1260:
govern the
Jiankun (Ch'ien-K'un) region which later became Yenisei. Li Ling was a grandson of Li Guang (Li Kuang) of the Longxi Li family descended from Laozi which the Tang dynasty Li imperial family claimed descent from. The Yenisei Kyrgyz and Tang dynasty launched a victorious successful war between 840 and 848 to destroy the Uyghur Khaganate and its centre at the Orkhon valley using their claimed familial ties as justification for an alliance. Tang forces under General Shi Xiong wounded the Uyghur Khagan (Qaghan) Ögä, seized livestock, took 5,000–20,000 Uyghur Khaganate soldiers captive, killed 10,000 Uyghur Khaganate sources on 13 February 843 at the Battle of Shahu (kill the barbarians) mountain.
2495:
883:
56:
889:
1229:
1249:) sources regarding the Kyrgyz indicates that the two powers maintained diplomatic relations. Scholars who write of a Kyrgyz "empire" from about 840 to about 924 are describing a fantasy. All available evidence suggests that despite some brief extensions of their power onto the Mongolian Plateau, the Kyrgyz did not maintain a significant political or military presence there after their victories in the 840s.
813:
867:, the Kyrgyz army was defeated, the Khagan Bars died. The Kyrgyz state was conquered, Gokturk troops were stationed in the Minusinsk Basin. However, management was handed over to the Kyrgyz ruler. Already in 711, China arrived Kyrgyz embassy. Perhaps it was sent by Bars Khagan before his death in the hope of help. In 722 and 723 two arrived in Tang Empire Kyrgyz embassies headed by
1755:. Khudi︠a︡kov, I︠U︡. S. (I︠U︡liĭ Sergeevich), Худяков, Ю. С. (Юлий Сергеевич), Khakasskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet imeni N.F. Katanova. Institut istorii i prava., Хакасский государственный университет имени Н.Ф. Катанова. Институт истории и права. Abakan: Izd-vo Khakasskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N.F. Katanova. p. 69.
1652:，北降丁令，并三國。" rough translation: "Zhizhi saw that Wusun had numerous soldiers and their ambassador again had not returned. He commanded his armies, encountered and attacked the Wusun, defeating them. Then he attacked the Wujie in the north; the Wujie surrendered. Dispatching his armies westwards, he defeated the
1259:
The
Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate of the Are family bolstered his ties and alliance to the Tang imperial family against the Uyghur Khaganate by claiming descent from the Han dynasty general Li Ling who had defected to the Xiongnu and married a Xiongnu princess, daughter of Qiedihou Chanyu and was sent to
1285:
did not rush to create him khagan. At a general council of senior officials, they decided that the titles were given to the
Uyghurs when they were strong, and if the Yenisei Kyrgyz were awarded as well, they would become proud and become dangerous. The emperor revoked the letter.
1981:. Curatores seriei VICTOR SPINEI et IONEL CANDEÂ VII. Vol. The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research. ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF IAȘI Editura Academiei Romane – Editura Istros. p. 245.
842:
and even tried to conclude a dynastic alliance with him by marrying his "younger sister-princess" to him. However, this only temporarily dulled the most acute contradictions between the
Gokturks and the Kyrgyz, who fought for dominance over
1305:
around 1130; the Kyrgyz were not defeated, but there is some speculation that at some point they came under the sway of the Qara Khitai. Almost 80 years later, in 1207/1208, the Kyrgyz submitted to the rising power of the
Mongols under
548:
who had previously ruled the Kyrgyz. The empire was established as a khaganate from 539 to 1218, lasting 679 years. The khaganate's territory at its height would briefly include parts of modern-day
1213:
also claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kyrgyz khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang imperial family. This relationship soothed the relationship when Kyrgyz khagan
847:. In 707 and 709 Kyrgyz envoys visited the Tang Empire twice. At this time, the Gokturks were at war with the Tang Empire and the Kyrgyz found themselves in a new coalition with the
1565:
Mustafa Kalkan, (2005), “Kırgız Boylarının
Yenisey’den Çıkarılmaları ve Coğrafî Dağılımları”, (in Turkish), Erdem: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Dergisi, Vol: 15, No: 47, Page: 77-100.
