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twenty
Quechan were spotted by the soldiers and one old man was captured. Lieutenant Frederick Steele launched an operation just after, with forty men Steele proceeded up the western bank of the Colorado River and engaged in one skirmish. A small band of Quechan were found along the river and attacked as they fled across. Several Quechan were reportedly killed though most escaped harm. Lieutenant Steele continued on where he destroyed a few Quechan fields before returning to the fort. American civilians passing by the fort informed the captain that a large party of Quechan were together about forty miles north. Thirty men were sent to investigate but they returned to Fort Yuma after traveling seventy miles north without encountering the enemy. In mid May, the garrison conducted several scouting operations in the vicinity around the fort. In one of these missions, Lieutenant Sweeny with twenty-five men attacked a village south of Fort Yuma. There they killed one warrior, accidentally wounded a woman and burned the village. Large amounts of clothing and food were also destroyed. Lieutenant Henry B. Hendershott led a third party into Quechan territory around the fort, two villages were destroyed along with several wheat fields and two warriors were killed. During a forth operation of the same type, First Lieutenant George Pearce and his men killed three warriors and wounded Chief Pasqual. One woman was also wounded and a child drowned in the Colorado.
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a message back stating that he expected to be attacked by some 800 warriors and that one of Armijo's sheep herders had been killed. Heintzelman quickly moved his entire command across the river, fully expecting a major battle. According to reports, Apaches, Mohaves, and
Maricopas made up part of the 800 man force. It was almost dark when the garrison left the fort. Heintzelman marched along the southern bank of the Gila all through the night and into the following morning without realizing he had passed Armijo's camp. When the captain concluded that he was going the wrong way, he sent a squad back down the Gila but before they had gone a mile, they encountered 100 to 150 mounted Quechan and Cocopah warriors. The squad returned to Heintzelmen's column which was solely infantry so the captain attempted to outmaneuver the natives. He divided his force into two and sent one to flank the group of warriors. However, as soon as the flanking party started to move, the Quechan and Cocopahs opened fire with a volley of rifle fire and a hail of arrows. Flanking the natives failed so Heintzelman ordered a charge with all of his men but before the Americans could get to close range, the natives scattered into the surrounding hills. Two Americans were wounded along with at least two natives.
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Maria's camp, killing three men and twenty-three women and children. Heintzelman noted that this massacre was an "unprovoked aggression on part of the
Cocopah". A burial detail was formed and sent to the scene of the attack, within Mexican territory and present day Arizona. The bodies were burned according to native American tradition and then the detail returned to the fort. Days later, Chief Maria arrived at Fort Yuma and informed Heintzelman that the high Cocopah chief had released some Quechan women and children but the majority were still in captivity. Maria also told the captain that the Cocopah were retreating into the mountains and that the Yuma were preparing their own raid in retaliation.
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seven warriors and four women. Simultaneously, the Mohave under Chief
Arateve raided Cocopah territory after the Yuma asked them to join in the war. The Mohave, by all accounts, did not want to fight, but because their Quechan friends feared for their safety, the Mohave came to their aid. In the raid, three Cocopah men were killed and two women were taken captive. According to the Mohave, years later, the Cocopah women were captured to be married to Mohave men and by producing a half Cocopah and half Mohave offspring, they would help ensure peace between the two tribes.
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were
Kapetame, Asikahota, Tapaikuneche and Hatsurama, and with Arateve they were known as the "Five Brave Men". All ranked equally and all received five letters from the American army, which, if accepted, they would no longer attack other native tribes or American settlers and they would not prevent the army from building forts and roads on their land. If the stipulations were not met the United States would go to war against the Mohave. With some convincing from Aratave, the four other chiefs eventually agreed to be peaceful and the Yuma War came to an end.
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897:, located within Borrego Valley. A battle was fought on the morning of December 21, 1851, ending with the loss of six warriors, including Chipule and Chief Cecili. The natives were armed mostly with bows and they were routed from the field. From Coyote Canyon, Heintzelman continued northeast, further into the mountains, where they found a rancheria containing items from Warner's Ranch. The rancheria and nearby village were abandoned but Heintzelman had them burned before continuing back to Agua Caliente.
