533:
443:. In summers the days are very long there, so that the Sun does not set for forty days, as the merchants say; but in winters the nights are equally long. The merchants report that Darkness is not far (from them), and that the people of Yura go there and enter it with torches, and find a huge tree there which is like a big village. But on top of the tree there sits a large creature, they say it is a bird. And they bring merchandise along, and each merchant sets down his goods apart from those of the others; and he makes a mark on them and leaves, but when he comes back, he finds commodities there, necessary for his own country ... (Al Garnati:32)
792:. The stronghold of the Pelym princes was also a significant religious centre; a sacred Siberian larch grew in its surroundings and even in the 18th century people used to hang the skins of sacrificed horses on its branches. Near the sacred tree was a worship storehouse with five idols of human figure, and smaller storehouses with high pillars and human-faced peaks around it for storing sacrificial instruments. The bones of sacrificial animals were stored in a separate building (Novitski: 81).
576:
rags, attired in a (gilt breasted) purple robe. Arms – bows, arrows, spears, armour, etc – were laid beside him. According to their heathen belief they say about the collected arms that he often has to fight in the water and conquer other vassals. The frenzy ones thought that the atrocious monster is especially horrifying in the darkness and in the large waters, that he comes through all the depths where he watches over all fish and aquatic animals and gives everyone as much as he pleases.
281:
566:
the temple is made of different kinds of broadcloth, canvas and hide, built like a nest; in it sits the monster who is always highly revered, most of all at the times of catching waterfowls in nests ... This idol is so notorious that people come from distant villages to perform atrocious sacrifice to it – offering cattle, mainly horses; and they are certain that it (the idol) is the bearer of many goods, mainly ensuring the richness of waterfowls ...
1086:
656:
320:
25:
129:
1420:
761:
1066:
of the Konda Mansi (Novitski: 98). From 1732–47, Konda was ruled by Satyga's son Prince Osip
Grigoryev, followed by his own son Prince Vlas Ossipov. According to recent research by Aado Lintrop, one of the great-grandchildren of Satyga, the teacher of the Turinsky community school, Aleksander Satygin
1061:
Prince
Vassili and Prince Fyodor have close brothers in Big Konda – our tax-paying murzas, and our simple Voguls are ruled by them in Big Konda, the brothers of PrincePrince Kyntsha of Konda received a deed of gift from the Tsar in 1680 which confirmed his noble position. Even in the 18th century the
575:
The home of the Ob Master was presumably near the stronghold
Samarovo in the mouth of the river Irtysh. According to their heathen belief he was the god of the fish, depicted in a most impudent manner: a board of wood, nose like a tin tube, eyes of glass, little horns on top of the head, covered with
1429:, pp. 53, After Novgorod had been annexed by the newly emerging centralized Russian state in 1478, its government, located in Moscow, tried to lay claim to Yugor Land as well... In 1483 Prince Ivan III sent a large expeditionary force to Siberia... In 1499–1500 Ivan III sent another large force.
615:
The idol was carved of wood, attired in green clothes, the evil looking face was covered with white iron, a black fox skin was placed on its head; the whole sanctuary, especially his site which was higher than anywhere else, was decorated with purple broadcloth. Other smaller idols nearby which were
565:
The goose idol very much worshipped by them is cast of copper in the shape of a goose, its atrocious abode is in the
Belogorye village on the great river of Ob. According to their superstition they worship the god of waterfowls – swans, geese and other birds swimming on water ... His throne in
804:
1955,2:146). The third part of the Pelym principality was the region of Tabary, in which inhabited 102 adults in 1628/29. Preceding the coming of the
Russians the Mansi of this region were farmers and according to the tradition Yermak collected tribute in the form of grain (Bahrushin 1955, 2:147).
