:Tactile signing
4610:
4579:
4508:
4481:
4460:
4436:Signed Japanese
4382:
4375:
4348:
4341:
4315:Stokoe notation
4293:
4195:
4155:Phonology (ASL)
4133:
4068:
4062:
4020:
3989:
3888:Argentine (LSA)
3873:
3705:
3528:New Costa Rican
3523:Old Costa Rican
3423:
3421:
3415:
3299:North Macedonia
3100:
2791:
2726:Bamako (LaSiMa)
2656:
2638:
2588:Other groupings
2583:
2435:Old Costa Rican
2410:Burkina (Mossi)
2390:Mauritian (MSL)
2263:Ghardaia (AJSL)
2176:Argentine (LSA)
2139:
2121:
2110:
2075:
2058:
1930:
1912:
1884:
1848:
1814:
1786:
1747:
1740:
1708:
1675:
1645:Danish (Tegnic)
1639:
1618:
1597:
1576:
1551:
1526:Yugoslavic Sign
1521:
1492:Bulgarian (БЖЕ)
1477:
1467:
1456:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)
1441:
1431:Hoailona ʻŌlelo
1424:
1407:
1394:Bamako (LaSiMa)
1375:(Françafrosign)
1374:
1368:
1344:
1316:Malaysian (BIM)
1258:
1251:
1226:Valencian (LSV)
1162:
1153:Paraguay (LSPY)
1144:
1137:
1121:
1115:
1076:
1038:
970:
940:
915:
899:
893:
857:Arab (Ishaaric)
847:
826:
798:
711:Iltyeme iltyeme
682:
679:
672:
662:
656:
638:
633:
599:
593:
590:
584:
581:
575:
572:
566:
563:
557:
541:
536:
535:
512:
508:
485:
481:
473:
466:
458:
454:
446:
442:
436:
432:
413:
406:
401:
397:
392:
388:
383:
379:
363:
359:
354:
327:
314:
297:
273:
195:Clarence Thomas
185:
183:Anthony Kennedy
173:
163:John P. Stevens
161:
93:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
10421:
10411:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10353:
10352:
10349:
10348:
10346:
10345:
10337:
10329:
10321:
10313:
10309:Meyer v. Grant
10305:
10297:
10289:
10281:
10273:
10265:
10257:
10249:
10241:
10233:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10208:
10207:
10204:
10203:
10200:
10199:
10197:
10196:
10188:
10180:
10172:
10164:
10156:
10148:
10140:
10131:
10129:
10125:
10124:
10122:
10121:
10113:
10105:
10097:
10089:
10081:
10073:
10065:
10056:
10054:
10050:
10049:
10047:
10046:
10037:
10035:
10031:
10030:
10028:
10027:
10018:
10016:
10015:Future Conduct
10012:
10011:
10009:
10008:
10000:
9992:
9984:
9976:
9968:
9959:
9957:
9949:
9948:
9936:
9935:
9932:
9931:
9928:
9927:
9925:
9924:
9916:
9908:
9899:
9897:
9891:
9890:
9888:
9887:
9879:
9870:
9868:
9858:
9857:
9845:
9844:
9841:
9840:
9837:
9836:
9834:
9833:
9825:
9817:
9808:
9806:
9802:
9801:
9799:
9798:
9790:
9782:
9774:
9766:
9758:
9749:
9747:
9743:
9742:
9740:
9739:
9731:
9723:
9715:
9707:
9699:
9691:
9683:
9675:
9667:
9659:
9651:
9643:
9634:
9632:
9626:
9625:
9623:
9622:
9614:
9606:
9598:
9590:
9582:
9573:
9571:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9561:
9553:
9545:
9536:
9534:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9526:
9518:
9510:
9502:
9494:
9486:
9478:
9470:
9462:
9454:
9446:
9438:
9429:
9427:
9412:
9411:
9399:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9391:
9390:
9388:
9387:
9383:Beard v. Banks
9379:
9371:
9367:Shaw v. Murphy
9363:
9355:
9347:
9338:
9336:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9328:
9320:
9311:
9309:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9301:
9293:
9285:
9277:
9269:
9261:
9253:
9245:
9236:
9234:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9224:
9216:
9208:
9200:
9192:
9183:
9181:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9173:
9165:
9157:
9149:
9141:
9133:
9125:
9116:
9114:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9098:
9090:
9082:
9074:
9066:
9058:
9050:
9042:
9034:
9026:
9018:
9010:
9002:
8994:
8986:
8978:
8970:
8962:
8954:
8946:
8938:
8930:
8922:
8914:
8906:
8898:
8889:
8887:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8875:
8867:
8859:
8851:
8843:
8835:
8827:
8819:
8811:
8803:
8795:
8787:
8779:
8771:
8763:
8755:
8747:
8739:
8731:
8723:
8715:
8707:
8699:
8691:
8683:
8675:
8667:
8659:
8651:
8643:
8635:
8627:
8619:
8611:
8603:
8595:
8587:
8579:
8571:
8563:
8555:
8547:
8539:
8531:
8523:
8515:
8507:
8499:
8491:
8483:
8475:
8466:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8446:
8438:
8430:
8422:
8414:
8406:
8398:
8390:
8382:
8374:
8366:
8358:
8350:
8341:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8321:
8313:
8305:
8296:
8294:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8273:
8265:
8261:Lane v. Franks
8257:
8249:
8241:
8233:
8225:
8217:
8209:
8201:
8193:
8185:
8177:
8169:
8161:
8153:
8149:Elrod v. Burns
8145:
8137:
8129:
8120:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8102:
8094:
8086:
8078:
8070:
8062:
8054:
8046:
8038:
8030:
8026:Healy v. James
8022:
8010:
8002:
7993:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7973:
7965:
7957:
7949:
7940:
7938:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7920:
7912:
7904:
7896:
7888:
7880:
7871:
7869:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7857:
7849:
7841:
7833:
7825:
7817:
7808:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7784:
7775:
7773:
7766:
7765:
7757:
7749:
7741:
7733:
7725:
7717:
7709:
7701:
7693:
7685:
7677:
7669:
7661:
7653:
7645:
7637:
7629:
7621:
7612:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7592:
7584:
7576:
7568:
7560:
7552:
7544:
7536:
7528:
7520:
7511:
7509:
7503:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7487:
7479:
7471:
7463:
7455:
7447:
7438:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7418:
7410:
7401:
7399:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7389:
7381:
7373:
7365:
7357:
7349:
7341:
7333:
7325:
7317:
7309:
7301:
7293:
7285:
7277:
7269:
7261:
7253:
7245:
7237:
7229:
7221:
7212:
7210:
7199:
7198:
7190:
7182:
7174:
7165:
7163:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7145:
7137:
7129:
7121:
7113:
7105:
7097:
7089:
7080:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7060:
7052:
7044:
7036:
7028:
7020:
7012:
7004:
6996:
6988:
6979:
6977:
6976:versus conduct
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6957:
6949:
6940:
6938:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6916:
6907:
6905:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6883:
6875:
6867:
6858:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6838:
6830:
6822:
6814:
6806:
6798:
6790:
6782:
6774:
6766:
6758:
6750:
6742:
6734:
6726:
6718:
6710:
6702:
6694:
6686:
6678:
6670:
6662:
6654:
6646:
6638:
6630:
6622:
6614:
6606:
6598:
6590:
6582:
6574:
6566:
6558:
6550:
6542:
6534:
6526:
6517:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6497:
6489:
6481:
6472:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6452:
6444:
6436:
6428:
6420:
6412:
6404:
6396:
6387:
6385:
6383:heckler's veto
6377:Fighting words
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6361:
6353:
6345:
6336:
6334:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6311:
6299:
6291:
6279:
6271:
6263:
6255:
6247:
6239:
6231:
6223:
6215:
6207:
6200:
6198:
6184:
6172:
6171:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6128:
6120:
6111:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6091:
6083:
6075:
6067:
6058:
6056:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6031:
6023:
6014:
6012:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5994:
5986:
5978:
5974:Locke v. Davey
5969:
5967:
5958:
5957:
5949:
5941:
5933:
5925:
5917:
5909:
5901:
5893:
5885:
5877:
5869:
5861:
5853:
5845:
5837:
5829:
5821:
5813:
5805:
5797:
5789:
5781:
5773:
5765:
5757:
5749:
5741:
5733:
5725:
5717:
5709:
5701:
5693:
5685:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5640:
5632:
5624:
5616:
5608:
5600:
5592:
5584:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5557:
5549:
5541:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5514:
5506:
5498:
5494:Flast v. Cohen
5489:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5471:
5463:
5455:
5447:
5439:
5431:
5423:
5415:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5388:
5380:
5372:
5364:
5356:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5329:
5321:
5313:
5309:Lee v. Weisman
5305:
5297:
5289:
5281:
5273:
5265:
5257:
5249:
5241:
5232:
5230:
5229:public schools
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5212:
5204:
5196:
5188:
5180:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5108:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5052:
5048:Sloan v. Lemon
5044:
5036:
5032:Hunt v. McNair
5028:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4984:Flast v. Cohen
4980:
4972:
4963:
4961:
4960:Public funding
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4795:
4793:
4792:and ceremonies
4783:
4782:
4770:
4769:
4761:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4738:
4729:
4728:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4570:William Stokoe
4567:
4562:
4557:
4555:Valerie Sutton
4552:
4547:
4545:Abbé de l'Épée
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4456:Signed Swedish
4453:
4448:
4446:Signed Spanish
4443:
4438:
4433:
4431:Signed Italian
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4274:Serbo-Croatian
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4201:Fingerspelling
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3787:Western Desert
3784:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3638:American (ASL)
3635:
3632:
3630:Old Salvadoran
3627:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3478:Maritime (MSL)
3475:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3447:American (ASL)
3444:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3393:Central Taurus
3390:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3148:United Kingdom
3146:
3144:French Belgian
3141:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2944:Kazakh-Russian
2941:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2848:Indo-Pakistani
2845:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2460:Peruvian (LSP)
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Miyakubo Shuwa
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Dogon/Douentza
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2065:American (ASL)
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1926:Namibian (NSL)
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1832:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1746:Indo-Pakistani
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1593:Tunisian (TSL)
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1547:Yugoslav (YSL)
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:Croatian (HZJ)
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1452:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1404:Sierra Leonean
1402:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1327:Filipino (FSL)
1324:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1271:American (ASL)
1267:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1247:Romanian (LSR)
1244:
1243:
1242:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1184:Algerian (LSA)
1180:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1145:Uruguayan Sign
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1133:Chilean (LSCh)
1129:
1123:
1122:Uruguayan Sign
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1019:Maritime (MSL)
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1001:
1000:
999:
988:
982:
976:
975:
972:
971:
969:
968:
963:
958:
952:
950:
946:
945:
942:
941:
939:
938:
935:
932:
929:
925:
923:
917:
916:
914:
913:
907:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
886:
884:Qatari Unified
881:
876:
871:
865:
859:
853:
852:
849:
848:
846:
845:
840:
834:
832:
831:Zendath Kesign
828:
827:
825:
824:
819:
814:
808:
806:
804:Western Desert
797:
796:
791:
786:
783:
781:Worora Kinship
778:
773:
766:
761:
760:
759:
749:
744:
737:
732:
727:
720:
713:
708:
703:
698:
690:
688:
674:
673:
664:
658:
657:
655:
654:
649:
643:
640:
639:
632:
631:
624:
617:
609:
603:
602:
540:
539:External links
537:
534:
533:
506:
479:
464:
452:
440:
430:
404:
395:
386:
377:
365:20 U.S.C.
356:
355:
353:
350:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
326:
323:
313:
310:
296:
293:
272:
269:
254:
253:
246:20 U.S.C.