863:. However, in the winter of 710–711. the Gokturk army, having made a roundabout maneuver, crossed the Sayan Range and suddenly fell upon the Kyrgyz. As a result of the defeat in
804:
in 710. After Turkic downfall, they submitted to
Uyghurs. Their leader Bayanchur killed the Kyrgyz leader and appointed a new Kyrgyz khagan named Bilge Tong Erkin (毗伽頓頡斤).
309:
295:
270:
568:. After the 10th century, there was little information on the Yenisei Kyrgyz. It is believed the khaganate had survived in its traditional homeland until 1207.
2283:
2203:
2243:
1601:"後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。…… 是時漢初定中國，……。" translation: "Later in the North subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli nations. It was when the
859:
and a bridgehead for the invasion of the Kyrgyz lands. Bars Khagan did not dare to intervene, hoping for the impregnability of their lands beyond the
2663:
472:
1817:
851:, Chik, Az and Tang Empire. The greatest danger to the Gokturks during this period was represented by the Kyrgyz who gained strength. In 709, the
1821:
1289:
After Are's murder by one of his officials in 847, new Kyrgyz khagan was created Yingwu
Chengming Khagan (英武誠明可汗) by Xuanzong, who sent Li Ye (
2852:
1214:
882:
2114:
1950:
1911:
1873:
1703:
1682:
1594:
55:
2017:
The role of women in the Altaic world : Permanent
International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26–31 August 2001
1627:
1568:
2494:
1290:
1843:
2564:
2550:
1169:
198:
17:
2574:
2554:
1550:
1897:
The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent
International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26–31 August 2001
2867:
1282:
2832:
2530:
2024:
1986:
465:
2362:
1190:, in 632. He received Kyrgyz ambassador named Shiboqu Azhan (失鉢屈阿棧) who was later appointed to the Yanran (燕然) Commandery.
2756:
2525:
1245:
in 924, but there is no indication whatsoever of any conflict with the Kyrgyz. The only information we have from Khitan (
2857:
2277:
2237:
1905:
2062:
Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840".
1793:
1760:
1297:
After the tenth century, there is little additional information regarding the Kyrgyz until their absorption into the
458:
2103:. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian Library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. pp. 126, 291, 190, 191, 15, 16.
2265:
2164:
1992:
948:
2842:
2197:
2187:
2108:
1944:
1587:
1506:
714:
490:
2225:
1645:
1327:
2837:
1900:. Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.
2688:
2655:
2617:
2542:
2048:
1547:
The peoples of Southern Siberia in the ancient Turkic era Chapter IV. Late Turkic time. (in Russian)
2720:
2673:
2630:
2512:
1024:
864:
589:
1534:
630:
conquered the Kyrgyzes, then known to Chinese as Gekun (鬲昆), along with the Hunyu (渾庾), Qushe (屈射),
2872:
2735:
2725:
2678:
2668:
2635:
2559:
2445:
2418:
2413:
2355:
970:
353:
345:
2423:
2272:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. BRILL. p. 99.
2232:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. BRILL. p. 92.
1187:
852:
823:
585:
369:
2408:
1278:
677:
337:
111:
2098:
1934:
2730:
2696:
2640:
1895:
1521:
755:
1975:
The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research
1865:
1714:
1679:
1277:'Fathering Heroes', ' Martial and Sincere', ' Brilliant Khagan') by
2762:
2625:
2569:
1566:
1333:
2192:. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian Library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 114.
1939:. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126.
8:
2520:
2455:
2348:
1835:
1035:
895:
816:
516:
498:
409:
119:
2137:"Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840"
1606:
2862:
2326:
2156:
2079:
2042:
1811:
658:
1548:
888:
544:
since the 6th century. By the 9th century, the Kyrgyz had asserted dominance over the
2847:
2795:
2330:
2273:
2233:
2193:
2104:
2030:
2020:
1982:
1940:
1901:
1799:
1789:
1766:
1756:
1242:
1077:
1055:
1046:
988:
401:
2701:
2470:
2440:
2398:
2148:
2071:
1350:
1342:
1264:
1218:
1137:
997:
797:
705:
689:
595:
545:
385:
275:
2791:
2784:
2774:
2484:
1686:
1598:
1572:
1554:
860:
827:
801:
1991:. Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi.