779:. He then sent a small party in advance digging wells in the desert between Vallecitos and the Colorado River. He reached Vallecitos on November 3 and the Yuma Crossing on November 27, a third company arriving a few days later. Camp Yuma was established with the tents protected from sun and wind by brush and reed fences and arbors. A garden and vineyard were started near the river. The Quechan living in the vicinity of the camp were quiet and friendly.
702:, raising a militia of 142 men who were paid $ 6 a day to fight the Yuma as opposed to panning gold. Setting off on April 16, the Gila Expedition entered what is today Arizona only to be besieged and defeated in September after a series of skirmishes. The expedition was a failure and due to the inflated prices caused by the gold rush, cost the State of California 113,000 dollars, a sum which nearly bankrupted the state.
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letter of his own stating that there was no reason to believe the Yuma were hostile. But when news arrived that four of Sweeny's command had been killed by around 800 Quechan, Cocopah, & Mohave, Heintzelman sent sixteen men under
Captain Delozier Davidson with a train of mules and wagons. The squad arrived at the fort on December 6 but abandoned it soon after for a new camp six miles to the south near Pilot Knob.
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Villages and many heads of his livestock had been taken by the Pimas and
Maricopas. The Quechas, were now threatening the train so immediately upon receiving the message, Heintzelman dispatched fourteen men under Lieutenant Sweeny for protection. Almost as soon as Sweeny crossed the Colorado, he sent
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Heintzelman requested a steamboat be sent to carry supplies up river but supplies ran dangerously low. Additionally the crops of the local
Quechan had failed and were asking for food from the camp and Heintzelman was ordered in June 1851 to evacuate the camp leaving only a small detachment of ten men
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Later, the
Quechan came into conflict with the Maricopa, and in 1857 the last major battle involving the Yuma was fought. In an engagement at Pima Butte in the Sierra Estrella Mountains, the Maricopa and Pima defeated and killed well over 100 Quechan and their allies. After which the Quechan were no
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and together they outnumbered the
Quechan warriors who gathered at Fort Yuma, which was now a center of trade with the Americans. So many warriors at the post alarmed the garrison but the Quechan were not hostile. When about 250 men were assembled, they raided south into Cocopah territory and killed
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When conflict with the Cocopah ceased the Americans at Fort Yuma received a new objective which was to prevent further bloodshed between the native tribes. Chief Arateve went to Fort Yuma where he asked the Americans to deliver a sort of contract to the four other Mohave war chiefs. The four braves
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and Agua Caliente in the San Felipe Mountains. The Cupeno warrior Antonio Garra led what became known as the Garra Revolt. California's American population were very panicked at the possibility of warfare being waged so close to their settlements on the coast, in San Diego concerned citizens began
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Supply difficulties began when supply wagons arrived late and did not carry enough to supply the troops for long. Supply by sea from San Diego had been requested but did not arrive as planned. When it did arrive boats had difficulty bringing it up from the mouth of the Colorado against the river's
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after one of the boats got swamped and had to reach Fort Yuma on land. Edward H. Fitzgerald would leave Fort Yuma to escort Heinzelman's men. Eighteen miles from Yuma, the Fitzgerald's men were attacked by the Quechan which lasted 18 hours, resulting in one American and four Quechan dead, forcing
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in June 1853, the eastern side of the Colorado became part of the United States and though the war was over between the Quechan and the Americans, the United States Army could now launch major military campaigns across the river without having to concern themselves with the Mexican military. War
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cut their alliance with the Quechan and conflict broke out in May 1853. First the Cocopahs besieged three Quechan villages, killing Chief Macedon, four other warriors and ten women and children. Twelve prisoners were taken and a herd of Quechan horses captured. Cocopahs then massacred Chief Jose
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Late in March 1853, the soldiers of Fort Yuma organized a second expedition of eighty infantry and cavalry under Captain Fitzgerald and Captain Davidson. It was not very successful, as the Quechan were warned of the advancing Americans and they retreated from their villages without a fight. Only
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In October 1851, a letter arrived at San Diego from Lieutenant Sweeny which asked that Heintzelman immediately send aid to the fort. Provisions were low, scurvy had broken out and dozens of Quechan warriors had surrounded the post. Sweeny expected an attack but Heintzelman's only response was a
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After losing their villages, the Cahuilla's chose to surrender to the Americans. Jonathan Warner was used as an interpreter in a court case to decide the fate of four Cahuilla chiefs who were found guilty of raiding Warner's Ranch, killing civilians there, burning the place and robbing it.