234:
233:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
200:
199:
198:
197:
175:Antonin Scalia
159:Harry Blackmun
148:
145:
140:
134:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
119:
118:
104:
100:
99:
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51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10420:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10365:
10363:
10343:
10342:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10330:
10327:
10326:
10322:
10319:
10318:
10314:
10311:
10310:
10306:
10303:
10302:
10298:
10295:
10294:
10290:
10287:
10286:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10274:
10271:
10270:
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10263:
10262:
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10255:
10254:
10250:
10247:
10246:
10242:
10239:
10238:
10234:
10231:
10230:
10226:
10225:
10222:
10218:
10213:
10209:
10194:
10193:
10189:
10186:
10185:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10173:
10170:
10169:
10165:
10162:
10161:
10157:
10154:
10153:
10149:
10146:
10145:
10141:
10138:
10137:
10133:
10132:
10130:
10126:
10119:
10118:
10114:
10111:
10110:
10106:
10103:
10102:
10098:
10095:
10094:
10090:
10087:
10086:
10082:
10079:
10078:
10074:
10071:
10070:
10066:
10063:
10062:
10058:
10057:
10055:
10051:
10044:
10043:
10039:
10038:
10036:
10032:
10025:
10024:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10013:
10006:
10005:
10001:
9998:
9997:
9993:
9990:
9989:
9985:
9982:
9981:
9977:
9974:
9973:
9969:
9966:
9965:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9956:Organizations
9954:
9950:
9946:
9941:
9937:
9922:
9921:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9909:
9906:
9905:
9901:
9900:
9898:
9892:
9885:
9884:
9880:
9877:
9876:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9866:Incorporation
9863:
9859:
9855:
9850:
9846:
9831:
9830:
9826:
9823:
9822:
9818:
9815:
9814:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9803:
9796:
9795:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9783:
9780:
9779:
9775:
9772:
9771:
9767:
9764:
9763:
9759:
9756:
9755:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9744:
9737:
9736:
9732:
9729:
9728:
9724:
9721:
9720:
9716:
9713:
9712:
9708:
9705:
9704:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9692:
9689:
9688:
9684:
9681:
9680:
9676:
9673:
9672:
9668:
9665:
9664:
9660:
9657:
9656:
9652:
9649:
9648:
9644:
9641:
9640:
9636:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9627:
9620:
9619:
9615:
9612:
9611:
9607:
9604:
9603:
9599:
9596:
9595:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9583:
9580:
9579:
9575:
9574:
9572:
9566:
9559:
9558:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9546:
9543:
9542:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9531:
9524:
9523:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9511:
9508:
9507:
9503:
9500:
9499:
9495:
9492:
9491:
9487:
9484:
9483:
9479:
9476:
9475:
9471:
9468:
9467:
9463:
9460:
9459:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9447:
9444:
9443:
9439:
9436:
9435:
9431:
9430:
9428:
9426:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9409:
9404:
9400:
9385:
9384:
9380:
9377:
9376:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9364:
9361:
9360:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9348:
9345:
9344:
9340:
9339:
9337:
9333:
9326:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9306:
9299:
9298:
9294:
9291:
9290:
9286:
9283:
9282:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9254:
9251:
9250:
9246:
9243:
9242:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9233:
9229:
9222:
9221:
9217:
9214:
9213:
9209:
9206:
9205:
9201:
9198:
9197:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9178:
9171:
9170:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9150:
9147:
9146:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9118:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9104:
9103:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9091:
9088:
9087:
9083:
9080:
9079:
9075:
9072:
9071:
9067:
9064:
9063:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9051:
9048:
9047:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8991:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8979:
8976:
8975:
8971:
8968:
8967:
8963:
8960:
8959:
8955:
8952:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8943:
8939:
8936:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8923:
8920:
8919:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8873:
8872:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8860:
8857:
8856:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8844:
8841:
8840:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8828:
8825:
8824:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8804:
8801:
8800:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8788:
8785:
8784:
8780:
8777:
8776:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8748:
8745:
8744:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8708:
8705:
8704:
8700:
8697:
8696:
8692:
8689:
8688:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8668:
8665:
8664:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8652:
8649:
8648:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8636:
8633:
8632:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8612:
8609:
8608:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8580:
8577:
8576:
8572:
8569:
8568:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8548:
8545:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8536:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8524:
8521:
8520:
8516:
8513:
8512:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8500:
8497:
8496:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8484:
8481:
8480:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8459:
8452:
8451:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8439:
8436:
8435:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8336:Licensing and
8334:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8290:
8286:
8279:
8278:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8170:
8167:
8166:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8154:
8151:
8150:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8115:
8108:
8107:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8063:
8060:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8035:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8023:
8020:
8016:
8015:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7990:
7989:School speech
7986:
7979:
7978:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7936:Loyalty oaths
7933:
7926:
7925:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7862:
7855:
7854:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7805:and subsidies
7801:
7790:
7789:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7770:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7605:
7598:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7493:
7492:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7431:
7424:
7423:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7394:
7387:
7386:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7347:
7346:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7203:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7158:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7101:Boos v. Barry
7098:
7095:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7075:Content-based
7073:
7066:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6962:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6921:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6900:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6851:
6844:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6378:
6374:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6295:Bond v. Floyd
6292:
6289:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6124:Holt v. Hobbs
6121:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5962:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5665:
5661:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:Jones v. Wolf
5464:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5225:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4881:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4747:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:Miscellaneous
4613:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:Organisations
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:Laurent Clerc
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4530:Pär Aron Borg
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:Signed Polish
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4426:Signed German
4424:
4422:
4421:Signed French
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4344:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Grammar (ASL)
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:International
3992:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:South America
3876:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:Rossel Island
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Mount Avejaha
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3687:Navajo Family
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3634:United States
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:South African
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Yoruban (YSL)
2572:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Bura (Burasl)
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:West African
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Ugandan (USL)
2534:
2532:
2531:Turkish (TİD)
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Spanish (LSE)
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Rossel Island
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:Qahveh Khaneh
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Mount Avejaha
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Maltese (LSM)
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:Atgangmuurniq
2296:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:Guinea-Bissau
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1879:Cepeda Peraza
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:Highland Maya
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1792:Japanese Sign
1789:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Flemish (VGT)
1628:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Mexican (LSM)
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Italian (LIS)
1586:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1517:Russian (РЖЯ)
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:Latvian (LSL)
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:Catalan (LSC)
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1158:Uruguay (LSU)
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:British (BSL)
1002:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
989:
986:
983:
981:
977:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
951:
947:
936:
933:
930:
927:
926:
924:
922:
918:
912:
909:
908:
905:
902:
896:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
863:
860:
858:
854:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
833:
829:
823:
822:Ngaatjatjarra
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
807:
805:
801:
795:
792:
790:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
771:
767:
765:
762:
758:
755:
754:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
725:
721:
719:
718:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
696:
692:
691:
689:
681:
675:
668:
665:
659:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
641:
637:
636:Sign language
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
611:
610:
607:
598:
589:
580:
571:
570:CourtListener
562:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:
531: (1984)).