1174:
Activity range of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate and contemporary Asian polities,
2503:
2479:
2430:
2380:
1228:
1006:
926:
835:
537:
533:
522:
73:
2826:
2811:
2645:
2597:
2465:
2460:
2403:
2034:
1783:
1591:
1298:
1148:
1099:
789:
670:
441:
393:
302:
2340:
1803:
1770:
1656:; northwards he subjugated the Dinglings. Thus, he quelled three countries."
1281:. But Wuzong died before his ambassadors departed Chang'an. The new emperor
2801:
2767:
2602:
2584:
1691:
ChinaKnowledge.de – An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
1307:
1301:
in the thirteenth century. There was a conflict between the Kyrgyz and the
1246:
1157:
1128:
1088:
844:
662:
614:
288:
2592:
1648:– Account of the Xiongnu" quote: "郅支見烏孫兵多，其使又不反，勒兵逢擊烏孫，破之。因北擊烏揭，烏揭降。發其兵西破
1640:
1602:
1302:
1222:
1210:
1194:
1066:
719:
613:
The earliest records of Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate were written during the
529:
2806:
2708:
2607:
2371:
2189:
Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History
2100:
Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History
1936:
Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history
771:
666:
657:
and Jiankun (Kyrgyzes). During those times, Kyrgyz people lived in the
650:
617:. The Kyrgyz did not keep reliable written records during this period.
557:
553:
433:
87:
2160:
2136:
2083:
848:
377:
1973:
1737:
Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks".
1583:
1108:
1015:
937:
635:
69:
2305:
2019:. Veit, Veronika, 1944–. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 2007. p. 61.
1669:, Vol. 34, No. 1/2 (1990). Harrassowitz Verlag. page 98-99 of 98–108
1502:
2152:
2075:
1397:
1381:
1263:
In 845, Are khagan was created Zong Yingxiong Wu Chengming Khagan (
1209:
and defected in the first century BCE. And since the Tang imperial
1202:
839:
793:
654:
631:
578:
561:
183:
156:
143:
135:
2779:
2450:
2393:
2388:
1750:
1206:
1198:
1186:
The first embassy to Yenisei Kyrgyz was sent during reign of the
1117:
959:
915:
621:
541:
425:
361:
1866:"Xiajiasi 黠戛斯 or Jilijisi 吉利吉思, Qirqiz (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1238:
906:
831:
642:
624:
565:
525:
163:
2307:
Making Mongol History: Rashid al-Din and the Jami' al-Tawarikh
822:
After an unsuccessful campaign against the Kyrgyz in 693, the
800:. His son ruled Kyrgyzs after Bars Bek's defeated in hands of
2713:
979:
871:
Isibo Sheyuzhe Bishi Sygin and Tegin Juili Pinhezhong Sigin.
868:
646:
627:
549:
1503:"The Yenisei Kyrgyz from Early Times to the Mongol Conquest"
812:
2435:
856:
92:
509:
1221:
and put Qasar Qaghan to the sword. The news brought to
601:
840: The Kyrgyz Khaganate conquers the Uyghur Khaganate
1786:
The perilous frontier : nomadic empires and China
1784:
Barfield, Thomas J. (Thomas Jefferson), 1950- (1989).
1932:
1431:
Pitsye Tungye Gin (𐰯𐰄𐰾𐰾𐰘𐰅 𐱄𐰆𐰣𐰏𐰘𐰅 𐰏𐰄𐰪)
1665:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The Name of the Kirghiz" in
528:that existed for about a century between the early
60:
Hypothetical extent of territory in the 9th century
1391:Inanch Alp Bilge(𐰃𐰣𐰀𐰣𐰲𐰆 𐰀𐰞𐰯 𐰋𐰄𐰠𐰏𐰅)
680:, the Kyrgyzes' endonym was first transcribed as
2824:
1788:. Cambridge, Mass.: B. Blackwell. p. 152.
1659:
1618:Golden, Peter B. (2012), “Oq and Oğur ~ Oğuz”,
1448:Zong Yingxiong Wu Chengming Khagan (宗英雄武誠明可汗)
874:
2370:
2356:
1893:
466:
1816:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1751:Butanaev, V. I︠A︡.; Бутанаев, В. Я. (2000).