641:
This arrangement seems to have lasted for a while, but later it is recorded that this agreement was broken and the totems and idols so sacred to the Mansi and Khanty were burned by
Russian Christian zealots. Many of these totems were not destroyed, but hidden, their locations kept secret over the
630:
We will now obey the ruler's regulations and ukase. So we will not discard your teaching, we only beg you not to reject the idol so revered by our fathers and grandfathers, and if you wish to christen us, honour also our idol, christen it in a more honourable manner – with a golden cross. Then we
893:
From the 13th to 15th centuries, Yugra was supposed to pay tribute to
Novgorod. But taxes could be collected only by means of armed forces. The chronicles describe several campaigns, mentioning the strong resistance of Yugran princes who took shelter in their strongholds. After the annexation of
803:
who was imprisoned by the
Russians in 1594 gives us a good picture of the wealth of the Yugran nobles of this period. Namely, the Russians confiscated two silver crowns, a silver spoon, a silver beaker, a silver spiral bracelet, "precious drapery" and numerous pelts and precious furs (Bahrushin
570:
Comparisons of different Yugran traditions indicate that the goose was one of the shapes or appearances of the most popular god of the "World
Surveyor Man", and that Belogorye is still sometimes referred to as his home. Novitsky also describes a site for worshipping this "World Surveyor" or "Ob
553:
also mention the Golden Lady: a hetman of Yermak's, by the name of Ivan
Bryazga, invaded the Belogorye region in 1582 and fought the Ob-Ugrians there, who were defending their holiest object – the Golden Lady. Grigori Novitski's statement that in earlier days there used to be in one shrine in
1052:– princes Vassili and Fyodor – lived in Pelym. They became Russianized and performed various duties for the Tsarist government. The Mansi, however, considered them still as their rulers. The fact that the ancient family of princes ruled on in Konda is also proved by a tsar letter from 1624:
959:, located on the river of the same name (Bahrushin 1955,1:76–77). In the source it is told that 40 strongholds were taken and 58 Khanty and Mansi princes captured in the expedition. At the end of the 15th century the Grand Duke of Moscow assumed the honorary title of
459:
in the 14th century. The Novgorodians also launched military campaigns to extract tribute from the local population, but they often met resistance, such as in two expeditions in 1187 and 1193 mentioned in chronicles that were defeated. After Novgorod was annexed by
591:
The Christianization of the Mansi en masse started at the beginning of the 18th century. Grigory Novitsky describes the Christianization of the Pelym Mansi in 1714 and the Konda Mansi in 1715. The words of the village elder and the caretaker of the sanctuary
990:. According to Russian estimates, the army of the Mansi and their allies, the Tartars, stood 700 strong (Bahrushin 1955,1:99; 2:144). Continuing resistance to border conflagration led to the launching of a campaign in 1582–84 arranged and financed by the
490:. Next, the golden idol is mentioned in the 16th century by the subjects of the grand prince of Moscow, commissioned to describe the trade and military routes of the expanding Russian state. The first non-Russian known to have examined the Golden Lady is
950:
In 1499, Moscow dispatched a great force against "Yugra" (Pelym; led by Prince Semyon Kurbski), Konda or Koda (led by Prince Pyotr Ushatyi), and the "Gogulichi", the free Voguls or Mansi). The 4000 strong army, using dog and reindeer teams, reached the
600:
We all know why you have come here – you want to pervert us from our ancient beliefs with your smooth-tongued flattery and damage and destroy our revered helper, but it is all in vain for you may take our heads but this we will not let you
1509:
Bakhrushin 1955, 2 = Bakhrushin S. B. Ostjatskyje i vogulskije knjazhestva v XVI i XVII vv. Nautshnyje trudy III. Izbrannyje raboty po istorii Sibiri XVI-XVII vv. Tshast vtoraja. Istorija narodov Sibiri v XVI-XVII vv. Moscow 1955, ss.
