Youth unemployment

455:, France has enacted school-to-work policies in order to facilitate the school-to-work transition for youths once they have completed their higher education. They have longer transition time for students entering the work force and include offers newly graduated students several tools to enhance their market inclusion. The government has taken several measures in an effort to lower labour costs such as subsidized employment contracts and multiple VET placements. However, these policies have appeared to return minor results as the country continues to report high youth unemployment rates especially among differing social classes. First, they are less effective among the youth migrant population who face disconnect from the labour market due to France's employment-centred economy experiencing, on average, unemployment rates that are 4% higher than non-migrant workers. Furthermore, there is also prevalent gender disparities among the younger population. 927:

ensure that young people who lack work experience can prove their abilities and skills to then progressively transition to regular employment. It will also encourage a more equal treatment between permanent and temporary workers and help combat informal employment. This proposition has led to multiple discussions on flexible contracts to be designed and offered to youth. Second, discussions are focused on the level and spread of income support provided to unemployed youth. While some countries consider shifting their support from direct financial assistance to funding apprenticeship, others are increasing their support tying it back to stricter obligations of active search and training. Third, Governments are progressively involving employers and trainers to create a holistic approach to youth unemployment and provide intensive programmes with focus on remedial education, work experience and adult mentoring.

626:. Today, South Africa is ranked as the fourth country with the highest percentage of unemployed youth in the world. As of 2014, 52.6% of the people aged 15–24 actively looking for a job were unemployed. Furthermore, youth unemployment is unequally distributed throughout different segments of the population. While unemployment between young whites amounts to 12%, this number skyrockets to a troubling 70% between young blacks. It may be that remnant effects of the apartheid era has led to jobs centres being located farther away from typical homes of black communities compared to white communities. This, lingering discrimination, and unequal backgrounds are among the many reasons for the lopsided distribution of unemployment among young white and black South Africans. 1011:

to skills-centred teaching. "In order to materialize the shift from exclusively content-based to a balanced content-and-skill-based curricula, education providers should make it their goal to establish a guiding skills framework which allows teachers and professors to see the types of skills and applied content they should be transmitting to their students. All educational institutions should work towards adopting or creating a suitable skills framework that aligns with the labour market, which is flexible enough for educators to adapt their subject or grade level. Moreover, this framework should act as a living document that schools and universities can modify to fit their communities or to accommodate changes in the market."

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significant portion of the unemployed are people with the lowest levels of education; however, the percentage of unemployed among more educated young people is also high. In general, one of the main problems in the Armenian labor market is the mismatch between supply and demand. The high level of youth unemployment is a priority issue in the field of employment. In Armenia, the unemployment rate among the population aged 15–24 was 32.6% in 2019. According to the survey 64,6% of young men and 52.3% of women aged 19–25 are employed. The study also shows that the youth are less involved in industry and chemical production, although there is a demand for young people in those areas.

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enterprises as means to find and create new jobs. According to the OECD, Small and Medium Enterprises are today's main employers with 33% of jobs created over the last ten years. It shows that big companies no longer represent the main sources of employment and that there is a necessity to prepare young people for an entrepreneurship culture. This alternative is often regarded as a way to empower young people to take their future into their hands: it means investing in teaching them the leadership and management skills they need to become innovators and entrepreneurs. These skills also include: communication, teamwork, decision-making, organisational skills and self-confidence.

946: 200:, which in turns leads to two consequences: the inability for young people to find jobs and the inability for employers to hire the skills they need. Combined with the economic crisis and the lack of sufficient job creation in many countries, it has resulted in high unemployment rates around the world and the development of a skills crisis. Surveys suggest that up to half of all businesses have open positions for which they are struggling to find suitably qualified people. One global survey found that more than 55% of employers worldwide believe there is a "skill crisis" as businesses witness a growing mismatch between the skills students learn in the 213: 639:

people aged 15–34 years. These young people accounted for 63.3% of the total number of unemployed persons. The unemployment rate within this group was 43.2% in the 1st quarter of 2020. The youth aged 15–24 years are the most vulnerable in the South African labour market as the unemployment rate among this age group was 59.0% in the 1st quarter of 2020. Among graduates in this age group, the unemployment rate was 33.1% during this period compared to 24.6% in the 4th quarter of 2019 – an increase of 8.5 percentage points quarter-on-quarter. this not reliable source</ref>

919: 117: 1020: 360:'s economy recovered from the 2008 global recession more smoothly than anticipated, in 2012, 14.3% of Canadian youth were unemployed, up from 11.2% in 2007 and double the current national jobless rate of 7.2%, according to Statistics Canada. That amounts to the biggest gap between youth and adult unemployment rates since 1977. The average post-secondary graduate carries $ 28,000 in student debt. The unemployment rate for Canadian young people is about double that of the rest of the population. In Canada's largest province, 6188: 77: 740:

build up skills or experience during their first years in the workforce, unemployed youth see a decrease in lifetime earnings when compared to those who had steady work or those who were unemployed as an adult. A lower salary can persist for 20 years following the unemployed period before the individual begins earning competitively to their peers. Widespread youth unemployment also leads to a socially excluded generation at great risk for poverty. For example, Spain saw an 18% increase in

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highly educated personnel at the time. This trend of low employment among those with higher educational qualifications continues on today. As recently as 2009, "one in three higher education graduates, two in three secondary graduates, and one in three compulsory education graduates have not found some form of stable employment." This lack of employment is thought to have contributed to the feelings of frustration among youth that eventually led to the

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durations of unemployment. For instance, in 1996, 58% of the lowest educated labour market population experienced an average of one year of unemployment. France has made achievements in increasing higher education amongst its youth, attaining the Europe 2020 target of reducing early school leaving to below 10%. France offers mostly free higher education and the government supplies students with stipends.

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income of working youths if their hours of work are not reduced in response to the minimum wage" and "minimum wages may increase the aggregate income of youths if the gains for those who work exceed the losses for those who cannot find work." As a policy measure to support young unskilled workers, economist Charlene Marie Kalenkoski suggests that "instead of a minimum wage, policymakers should use less

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10.1% for young men and 9.1% for young women. The July 2017 unemployment rates for young whites were 8.0% and for young blacks 16.2%. The rates for young Asians were 9.9% and for young Hispanics 10.1%. In August 2020, total youth unemployment stood at 14.7%. In August 2024 it was reported that young workers in the United States had managed to negotiate strong hourly wage gains following the

529:. Between 2008 and 2014, youth unemployment rose by 21.5%. By that year, almost 43% of the young were excluded from the labour market in Italy. Furthermore, youth unemployment is unequally distributed throughout the country. In the third quarter of 2014, only 29.7% of the young were unemployed in the North. This number increases to an alarming 51.5% when looking at the South of Italy. 325:

fasted growing economies. In Africa, the message the youth are receiving from schools and adults is to become job creators rather than job-seekers, which encourages them to become entrepreneurs. Every year, up to 12 million graduates are entering the labour market and only 3 million of them are getting jobs. This shows that "the mountain of youth unemployment is rising annually.”

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increased pressure on service sectors that typically employ more youth in Jordan. Youth unemployment has led to later and later ages of marriage in Jordan, which some view as one of the most important consequences of the phenomenon. Another consequence experienced in Jordan is increased mental health problems. In 2019, the estimated youth unemployment rate in Jordan was at 35%.

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interventions geared toward entrepreneurship promotion and skills training show mostly positive, and some statistically significant, effects, while programmes providing employment services and subsidized employment show negligible effects. Effectiveness also seems to depend on contextual aspects including country, programme design, and characteristics of recipients.

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capacity. "In Britain a report by the London School of Economics (LSE), the Royal Bank of Scotland and the Prince's Trust puts the cost of the country's 744,000 unemployed youngsters at £155m ($ 247m) a week in benefits and lost productivity". Similarly, the economic loss from youth unemployment in Europe is estimated at €153 billion or 1.2% of GDP in 2011.

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the 2019 census, more than a third of Kenya's youth eligible for work have no jobs. A total of 5,341,182 (38.9%) of the 13,777,600 young Kenyans are jobless. The conventional population of youth aged 18 to 34 is 13.7 million, out of which 61% are working while 1.6 million are seeking work or indicated that there was no work available.

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of them. Good quality career guidance along with labour market prospects should help young people make better career choices. Some young people choose to study a field that results in few opportunities for future jobs. Governments, employers and trainers should work together to provide clearer pathways to youth. Similarly,

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The higher pay of larger firms, in addition to the costs of employment (such as transport or housing costs), make it almost unfeasible for some youth to accept lower paying jobs from smaller firms. Thus, many of the youth in South Africa choose to remain unemployed until they are able to find a job at a larger firm.