1193:The Kyrgyz khagans claimed descent from the
1272:
855:army defeated the Chiks and Azs, capturing
2363:
2349:
1820:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1731:
669:, about 7,000 li (4,000 km) west of
473:
459:
54:
2270:Warfare in Inner Asian History (500–1800)
2230:Warfare in Inner Asian History (500–1800)
1695:
1337:, title of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khagan was
722:, respectively. other transcriptions are
540:people, who had been located in southern
2266:"THE UIGHUR-CHINESE CONFLICT OF 840–848"
2226:"THE UIGHUR-CHINESE CONFLICT OF 840–848"
2141:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2064:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1971:
1965:
1704:"The Turkic World in Mahmûd al-Kâshgarî"
1401:
1396:
1227:
811:
1836:"V.Ya. Butanaev, Yu.S. Khudyakov, 2000"
1225:by Kyrgyz ambassador Zhuwu Hesu (註吾合素).
14:
2825:
2303:
2263:
2223:
2185:
2134:
2096:
2061:
1701:
1500:
1126:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1064:
1044:
1033:
1022:
1013:
2344:
1155:
1146:
1086:
986:
977:
968:
957:
946:
904:
893:
830:was forced to recognize the title of
788:They were largely subordinate to the
673:– the center of Xiongnu's territory.
521:'State of the Kyrgyz') was a
2320:
2167:from the original on 2 December 2021
1863:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1075:
1053:
1004:
995:
924:
913:
502:
2853:Former countries in Chinese history
2757:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
2526:Protectorate of the Western Regions
1346:
1135:
935:
27:539–1207 Turkic empire in East Asia
24:
1953:from the original on 11 March 2023
1914:from the original on 11 March 2023
1241:did extend his influence onto the
1232:Yenisei Kyrgyz tableware and altar
25:
2884:
2321:刘正寅 (2013年). "《史集·部族志·乞儿吉思部》研究".
1481:
1465:Yingwu Chengming Khagan (英武誠明可汗)
792:from 560s to 700s. Kyrgyz khagan
777:'gray' (horse color) plus suffix
2493:
2310:. p. Preface and Chapter 1.
1501:Drompp, Michael (January 2002).
887:
881:
571:
307:
293:
268:
2314:
2304:Stefan, Kamola (January 2019).
2297:
2286:from the original on 2023-03-11
2257:
2246:from the original on 2023-03-11
2217:
2206:from the original on 2023-03-11
2186:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005).
2179:
2128:
2117:from the original on 2023-03-11
2097:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005).
2090:
2055:
2009:
1998:from the original on 2021-10-26
1926:
1887:
1876:from the original on 2021-02-01
1857:
1846:from the original on 2023-01-27
1828:
1777:
1753:Istorii︠a︡ eniseĭskikh kyrgyzov
1744:
1509:from the original on 2023-03-11
770:and suggests a derivation from
1933:Michael Robert Drompp (2005).
1672:
1633:
1612:
1588:Records of the Grand Historian
1577:
1559:
1541:
1427:𐰋𐰄𐰠𐰏𐰅 𐱄𐰆𐰣𐰏 𐰅𐰼𐰚𐰄𐰤
1205:. Li Ling was captured by the
807:
715:Records of the Grand Historian
494:
13:
1:
2868:Former countries in East Asia
2268:. In Cosmo, Nicola Di (ed.).
2228:. In Cosmo, Nicola Di (ed.).
1474:
1359:
1175:
598:conquers the Kyrgyz Khaganate
2833:History of the Kyrgyz people
1972:Kyzlasov, Leonid R. (2010).
1739:The Medieval History Journal
1467:
1464:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1393:
1390:
1379:
510:
7:
2264:Drompp, Michael R. (2018).
2224:Drompp, Michael R. (2018).
2135:Drompp, Michael R. (1999).
1894:Veronika Veit, ed. (2007).
875:Relations with Tang dynasty
426:Cuman–Kipchak confederation
10:
2889:
2626:against Northwest khanates
1320:
1293:) to award him the title.
1201:, grandson of the general
608:
2858:Former monarchies of Asia
2748:
2687:
2654:
2616:
2583:
2541:
2511:
2502:
2491:
2379:
1702:Golden, Peter B. (2017).
1678:Theobald, Ulrich (2012).