843:
in their turn… But the inhabitants of Visu take these swords to the land that lies near the Darkness by the Black Sea , and they trade the swords for sable skins. And these people take the swords and cast them into the Black Sea; but
1056:
He, prince Vassili and prince Fyodor have close brothers in Big Konda – our tax-paying murzas, and our simple Voguls are ruled by them in Big Konda, the brothers of prince Vasily, the murzas." (Bahrushin 1955,2:
229:, was also adopted on the assumption that the two words share a common origin. However, even though the linguistic connection between the Ugric languages is well established, the etymological connection between
1025:
was taken, the prince and his family captured and a Russian fortress erected in the heart of the stronghold. Although in the following year the Pelym principality suffered the loss of its lands lying on the
472:
to Siberia in 1483 led by Fyodor Kurbsky, and another one in 1499–1500 under the command of Semyon Kurbsky. The Russians received tribute from the tribes, but contact with the tribes ceased after they left.
558:"the greatest real idol", and that the superstitious people "preserved that idol and took it to Konda now that idol-worshipping is being rooted up", has also been regarded as relating to the Golden Lady.
1041:
The close connections between the Yugrans and the Turkic Tartars are also demonstrated by the fact that even in the 1660s, the idea of restoring the Kuchum Khanate was still popular with the Khanty of
1506:
Puti v Sibir v XVI-XVII vv. Nautshnyje trudy III. Izbrannyje raboty po istorii Sibiri XVI-XVII vv. Tshast pervaja. Voprosy russkoi kolonizatsii Sibiri v XVI-XVII vv. Moscow 1955, ss. 72–136.
799:(mainly Mansi) formed a large semi autonomous part of the Pelym principality, according to the tax registers from 1628/29 it was inhabited by 257 tax-paying Mansi. The treasures of Prince
890:
in 1193, which ended in the destruction of the Novgorod forces. The defeat was blamed on some Novgorodans who had reportedly "been in contact with the Yugrans" (Bahrushin 1955,1:75).
626:
It seems that a compromise was reached whereby the idols would be saved – for now at least – and at last Nahratsh who had consulted the elders of the village proposed a compromise:
1062:
Konda princes were known for their relative independence. It is assumed that, as late as 1715, Prince Satyga of Konda and his 600 armed men made an attempt to impede the
1537:
Pieksämäki, The Great Bear = The Great Bear. A Thematic Anthology of Oral Poetry in the Finno-Ugrian Languages. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia 533. 1993.
905:
In the 15th century, the most important Russian stronghold in Permland and the starting point for all expeditions going to the East was the diocese established on the
777:
1569:
922:
512:
1552:
Shestalova-Fidorovitsh 1992 = Svjashtshennyi skaz o sotvorenii zemli. Mansiiskie mify. Perevod O. Shestalovoi-Fidorovitsh. Saint Petersburg, Khanty-Mansiysk.
1022:
927:
789:
848:
the Almighty sends them a fish which size is like a mountain ; and they sail out to the fish in their ships and carve its flesh for months on end.
642:
generations. Even during repression of the 1930s many of these sacred sites remained undiscovered by the authorities and some can be found today.
376:
were aware of the lands of Yugra from at least the 11th century, if not earlier, and launched expeditions to the region; the first mention of
1315:
Skribnik, Elena; Laakso, Johanna (2022). "Ugric: General introduction". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena K. (eds.).
1035:
616:
placed lower were called the servants of the real idol. I think there were many other things in front of him – caftans, squirrel skins, etc.
931:
that, in 1465, as a result of this raid, two minor "Yugrian" princes (Kalpik and Chepik) were compelled to submit to the Russians and pay
532:
258:
From the 16th century onwards, Yugra was often assumed to be the Hungarians' ancestral home. Contemporary Uralic linguistics locates the
522:
983:
944:
925:
who together with the warriors of Vym who took part in the 1465 expedition to Yugra (Bahrushin 1955,1:76). It is recorded in the
179:
1621:
1606:
1585:
1528:
1411:
1359:
1332:
1299:
1271:
811:
had made trade with many countries far and wide since the earliest times. This trade was described in journals attributed to
1021:
In 1592, another Russian campaign against the Mansi of Pelym was launched. It ended in 1593 when the stronghold of Prince
1555:
Sokolova 1983 = Sokolova Z. P. Sotsialnaja organizatsija khantov i mansi v XVIII-XIX vv. Problemy fratrii i roda. Moscow.