364:, the rate of unemployment for those between the ages of 15–24 hovers around 13%. In 2012, the percentage of youth in Ontario who actually had a jb did not rise above 52%. Toronto's youth unemployment rate was at 18% at the same time, but only 43% of the area's youth were employed, the lowest rate in the province. 4185: 272:. However, many interns have complained that they are simply performing basic grunt work, rather than learning important knowledge and skills. Whether or not these internship positions are now violating the federal rules that are in place to govern programmes such as internships remains to be seen. The 1010:

The education system plays a central role in the debate about the youth labour market crisis. What has become evident is that there need to be major changes in what we teach and in the way we teach. One prominent approach taken by various educators is to shift teaching from knowledge-centred teaching

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The role of labour market policy and institutions varies a lot from countries to countries. Here is a brief account of key propositions recently elaborated to facilitate access to employment for youth. First, a more balanced employment protection for permanent and temporary workers is needed. It will

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began in the United States, youth unemployment was already at 13%. By 2008, this rate had jumped to 18% and in 2010 it had climbed to just under 21%. The length of time the youth were unemployed expanded compared to prior recessions. Many youth in the United States remained unemployed after more than

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over the years. However, there has been an increase in young adults remaining in school and getting additional degrees simply because there are not opportunities for employment. These youth are typically of a lower class, but it can represent a wide variety of individuals across races and classes. In

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In addition to youth unemployment (namely those up to 25 years of age), Greece also faced severe graduate unemployment of those 25–29 years of age. In 1998, Greece had the highest level of unemployment of higher education graduates in the 25–29 year old age group. This was due to a lack of demand for

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From 1979 to 1984, France saw its legislated minimum wage, the SMIC (salaire minimum interprofessional de croissance), rise sharply. Historically, a rise in the SMIC has shown to result in increased unemployment rates amongst the country's youth population. At the end of this period, the unemployment

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As of July 2013, the unemployment rate for 16- to 24-year-olds stood at 5.2%. In comparison to other countries, the rate is low. Youth unemployment stood at 16% in the United States and 11.6% in Hong Kong in September 2013. In 2008, 48% of students age 16 and 70% of students ages 23–24 held jobs.

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Many countries around the world provide income assistance to support unemployed youth until labour market and economic conditions improve. Although this support is strictly related to obligations in terms of active job search and training, it has led to an emerging debate on whether or not it creates

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This solution ties back with labour market and regulations as many reforms are yet to be implemented to ensure that the market is flexible enough to incentivize young people to create enterprises. Target tax and business incentives are key to support young entrepreneurs in creating and scaling their

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Unemployed youth has been called "a lost generation": not only because of productivity lost but also because of the long-term direct and indirect impact unemployment has on young people and their families. Unemployment has been said to affect earnings for about 20 years. Because they are not able to

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Kenya, which one of the quickest growing economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, averaging GDP growth of 5.7% in 2019, has one of the highest youth unemployment rates in East Africa and data from the country's recent census indicates a worsening unemployment for youth aged between 18–34 years. According to

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A number of studies have shown that young people are not sufficiently advised on work-related opportunities, necessary skills and career pathways. Before they leave education, it appears critical that they have access to this information to be better prepared for what to expect and what is expected

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transition to work. "Across OECD countries, PISA results indicate that almost one in five students do not reach a basic minimum level of skills to function in today's societies". On average, 20% of young adults drop out before completing upper secondary education level. Vocational education aims at

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Third, vocational education has significant social benefits: vocational education has been linked in studies to improved income equality, greater social inclusion, lower crime rates, and improved health and well being. To the extent that vocational education reduces unemployment, it also brings the

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One Active Labour Market Policy (ALMP) that many governments have put emphasis on in an attempt to tackle unemployment is to directly help unemployed individuals transition to self-employment. Various pan-European studies have shown great success of these programmes with regards to job creation and

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and protests similarly engulfed a number of European and North American cities (Spain, France, United Kingdom between 2008 and 2011 for example). The lack of productive engagement of young people in wider society, underlined by high levels of unemployment and under-employment, only serves to add to

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The rise of political unrest and anti-social behaviour in the world has been recently attributed to youth unemployment. During the course of 2011 it became a key factor in fuelling protests around the globe. Within twelve months, four regimes (Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen) in the Arab World fell in

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countries, Spain displayed the most significant increases in terms of job losses within those aged 15–24. By 2014, 57.9% of the youth in Spain was unemployed. The failed implementation of effective employment policies and the increased segmentation of the labour marked during the economic recession

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has traditionally been much higher than other countries. In the past ten years, the rate has stayed around 23%. There has been a recent increase in the popular belief that unemployment is the fault of the individual and not a societal problem. However, youth unemployment has also been attributed to

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of many young Africans are prohibitively high. Around 60% of males and 40% of females have reservation wages that are higher than they could expect from smaller sized firms. Some overestimate their ability to obtain jobs from competitive, high-paying, larger sized firms and thus remain unemployed.

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The level of education is a factor that affects unemployment for the French youth population. Those who do not enter into higher education programmes have an employment rate of 30% which is exceedingly low compared to an employment rate of more than 80% for those who entered into higher education.

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In order for unemployed Danes to collect insurance benefits, one must be registered as unemployed at Denmark’s Public Employment Service (PES) and actively search for a job. PES offers programs to combat youth unemployment. One package offered to 18- to 19-year-olds includes an interview one week

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or insufficient educational qualifications, affect older and younger Africans alike. Approximately 200 million people in Africa are between the ages of 15 and 24. This number is expected to double in size in the next 30 years. Between 2001 and 2010, countries in Africa reported some of the world's

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There are multiple and complex causes behind youth unemployment. Among them, the quality and relevance of education, the inflexible labor market, and regulations are the main causes discussed today. How they can be adjusted, and how they in turn create a situation of assistance and dependency, are

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South African youth also face problems of education. Many exit the schooling system early. Others face a lack of skill recognition from employers, "even if they have qualifications in the fields that are considered to be in high demand." In the first quarter of 2020, there were 20.4 million young

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Kenya's young people are considered to be a key resource in the economic transformation of the country. With at least 20% of the country's population between the age of 15 to 24, the East African nation has been touted as one of the countries that can reap a demographic dividend by providing the

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benefits, a job-search training course within the first two weeks, and an educational opportunity or work placement offered no later than one month after the beginning of the unemployed period. For 18- to 30-year-olds, PES is obliged to refer new graduates under 30 to a private provider after six

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First, case studies show that strong vocational training programmes reduce unemployment and increase wages. A range of country studies has consistently demonstrated a link between completion of vocational education and a reduced probability of unemployment and higher earnings. In countries where

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for unskilled youth labour, and that the resulting delayed entry into the job market (for youths who are unable to obtain a job) leads to a reduction in training opportunities and thus a reduction in lifetime income. However, research also indicates that "imposing a minimum wage may increase the

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As of July 2017, an estimated 20.9 million young people aged 16 to 24 in the United States were employed in the United States. But, the unemployment rate for youth was 9.6% in July, down by 1.9% from July 2016. The demographic of unemployment among youth in the United States as of July 2017 were

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Many of the unemployed youth have never worked before. A proposed reason for this is that South Africa's social pension programme is relatively generous compared to other middle-income countries. Some senior South Africans (mostly applicable to the white population) are paid almost twice the per

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Youth unemployment levels in Greece remain one of the highest in the world. According to one source, between 2000 and 2008, youth inactivity increased from 63% to 72%. A different source using the harmonized definition of unemployment lists the unemployment rate of youth up to 24 years of age as

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This issue of unemployment has been on the French agenda for decades and has prompted many efforts to reduce its impact. In 2010 France established a labour law to set a statutory minimum wage for the youth population. Also, public programmes include the promotion of job training to better equip

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which is the level of unemployment among university graduates. Statistics for June 2010 show that there are 926,000 young people under the age of 25 who are unemployed which equates to an unemployment rate of 19.6% among young people. This is the highest youth unemployment rate in 17 years. In

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region had a rate over 22%. This may be partially attributed to the differences in levels of development in the region. It has been found that the higher the level of development in a region, the lower the level of both overall and youth-specific unemployment. In Russia, the main cause of youth

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Young Workers Committee revealed in a 2008 presentation that almost two-thirds of young workers did not join their workplace unions. Although unions like GSEE and ADEDY actively promote wage increases through collective bargaining efforts and have contributed to obtaining higher wages for young

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The quality and relevance of education is often considered to be the root cause of youth unemployment. In 2010, in 25 out of 27 developed countries, the highest unemployment rate was among people with primary education or less Yet, high education does not guarantee a decent job. For example, in

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have tried to modernize apprenticeships. Indeed these are used to provide training for youths in non-traditional occupations. Measures for youth and employment have focused on easing transitions from school or training to work and jobs, as for instance careers information, advice and guidance

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recognizes the creativity, innovativeness, and productivity presented by youth and their potential to become transformative leaders as key strengths, and promises to harness these strengths for the realization of the demographic dividend. The policy provides a framework to address some of the

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In an effort to combat youth unemployment, France attempted to improve their education system because France sees declining rates of unemployment amongst those who have received higher levels of education. The less educated however, not only experience increased unemployment rates, but longer

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Youth unemployment also dramatically increases public spending at times when economies are struggling to remain competitive and social benefits increase along with an aging population. Youth unemployment has direct costs such as increased benefit payments, lost income-tax revenues and wasted