1354:
1268:
865:Battle of Sayan Mountains
758:reconstructs underlying *
709:
693:
641:In 50 BC, Xiongnu chanyu
590:Battle of Sayan Mountains
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2419:Western Turkic Khaganate
2414:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1605:had just stabilized the
972:YENESEI KYRGYZ KHAGANATE
796:was a brother-in-law to
604:840–924: Imperial period
418:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
354:Western Turkic Khaganate
346:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
18:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
2424:Second Turkic Khaganate
1667:Central Asiatic Journal
1188:Emperor Taizong of Tang
586:Second Turkic Khaganate
370:Second Turkic Khaganate
331:Early Turkic Khaganates
2409:First Turkic Khaganate
2047:: CS1 maint: others (
1680:"Xiajiasi 黠戛斯, Qirqiz"
1529:Cite journal requires
1318:
1257:
1233:
819:
678:Chinese historiography
338:First Turkic Khaganate
235:• Disestablished
112:Orkhon Turkic language
2843:925 disestablishments
2551:against Western Turks
1870:www.chinaknowledge.de
1295:
1235:
1231:
815:
105:Common languages
2763:Greater Central Asia
1713:: 16. Archived from
1170:class=notpageimage|
536:. It ruled over the
817:Elegest inscription
410:Kara-Khanid Khanate
394:Karluk Yabghu State
225:• Established
120:Old Turkic language
34:State of the Kyrgyz
2838:840 establishments
1864:Theobald, Ulrich.
1685:2021-02-01 at the
1654:Jiankun (Kyrgyzes)
1597:2022-11-09 at the
1571:2022-04-09 at the
1553:2020-07-01 at the
1234:
820:
659:Borohoro Mountains
2820:
2819:
2796:Chinese Turkestan
2744:
2743:
2565:Mongolian Plateau
2026:978-3-447-05537-6
1988:978-973-27-1962-6
1472:
1471:
1462:
1445:
1428:
1412:
1388:
1334:Jami' al-tawarikh
1325:According to the
1275:
1243:Mongolian Plateau
1237:The Khitan ruler
1217:(阿熱) invaded the
581:founded the state
520:
508:
503:𐰴𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰕:𐰅𐰠
483:
482:
402:Oghuz Yabgu State
378:Türgesh Khaganate
323:
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318:
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280:
43:
37:𐰴𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰕:𐰅𐰠
16:(Redirected from
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2013:
2007:
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2003:
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1980:
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1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1708:
1699:
1693:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1637:
1631:
1620:Turkic Languages
1616:
1610:
1581:
1575:
1563:
1557:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1498:
1461:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰄𐰤𐰍𐰆
1460:
1443:
1426:
1423:Bilge Tong Erkin
1411:
1387:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰉𐰺𐰋𐰏
1386:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1316:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1255:
1219:Uyghur Khaganate
1180:
1177:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1111:
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1095:
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1073:
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1018:
1011:
1009:
1002:
1000:
993:
991:
984:
982:
975:
973:
966:
964:
955:
953:
944:
942:
933:
931:
922:
920:
911:
909:
902:
900:
891:
885:
711:
695:
596:Uyghur Khaganate
515:
513:
507:romanized:
506:
504:
496:
487:Kyrgyz Khaganate
475:
468:
461:
446:
438:
434:Ghaznavid Empire
430:
422:
414:
406:
398:
390:
386:Uyghur Khaganate
382:
374:
366:
362:Khazar Khaganate
358:
350:
342:
325:
324:
311:
310:
297:
296:
285:
284:
276:Uyghur Khaganate
272:
271:
265:
264:
249:
248:
203:
188:
140:
116:
97:
58:
39:
30:
29:
21:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2873:Nomadic empires
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2792:Western Regions
2785:Chinese Tartary
2775:Eurasian nomads
2740:
2697:against Dzungar
2683:
2664:against Mongols
2650:
2612:
2579:
2537:
2521:against Xiongnu
2504:Chinese empires
2498:
2489:
2381:Nomadic empires
2375:
2369:
2339:
2338:
2319:
2315:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2240:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2200:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2111:
2095:
2091:
2060:
2056:
2040:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1782:
1778:
1763:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1687:Wayback Machine
1677:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1638:
1634:
1617:
1613:
1599:Wayback Machine
1582:
1578:
1573:Wayback Machine
1564:
1560:
1555:Wayback Machine
1546:
1542:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1499:
1482:
1477:
1459:
1442:
1425:
1410:
1385:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1256:
1253:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1003:
998:
996:
994:
989:
987:
985:
980:
978:
976:
971:
969:
967:
960:
958:
956:
949:
947:
945:
938:
936:
934:
929:
927:
925:
923:
916:
914:
912:
907:
905:
903:
898:
896:
894:
892:
877:
861:Sayan Mountains
810:
665:valley on east
620:Before 201 BC,
611:
574:
479:
450:
449:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
396:
388:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
333:
332:
308:
294:
269:
236:
226:
201:
195:
194:• 847–866
186:
180:
179:• 693–711
148:
138:
124:
114:
100:
95:
61:
44:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2752:
2750:
2749:Related topics
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:against Turpan
2666:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:Chief Official
2523:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:history series
2368:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2313:
2296:
2279:978-9004391789
2278:
2256:
2239:978-9004391789
2238:
2216:
2198:
2178:
2153:10.2307/605932
2147:(3): 390–403.