631:
will decorate and build a church with all the icons ourselves, as a custom goes, and we will place ours also among these.
1030:, the Mansi did not give up resistance. In 1599, they once again brought "war, theft and treachery" to the banks of the
1626:
998:, which began with the destruction of a Mansi war band that had invaded the Russian settlers territory and ended as a
747:
359:
108:
728:
685:
89:
1200:
700:
61:
781:
163:
given by Russian chroniclers in the 12th to 17th centuries. During this period, the region was inhabited by the
681:
341:
46:
1045:(Bahrushin,2:143–144). It was only in the middle of the 17th century that Moscow succeeded in subduing Yugra.
935:. They were soon deposed. In 1467, during a second campaign, Prince Asyka himself was captured and brought to
707:
68:
480:
was apparently an idol of the Yugrans. The first reports of the Golden Lady are found in the 14th-century
1631:
1543:
Karjalainen 1922 = Karjalainen, K. F. Die Religion der Jugra-Vöaut;lker II. FF Communications 44. Porvoo.
155:
in contemporary sources) was a collective name for lands and peoples in the region east of the northern
939:(Bahrushin 1955,2:113). In 1483, Moscow sent forth another expedition against the princes of Yugra and
714:
75:
1294:. Translated by Bodoczky, Nicholas. Budapest New York: Central European Univ. Press. p. 434-436.
464:
in the 15th century, the newly emerging centralized Russian state also laid claim to the region, with
858:
According to some sources, Novgorod launched military campaigns against the Yugrans "living with the
499:
477:
297:
1513:
Al Garnati = Puteshestvije Abu Hamida al-Garnati v Vostotshnuju I Tsentralnuju Jevropu. Moscow 1971.
1546:
Novitsky = Novitskij G. Kratkoe opisanie o narode ostjackom. Studia uralo-altaica III. Szeged 1973.
666:
1143:. It is believed that Hungarians moved West from Yugra, first settling on the western side of the
696:
57:
670:
330:
35:
677:
526:
461:
337:
42:
1540:
Karjalainen 1918 = Karjalainen, K. F. Jugralaisten usonto. Suomen suvun uskonnot III. Porvoo.
812:
487:
420:
198:
1287:
1259:
1080:
536:
238:
1292:
Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history
1221:"Characteristic Features of Ugric Languages (observations on the Question of Ugric Unity)"
8:
1324:
1015:
999:
995:
936:
549:
544:
1403:
Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia
178:
generally refers to a political constituent of the Russian Federation formally known as
1240:
1132:
1125:
1094:
987:
883:
482:
465:
226:
866:(Bahrushin 1955,1:86). At that time, the Russians probably came into contact with the
1581:
1524:
1503:
1407:
1355:
1328:
1295:
1267:
1232:
859:
495:
491:
373:
302:
210:
1100:
Yugra and its vicinity to the south are considered to be the place of origin of the
645:
1320:
1170:
1063:
863:
721:
507:
144:
82:
1106:
967:
and participated in their military ventures against Russian settlers protected by
839:
skins come from there, and they take there wedge-shaped unpolished swords made in
1611:
1518:
1401:
1349:
1182:
1136:
1076:
1031:
964:
469:
384:
was first used in the 12th century. Novgorod established two trade routes to the
269:
218:
214:
122:
780:
was located in the basin of the Konda river and stretched from the mouth of the
1616:
1149:
1140:
902:
in the 14th century, Muscovite campaigns began instead of the Novgorodan ones.
405:
222:
156:
1209:, p. 53, The Russians named it Yugorskaia Zemlitsa (Yugor Land or Yugra).
1600:
1236:
956:
769:
401:
164:
1117:
1562:
1558:
971:
and Komi auxiliaries who were chasing the Yugran natives from their homes.