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The lost generation effect impacts also their families. Youth in many countries now live with their parents into their late twenties. This contributes to what is called the "full-nest syndrome". In 2008, 46% of 18- to 34-year-olds in the European Union lived with at least one parent; in most

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It is interesting to observe a very high unemployment rate among the young population of Armenia (34%), even though a very large number of Armenian youth are highly educated. Almost 99% of the population has completed secondary education, and 33.4% have got a university/college education. A

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African countries define youth as someone from as young as 15 to someone well into their mid thirties, which varies from the standardized definition of the United Nations. Africa has the youngest population of any continent which means that the problem of youth unemployment in the continent

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When taking into consideration the need to foster competitiveness through innovation and creativity, recent studies have advocated for entrepreneurship as a viable a solution to youth unemployment. With the right structure and facilitated administrative processes, young people could create

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and other mental health issues. Unemployed youth also report more isolation from their community. Youth who are neither working nor studying do not have the opportunity to learn and improve their skills. They are progressively marginalised from the labour market and in turn can develop an

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assessed the evidence on the effectiveness of different types of interventions to improve labour market outcomes of youth. The evidence suggests that youth employment interventions overall increase employment and earnings, but effects are small and highly variable. This review found that

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reached an all-time low of 32.9% in the first half of 2011. Of the countries in the European Union, Germany sticks outs with its low rate of 7.9%. Some critics argue that the decrease of the youth unemployment began even before the economic downturn, countries such as Greece and Spain.

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Compared to other highly developed and OECD member countries, France displays higher unemployment rates as well as longer duration. From 1983 to 2018 youth unemployment rate in France experienced an overall increase. It averaged at a rate of 20.19% reaching a max of 26.2% in 2012.

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would help address the skills crisis. Some countries – among them Switzerland, The Netherlands, Singapore, Austria, Norway and Germany – have been remarkably successful in developing vocational education – and have reduced youth unemployment to as little as half the OECD average.

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when necessary. Alongside the shift in youth living situations, the impact of returning to live with parents as well as difficulty finding a fulfilling job lead to mental health risks. Being unemployed for a long period of time in youth has been correlated to decreased happiness,

574:, which is empowering youth with digital skills to enable them tap in the digital economy. According to a 2021 report by the ministry of ICT, Innovations and Youth Affairs, 5 per cent of Kenyans (1.3 million) were as at June 2021 working online through the Ajira Digital Program. 774:

The economic crisis has led to a global decrease in competitiveness. "There is a risk of loss of talent and skills since a great amount of university graduates are unable to find a job and to put their knowledge and capabilities into producing innovation and contributing to

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In October 2019, 3.2 million young persons (under 25) were unemployed in the EU-28, of whom 2.26 million were in the euro area. The youth unemployment rate was 14.4% in the EU-28 and 15.6% in the euro area, compared with about 25% in 2013. The lowest rates were observed in

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In 2017 the youth unemployment rate in France was 22.3%, relatively high compared to the overall unemployment rate of 8.9%. France has one of the highest rates of youth unemployment among the EU countries, trailing behind Greece, Spain, Italy and Portugal.

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The individual experiences of youth unemployment vary from country to country. Definitions of youth can also vary from country to country so examination of particular countries gives a greater insight into the causes and consequences of youth unemployment.

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countries the stay-at-homes were more likely to be unemployed than those who had moved out. In families, it is common that when one person becomes unemployed, other members of the family begin looking for or securing employment. This is called the

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The average age of first employment is 22 years old. Typically, young Danes will spend 4.5 years out of the first five years of leaving education in employment. This is higher than the 4.4 years recorded in Australia, Switzerland, and Netherlands.

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France also experiences a large high school drop out rate, resulting in a high population of low-skilled youth workers. Lacking vocational training or adequate skills that employers look for, many French youths are without options for employment.

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Youth unemployment has indirect costs too, including emigration. Young people leave their countries in hope to find employment elsewhere. This brain drain has contributed to deteriorating countries' competitiveness, especially in Europe.

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appropriate education and jobs to its growing youth population. Demographic Divided refers to the economic gain a country can attain when it has a bigger working age population more than a non-working one contributing to the economy.

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November 2011 youth unemployment hit 1.02 million, but had fallen to 767,000 by August 2014. The high levels of youth unemployment in the United Kingdom have led some politicians and media commentators to talk of a "lost generation".

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however, seems to be the only viable alternative to job placement for the young individual. With little to no job growth occurring, the unemployment rate among those fresh out of college and at the later end of the 15–24 aged youth

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that they naturally offer. This fresh thinking is necessary for employers to foster new designs and innovative ideas. Fighting youth unemployment is therefore key to maintaining the economic performance of a country.

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should be developed to better transition young people to the world of work. Here, vocational education and apprenticeship systems have shown that practice and on-the-job training can have a positive effect.

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CEDEFOP, The benefits of vocational education and training, 2011; OECD Review of Vocational Education and Training – Learning for Jobs, 2011; CEDEFOP, Vocational Education and Training, Key to the Future,

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About 17 per cent of the world's population are aged between 15 and 24, 1.2 billion people; 87% of them live in developing countries. The age range defined by the United Nations addresses the period when

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because they only worked with the company for a short period of time. Once this work ends, many find themselves unemployed and disadvantaged in the job search. However, some youth are entering work on a

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is a socially constructed one and will differ from country to country. In most European countries young adults are more likely to live with their parents longer; and others, like South Korea, will have

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Second, vocational education increases employers' productivity. A range of studies across countries has found that higher investment in vocational training is associated with increases in productivity.

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was over 18% in 2010. However, there was a wide variance in levels of unemployment in Russia just a few years earlier, that continued through the 2008 economic crisis. In 2005, the area around

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benefits for 18- to 21-year-olds by £3,000 to £23,000 to reduce dependency on government assistance and redirect funding to targeted programs for increased learning and training opportunities.

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Cahuc, Pierre; Carcillo, Stéphane; Zimmermann, Klaus F. (2013) : The Employment of the Low-Skilled Youth in France, IZA Policy Paper, No. 64, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn

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24.2% in Greece during 2009. To put this into perspective, the EU-27 average at the time was 18.3%. Youth unemployment rose to 40.1% in May 2011 and then again to about 55% in November 2012.

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and those required in the workplace. For many governments, a key question is how they can bridge this gap and ensure that young people are equipped with the skills employers are looking for.

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display higher rates of youth unemployment than Italy. Similarly to Spain, the percentage of people aged 15–24 excluded from the labour market saw a dramatic rise in the aftermath of the

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rate for youths was 26%, almost double the average OECD youth unemployment rate. France also saw double digit declines in active youths in the labour market from the years 1980–2007.

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particularly relevant. Although youth unemployment is high, this does not necessarily make the causes of unemployment youth-specific; many of the causes of unemployment, such as poor

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The Kenyan government continues to make some strides in trying to tackle the high youth unemployment by coming up with various programs under affirmative action. This include the

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The NBS, in its report, said the number of active working population in December 2020, representing those within the age bracket of 15–64 years, was 122.05 million Nigerians.

3726: 108:. They also are affected in distinct ways. Unemployment rates among them are higher than those of adults almost everywhere, but differ greatly between countries and regions. 2400: 1692: 1358: 970:

enrolment in in-company vocational education is less than 15%, the likelihood that young people will be unemployed is double that of countries where enrolment is over 15%.

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The Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia reported the data. According to the most recent statistics, 2.96 million people called Armenia home in December 2021.

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capita income. This has led to many of the unemployed youth surviving off of their elders' support, thereby reducing incentives to look for employment. In addition, the

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Scarpetta, S., A. Sonnet and T. Manfredi (2010), "Rising Youth Unemployment During The Crisis: How to Prevent Negative Long-term Consequences on a Generation?",

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Fougère, Denis & Kramarz, Francis & Magnac, Thierry, 2000. "Youth Employment Policies In France,"CEPR Discussion Papers 2394, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.

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As of April 2024, the youth unemployment in Spain stands at 26.5%. By gender, male youth unemployment is at 27.4%, while female youth unemployment is at 25.3%.

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Kluve, Jochen; Puerto, Susana; Robalino, David; Romero, Jose Manuel; Rother, Friederike; Stöterau, Jonathan; Weidenkaff, Felix; Witte, Marc (4 December 2017).

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The legitimacy of internships has begun to be questioned. The purpose of internships is to allow students or recent graduates to acquire work experience and a

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Sotiris, Panagiotis (2010). "Rebels with a Cause: The December 2008 Geek Youth Movement as the Condensation of Deeper Social and Political Contradictions".

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workers to enter novel positions, creating more jobs particularly for low-skilled workers, and reducing labour costs through subsidies and other efforts.

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The Fourth Industrial Revolution, Job Futures and Policy Implications for Reducing Youth Unemployment in Brunei by: Darussalam Diana Cheong

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and short term contracts have left young workers in precarious situations. Because their jobs are temporary contracts, youth are often the first to be

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of young people out of work. Some countries will not count those as unemployed who do not have a job but do not actively seek work - often women.