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between the United States and the Mohave became a reality in 1858 when warriors attacked American settlers at Beale's Crossing in Arizona. The attack resulted in the establishment of Fort Mohave and the war ended in 1859 after the Mohave were defeated twice in two significant engagements.
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by sabotaging Quechan ferry operations and destroying their ferry. They then robbed and murdered both Americans, Mexicans, and natives as they traveled around and across the river. The Glanton gang also mugged the local Quechan chief and harassed the local Quechan.
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lands. Seeing the opportunity, the Quechans established a ferry business near the junction of the Gila and the Colorado Rivers to transport American settlers on their way to California, drawing ire from white American ferry businesses operating on the Colorado
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Subsequently, the four, named Juan Baustista, Francisco Mecate, Quisil and Luis, were executed by firing squad and buried on December 25, 1851. Garra was captured at Razon's rancheria in the Coachella Valley, by the Mountain Cahuilla leader
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unilaterally imposed property taxes on Native American tribes in the county and threatened to confiscate land and property should they fail to pay up the $ 600 tax. These new obligations for taxes were applied to the
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In response, a Quechan war party retaliated by attacking Glanton's gang, killing nine. This act sparked the beginning of the Yuma War as news of the retaliation spread to California, provoking US military action.
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Heintzelman stayed in San Diego for a couple months to organize a second Yuma expedition to secure and reinforce Fort Yuma. The expedition sailed up the Colorado river in February 1852, but had to land at
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In August, Ambrosio Armijo of New Mexico, with 9,000 heads of sheep, was approaching the fort. He sent a message to Heintzelman stating that the natives had been harassing his train since he passed the
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In February 1851, Heintzelman again met with some Quechan leaders along the Colorado. Presenting them with tobacco, food and other gifts, the Quechan were very pleased and expressed their fear of the
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Fitzgerald to retreat back to the fort. They again met at the Battle of San Luis, with the Quechan forces once again defeating the Americans, with the Americans losing sixty men.
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In October 1852, the Quechans surrendered to Heintzelman. A peace treaty with many of the participating war chiefs in the region was made between the Quechan tribes and the US.
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During the construction of the camp, there was no fighting between the Quechan and the American army due to the peace Heintzelman had settled, but peace did not last long.
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Just northeast of Agua Caliente, Heintzelman's column of five infantry companies and one artillery company encountered 100 Cahuilla's, under Chief Chipule, at the
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difficult current and course. Bringing it overland by wagon was difficult also but more successful even though it was technically a brief invasion of
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who lived along the Gila River and were raiding Quechan villages. Heintzelman attempted to secure a peace between the Quechan and Maricopa.
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region of California. He was to protect travelers on the overland route from the east to California and to quell any hostilities by the
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and turned over to the volunteer company from Los Angeles. He was later tried and executed in San Diego, January 10, 1852.
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Further relations between the Cahuilla and the Cupeno broke down in 1852 and the two tribes went to war.
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preparing to defend the town in case the Cahuilla and Cupeno attacked there. The Kumeyaay at the
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in the Yuma War, although the Kumeyaay made no military commitments to attack San Diego.
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Civil war to the bloody end: the life & times of Major General Samuel P. Heintzelman
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Civil war to the bloody end: The life and times of Major General Samuel P. Heintzelman
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Civil war to the bloody end: The life and times of Major General Samuel P. Heintzelman
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Ceasefire; US gains unrestricted right to build forts and roads on Mohave territory.
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At the beginning of the Garra Revolt, an uprising by the local Cupeño tribe under
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Armed conflict fought primarily between the United States and the Yuma people
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had earlier fought off a Quechan campaign bound for San Diego in the
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Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America in California
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Yumans along the Colorado River by William Emory, circa 1857.
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Following the failure of the California Militia against the
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After reconnoitering his route, Heintzelman marched out of
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1317:. San Antonio, Texas: Texas A&M University Press.
1190:. San Antonio, Texas: Texas A&M University Press.
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with another infantry company establishing a depot at
631:(also known as Yuma) were the primary opponent of the
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Wars between the United States and Native Americans
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Garra's Revolt and the San Diego Tax Revolt of 1851
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1222:, Texas A&M University Press, 2006. pp. 37–46
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1332:Kroeber, L. Alfred; Clifton B. Kroeber (1994).