2127:
2109:
2089:
2076:10.2307/605932
2070:(3): 394–395.
2054:
2025:
2008:
1987:
1964:
1945:
1925:
1907:978-3447055376
1906:
1886:
1856:
1827:
1794:
1776:
1761:
1743:
1730:
1694:
1671:
1658:
1632:
1611:
1607:Central Region
1576:
1558:
1540:
1531:|journal=
1479:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰀𐰳𐰆
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:Personal Name
1322:
1319:
1315:Michael Drompp
1312:
1279:Emperor Wuzong
1254:Michael Drompp
1251:
1173:
1168:
1167:
886:
880:
879:
878:
876:
873:
809:
806:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
599:
592:
582:
573:
570:
538:Yenisei Kyrgyz
534:13th centuries
481:
480:
478:
477:
470:
463:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
334:
330:
329:
328:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
305:
299:
298:
291:
282:
279:
278:
273:
261:
260:
255:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
205:
204:
196:
193:
190:
189:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
147:
146:
141:
132:
130:
126:
125:
123:
122:
117:
108:
106:
102:
101:
99:
98:
90:
84:
82:
78:
77:
74:Nomadic empire
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2885:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2813:
2812:Greater China
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2646:Northern Yuan
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Northern Liao
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:against Tibet
2558:
2556:
2555:Eastern Turks
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:Mongol Empire
2464:
2462:
2461:Khamag Mongol
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2012:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1795:1-55786-043-2
1791:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1762:5-7810-0119-0
1758:
1754:
1747:
1741:, 21(2): 302.
1740:
1734:
1720:on 2022-04-03
1716:
1712:
1711:Türkologiya 4
1705:
1698:
1692:
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1684:
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1630:. p. 15 of 29
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1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1458:
1457:Yingwu Khagan
1454:
1441:
1437:
1424:
1420:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1299:Mongol Empire
1294:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1266:
1261:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
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1143:
1132:
1123:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1083:
1072:
1061:
1050:
1041:
1030:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
965:
963:
954:
952:
943:
941:
932:
921:
919:
910:
901:
890:
884:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
814:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:
707:
703:
699:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
645:defeated the
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
626:
623:
618:
616:
603:
600:
597:
593:
591:
587:
583:
580:
576:
575:
572:Periodization
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
524:
518:
512:
500:
492:
488:
476:
471:
469:
464:
462:
457:
456:
454:
453:
443:
442:Seljuk Empire
440:
435:
432:
427:
424:
419:
416:
411:
408:
403:
400:
395:
392:
387:
384:
379:
376:
371:
368:
363:
360:
355:
352:
347:
344:
339:
336:
335:
327:
326:
306:
304:
303:Mongol Empire
301:
300:
292:
290:
287:
286:
283:
277:
274:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
246:
242:
238:
232:
228:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
200:
197:
191:
185:
182:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
145:
142:
137:
134:
133:
131:
127:
121:
118:
113:
110:
109:
107:
103:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
57:
52:
47:
42:
31:
19:
2802:China proper
2768:Central Asia
2755:
2603:Eastern Liao
2593:Western Liao
2322:
2316:
2306:
2299:
2288:. Retrieved
2269:
2259:
2248:. Retrieved
2229:
2219:
2208:. Retrieved
2188:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2144:
2140:
2130:
2119:. Retrieved
2099:
2092:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2016:
2011:
2000:. Retrieved
1974:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1935:
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1896:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1869:
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
1840:kronk.spb.ru
1839:
1830:
1785:
1779:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1722:. Retrieved
1715:the original
1710:
1697:
1690:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1635:
1628:archived pdf
1623:
1619:
1614:
1586:
1579:
1561:
1543:
1522:cite journal
1511:. Retrieved
1456:
1439:
1422:
1407:
1402:Aje dynasty
1380:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1308:Genghis Khan
1296:
1288:
1262:
1258:
1236:
1192:
1185:
961:
950:
939:
917:
845:Central Asia
821:
798:Bilge Khagan
787:
782:
779:-q(X)ŕ/ğ(X)ŕ
778:
774:
767:
763:
759:
756:Peter Golden
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
713:
701:
697:
685:
681:
675:
663:Manasi River
640:
619:
615:Tang dynasty
612:
486:
484:
417:
289:Liao dynasty
258:Succeeded by
257:
252:
40:
2575:Tarim Basin
2171:4 September
1641:Book of Han
1382:Bars Khagan
1303:Qara Khitai
1195:Han dynasty
808:Bars Khagan
783:k(X)z/g(X)z
720:Book of Han
253:Preceded by
96:(since 970)
2827:Categories
2807:Sinosphere
2709:Lifan Yuan
2608:Later Liao
2372:Inner Asia
2323:《中国边疆史地研究》
2290:2022-07-09
2250:2022-07-09
2210:2022-07-09
2199:9004141294
2121:2020-11-21
2110:9004141294
2002:2020-04-30
1957:8 February
1946:9004141294
1918:8 February
1880:2019-12-13
1850:2023-01-27
1724:2022-11-09
1513:2019-12-13
1475:References
1440:Ajo Khagan
1179: 900
1028:PRATIHARAS
897:KARAKHANID
772:Old Turkic
750:(居勿), and
667:Tengir-Too
634:(丁零), and
558:Kyrgyzstan
554:Kazakhstan
499:Old Turkic
429:c.950–1241
153:Government
139:(official)
115:(official)
88:Ordu-Baliq
2863:Khakassia
2721:Manchuria
2674:Manchuria
2631:Manchuria
2331:224661200
2043:cite book
2035:182731462
1812:cite book
1646:vol. 94 B
1584:Sima Qian
1372:Religion
1328:Tobchiyan
1211:Li family
1139:BYZANTINE
1110:DVARAVATI
1059:CALIPHATE
1017:SRIVIJAYA
999:SAFFARIDS
940:Pechenegs
702:Chien-kun
655:Dinglings
649:, Wujie (
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584:711: The
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445:1037–1194
129:Religion
70:Khaganate
41:Qyrğyz El
2848:Khanates
2736:Xinjiang
2726:Mongolia
2702:genocide
2636:Mongolia
2471:Chagatai
2404:Göktürks
2284:Archived
2244:Archived
2204:Archived
2165:Archived
2115:Archived
1993:Archived
1951:Archived
1912:Archived
1874:Archived
1844:Archived
1804:18629749
1771:47206450
1683:Archived
1595:Archived
1592:Vol. 110
1569:Archived
1551:Archived
1507:Archived
1468:847–866
1451:795–847
1434:758–795
1417:711–758
1398:Tengrism
1394:693–711
1375:Dynasty
1313:—
1283:Xuanzong
1269:宗英雄武誠明可汗
1252:—
1223:Chang'an
1203:Li Guang
1197:general
1037:RASHTRA-
1026:GURJARA-
1008:SAMANIDS
840:Bars Bek
834:for the
828:Qapaghan
802:Qapaghan
794:Bars Bek
790:Göktürks
752:Xiajiasi
661:and the
632:Dingling
588:won the
579:Bars Bek
562:Mongolia
437:977–1186
421:840–1207
413:840–1212
405:766–1055
184:Bars Bek
157:Monarchy
144:Buddhism
136:Tengrism
49:539–1207
2780:Tartary
2570:Beiting
2485:Dzungar
2480:Timurid
2431:Tibetan
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1351:Chinese
1343:Persian
1321:Khagans
1265:Chinese
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853:Gokturk
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609:History
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1070:EMPIRE
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2173:2021
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2031:OCLC
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1983:ISBN
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1822:link
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1800:OCLC
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