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Nigeria surpassed south Africa on a list of 82 countries whose unemployment rates were tracked, with Namibia leading the list with 33.4 percent.

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Ifanti, Amalia (2013). "Financial crisis and austerity measures in Greece: Their impact on health promotion policies and public health care".

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Three main reasons are usually presented for why vocational education should be a part of political programmes to combat youth unemployment:

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Unemployment rate has more than tripled since 2016 when the economy went into recession. The country witnessed another recession in 2020.

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dependency among the youth and has a detrimental effect on them. In September 2014, David Cameron announced that he would cut housing and

2772: 1477:

Demidova, Olga; Marcello Signorelli (July 2011). "The Impact of Crises on Youth Unemployment of Russian Regions: An Empirical Analyssi".

1450: 2243: 5169: 5147: 3483: 2682: 177:, 40% of university graduates are unemployed against 24% of non-graduates. This affects highly educated young women in particular. "In 4099: 3989: 6073: 953:

The case has been made the past few years on the need to provide technical training to youth to prepare them specifically for a job.

5917: 5479: 4594: 993:, which focused training students with skills that would help them in running one's own business, as well as entrepreneurship. The 678: 1605: 1409: 6098: 2498: 403:, in 2009, only 15% of males and 10% of females between ages 16–19 in were employed full-time. The youth employment rate in the 3076: 2738: 1352: 341:

The quarterly updated unemployment rate for Armenia has an average rate of 17.40% and is available from March 2008 to June 2022.

6293: 5969: 5415: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4708: 709:. An estimated 9.4 million young people aged 16 to 24 in the United States, that is 12.3%, were neither working nor in school. 482: 6257: 4093: 3357: 3243: 2018: 1974: 1332: 1127: 986:

teaching foundational skills, as well as providing another option to general education pathways with practical job training.

181:, the unemployment rate among university educated women is more than 3 times higher than that of university educated men; in 6434: 5974: 4862: 4344: 3817: 2438: 2286:"Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World: The Relationship to Youth Employment, Introduction and Summary" 45: 1967:

Denmark Society & Culture Complete Report: An All-Inclusive Profile Combining All of Our Society and Culture Reports

1633: 3955: 3419: 1851: 1120:

United Nations world youth report: youth employment youth perspectives on the pursuit of decent work in changing times

874:

A 2015 study showed that New York City's 'Summer Youth Employment Program' decreased the participants' probability of

6211: 5386: 5174: 5142: 4211: 3555: 2371: 1209: 658: 526: 63: 3640: 6250: 6196: 1820: 6206: 5286: 3300: 2953: 2799:"The Impact of Unemployment on Young People in the Jordanian Community: A Case Study from Unemployed Perspective" 2830: 1229: 6216: 5979: 5351: 5303: 4569: 4517: 3244:"Dole queue beckons for Britain's young | David Blanchflower | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk" 2307: 559: 4014: 6067: 5959: 5371: 4919: 1789: 989:

Many countries around the world offer programmes to improve youth skills and employability. Once of them is

779:

growth". Excluding young people from the labour market means lacking the divergent thinking, creativity and

6148: 5321: 4372: 4132: 2579:

Liagouras, George (2003). "Exploring Mismatches Between Higher Education and the Labour Market in Greece".

1068: 464: 225: 196:

Beyond the necessity to ensure its access to all, education is not adequately tailored to the needs of the

2131: 1396:

City & Guilds Centre for Skills Development, Skills Development, Attitudes and Perceptions, March 2008

494:

The youth unemployment rate was around 10% in 2005, but they have not reliably reported statistics to the

6429: 6133: 5346: 3662:"How Did the Great Recession Affect Different Types of Workers? Evidence from 17 Middle-Income Countries" 1882: 945: 648: 512: 145: 37: 3273: 1926: 6062: 5944: 5420: 4872: 4564: 4472: 3230:"Expansión / Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate) - Spain" 3216:"Expansión / Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate) - Spain" 2704:

Jeffrey, Craig (14 July 2010). "Timepass: Youth, class, and time among unemployed young men in India".

2881: 1989:

Furlong, Andy. "Chapter 4." Youth Studies an Introduction. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2013. 75. Print.

1309:"Young adults in the U.S. Are less likely than those in most of Europe to live in their parents' home" 6226: 6221: 6042: 5716: 5627: 5506: 3004:

Demidova, Olga; Marcello Signorelli (2012). "Determinants of youth unemployment in Russian regions".

1956:

Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2010. Ebook Library. Web. 4 Oct. 2013.

481:

These high levels of unemployment are exacerbated by the failure of unions to attract young workers.

400: 3861: 2530: 2470: 2336: 2212: 2101: 1561: 129:

ends until the age of 24. This definition remains controversial as it not only impacts unemployment

6231: 6201: 5892: 5694: 5453: 5410: 5376: 4877: 4867: 4549: 4337: 1050: 3788: 3388: 2636:

Kretsos, Lefteris (2011). "Union responses to the rise of precarious youth employment in Greece".

2190: 1763: 486:

workers, the wages of young workers remained much lower than almost all other countries in EU-15.

6158: 6037: 5939: 5877: 5689: 5316: 5203: 5137: 5050: 822: 582: 2797:

Hussainat, Mohammad. M.; Ghnimat, Qasem. M.; Al – dlaeen, Marwan Atef rabee (31 December 2012).

2353:

P Hadjivassiliou, Kari; Tassinari, Arianna; Eichhorst, Werner; Wozny, Florian (1 October 2016).

6012: 5964: 5934: 5771: 5739: 5729: 5546: 5531: 5511: 5393: 5164: 5159: 4434: 4044: 3580:"The summer job is back: Teens enter the labor force as employers dish out higher wages, perks" 3508: 3107: 2401:"Gender and migrant workers' fragile transitions from education to employment - STYLE Handbook" 1556: 908: 344:

The information peaked at 21.10% in March 2019 and fell to a record low of 13.00% in June 2022.

2768: 1438: 537:

There are 15 million unemployed young men in Arab communities. The youth unemployment rate in

374: 212: 5954: 5949: 5887: 5832: 5781: 5403: 4934: 4907: 4579: 4507: 2517: 2457: 2323: 1999:

Tse, Terence; Mark Esposito; Jorge Chatzimarkakis (2013). "Demystifying Youth Unemployment".

1739: 1262:

Martin, Gary (July 2009). "A portrait of the youth labor market in 13 countries, 1980-2007".

763: 265: 101: 3480: 2678: 1374: 6331: 6022: 5798: 5751: 5571: 5566: 5341: 5336: 5311: 5251: 5095: 5075: 5027: 4897: 4812: 4650: 4080: 3993: 3748:"Mungiki as youth movement: Revolution, gender and generational politics in Nairobi, Kenya" 2270: 958: 886:

Economic research indicates that minimum wages increases youth unemployment in competitive

186: 152: 1714:"African Economic Outlook 2020: Africa's economy forecast to grow despite external shocks" 918: 8: 6383: 5927: 5922: 5860: 5808: 5526: 5494: 5484: 5366: 5356: 4887: 4882: 4703: 4683: 4604: 4524: 4502: 4482: 4330: 1168: 749: 245: 126: 2261:

Martin, Gary (2009). "A portrait of the youth labor market in 13 countries, 1980–2007".

6403: 6341: 6303: 6027: 5855: 5744: 5724: 5597: 5561: 5448: 5430: 5361: 4997: 4857: 4837: 4792: 4693: 4678: 3769: 3694: 3492: 3048: 3021: 2653: 2299: 2266: 2083: 1602: 1574: 1406: 1078: 810: 653:

In recent decades, the issue of youth unemployment has assumed alarming proportions in

254: 201: 4082:

Unleashing the Potential: Transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training

3546: 3533: 3069:"Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate)" 2735:"Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate)" 2487: 1751: 6346: 6138: 6118: 5850: 5815: 5647: 5541: 5521: 5440: 5293: 5228: 4902: 4852: 4827: 4787: 4782: 4713: 4559: 4207: 4089: 3881: 3773: 3561: 3551: 3173:"Vulnerability of youth in the South African labour market | Statistics South Africa" 3126: 3068: 3025: 2734: 2717: 2649: 2619: 2592: 2561: 2354: 2303: 2242:

Katz, Lawrence F.; Loveman, Gary; Blanchflower, David; Katz, L.; Freeman, R. (1995).

2087: 2075: 1970: 1570: 1328: 1205: 1123: 1036: 904: 892: 834: 830: 741: 714: 503:, the employment system is often reliant on connections or government opportunities. 244:

when a company downsizes. If they are laid off, youth are typically not eligible for

237: 3924: 3698: 2657: 2557: 1578: 1019: 419:

Various countries have enacted a Youth Guarantee plan targeting youth unemployment.

6393: 6308: 6108: 5897: 5865: 5825: 5820: 5617: 5607: 5425: 5256: 5213: 5186: 5181: 5035: 5002: 4992: 4842: 4770: 4574: 4512: 4492: 4477: 4306: 3963: 3873: 3842: 3800: 3759: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3541: 3122: 3013: 2810: 2713: 2645: 2615: 2588: 2553: 2289: 2067: 2055: 1673: 1566: 1290: 1197: 855: 821:. It has historically been associated with upheaval and change or overthrow of the 758: 631: 475: 269: 250: 197: 2071: 261:

but in the United States almost one-third of students combine education and work.