1285:Kroeber, L. Alfred; Clifton B. Kroeber (1994).
771:on 3 October 1850 with three companies of the
744:, to establish a post at Yuma Crossing of the
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912:Campaigns along the Colorado and Gila Rivers
798:under Lieutenant Sweeny to guard the ferry.
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541:Round Valley Settler Massacres of 1856–1859
681:and his gang of twelve men partnered with
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740:sent the Yuma Expedition under Captain
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1336:A Mohave War Reminiscence, 1854 - 1880
1289:A Mohave War Reminiscence, 1854 - 1880
1449:Native American history of California
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1404:History of Southern California
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588:Mojave Desert Indian Campaign
153:Colorado River Valley Theatre
92:Colorado River Valley Theatre
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551:Second Pitt River Expedition
536:Klamath and Salmon River War
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1434:Lower Colorado River Valley
1414:19th-century guerrilla wars
1399:Military history of Arizona
1313:Thompson, D. Jerry (2006).
1186:Thompson, D. Jerry (2006).
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754:Lower Colorado River Valley
249:Jose Pedro Panto (Kumeyaay)
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1257:Grubb, Bob (2006-06-12).
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404:Battle of the Gila River
384:Agua Caliente Expedition
895:Battle of Coyote Canyon
627:from 1850 to 1853. The
596:Calloway Affair of 1880
579:Owens Valley Indian War
389:Battle of Coyote Canyon
246:Juan Antonio (Cahuilla)
1389:Wars fought in Arizona
1340:. Dover Publications.
1293:. Dover Publications.
1054:Commanders and leaders
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925:Yuma Crossing in 1886.
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185:Commanders and leaders
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1096:Casualties and losses
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773:2nd Infantry Regiment
742:Samuel P. Heintzelman
718:Further information:
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521:Kabyai Creek Massacre
501:Bridge Gulch Massacre
198:Samuel P. Heintzelman
77:United States victory
1370:at Wikimedia Commons
979:American Indian Wars
649:California Gold Rush
481:El Dorado Indian War
231:Edward H. Fitzgerald
147:San Pasqual Kumeyaay
29:American Indian Wars
1218:Jerry D. Thompson,
409:Colorado Expedition
164:Cocopah (1850–1853)
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858:together with the
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86:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1124:Halyikwamai
1039:Halyikwamai
957:Yuma Treaty
122:Halyikwamai
110:(1852–1853)
1378:Categories
1268:2020-10-29
1263:HistoryNet
1243:2023-05-20
1164:References
1006:California
794:, Mexico.
777:Vallecitos
750:Gila River
738:U. S. Army
732:), in the
663:Yuma Ferry
643:After the
639:Background
621:California
273:Jose Maria
67:California
1135:Aftermath
1090:Hatsurama
1082:Asikahota
818:In 1851,
769:San Diego
592:Modoc War
584:Snake War
176:Mountain
53:1850-1853
1384:Yuma War
1368:Yuma War
1152:See also
1078:Kapetame
997:Location
877:raid on
871:Cahuilla
864:Kumeyaay
860:Cahuilla
829:Kumeyaay
827:and the
784:Maricopa
760:people (
728:people (
613:Yuma War
496:Yuma War
352:Yuma War
261:Santiago
178:Kumeyaay
171:Cahuilla
58:Location
22:Yuma War
1424:Quechan
1112:Cocopah
1104:41 dead
1074:Irataba
1068:†
1062:Macedon
1031:Cocopah
1002:Arizona
837:Quechan
833:Cocopah
758:Quechan
752:in the
726:Quechan
653:Quechan
629:Quechan
625:Arizona
311:†
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293:Chipule
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277:Irataba
269:Macedon
265:Vicente
253:Huttami
113:Cocopah
63:Arizona
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1120:Paipai
1101:3 dead
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1048:Mohave
1035:Paipai
1013:Result
875:Cupeno
825:Cupeño
792:Sonora
736:, the
656:River.
307:
305:Cecili
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180:(1851)
161:Mohave
149:(1851)
144:(1851)
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118:Paipai
115:(1853)
108:Cupeno
101:
74:Result
1342:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1122:and
1044:Yuma
992:1853
989:Date
950:Pima
873:and
835:and
611:The
157:Yuma
50:Date
764:).
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448:e
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434:v
343:e
336:t
329:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