910:
875:
867:
773:
768:
There are three or four known proto-states of the Yugran inhabitants, both
307:
168:
1006:
Mansi and their ally the Siberian Khan. In some sources, Alach, Prince of
828:
760:
280:
1027:
963:. By the 16th century, several Yugran princes were paying tribute to the
1244:
1220:
1120:(the Hungarians also were known in several languages under the name of
1101:
1090:
991:
979:
879:
840:
808:
385:
344: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
293:
289:
206:
121:"Yugor" redirects here. For the strait also known as Yugor Strait, see
1165:
1155:
1085:
982:. Thus, the year 1581 went into history as the year of the raiding of
423:
also gives one of the earliest accounts of the region, which he calls
1048:
In the 18th century, the successors of the Principality of Pelym and
1042:
906:
870:
who were still living in Europe, along the upper course of the river
448:
436:
409:
655:
319:
24:
1038:
and plundered the Russian settlements there (Bahrushin,2:143–144).
968:
456:
451:, and the Novgorodians traded iron artefacts and textiles for fur.
413:
397:
260:
1187:
1160:
1112:
932:
871:
824:
646:
Yugrian Principalities and relations with the Tatars and Russians
393:
377:
265:
251:
1266:. Bibliotheca orientalis hungarica. Budapest: Akadémiai kiadó.
1049:
1011:
1007:
952:
940:
899:
895:
836:
796:
404:
to the lower reaches of the Ob. The second route went down the
389:
160:
128:
1144:
1003:
975:
914:
845:
785:
193:
At the beginning of the 16th century, the similarity between
16:
Collective name for lands and peoples northeast of the Urals
832:
816:
432:
1018:
mail-coats taken from the enemy (Bahrushin 1955, 1:114).
506:
published in 1549, and on a number of later maps, such as
978:
continually sent forth counter-campaigns to the lands of
921:. Moscow reciprocated by forming an alliance with Prince
611:
Novitsky describes the above-mentioned idol as follows:
1432:
1570:
Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North
1549:
Shestalov 1987 = Shestalov J. Taina Sorni-nai. Moscow.
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1067:
claimed the title "Prince of Konda" as late as 1842.
886:
tells of a military campaign under the leadership of
380:
in chronicles is recorded in the year 1032. The term
186:. In modern Russian, this word is rendered "Югория" (
561:
Of the "Copper Goose" Novitski wrote the following:
1368:
862:in the Land of Midnight" already at the end of the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1450:See Karjalainen 1918:243–245, Shestalov 1987:347.)
1258:Vásáry, István (1982). "The 'Yugria' Problem". In
1010:figures as an important ally of the Siberian Khan
190:), and is used as a poetic synonym of the region.
1225:Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
1169:(present-day west Ukraine), finally reaching the
1153:(Great Yugria). Then they moved to the region of
1598:
245:is related to the 10th–11th century ethnic name
1314:
539:offering items attributed to the Mansi people.
249:, whereas the Hungarian ethnonym derives from
1354:. Northwestern University Press. p. 36.
264:of the Ugric language family to Southwestern
182:, located in the lands historically known as
1014:and is said to have been awarded one of the
1135:is also the closest linguistic relative of
684:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1406:. Cambridge University Press. p. 53.
447:The Russians were attracted to Siberia by
419:The 12th century missionary and traveller
132:Yugran principalities in the 15th century.
1124:, and are still known under this name in
917:launched a campaign under the command of
748:Learn how and when to remove this message
360:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1347:
1317:The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages
1286:
1084:
759:
531:
279:
127:
439:there lies a land known by the name of
416:, before reaching the mouth of the Ob.
1599:
1516:
1438:
1426:
1399:
1387:
1348:Rasputin, Valentin (29 October 1997).
1257:
1206:
947:was captured (Bahrushin 1955,2:113).
874:, in the neighbourhood of the ancient
1575:
1483:
1468:
1218:
1110:). One hypothesis says that the name
1070:
455:, a trade association, was set up in
1517:Naumov, Igor V. (22 November 2006).