116: 6388: 6371: 6168: 6103: 5912: 5882: 5870: 5734: 5632: 5499: 4832: 4599: 4402: 4377: 4367: 4139: 4018: 3733: 3644: 3487: 3017: 2036: 1640: 1609: 1413: 1381: 1362: 753: 338:

the unemployment rate in Armenia decreased to 13.00% in June 2022 from March 2022

221: 4123:

Charles Fadel. 21st Century Skills: Learning for Life in Our Times (2009). Wiley

687:

among young people, typically defined as those aged 18–25. A related concept is

6153: 5902: 5803: 5756: 5458: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5117: 5045: 4802: 4760: 4444: 4412: 4264:"10 recommendations to help reduce youth unemployment through entrepreneurship" 3764: 3747: 2431: 1115: 994: 895:

means to support young unskilled workers, such as cash or in-kind assistance."

818: 495: 452: 413: 404: 321: 229: 3899: 3846: 622:

Starting in the 1970s, youth unemployment has been rising at a steady rate in

6423: 6377: 6336: 6128: 6047: 6032: 6017: 5788: 5766: 5672: 5556: 5489: 5463: 5398: 5241: 5198: 5193: 5040: 4924: 4822: 4544: 4397: 4382: 3885: 3565: 2929:"Why Kenyan youths will have to wait longer to resume Kazi Mtaani activities" 2079: 2056:"Empirical assessment of the circular economy of selected European countries" 1073: 1043: 875: 806: 611: 76: 3804: 6163: 6143: 6123: 6113: 6088: 5842: 5677: 5657: 5642: 5612: 5602: 5381: 5236: 5218: 5154: 5132: 5090: 5080: 4977: 4967: 4939: 4670: 4660: 4487: 4427: 2754:

L'occupazione giovanile al tempo della crisi: Italia ed Austria a confronto

2565: 887: 840: 798: 684: 623: 581:, which was launched on 12 August 2020 during the national celebrations of 190: 88: 6242: 2979: 2244:"A Comparison of Changes in the Structure of Wages in Four OECD Countries" 661:

and the number of young unemployed skyrocketed during this period. Within

16:

Situation of young people who are willing to work but unable to find a job

6288: 6273: 5776: 5699: 5667: 5127: 5070: 4688: 4645: 4620: 4589: 4584: 4539: 4464: 4454: 4439: 4392: 3877: 3637: 2815: 2798: 1787: 1547:

Abhijit, Banerjee (2008). "Why has unemployment risen in South Africa?".

826: 233: 4311: 4294: 3968: 3862:"The Effects Of Youth Employment: Evidence From New York City Lotteries" 2356:

Assessing the Performance of School-to-Work Transition Regimes in the EU

1677: 1661: 1294: 1278: 6356: 5986: 5793: 5706: 5684: 5652: 5551: 5536: 5516: 5281: 5246: 5208: 5122: 5085: 5017: 5012: 5007: 4972: 4929: 4914: 4892: 4817: 4655: 4635: 4554: 4422: 4417: 4387: 4353: 3091:

Why is Youth Unemployment so High and Unequally spread in South Africa?

2352: 982: 802: 801:

has largely been described as a major, if not the primary catalyst for

780: 299: 273: 151:

And the second, that differing definitions of unemployment can lead to

130: 3689: 136:

There are two important notes to be made regarding these statistics.

6173: 6093: 5907: 5592: 4946: 4847: 4807: 4777: 4698: 4534: 4497: 3860:

Gelber, Alexander; Isen, Adam; Kessler, Judd B. (26 September 2015).

3172: 3108:"Youth Unemployment, Firm Size and Reservation Waves in South Africa" 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1233: 1201: 998: 705:

12 months of searching for a job. This has caused the emergence of a

701: 666:

are thought to be the main causes behind such an alarming situation.

105: 3830: 2285: 1998: 1911:"Denmark economy: Quick View - Unemployment stood at 6.7% in July." 913: 6398: 6298: 6007: 5065: 5055: 4987: 4982: 4951: 4797: 4752: 4630: 4625: 4529: 4407: 3722: 3720: 3450:"'Lost generation' fears as youth jobless rate reaches 49 per cent" 2907: 2294: 1718:

African Development Bank - Building today, a better Africa tomorrow

1622:

Handbook of Youth and Young Adulthood: New Perspectives and Agendas

606: 589:

challenges faced by youth in Kenya, including lack of decent jobs.

278: 4039: 4037: 4009: 2284:

Gruber, Jonathan; Milligan, Kevin; Wise, David A. (January 2009).

2037:"Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion - European Commission" 1646: 167: 6351: 6313: 5637: 5587: 5326: 5276: 5060: 4765: 4449: 3831:"About a Revolution: The Economic Motivations of the Arab Spring" 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 2856: 1659: 1276: 776: 386: 361: 289: 174: 4069:

CEDEFOP, The benefits of vocational education and training, 2011

3717: 3481:

Promising Gains, Persistent Gaps: Youth Disconnection in America

1788:

Mohamed Omar; Peter S. Goodman; Chris Kirkham (7 October 2013).

1230:"UN World Youth Report 2012. The UN Focal Point for Youth, 2012" 6361: 5761: 5109: 4748: 4034: 3358:"Jane Scott Paul: Youth Unemployment and the 'Lost Generation'" 1063: 990: 814: 602: 598: 538: 518: 357: 258: 241: 178: 3624: 3607:"Unemployment: Why Nigerian youth should be educated - Buhari" 3331:"Youth unemployment statistics: Commons Library Standard Note" 1143: 563: 5622: 4322: 3956:"The effects of minimum wages on youth employment and income" 1918: 1690: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 654: 522: 500: 93: 1925:

Tse, Terence; Esposito, Mark; Chatzimarkakis, Jorgo (2013).

1693:"How youth-specific is Africa's youth employment challenge?" 1660:

Gough, Katherine V.; Thilde Langevang; George Owusu (2013).

1277:

Gough, Katherine V.; Thilde Langevang; George Owusu (2013).

6366: 5662: 5105: 3420:"This lost generation will cost us more than the cuts save" 3003: 2796: 2241: 1634:

Removing the safety net? Cameron targets young benefit cuts

1476: 1102: 850: 837:

all largely being caused by large scale youth unemployment.

662: 220:

First, a high level of new employees should turn out to be

182: 80:

Young people protesting about youth unemployment in Hamburg

1915:

30 Aug. 2013. Global Issues In Context. Web. 29 Oct. 2013.

1740:

http://www.un.am/up/library/Labor%20Market_Armenia_eng.pdf

1585: 1044:

Assistance to youth in the transition to the world of work

981:

Foundational skills have also been identified as key to a

133:

but also affects the solutions designed by policy makers.

4640: 4292: 3953: 2512:– via Bank of Greece, Economic Research department. 1924: 1821:"Unemployment 'Scarring' Youth And Parents, Liberals Say" 1098: 683:

Youth unemployment in the United Kingdom is the level of

3990:"Education to employment: Designing a system that works" 1959: 1905: 1224: 1222: 1220: 977:

broader social benefits associated with high employment.

752:. This can sometimes take the form of employment in the 567: 4005: 4003: 1948: 1946: 1944: 5332:

List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents

2182: 1700:

Knowledge for Development (K4D) Emerging Issues Report

949:

TVET as a proportion of all upper secondary programmes

941:

TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training)

257:. This rate is low in countries like Italy, Spain and 3509:"EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG YOUTH SUMMER 2017" 3153: 3151: 1852:"Students Slam Ottawa For Shutting Youth Job Centres" 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1217: 825:

and mass societal change, with conflicts such as the

120:

Youth unemployment rate in OECD countries (15–24 age)

97:, here, meaning those between the ages of 15 and 24. 4126: 4078: 4000: 3203:

OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers

2608:

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

2395: 2393: 2132:"Unemployment - Youth unemployment rate - OECD Data" 1941: 1790:"Unemployment Plagues Young People Around The World" 1169:"Unemployment - Youth unemployment rate - OECD Data" 610:

unemployment has been attributed to lower levels of

4241:"The entrepreneurship answer to youth unemployment" 3789:"Youth, unemployment and political marginalisation" 3787:Bay, Ann-Helén; Blekesaune, Morten (27 June 2002). 2997: 1752:

https://www.armstat.am/file/article/trud_2020_9.pdf

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New York, N.Y.: Routledge. pp. 72–97. 284: 6272: 4204:Science, technology and industry scoreboard 3942: 3498: 3386: 1405:Gomez-Salvador, R and Leiner-Killinger, N. 1341: 1324:Youth and Skills: Putting Education to Work 881: 216:Labour-market-Supply-demand-Unemployment-cs 6265: 6251: 4345: 4331: 3829:Ansani, Andrea; Daniele, Vittorio (2012). 3089:Mlatsheni, C., & Sandrine, R. (2002). 2679:"Youth unemployment rate, aged 15-24, men" 2248:Differences and Changes in Wage Structures 2053: 1738:Serrière, N., 2014. Un.am. Available at: 1510: 1504: 1419: 1387: 1375:Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM) 657:. The country was dramatically hit by the 564:National Youth Enterprise Development Fund 6074:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act 4310: 3967: 3763: 3745: 3688: 3545: 2814: 2724: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2578: 2293: 1666:International Development Planning Review 1662:"Youth employment in a globalising world" 1560: 1283:International Development Planning Review 1279:"Youth employment in a globalising world" 281:is approximately 13.2% as of April 2012. 64:Learn how and when to remove this message 5918:Job losses caused by the Great Recession 4595:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates 3987: 3954:Charlene Marie Kalenkoski (March 2016). 3900:"What are the effects of minimum wages?" 3660:Cho, Yoonyoung; Newhouse, David (2012). 3605:Adebowale-Tambe, Nike (5 January 2022). 3043:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 91. 2882:"Take advantage of demographic dividend" 2697: 1416:. Frankfurt: European Central Bank, 2008 1097:The age range 15–24 is used by both the 1018: 944: 917: 839: 679:Youth unemployment in the United Kingdom 288: 211: 115: 75: 6099:Credentialism and educational inflation 4261: 3793:International Journal of Social Welfare 3712:Consequences of high youth unemployment 3417: 2908:"Training of Kazi Mtaani Beneficiaries" 2703: 2635: 2605: 2429: 1546: 1495: 1489: 769: 100:Young people have difficulties finding 6422: 6294:Emerging adulthood and early adulthood 5970:List of countries by unemployment rate 4183: 3495:of the Social Science Research Council 3430:from the original on 23 September 2016 3399:from the original on 20 September 2016 3311:from the original on 23 September 2016 3105: 3041:Labor Markets and Economic Development 2854: 2775:from the original on 30 November 2016. 2751: 2664: 2543: 2260: 2159: 2157: 1893:from the original on 19 September 2016 1750:Armstat. (2020). Labour force survey. 1261: 6246: 4326: 4238: 4220:from the original on 20 December 2014 3478:Sarah Burd-Sharps and Kristen Lewis. 3298: 3101: 3099: 3079:from the original on 1 December 2016. 2766: 2741:from the original on 1 December 2016. 2681:. 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Republikein.com.na. 8 July 2010. 3039:Kanbur, Svejnar, Ravi, Jan (2009). 2861:Kenya National Bureau of Statistics 2193:from the original on 14 August 2016 2154: 1862:from the original on 12 August 2016 1849: 1831:from the original on 12 August 2016 1818: 1800:from the original on 12 August 2016 1014: 922:Job advertisement board in Shenzhen 792: 579:Kenya Youth Development Policy 2019 13: 3866:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 3746:Rasmussen, Jacob (1 August 2010). 3647:, The Economist, 10 September 2011 3333:. 18 December 2013. 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New York, NY: United Nations. 695: 373:This section is an excerpt from 25: 4239:Rosen, Amy (18 November 2013). 3727:Demystifying Youth Unemployment 3705: 3598: 3572: 3526: 3472: 3442: 3411: 3380: 3349: 3323: 3292: 3266: 3236: 3222: 3208: 3195: 3186: 3164: 3061: 3032: 2972: 2946: 2921: 2900: 2874: 2848: 2823: 2760: 2756:. LUISS University. p. 24. 2745: 2599: 2572: 2558:10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.05.017 2537: 2423: 2378:from the original on 5 May 2018 2363: 2310:from the original on 5 May 2018 2277: 2254: 2235: 2223:from the original on 5 May 2018 2205: 2175: 2166: 2142:from the original on 6 May 2018 2124: 2094: 2054:Škrinjarić, Tihana (May 2020). 2047: 2029: 2011: 1992: 1983: 1874: 1843: 1812: 1781: 1756: 1744: 1732: 1706: 1684: 1627: 1615: 1523:from the original on 7 May 2013 1399: 1368: 617: 305: 189:, it is nearly 3 times; and in 5980:Employment-to-population ratio 5352:Occupational health psychology 4352: 3681:10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.06.003 3638:The jobless young. Left behind 3418:Toynbee, Polly (2 July 2012). 2984:www.nationalyouthcouncil.go.ke 2432:"Youth Unemployment in Greece" 1643:, Channel 4, 28 September 2014 1498:Youth Studies: An Introduction 1301: 1270: 1186: 1161: 1136: 1108: 1091: 878:and probability of mortality. 208:Labour markets and regulations 1: 6068:Works Progress Administration 5960:Unemployment Convention, 1919 5372:Personal protective equipment 4920:Occupational Outlook Handbook 3849:– via www.academia.edu. 2581:European Journal of Education 2072:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120246 2060:Journal of Cleaner Production 1954:Jobs for Youth, Denmark 2010. 1084: 935:TVET and vocational education 659:Financial crisis of 2007–2008 527:financial crisis of 2007–2008 375:Youth in Denmark § Employment 228:. Second, the development of 164:the focus of the discussion. 111: 40:for Grammar, clarity and tone 6149:Psychopathy in the workplace 5322:Human factors and ergonomics 4153:"Avoiding a lost generation" 3387:Nick Watson (17 June 2009). 3018:10.1080/14631377.2012.675155 2638:Industrial Relations Journal 1365:, World Economic Forum, 2013 1069:Disengagement from education 1006:Teaching 21st-century skills 465:Youth Unemployment in Greece 451:Like other countries in the 7: 6435:Personal financial problems 6134:Narcissism in the workplace 5347:Occupational exposure limit 4299:Campbell Systematic Reviews 2271:monthlylaborrev.2009.07.003 1969:. World Trade Press. 2010. 1764:"Armenia Unemployment Rate" 1057: 870:Incarceration and mortality 649:Youth unemployment in Spain 513:Youth unemployment in Italy 10: 6451: 6063:Civil Works Administration 5945:Technological unemployment 5421:Workplace health promotion 4873:Professional certification 4570:Personality–job fit theory 4142:, Generation Jobless, 2015 4021:, Palgrave MacMillan, 2015 3765:10.1177/110330881001800304 3171:Africa, Statistics South. 1603:OECD Action Plan for Youth 1327:. UNESCO. 1 January 2012. 938: 902: 805:, political and, societal 787: 720: 676: 646: 517:Within the Eurozone, only 510: 462: 372: 367: 328: 146:mandatory military service 6322: 6281: 6182: 6081: 6043:Guaranteed minimum income 6000: 5841: 5715: 5628:Organizational commitment 5580: 5472: 5439: 5302: 5227: 5104: 5026: 4960: 4747: 4669: 4613: 4463: 4360: 4158:. Ernst and Young. 2014. 3847:10.1142/S2010269012500135 3534:"Youth unemployment rate" 2752:Caccia, Flaminia (2015). 2019:"Unemployment statistics" 1479:China-USA Business Review 592: 532: 458: 422: 401:great recession in Europe 351: 314: 285:Assistance and dependency 158: 6212:Aspects of organizations 5893:Involuntary unemployment 5454:Equal pay for equal work 5377:Repetitive strain injury 4878:Professional development 4868:Professional association 4550:Letter of recommendation 3643:31 December 2014 at the 3486:28 February 2018 at the 3250:. London. 20 June 2010. 3093:University of Cape Town. 3006:Post-Communist Economies 2769:"Tasso di disocupazione" 2288:. Working Paper Series. 1361:18 December 2014 at the 882:Effects of minimum wages 642: 545: 506: 489: 6197:Aspects of corporations 6159:Slow movement (culture) 6038:Employer of last resort 5940:Structural unemployment 5878:Frictional unemployment 5317:Epilepsy and employment 5204:Performance-related pay 5138:National average salary 5051:996 working hour system 3805:10.1111/1468-2397.00207 2430:Tubadji, Annie (2012). 1639:2 December 2014 at the 1549:Economics of Transition 1443:Finance and Development 823:political establishment 583:International Youth Day 230:temporary forms of work 6207:Aspects of occupations 6013:Unemployment insurance 5965:Unemployment extension 5935:Reserve army of labour 5740:Constructive dismissal 5547:Sleeping while on duty 5512:Exploitation of labour 5394:Sick building syndrome 4565:Person–environment fit 4435:Independent contractor 4206:(Report). OECD. 2013. 4088:. UNESCO. p. 74. 3157:Garcia, J. R. (2011). 2525:Cite journal requires 2465:Cite journal requires 2331:Cite journal requires 1608:5 January 2015 at the 1496:Furlong, Andy (2012). 1412:1 January 2015 at the 1384:, ILO, Seventh Edition 1354:Global Agenda Councils 1144:"World Bank Open Data" 1024: 950: 923: 909:Universal basic income 845: 844:2011 Moroccan protests 597:Youth unemployment in 560:National Youth Service 390:weeks of unemployment. 294: 217: 148:for men, for example. 121: 81: 6282:Life stages or events 6217:Aspects of workplaces 5955:Unemployment benefits 5950:Types of unemployment 5888:Graduate unemployment 5782:Letter of resignation 5411:Workers' compensation 5404:Occupational fatality 4908:Vocational university 4508:Employment counsellor 4184:Jacobs, Emma (2015). 4017:21 April 2015 at the 3611:Premium Times Nigeria 3454:The Southern Reporter 3274:"Expats exit grim UK" 3106:Rankin, Neil (2011). 