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
504: (1982)).
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
476:
471:
469:
461:
456:
449:
444:
434:
427:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
399:
390:
381:
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
322:
318:
309:
305:
301:
292:
288:
286:
282:
278:
268:
266:
262:
261:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:Case opinions
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:Chief Justice
138:
137:
135:
130:
125:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
76:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
10339:
10331:
10323:
10315:
10307:
10299:
10291:
10283:
10275:
10267:
10259:
10251:
10243:
10235:
10227:
10190:
10182:
10174:
10166:
10158:
10150:
10142:
10134:
10115:
10107:
10099:
10091:
10083:
10075:
10067:
10059:
10042:In re Primus
10040:
10034:Solicitation
10021:
10002:
9994:
9986:
9978:
9970:
9962:
9918:
9910:
9902:
9881:
9873:
9827:
9819:
9811:
9792:
9784:
9776:
9768:
9760:
9752:
9733:
9725:
9717:
9709:
9701:
9693:
9685:
9677:
9669:
9661:
9653:
9645:
9637:
9616:
9608:
9600:
9592:
9584:
9576:
9568:Taxation and
9555:
9547:
9539:
9520:
9512:
9504:
9496:
9488:
9480:
9472:
9464:
9456:
9448:
9440:
9432:
9381:
9373:
9365:
9357:
9349:
9341:
9322:
9314:
9295:
9287:
9279:
9271:
9263:
9257:Wood v. Moss
9255:
9247:
9239:
9218:
9210:
9202:
9194:
9186:
9180:State action
9167:
9159:
9151:
9143:
9135:
9127:
9119:
9100:
9092:
9084:
9076:
9068:
9060:
9052:
9044:
9038:Davis v. FEC
9036:
9028:
9020:
9012:
9004:
8996:
8988:
8980:
8972:
8964:
8956:
8948:
8940:
8932:
8924:
8916:
8908:
8900:
8892:
8869:
8861:
8853:
8847:Matal v. Tam
8845:
8837:
8829:
8821:
8813:
8805:
8797:
8789:
8781:
8773:
8765:
8757:
8749:
8741:
8733:
8725:
8717:
8709:
8701:
8693:
8685:
8677:
8669:
8661:
8653:
8645:
8637:
8629:
8621:
8613:
8605:
8599:In re R.M.J.
8597:
8589:
8581:
8573:
8565:
8557:
8551:In re Primus
8549:
8541:
8533:
8525:
8517:
8509:
8501:
8493:
8485:
8477:
8469:
8448:
8440:
8432:
8424:
8416:
8408:
8400:
8392:
8384:
8376:
8368:
8360:
8352:
8344:
8323:
8315:
8307:
8299:
8293:similar laws
8275:
8267:
8259:
8251:
8243:
8235:
8227:
8219:
8211:
8203:
8195:
8187:
8179:
8171:
8163:
8155:
8147:
8139:
8131:
8123:
8104:
8096:
8088:
8080:
8072:
8064:
8056:
8048:
8040:
8032:
8024:
8012:
8004:
7996:
7975:
7967:
7959:
7951:
7943:
7922:
7914:
7906:
7898:
7892:Matal v. Tam
7890:
7882:
7874:
7851:
7843:
7835:
7827:
7819:
7811:
7786:
7778:
7759:
7751:
7743:
7735:
7727:
7719:
7711:
7703:
7695:
7687:
7679:
7671:
7663:
7655:
7647:
7639:
7631:
7623:
7615:
7594:
7586:
7578:
7570:
7562:
7554:
7546:
7538:
7530:
7522:
7514:
7489:
7481:
7473:
7465:
7457:
7449:
7441:
7420:
7412:
7404:
7398:public forum
7383:
7375:
7367:
7359:
7351:
7343:
7335:
7327:
7319:
7311:
7303:
7295:
7287:
7279:
7271:
7263:
7255:
7247:
7239:
7231:
7225:Hague v. CIO
7223:
7215:
7208:public forum
7192:
7184:
7176:
7168:
7162:restrictions
7147:
7139:
7131:
7123:
7115:
7107:
7099:
7091:
7083:
7077:restrictions
7062:
7054:
7046:
7038:
7030:
7022:
7014:
7006:
6998:
6990:
6982:
6959:
6951:
6943:
6918:
6910:
6885:
6877:
6869:
6861:
6840:
6832:
6824:
6816:
6808:
6800:
6792:
6784:
6776:
6768:
6760:
6752:
6744:
6738:Reno v. ACLU
6736:
6728:
6720:
6712:
6704:
6696:
6688:
6680:
6672:
6664:
6656:
6648:
6640:
6632:
6624:
6616:
6608:
6600:
6592:
6584:
6576:
6568:
6560:
6552:
6544:
6536:
6528:
6520:
6499:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6468:True threats
6454:
6446:
6438:
6430:
6422:
6414:
6406:
6398:
6390:
6363:
6355:
6347:
6339:
6332:false speech
6313:
6301:
6293:
6281:
6278:(1955; 1961)
6273:
6265:
6257:
6249:
6241:
6233:
6225:
6217:
6209:
6130:
6122:
6114:
6093:
6085:
6077:
6069:
6061:
6033:
6025:
6017:
5996:
5988:
5980:
5972:
5951:
5943:
5935:
5927:
5919:
5911:
5903:
5895:
5887:
5879:
5871:
5863:
5857:Bowen v. Roy
5855:
5847:
5839:
5831:
5823:
5815:
5807:
5801:Cruz v. Beto
5799:
5791:
5783:
5775:
5767:
5759:
5751:
5743:
5735:
5727:
5719:
5711:
5703:
5695:
5687:
5679:
5642:
5634:
5626:
5618:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5586:
5578:
5559:
5551:
5543:
5535:
5516:
5508:
5500:
5492:
5473:
5465:
5457:
5449:
5441:
5433:
5425:
5417:
5409:
5390:
5382:
5374:
5366:
5358:
5350:
5331:
5323:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5291:
5283:
5275:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5235:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5151:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5118:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4966:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4870:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4719:
4713:
4704:
4702:
4682:
4499:Films (list)
4416:Signed Dutch
4361:Contact sign
3806:Hawaii (USA)
3699:
3692:
3677:
3502:
3493:
3385:Swiss-German
3021:Saudi Arabia
2759:South Africa
2493:
2476:
2350:Somali (SSL)
2277:
2185:
2120:Providencia–
2099:Nesilextcl'n
2072:Oneida (OSL)
2034:Tickanwa•tic
2022:Schitsu'umsh
2004:Nųmą́khų́·ki
1918:Paget Gorman
1839:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1783:Punjab-Sindh
1731:Polish (PJM)
1726:German (DGS)
1602:Mexican Sign
1581:Italian Sign
1485:Russian Sign
1448:French (LSF)
1421:Oneida (OSL)
1335:Quebec (LSQ)
1320:Oneida (OSL)
1237:
1233:French (LSF)
1086:Chinese Sign
1044:Swedish Sign
768:
739:
722:
715:
693:
545:
517:
513:
509:
490:
486:
482:
474:
459:
455:
447:
443:
433:
428: (1993).