974:In response the Khanty and Mansi of
807:It is believed the Yugran people or
682:adding citations to reliable sources
649:
342:adding citations to reliable sources
313:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1568:Endangered Uralic Peoples, RAIPON (
1319:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
819:traveller during the 12th century:
180:Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra
13:
1325:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0028
292:' place of origin" is east of the
205:, an old Russian ethnonym for the
14:
1643:
586:
392:. The first route went along the
388:, both starting from the town of
1565:, History and Present Day (1977)
909:by Stephan of Perm. In 1455,the
827:merchants travel to the land of
654:
318:
217:language family, which includes
209:, was noted by scholars such as
23:
1477:
1462:
1453:
1444:
408:, then along the coasts of the
329:needs additional citations for
34:needs additional citations for
1578:Magyarok a honfoglalás korában
1486:Magyarok a honfoglalás korában
1471:Magyarok a honfoglalás korában
1393:
1341:
1308:
1280:
1251:
1212:
994:and led by the Cossack leader
498:. The golden idol appeared on
174:In a modern context, the term
1:
1622:Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
1400:Martin, Janet (7 June 2004).
1193:
1607:Historical regions in Russia
1572:) – sourced at hunmagyar.org
554:Belogorye together with the
241:has suggested that the name
7:
1176:
1118:a variety of the name Yugra
764:The coat of arms of Kondia.
525:– "Golden Lady" or "Golden
470:a large expeditionary force
10:
1648:
1496:
1074:
275:
120:
1627:History of the Hungarians
1580:(in Hungarian). Helikon.
1163:), then to the region of
1147:, in the region known as
500:Sigismund von Herberstein
478:Golden Lady of the Obians
213:. The modern name of the
148:
853:Bahrushin 1955,2: 58–59
943:where the "grand duke"
268:, at the margin of the
1576:Sudár, Balázs (2015).
1520:The History of Siberia
1219:Honti, László (1979).
1097:
1059:
856:
765:
639:
624:
609:
584:
568:
540:
517:, where it is labeled
445:
311:
201:form of the name) and
133:
1502:Bakhrushin 1955, 1 =
1093:from what is now the
1088:
1054:
1050:Principality of Konda
821:
813:Abu Hamid al-Gharnati
778:Principality of Pelym
763:
628:
613:
598:
573:
563:
535:
488:Saint Stephan of Perm
429:
421:Abu Hamid al-Gharnati
283:
131:
1173:in the 9th century.
1081:Hungarian prehistory
923:Vasily of Great Perm
795:The Principality of
678:improve this section
596:have been recorded:
486:, with reference to
338:improve this article
43:improve this article
1000:punitive expedition
996:Yermak Timofeyevich
550:Siberian Chronicles
543:In connection with
149:Югра, Югорский край
1632:History of Siberia
1159:(present-day east
1133:Hungarian language
1098:
1095:Russian Federation
1071:Hungarian Urheimat
1023:Ablegirim of Pelym
955:stronghold of the
928:Russian Chronicles
888:Yadrei of Novgorod
884:Novgorod Chronicle
766:
541:
483:Novgorod Chronicle
466:Ivan III of Russia
312:
310:is west of the Ob.
171:(Voguls) peoples.
134:
1587:978-963-227-592-5
1530:978-1-134-20703-9
1441:, pp. 53–54.
1413:978-0-521-54811-3
1361:978-0-8101-1575-0
1334:978-0-19-876766-4
1301:978-963-9116-48-1
1273:978-963-05-2851-1
1089:Migration of the
758:
757:
750:
732:
594:Nahratch Yeplayev
547:'s campaign, the
513:Map of the Arctic
496:Cracow University
494:, a professor at
492:Maciej Miechowita
400:, then along the
370:
369:
362:
211:Maciej Miechowita
119:
118:
111:
93:
1639:
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1504:Bakhrushin S. B.