1850:CBC (28 March 2012). 1437:Morsy, Hanan (2012). 1380:26 March 2015 at the 1022: 948: 921: 843: 764:anti-social behaviour 689:graduate unemployment 568:Women Enterprise Fund 292: 266:recommendation letter 215: 153:incomparable accounts 119: 87:is a special case of 79: 6332:Boomerang Generation 6023:Job creation program 5799:Mandatory retirement 5752:Employee offboarding 5572:Workplace incivility 5567:Workplace harassment 5342:Occupational disease 5337:Occupational burnout 5252:Disability insurance 5096:Workweek and weekend 5076:Retroactive overtime 4898:Vocational education 4813:Continuing education 4651:Permanent employment 4251:on 23 November 2013. 3996:on 28 December 2014. 3929:IZA - World of Labor 3925:"Youth unemployment" 3904:IZA - World of Labor 3732:6 March 2016 at the 3540:. 26 February 2016. 3389:"Youth unemployment" 2816:10.5539/ass.v9n1p155 2803:Asian Social Science 2737:. World Bank. 2014. 2706:American Ethnologist 2263:Monthly Labor Review 1819:CBC (10 July 2013). 1624:, Andy Furlong, 2009 1439:"Scarred Generation" 1264:Monthly Labor Review 1148:World Bank Open Data 959:Vocational education 931:overall well-being. 770:A lack of innovation 187:United Arab Emirates 6384:Quarter-life crisis 5928:Recession-proof job 5923:Lists of recessions 5861:Economic depression 5809:Retirement planning 5690:Work–life interface 5527:Employee monitoring 5495:Corporate behaviour 5485:Accounting scandals 5367:Occupational stress 5357:Occupational injury 4888:Reflective practice 4883:Professional school 4605:Work-at-home scheme 4525:Induction programme 4503:Employment contract 4483:Business networking 4312:10.4073/csr.2017.12 4138:26 May 2015 at the 4133:21st Century Skills 4011:Generation Jobless? 3969:10.15185/izawol.243 2960:. 30 September 2021 2488:"Economic Bulletin" 1678:10.3828/idpr.2013.7 1295:10.3828/idpr.2013.7 1236:on 13 December 2014 750:added worker effect 385:after applying for 246:redundancy payments 127:mandatory schooling 6430:Youth unemployment 6409:Youth unemployment 6404:Youth homelessness 6342:Disconnected youth 6325:social dysfunction 6304:Identity formation 6191:See also templates 6028:Job creation index 5992:Youth unemployment 5856:Discouraged worker 5745:Wrongful dismissal 5725:At-will employment 5598:Civil conscription 5562:Workplace bullying 5449:Affirmative action 5431:Workplace wellness 5362:Occupational noise 4998:Long service leave 4858:Overspecialization 4838:Induction training 4793:Career development 3960:IZA World of Labor 3878:10.1093/qje/qjv034 3493:Measure of America 3337:on 11 January 2014 1517:The New York Times 1079:Youth intervention 1025: 951: 924: 899:Possible solutions 856:disenfranchisement 846: 707:scarred generation 700:In 2007, before a 570:, Kazi Mtaani and 295: 255:tertiary education 218: 193:, it is 8 times". 122: 85:Youth unemployment 82: 44:You can assist by 6417: 6416: 6347:Economic mobility 6240: 6239: 6139:Post-work society 6119:Kiss up kick down 5851:Barriers to entry 5816:Severance package 5648:Human trafficking 5542:Sexual harassment 5522:Employee handbook 5441:Equal opportunity 5304:Safety and health 5294:Take-home vehicle 4903:Vocational school 4853:Lifelong learning 4828:Further education 4788:Career counseling 4783:Career assessment 4560:Overqualification 4095:978-92-3-100091-1 3988:McKinsey (2013). 3669:World Development 3456:. 6 August 2012. 2405:style-handbook.eu 1976:978-1-60780-338-6 1952:OECD Publishing. 1720:. 30 January 2020 1334:978-92-3-104240-9 1129:978-92-1-130319-3 1037:systematic review 905:Post-work society 835:French Revolution 831:Russian Civil War 742:income inequality 735:A lost generation 715:COVID-19 pandemic 632:reservation wages 74: 73: 66: 6442: 6394:Vulnerable adult 6323:Psychological or 6309:Self-sufficiency 6267: 6260: 6253: 6244: 6243: 6227:Critique of work 6222:Corporate titles 6190: 6189: 6109:Evil corporation 5975:Employment rates 5898:Jobless recovery 5866:Great Depression 5826:Golden parachute 5821:Golden handshake 5618:Job satisfaction 5608:Critique of work 5426:Workplace phobia 5257:Health insurance 5214:Wage compression 5182:Progressive wage 5036:35-hour workweek 5003:No call, no show 4993:Leave of absence 4843:Knowledge worker 4771:Master craftsman 4575:Personality hire 4513:Executive search 4493:Curriculum vitae 4478:Background check 4347: 4340: 4333: 4324: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4270:. 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4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4274:on 2 March 2018 4260: 4256: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4214: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4190:Financial Times 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4140:Wayback Machine 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4019:Wayback Machine 4008: 4001: 3986: 3977: 3952: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3858: 3854: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3812: 3785: 3781: 3744: 3740: 3734:Wayback Machine 3725: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3664: 3658: 3651: 3645:Wayback Machine 3636: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3586:. 4 August 2024 3578: 3577: 3573: 3558: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3499: 3488:Wayback Machine 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3362:Huffington Post 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3242: 3241: 3237: 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2030: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2001:World Economics 1997: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1951: 1942: 1931:World Economics 1923: 1919: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1879: 1875: 1865: 1863: 1856:Huffington Post 1848: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1825:Huffington Post 1817: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1794:Huffington Post 1786: 1782: 1772: 1770: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1695: 1689: 1685: 1658: 1647: 1641:Wayback Machine 1632: 1628: 1620: 1616: 1610:Wayback Machine 1601: 1586: 1562:10.1.1.514.4342 1545: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1509: 1505: 1494: 1490: 1475: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1435: 1420: 1414:Wayback Machine 1404: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1382:Wayback Machine 1373: 1369: 1363:Wayback Machine 1351: 1342: 1335: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1275: 1271: 1260: 1249: 1239: 1237: 1228: 1227: 1218: 1212: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1177: 1175: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1152: 1150: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1130: 1113: 1109: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1060: 1046: 1017: 1008: 943: 937: 916: 911: 901: 884: 872: 795: 790: 772: 754:informal sector 737: 723: 698: 681: 675: 651: 645: 620: 595: 548: 535: 515: 509: 492: 467: 461: 425: 397: 392: 391: 378: 370: 354: 331: 317: 308: 287: 210: 170: 161: 114: 70: 59: 53: 50: 43: 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6448: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6247: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6154:Sunday scaries 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5905: 5903:Phillips curve 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5804:Retirement age 5801: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5757:Exit interview 5754: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5507:Discrimination 5504: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5459:Gender pay gap 5456: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5279: 5274: 5272:Parental leave 5269: 5267:Marriage leave 5264: 5262:Life insurance 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5118:Income bracket 5114: 5112: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5046:Eight-hour day 5043: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4805: 4803:Creative class 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4763: 4761:Apprenticeship 4757: 4755: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4729:Scarlet-collar 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4445:Temporary work 4442: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4413:Skilled worker 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4350: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4327: 4319: 4318: 4285: 4254: 4231: 4212: 4195: 4176: 4144: 4125: 4116: 4094: 4071: 4062: 4033: 4023: 3999: 3975: 3941: 3916: 3891: 3852: 3841:(3): 1250013. 3821: 3810: 3799:(2): 132–139. 3779: 3758:(3): 301–319. 3738: 3716: 3704: 3649: 3623: 3597: 3571: 3556: 3525: 3497: 3471: 3441: 3410: 3379: 3348: 3322: 3291: 3265: 3235: 3221: 3207: 3194: 3185: 3163: 3147: 3121:(2): 128–145. 3095: 3082: 3060: 3031: 3012:(2): 191–217. 2996: 2971: 2945: 2920: 2899: 2888:. 4 April 2016 2873: 2847: 2822: 2778: 2767:ISTAT (2016). 2759: 2744: 2723: 2712:(3): 465–481. 2696: 2663: 2644:(5): 412–506. 2625: 2598: 2587:(4): 413–426. 2571: 2536: 2527:|journal= 2476: 2467:|journal= 2422: 2389: 2362: 2342: 2333:|journal= 2295:10.3386/w14647 2276: 2253: 2234: 2204: 2174: 2165: 2153: 2123: 2093: 2046: 2028: 2010: 1991: 1982: 1975: 1958: 1940: 1917: 1904: 1873: 1842: 1811: 1780: 1755: 1743: 1731: 1705: 1683: 1645: 1626: 1614: 1584: 1555:(4): 715–740. 1534: 1503: 1488: 1464: 1418: 1398: 1386: 1367: 1340: 1333: 1314: 1300: 1269: 1247: 1216: 1210: 1196:, OECD, 2020, 1185: 1160: 1135: 1128: 1118:, ed. (2013). 