414:
398:
389:
380:
369:§§ 1400
360:
319:
315:
306:
302:
298:
289:
274:
259:
258:
257:
232:Laws applied
190:
187:David Souter
178:
166:
154:
98:Case history
81:
53:
15:
10333:Doe v. Reed
9514:Lowe v. SEC
9161:Doe v. Reed
6932:Overbreadth
6725:(Cal. 1988)
6180:Unprotected
5227:Religion in
4641:Open Outcry
4565:Abbé Sicard
4550:Roger Fouts
4381:Signed Oral
4320:SignWriting
4168:Orientation
4138:Linguistics
4119:Pitha Pitha
3814:New Zealand
3750:Manjiljarra
3621:El Salvador
3381:Switzerland
3291:Netherlands
3131:Azerbaijani
3073:Old Bangkok
3013:Philippines
2701:Ivory Coast
2495:Sandy River
2233:Cuban (LSC)
2122:Cayman Sign
1971:Hinono'eino
1962:Coahuilteco
1947:Anishinaabe
1908:Old Bangkok
1829:Old Kentish
1758:Beluchistan
1718:German Sign
1699:Ho Chi Minh
1623:Old Belgian
1567:Dutch (NGT)
1306:Costa Rican
1199:Irish (ISL)
1143:Paraguayan-
934:Palestinian
817:Manjiljarra
812:Kartutjarra
747:Rdaka rdaka
741:Pitha Pitha
250:§ 1400
151:Byron White
10362:Categories
9630:Defamation
9570:privileges
9425:censorship
7867:as speaker
7865:Government
7396:Designated
6327:Defamation
6191:Incitement
4885:exemptions
4666:Protactile
4305:ASL-phabet
4289:Portuguese
4191:Sign names
4176:Expression
4104:Old French
4089:Kalkutungu
4058:Name signs
4048:Literature
3985:Venezuelan
3959:Inmaculada
3951:Paraguayan
3943:Ecuadorian
3797:Yir Yoront
3648:Protactile
3625:Salvadoran
3617:Panamanian
3604:Nicaraguan
3581:Albarradas
3552:Guatemalan
3509:Costa Rica
3504:Old Cayman
3457:Protactile
3335:Portuguese
3303:Macedonian
3279:Lithuanian
3127:Azerbaijan
3096:Vietnamese
3053:Tajikistan
3041:Sri Lankan
2940:Kazakhstan
2910:Kafr Qasem
2861:Indonesian
2563:Mofu-Gudur
2501:Salvadoran
2478:Rennellese
2465:Inmaculada
2420:Mozambican
2370:Macedonian
2340:Kata Kolok
2330:Kafr Qasim
2289:Creole HSL
2040:Tsuu T'ina
2001:Niitsítapi
1995:Ni Mii Puu
1986:Maagiadawa
1950:Apsáalooke
1876:Trascorral
1560:Dutch Sign
1363:Yogyakarta
1323:Panamanian
1281:Protactile
1239:Old French
1216:Lithuanian
1172:Francosign
789:Yir Yoront
776:Warramunga
724:Kalkutungu
680:Aboriginal
678:Australian
352:References
271:Background
60:Docket no.
8289:Hatch Act
7433:Nonpublic
6936:Vagueness
6513:Obscenity
5529:Blue laws
4722:indicate
4383:Languages
4284:Ukrainian
4244:Hungarian
4229:Esperanto
4160:Handshape
4129:Warluwara
4069:languages
4053:Profanity
4016:Signalong
3981:Venezuela
3977:Uruguayan
3930:Colombian
3884:Argentina
3755:Warlmanpa
3716:Australia
3654:Blackfeet
3643:Black ASL
3600:Nicaragua
3548:Guatemala
3540:Greenland
3463:Blackfoot
3452:Black ASL
3420:North and
3411:Ukrainian
3369:Valencian
3351:Slovenian
3319:Norwegian
3275:Lithuania
3239:Icelandic
3231:Hungarian
3078:Chiangmai
3049:Taiwanese
3037:Sri Lanka
3033:Singapore
3029:Singapore
2986:Mongolian
2960:Malaysian
2857:Indonesia
2826:Hong Kong
2814:Cambodian
2771:Tanzanian
2647:By region
2203:Bhutanese
1998:Niimíipuu
1980:Karankawa
1903:Hai Phong
1898:Chiangmai
1689:Hai Phong
1681:Viet-Thai
1543:Slovenian
1512:Mongolian
1478:Hungarian
1414:Hand Talk
1381:Ethiopian
1309:Dominican
1303:Cambodian
1098:Shanghai
928:Jordanian
921:Levantine
900:Levantine
785:Yan-nhaŋu
770:Warluwara
764:Warlmanpa
730:Miriwoong
90:L. Ed. 2d
70:Citations
9308:Boycotts
6196:sedition
4767:case law
4371:Mouthing
4347:Language
4330:ASLwrite
4254:Japanese
4209:American
4181:Mouthing
4172:Movement
4164:Location
4109:Old Kent
4075:Chilmark
4011:Monastic
3964:Peruvian
3947:Paraguay
3935:Provisle
3926:Colombia
3896:Bolivian
3856:Sinasina
3700:Henniker
3660:Cheyenne
3612:Chiriqui
3573:Honduran
3569:Honduras
3439:Belizean
3347:Slovenia
3331:Portugal
3197:Ghardaia
3181:Estonian
3160:Croatian
3123:Austrian
3115:Armenian
3069:Thailand
3017:Filipino
3009:Nepalese
2994:Ghandruk
2982:Mongolia
2978:Maldives
2974:Maldives
2970:Selangor
2956:Malaysia
2928:Miyakubo
2918:Japanese
2900:Ghardaia
2810:Cambodia
2767:Tanzania
2680:Cameroon
2676:Ghardaia
2671:Algerian
2506:Sinasina
2279:Henniker
2258:Ghandruk
2198:Belizean
2181:Armenian
2144:Isolates
2091:Kalispel
2088:A'aninin
2046:Wazhazhe
2043:Umatilla
2025:Shiwinna
2016:Piipaash
1965:Dane-zaa
1959:Cheyenne
1864:Yucatec
1835:Chilmark
1769:Calcutta
1653:Malagasy
1497:Georgian
1401:Nigerian
1398:Moroccan
1387:Ghanaian
1312:Jamaican
1298:Mandalay
1287:Bolivian
1257:American
949:Possible
931:Lebanese
869:Egyptian
735:Mudburra
701:Djingili
663:families
661:Language
544:Text of
529:138, 157
502:283, 294
325:See also
208:Majority
115:9th Cir.