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1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1366:
1365:
1351:Siberia, Siberia
1345:
1339:
1338:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1288:Róna-Tas, András
1284:
1278:
1277:
1260:Róna-Tas, András
1255:
1249:
1248:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1171:Carpathian Basin
1064:Christianisation
864:first millennium
854:
753:
746:
742:
739:
733:
731:
690:
658:
650:
637:
622:
607:
582:
508:Gerhard Mercator
365:
358:
354:
351:
345:
322:
314:
255:('ten Oghurs').
150:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1531:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1478:
1467:
1463:
1459:(Novitski: 61).
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1369:
1362:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1264:Chuvash studies
1256:
1252:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1183:Name of Hungary
1179:
1083:
1077:Name of Hungary
1073:
1032:Chusovaya River
965:Siberia Khanate
961:Prince of Yugra
855:
852:
754:
743:
737:
734:
691:
689:
675:
659:
648:
638:
636:Novitsky: 94–95
635:
623:
620:
608:
606:Novitsky: 92–93
605:
589:
583:
580:
437:Sea of Darkness
366:
355:
349:
346:
335:
323:
300:'s 1549 map of
278:
270:Eurasian steppe
239:András Róna-Tas
151:; also spelled
126:
123:Yugorsky Strait
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1573:
1566:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:. p. 153.
1484:Sudár (2015).
1476:
1473:. p. 152.
1469:Sudár (2015).
1461:
1452:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1412:
1392:
1367:
1360:
1340:
1333:
1307:
1300:
1279:
1272:
1250:
1211:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1150:Magna Hungaria
1104:(in Hungarian
1072:
1069:
850:
756:
755:
662:
660:
653:
647:
644:
633:
618:
603:
588:
587:Modern history
585:
578:
521:(from Russian
406:Northern Dvina
368:
367:
326:
324:
317:
277:
274:
225:together with
167:(Ostyaks) and
157:Ural Mountains
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1644:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:. Routledge.
1522:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1390:, p. 53.
1389:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:(1/2): 1–26.
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1107:magyar őshaza
1103:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
849:
847:
842:
838:
835:; marvellous
834:
830:
826:
820:
818:
814:
810:
805:
802:
801:Agai of Konda
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
762:
752:
749:
741:
730:
727:
723:
720:
716:
713:
709:
706:
702:
699: –
698:
694:
693:Find sources:
687:
683:
679:
673:
672:
668:
663:This section
661:
657:
652:
651:
643:
632:
627:
617:
612:
602:
597:
595:
581:Novitsky: 59.
577:
572:
567:
562:
559:
557:
552:
551:
546:
538:
534:
530:
528:
524:
520:
519:Zolotaia Baba
516:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:
479:
474:
471:
467:
463:
458:
454:
450:
444:
442:
438:
434:
428:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
364:
361:
353:
343:
339:
333:
332:
327:This section
325:
321:
316:
315:
309:
305:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
273:
271:
267:
263:
262:
256:
254:
253:
248:
244:
240:
237:is disputed.