1116:United Nations 1107: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1059: 1056: 1045: 1042: 1016: 1013: 1007: 1004: 995:United Kingdom 979: 978: 974: 971: 939:Main article: 936: 933: 915: 912: 900: 897: 888:labour markets 883: 880: 871: 868: 794: 791: 789: 786: 771: 768: 736: 733: 722: 719: 697: 694: 677:Main article: 674: 673:United Kingdom 671: 647:Main article: 644: 641: 619: 616: 594: 591: 547: 544: 534: 531: 511:Main article: 508: 505: 496:United Nations 491: 488: 460: 457: 453:European Union 424: 421: 405:European Union 396: 395:European Union 393: 379: 371: 369: 366: 353: 350: 346: 345: 342: 339: 330: 327: 322:infrastructure 316: 313: 307: 304: 286: 283: 209: 206: 169: 166: 160: 157: 113: 110: 72: 71: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6447: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6378:Puer aeternus 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6129:Make-work job 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6048:Right to work 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6033:Job guarantee 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6018:Make-work job 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5789:Restructuring 5787: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5767:Notice period 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5673:Unfree labour 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5643:Bonded labour 5641: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5557:Whistleblower 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5490:Control fraud 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5464:Glass ceiling 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5399:Work accident 5397: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5387:United States 5385: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5287:United States 5285: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242:Casual Friday 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5199:Paid time off 5197: 5195: 5194:Overtime rate 5192: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5175:United States 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041:Four-day week 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4925:Practice firm 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4823:Employability 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724:Orange-collar 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4671:Working class 4668: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4545:Job interview 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4398:Part-time job 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4383:Full-time job 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4219: 4215: 4213:9789264205000 4209: 4205: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4161: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4120: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4084: 4083: 4075: 4066: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4038: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4006: 4004: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3819: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3713: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3557:9789264250512 3553: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3510: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3231: 3225: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3198: 3189: 3174: 3167: 3161:Madrid: BBVA. 3160: 3154: 3152: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3092: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2909: 2903: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2546:Health Policy 2540: 2532: 2519: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2472: 2459: 2440: 2433: 2426: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2394: 2377: 2373: 2370:Baker, Dean. 2366: 2358: 2357: 2349: 2347: 2338: 2325: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183:"Portal Home" 2178: 2169: 2160: 2158: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1986: 1978: 1972: 1968: 1962: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1908: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1846: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1701: 1694: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1672:(2): 91–102. 1671: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1623: 1618: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1499: 1492: 1485:(7): 471–507. 1484: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1393: 1391: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1318: 1310: 1304: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1273: 1265: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1213: 1211:9789264313217 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1131: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1074:Job guarantee 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1041: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1012: 1003: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 984: 975: 972: 968: 967: 966: 963: 960: 956: 947: 942: 932: 928: 920: 910: 906: 896: 894: 893:distortionary 889: 879: 877: 876:incarceration 867: 863: 859: 857: 852: 842: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 785: 782: 778: 767: 765: 760: 755: 751: 745: 743: 732: 729: 726: 718: 716: 710: 708: 703: 696:United States 693: 690: 686: 680: 670: 667: 664: 660: 656: 650: 640: 636: 633: 627: 625: 615: 613: 612:human capital 608: 604: 600: 590: 587: 584: 580: 575: 573: 572:Ajira Digital 569: 565: 561: 556: 552: 543: 540: 530: 528: 524: 520: 514: 504: 502: 497: 487: 484: 479: 477: 471: 466: 456: 454: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 420: 417: 415: 409: 406: 402: 388: 383: 376: 365: 363: 359: 349: 343: 340: 337: 336: 335: 326: 323: 312: 303: 301: 291: 282: 280: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 256: 253:basis during 252: 247: 243: 239: 238:seasonal jobs 235: 231: 227: 223: 214: 205: 203: 199: 198:labour market 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 165: 156: 154: 149: 147: 142: 137: 134: 132: 128: 118: 109: 107: 103: 98: 96: 95: 90: 86: 78: 68: 65: 57: 54:November 2023 47: 41: 39: 34:This article 32: 23: 22: 19: 6408: 6376: 6164:Toxic leader 6144:Presenteeism 6124:Labor rights 6114:Going postal 6089:Bullshit job 6072: 6057: 6052: 5991: 5843:Unemployment 5695:Downshifting 5678:Wage slavery 5658:Penal labour 5613:Dead-end job 5603:Conscription 5382:Right to sit 5237:Annual leave 5219:Working poor 5155:Minimum wage 5133:Maximum wage 5091:Working time 5081:Six-hour day 4978:Career break 4940:Professional 4734:Black-collar 4704:White-collar 4684:Green-collar 4661:Volunteering 4498:Drug testing 4488:Cover letter 4428:Tradesperson 4305:(1): 1–288. 4302: 4298: 4288: 4278:19 September 4276:. Retrieved 4272:the original 4267: 4257: 4249:the original 4244: 4234: 4222:. Retrieved 4198: 4189: 4179: 4167:. Retrieved 4147: 4128: 4119: 4107:. Retrieved 4081: 4074: 4065: 4053:. Retrieved 4026: 4010: 3994:the original 3959: 3932:. Retrieved 3928: 3919: 3907:. Retrieved 3903: 3894: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3813: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3707: 3672: 3668: 3614:. Retrieved 3610: 3600: 3588:. Retrieved 3583: 3574: 3537: 3528: 3516:. Retrieved 3479: 3474: 3462:. Retrieved 3453: 3444: 3432:. Retrieved 3424:The Guardian 3423: 3413: 3403:12 September 3401:. Retrieved 3392: 3382: 3370:. Retrieved 3361: 3351: 3341:12 September 3339:. Retrieved 3335:the original 3325: 3313:. Retrieved 3305:The Guardian 3304: 3294: 3282:. Retrieved 3268: 3256:. Retrieved 3247: 3238: 3224: 3210: 3202: 3197: 3188: 3178:21 September 3176:. Retrieved 3166: 3158: 3138:. Retrieved 3118: 3114: 3090: 3085: 3072: 3063: 3040: 3034: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2987:. Retrieved 2983: 2974: 2962:. 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Retrieved 1147: 1138: 1119: 1110: 1093: 1047: 1034: 1032:businesses. 1030: 1026: 1009: 988: 980: 964: 952: 929: 925: 885: 873: 864: 860: 847: 813:towards the 799:unemployment 796: 773: 746: 738: 730: 727: 724: 711: 706: 699: 688: 685:unemployment 682: 668: 652: 637: 628: 624:South Africa 621: 618:South Africa 596: 585: 578: 576: 557: 553: 549: 536: 516: 493: 480: 472: 468: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 418: 410: 398: 380: 355: 347: 332: 318: 309: 306:Case studies 296: 263: 219: 195: 191:Saudi Arabia 171: 162: 150: 140: 138: 135: 123: 99: 92: 89:unemployment 84: 83: 60: 51: 38:copy editing 36:may require 35: 18: 6289:Adolescence 6276:development 6274:Young adult 6053:Historical: 5777:Resignation 5717:Termination 5700:Slow living 5668:Truck wages 5653:Labour camp 5581:Willingness 5473:Infractions 5128:Living wage 5071:Remote work 4739:Gold-collar 4694:Pink-collar 4689:Grey-collar 4679:Blue-collar 4646:Labour hire 4621:Cooperative 4585:Recruitment 4540:Job hunting 4473:Application 4455:Wage labour 4440:Labour hire 4393:Job sharing 4224:17 December 4169:17 December 4055:17 December 3872:: 423–460. 3434:13 December 3315:13 December 3140:10 December 2886:UNFPA Kenya 2614:: 203–209. 2217:ycharts.com 1240:17 December 1178:23 December 1153:23 December 827:Arab Spring 399:Due to the 234:internships 226:incompetent 222:unmotivated 6424:Categories 6357:Hikikomori 5987:Wage curve 5794:Retirement 5707:Workaholic 5685:Work ethic 5552:Wage theft 5537:Labour law 5532:Evaluation 5517:Dress code 5282:Sick leave 5247:Child care 5209:Salary cap 5123:Income tax 5086:Shift work 5018:Time clock 5013:Sick leave 5008:Sabbatical 4973:Break room 4961:Attendance 4930:Profession 4915:Mentorship 4893:Retraining 4818:E-learning 4714:New-collar 4709:Red-collar 4656:Supervisor 4636:Internship 4555:Onboarding 4423:Technician 4418:Journeyman 4388:Gig worker 4354:Employment 3690:10986/3401 3616:15 October 3426:. 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