9533:Privacy
9335:Prisons
8017:(1969,
6306:(1969,
6286:(1957,
4720:Italics
4671:Tic-tac
4513:Persons
4349:contact
4298:Writing
4279:Spanish
4269:Russian
4224:Chilean
4219:Catalan
4084:Jaralde
4067:Extinct
4038:Grammar
4006:Makaton
3973:Uruguay
3939:Ecuador
3922:Chilean
3914:Ka'apor
3892:Bolivia
3710:Oceania
3596:Mexican
3586:Chatino
3565:Haitian
3494:Plateau
3424:America
3422:Central
3407:Ukraine
3403:Turkish
3377:Swedish
3364:Spanish
3359:Catalan
3343:Russian
3287:Russian
3283:Moldova
3271:Latvian
3255:Italian
3243:Ireland
3235:Iceland
3227:Hungary
3211:Germany
3189:Finnish
3185:Finland
3177:Estonia
3164:Denmark
3156:Croatia
3152:British
3139:Flemish
3135:Belgium
3119:Austria
3111:Armenia
3092:Vietnam
3057:Russian
2999:Jhankot
2952:Laotian
2905:Israeli
2887:Kurdish
2874:Persian
2843:Bengali
2822:Chinese
2806:Bengali
2787:Zambian
2779:Ugandan
2743:Senegal
2730:Nigeria
2697:Nanabin
2667:Algeria
2579:Zambian
2455:Persian
2361:Kisindo
2320:Ka'apor
2310:Jhankot
2228:Chatino
2081:Plateau
2063:Mixed,
2055:Wyandot
2049:Wichita
2037:Tháumgá
2019:Ppáⁿkka
2007:Nʉmʉnʉʉ
1983:Liksiyu
1974:Hiraacá
1953:Arikara
1820:Kentish
1762:Bengali
1672:Teknmál
1572:Gambian
1540:Serbian
1537:Kosovar
1476:Austro-
1446:Mixed,
1429:Mixed,
1412:Mixed,
1390:Guinean
1384:Chadian
1360:Jakarta
1291:Burmese
1259:(ASLic)
956:Emirati
874:Kuwaiti
717:Jaralde
561:Cornell
514:Zobrest
487:Zobrest
475:Zobrest
460:Zobrest
448:Zobrest
438:school.
375:(1988).
312:Dissent
252:et seq.
224:Dissent
216:Dissent
122:Holding
10344:(2011)
10336:(2010)
10328:(2002)
10320:(1999)
10312:(1988)
10304:(1985)
10296:(1979)
10288:(1972)
10280:(1965)
10272:(1965)
10264:(1963)
10256:(1963)
10248:(1961)
10240:(1945)
10232:(1876)
10195:(2008)
10187:(2008)
10179:(2005)
10171:(2000)
10163:(1997)
10155:(1986)
10147:(1981)
10139:(1975)
10120:(2010)
10112:(2000)
10104:(1995)
10096:(1989)
10088:(1988)
10080:(1987)
10072:(1984)
10064:(1984)
10045:(1978)
10026:(1964)
10007:(2021)
9999:(1963)
9991:(1960)
9983:(1958)
9975:(1957)
9967:(1951)
9923:(2021)
9915:(1945)
9907:(1937)
9886:(1886)
9878:(1876)
9832:(2003)
9824:(1985)
9816:(1977)
9797:(2001)
9789:(1997)
9781:(1996)
9773:(1981)
9765:(1978)
9757:(1969)
9730:(1990)
9722:(1989)
9714:(1988)
9706:(1985)
9698:(1985)
9690:(1984)
9682:(1976)
9674:(1974)
9666:(1970)
9658:(1967)
9650:(1964)
9642:(1952)
9621:(1991)
9613:(1987)
9605:(1983)
9597:(1978)
9589:(1972)
9581:(1936)
9560:(1989)
9552:(1975)
9544:(1967)
9525:(2005)
9517:(1985)
9509:(1978)
9501:(1976)
9493:(1974)
9485:(1971)
9477:(1965)
9469:(1946)
9461:(1946)
9453:(1938)
9445:(1931)
9437:(1907)
9386:(2006)
9378:(2003)
9370:(2001)
9362:(1987)
9354:(1977)
9346:(1974)
9327:(1990)
9319:(1982)
9300:(2024)
9292:(2024)
9284:(2022)
9276:(2019)
9268:(2018)
9260:(2014)
9252:(2012)
9244:(2006)
9223:(2024)
9215:(2024)
9207:(2019)
9199:(1972)
9191:(1946)
9172:(2021)
9164:(2010)
9156:(1995)
9148:(1982)
9140:(1976)
9132:(1960)
9124:(1958)
9105:(2022)
9097:(2019)
9089:(2015)
9081:(2014)
9073:(2012)
9065:(2011)
9057:(2011)
9049:(2010)
9041:(2008)
9033:(2007)
9025:(2006)
9017:(2006)
9009:(2003)
9001:(2003)
8993:(2002)
8985:(2001)
8977:(2000)
8969:(1996)
8961:(1990)
8953:(1989)
8945:(1986)
8937:(1985)
8929:(1982)
8921:(1981)
8913:(1981)
8905:(1978)
8897:(1976)
8874:(2024)
8866:(2020)
8858:(2019)
8850:(2017)
8842:(2017)
8834:(2011)
8826:(2010)
8818:(2010)
8810:(2007)
8802:(2005)
8794:(2003)
8786:(2002)
8778:(2001)
8770:(2001)
8762:(1999)
8754:(1999)
8746:(1997)
8738:(1996)
8730:(1995)
8722:(1995)
8714:(1995)
8706:(1994)
8698:(1993)
8690:(1993)
8682:(1993)
8674:(1990)
8666:(1989)
8658:(1988)
8650:(1988)
8642:(1987)
8634:(1986)
8626:(1986)
8618:(1985)