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
146:
142:
138:
130:
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1594:
1577:
1559:Aado Lintrop
1519:
1485:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1402:
1395:
1350:
1343:
1316:
1310:
1291:
1282:
1263:
1253:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1202:
1164:
1154:
1148:
1130:
1121:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1060:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1020:
1002:against the
973:
960:
949:
926:
919:Prince Asyka
918:
904:
892:
887:
857:
822:
806:
800:
794:
767:
744:
735:
725:
718:
711:
704:
692:
676:Please help
664:
640:
629:
625:
621:Novitsky: 93
614:
610:
599:
593:
590:
574:
569:
564:
560:
556:copper goose
555:
548:
542:
523:Золотая баба
518:
511:
503:
481:
475:
453:Yugorshchina
452:
446:
440:
430:
424:
418:
381:
374:Novgorodians
371:
356:
347:
336:Please help
331:verification
328:
308:Golden Woman
301:
285:
259:
257:
250:
246:
242:
234:
230:
202:
194:
192:
187:
183:
175:
173:
152:
140:
136:
135:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1439:Naumov 2006
1427:Naumov 2006
1388:Naumov 2006
1207:Naumov 2006
1036:Kurya River
1028:Konda River
1012:Kuchum Khan
782:Sosva River
537:Bronze-cast
431:But beyond
427:in Arabic:
298:Herberstein
1601:Categories
1194:References
1102:Hungarians
1091:Hungarians
1075:See also:
992:Stroganovs
980:Great Perm
880:Great Perm
841:Azerbaijan
809:Ob-Ugrians
708:newspapers
502:'s map of
290:Hungarians
207:Hungarians
159:in modern
141:Yugor Land
69:newspapers
1237:0001-5946
1126:Ukrainian
1043:Beryozovo
907:Vym River
878:realm of
831:, called
823:And from
738:July 2020
665:does not
571:Master":
410:White Sea
350:July 2024
227:Hungarian
199:latinized
184:Ioughoria
99:July 2020
1290:(1999).
1245:44309976
1177:See also
984:Kaigorod
969:Cossacks
860:Samoyeds
851:—
829:heathens
634:—
619:—
604:—
579:—
504:Moscovia
468:sending
457:Novgorod
449:its furs
414:Kara Sea
398:Vychegda
386:Ob River
303:Moscovia
294:Ob River
288:), the "
261:Urheimat
1510:86–152.
1497:Sources
1262:(ed.).
1188:Ugrians
1166:Etelköz
1161:Ukraine
1156:Levédia
1113:Hungary
988:Cherdyn
933:tribute
872:Pechora
825:Bolghar
722:scholar
697:"Yugra"
686:removed
671:sources
435:by the
394:Sukhona
378:Siberia
284:Yugra (
276:History
266:Siberia
252:On Ugur
188:Yugoria
145:Russian
83:scholar
58:"Yugra"
1612:Khanty
1584:
1561:, The
1527:
1410:
1358:
1331:
1298:
1270:
1243:
1235:
1137:Khanty
1016:Yermak
957:Khanty
953:Lyapin
945:Moldan
937:Vyatka
900:Moscow
896:Ustyug
882:. The
837:beaver
790:Tabory
788:up to
776:. The
770:Khanty
724:
717:
710:
703:
695:
545:Yermak
515:(1595)
462:Moscow
390:Ustyug
306:; the
243:Yugria
219:Khanty
195:Yugria
165:Khanty
161:Russia
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1617:Mansi
1563:Mansi
1241:JSTOR
1145:Urals
1141:Mansi
1004:Pelym
976:Pelym
941:Konda
915:Pelym
911:Mansi
868:Mansi
846:Allah
797:Konda
786:Tavda
784:near
774:Mansi
729:JSTOR
715:books
382:Yugra
286:Iuhra
231:Yugra
223:Mansi
215:Ugric
197:(the
176:Yugra
169:Mansi
153:Iuhra
137:Yugra
90:JSTOR
76:books
1582:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1233:ISSN
1139:and
1131:The
1128:).
1122:Ugri
1079:and
1034:and
1008:Koda
986:and
876:Komi
833:Wisu
817:Arab
815:the
772:and
701:news
669:any
667:cite
529:").
527:Idol
476:The
441:Yura
433:Wisu
425:Yura
412:and
396:and
372:The
247:Ugur
235:ugry
233:and
221:and
203:ugry
62:news
1321:doi
1116:is
1057:148
913:of
898:by
680:by
601:do.
510:'s
402:Usa
340:by
296:on
139:or
45:by
1603::
1370:^
1327:.
1239:.
1229:29
1227:.
1223:.
272:.
147::
1590:.
1533:.
1416:.
1364:.
1337:.
1323::
1304:.
1276:.
1247:.
751:)
745:(
740:)
736:(
726:·
719:·
712:·
705:·
688:.
674:.
363:)
357:(
352:)
348:(
334:.
143:(
125:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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