8610:(1982)
8602:(1982)
8594:(1981)
8586:(1980)
8578:(1980)
8570:(1979)
8562:(1978)
8554:(1978)
8546:(1977)
8538:(1977)
8530:(1977)
8522:(1976)
8514:(1975)
8506:(1975)
8498:(1974)
8490:(1973)
8482:(1970)
8474:(1942)
8453:(1992)
8445:(1988)
8437:(1982)
8429:(1981)
8421:(1967)
8413:(1965)
8405:(1964)
8397:(1963)
8389:(1957)
8381:(1952)
8373:(1951)
8365:(1943)
8357:(1941)
8349:(1915)
8328:(1973)
8320:(1973)
8312:(1947)
8304:(1882)
8280:(2022)
8272:(2016)
8264:(2014)
8256:(2011)
8248:(2007)
8240:(2006)
8232:(2001)
8224:(1996)
8216:(1995)
8208:(1994)
8200:(1990)
8192:(1987)
8184:(1983)
8176:(1979)
8168:(1979)
8160:(1977)
8152:(1976)
8144:(1974)
8136:(1972)
8128:(1968)
8109:(2021)
8101:(2021)
8093:(2007)
8085:(2007)
8077:(2001)
8069:(1995)
8061:(1990)
8053:(1988)
8045:(1986)
8037:(1982)
8029:(1972)
8009:(1943)
8001:(1940)
7980:(1974)
7972:(1967)
7964:(1958)
7956:(1951)
7948:(1950)
7927:(2024)
7919:(2022)
7911:(2022)
7903:(2019)
7895:(2017)
7887:(2015)
7879:(2009)
7856:(2020)
7848:(2013)
7840:(2001)
7832:(1998)
7824:(1991)
7816:(1983)
7791:(1984)
7783:(1944)
7764:(2018)
7756:(2016)
7748:(2014)
7740:(2012)
7732:(2009)
7724:(2008)
7716:(2007)
7708:(2005)
7700:(2001)
7692:(2000)
7684:(1997)
7676:(1991)
7668:(1990)
7660:(1988)
7652:(1986)
7644:(1984)
7636:(1977)
7628:(1961)
7620:(1956)
7599:(2024)
7591:(2023)
7583:(2018)
7575:(2006)
7567:(1995)
7559:(1986)
7551:(1980)
7543:(1977)
7535:(1974)
7527:(1943)
7519:(1940)
7494:(2018)
7486:(1997)
7478:(1992)
7470:(1985)
7462:(1983)
7454:(1980)
7446:(1974)
7425:(2021)
7417:(1995)
7409:(1981)
7388:(2014)
7380:(2000)
7372:(1997)
7364:(1994)
7356:(1992)
7348:(1989)
7340:(1988)
7332:(1984)
7324:(1983)
7316:(1981)
7308:(1971)
7300:(1971)
7292:(1968)
7284:(1966)
7276:(1966)
7268:(1965)
7260:(1963)
7252:(1951)
7244:(1943)
7236:(1940)
7228:(1939)
7220:(1897)
7205:In the
7197:(2017)
7189:(1994)
7181:(1986)
7173:(1939)
7152:(2022)
7144:(2020)
7136:(2015)
7128:(1992)
7120:(1991)
7112:(1990)
7104:(1988)
7096:(1981)
7088:(1965)
7067:(2003)
7059:(2000)
7051:(1991)
7043:(1990)
7035:(1989)
7027:(1989)
7019:(1984)
7011:(1974)
7003:(1971)
6995:(1968)
6987:(1931)
6964:(2018)
6956:(1987)
6948:(1974)
6923:(2015)
6915:(2010)
6890:(2023)
6882:(2002)
6874:(1990)
6866:(1982)
6845:(2025)
6837:(2012)
6829:(2011)
6821:(2010)
6797:(2008)
6781:(2004)
6773:(2003)
6765:(2002)
6757:(2002)
6749:(2000)
6741:(1997)
6733:(1994)
6709:(1980)
6701:(1976)
6693:(1975)
6685:(1975)
6677:(1974)
6669:(1973)
6661:(1973)
6653:(1973)
6645:(1972)
6637:(1971)
6629:(1969)
6621:(1968)
6613:(1967)
6605:(1966)
6597:(1966)
6589:(1964)
6581:(1964)
6573:(1962)
6565:(1961)
6557:(1959)
6549:(1958)
6541:(1957)
6525:(1896)
6504:(2023)
6496:(2015)
6488:(2003)
6480:(1969)
6459:(2011)
6451:(1992)
6443:(1977)
6435:(1971)
6427:(1969)
6419:(1951)
6411:(1949)
6403:(1942)
6395:(1940)
6368:(2014)
6360:(2012)
6352:(1988)
6344:(1964)
6318:(1973)
6298:(1966)
6270:(1951)
6262:(1927)
6254:(1927)
6246:(1925)
6238:(1919)
6230:(1919)
6222:(1919)
6206:(1798)
6182:speech
6166:portal
6135:(2022)
6127:(2015)
6119:(2011)
6107:RLUIPA
6098:(2020)
6090:(2020)
6082:(2016)
6074:(2014)
6066:(2006)
6038:(2020)
6030:(2012)
6022:(1979)
6001:(2022)
5993:(2020)
5985:(2017)
5977:(2004)
5956:(2022)
5948:(2021)
5940:(2021)
5932:(2020)
5924:(2018)
5916:(2002)
5908:(1993)
5900:(1990)
5892:(1989)
5884:(1989)
5876:(1987)
5868:(1986)
5860:(1986)
5852:(1983)
5844:(1982)
5836:(1981)
5828:(1981)
5820:(1978)
5812:(1972)
5804:(1972)
5796:(1963)
5788:(1961)
5780:(1961)
5772:(1961)
5764:(1953)
5756:(1951)
5748:(1951)
5740:(1946)
5732:(1944)
5724:(1943)
5716:(1943)
5708:(1940)
5700:(1940)
5692:(1890)
5684:(1879)
5647:(2018)
5639:(1994)
5631:(1989)
5623:(1988)
5615:(1982)
5607:(1982)
5599:(1980)
5591:(1978)
5583:(1961)
5564:(1985)
5556:(1961)
5548:(1961)
5540:(1961)
5521:(2011)
5513:(2007)
5505:(1982)
5497:(1968)
5478:(2020)
5470:(1979)
5462:(1976)
5454:(1969)
5446:(1960)
5438:(1952)
5430:(1944)
5422:(1929)
5414:(1872)
5395:(2022)
5387:(2022)
5379:(2001)
5371:(1995)
5363:(1995)
5355:(1993)
5336:(2022)
5328:(2004)
5320:(2000)
5312:(1992)
5304:(1990)
5296:(1987)
5288:(1985)
5280:(1980)
5272:(1968)
5264:(1963)
5256:(1962)
5248:(1952)
5240:(1948)
5219:(2022)
5211:(2020)
5203:(2017)
5195:(2011)
5187:(2002)
5179:(2000)
5171:(1997)
5163:(1994)
5155:(1993)
5147:(1986)
5139:(1985)
5131:(1985)
5123:(1983)
5115:(1982)
5107:(1980)
5099:(1977)
5091:(1977)
5083:(1976)
5075:(1975)
5067:(1974)
5059:(1974)
5051:(1973)
5043:(1973)
5035:(1973)
5027:(1973)
5019:(1973)
5011:(1971)
5003:(1971)
4995:(1968)
4987:(1968)
4979:(1947)
4971:(1930)
4952:(2005)
4944:(1997)
4936:(1989)
4928:(1987)
4920:(1985)
4912:(1983)
4904:(1982)
4896:(1970)
4875:(2019)
4867:(2014)
4859:(2010)
4851:(2009)
4843:(2005)
4835:(2005)
4827:(1989)
4819:(1985)
4811:(1984)
4803:(1983)
4635:Loulis
4631:Washoe
4465:Others
4264:Polish
4259:Korean
4239:German
4234:French
4079:Diyari
4043:Idioms
3900:Brazil
3869:Samoan
3831:Kailge
3775:Umpila
3720:Auslan
3683:Navajo
3667:Oneida
3663:Ojibwa
3608:Panama
3577:Mexico
3518:Brunca
3513:Bribri
3499:Cayman
3483:Quebec
3473:Oneida
3469:Ojibwa
3443:Canada
3435:Belize
3398:Mardin
3389:Turkey
3373:Sweden
3339:Russia
3327:Polish
3323:Poland
3315:Norway
3267:Latvia
3259:Kosovo
3219:Greece
3215:German
3202:French
3193:France
3168:Danish
3105:Europe
3045:Taiwan
2965:Penang
2936:Korean
2923:Koniya
2891:Israel
2838:Alipur
2802:Bengal
2783:Zambia
2775:Uganda
2755:Somali
2713:Kenyan
2684:Maroua
2661:Africa
2617:(~150)
2450:Penang
2395:M'bour
2385:Mardin
2335:Kailge
2325:Kajana
2294:Inuit
2218:Brunca
2213:Bribri
2171:Alipur
2151:Afghan
2107:Sqeliz
1992:Nakota
1870:Nohkop
1867:Chicán
1776:Nepali
1766:Bombay
1295:Yangon
1029:Samoan
1015:Fijian
992:Auslan
980:BANZSL
937:Syrian
898:Iraqi–
889:Yemeni
879:Libyan
838:Meriam
752:Umpila
695:Diyari
600:
594:
591:
585:
582:
579:Justia
576:
573:
567:
564:
558:
520:,
493:,
417:,
367:
248:
193:
191:·
189:
181:
179:·
177:
169:
167:·
165:
157:
155:·
153:
7435:forum
5572:Other
4491:Media
4249:Irish
3969:Sivia
3918:Chile
3861:Wanib
3836:Mehek
3802:Yolŋu
3770:Ngada
3591:Mayan
3561:Haiti
3557:Mayan
3536:Cuban
3355:Spain
3295:Dutch
3251:Italy
3247:Irish
3223:Greek
3207:Lyons
3061:Tibet
3025:Saudi
3004:Jumla
2990:Nepal
2932:Korea
2914:Japan
2882:Iraqi
2834:India
2818:China
2747:Mbour
2721:Tebul
2709:Kenya
2688:Ghana
2546:Wanib
2521:Tebul
2511:Sivia
2400:Mehek
2315:Jumla
2028:Sioux
2013:Palus
2010:Omaha
1873:Nohya
1772:Delhi
1694:Hanoi
1106:Macau
966:Omani
961:Saudi
911:Iraqi
794:Yolŋu
552:
524:
497:
421:
117:1989)
103:Prior
64:92-94
9423:and
6381:the
6194:and
6054:RFRA
4693:and
4325:si5s
3955:Peru
3909:Cena
3826:Enga
3657:Cree
3532:Cuba
3466:Cree
3083:Thai
2948:Laos
2878:Iraq
2870:Iran
2853:Naga
2796:Asia
2734:Bura
2717:Mali
2623:(7+)
2425:Naga
2253:Enga
2223:Cena
2031:Taos
1977:Icāk
1968:Diné
1748:Sign
554:U.S.
526:U.S.
499:U.S.
426:1, 7
423:U.S.
373:1485
111:1190
108:F.2d
106:963
83:more
75:U.S.
73:509
8291:and
6379:and
6329:and
4695:BSL
4691:ASL
4030:ASL
550:509
522:467
495:455
419:509
10364::
4715:^c
4706:^b
4701:.
4684:^a
4633:,
4174:/
4170:/
4166:/
4162:/
548:,
467:^
407:^
267:.
244:,
240:;
8021:)
6310:)
6290:)
6168:)
6164:(
4757:e
4750:t
4743:v
4726:.
4637:)
4629:(
4338:)
4332:(
687:)
683:(
628:e
621:t
614:v
371:–
113:(
92:1
86:)
80:(
78:1
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