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as well as captured pirates, was to be dropped or ducked from the yardarm. This entailed the accused having a rope fixed to the yardarm and tied under their arms, before being dropped into the sea. They would then be hauled back onto the ship, where the punishment could be repeated up to three times.
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To stop using (i.e., to "hand") the sail, the sheets are released and the clewlines and buntlines are pulled tight. The sail folds in half - back in its gear - and so no longer catches the wind. Unless the sail is to be used again very soon, the next step is to "stow" it. To do this, the crew must go
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from the yardarm itself. Instead of the usually quick death a hanging ensured ashore, the condemned man would have the noose placed around his neck, before the end of the rope was passed over the yardarm. A group of sailors would then pull him into the air where he would remain for at least half an
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many modern square riggers will 'man the yards'. All the crew not required on deck to handle the ship will go aloft and spread out along the yards. This manoeuvre was originally used to display the whole crew to the harbour authorities and the other ships present, to show that the ship's guns were
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are led along the yard and from there to the mast and down to the deck. These allow the bottom of the sail to be hoisted up to the yard, so the sail is effectively folded in two. In this state the sail is said to be "in its gear", that is ready for setting or stowing. To set the sail the clewlines
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The yards represent a considerable weight high above the vessel's centre of gravity; to increase stability, especially in heavy weather, some means is normally provided to lower some of the yards when they are not being used to set sails. In nineteenth-century warships (where a large crew was
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The yard can rotate around the mast to allow the direction of the vessel to be changed relative to the wind. When running directly downwind the yards are 'squared', pointing horizontal to the ship's centre line. As the ship is steered closer to the wind the yards are braced round using the
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run along the top of the yard - the sail will be bent on to one of them, but a second one is often provided (particularly on larger yards) for the crew to hold on to. These are usually steel rods, but stiff cordage stretched between the yardarms was used in the past.
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available) this was generally by physically "sending down" the upper yards from the masts and storing them on deck—along with, in many cases, the upper sections of the mast itself. Merchant ships in the age of sail would also do this before sailing in the
371:(attached to the bottom corners - clews - of the sail) are adjusted to shape the sail to best catch the wind. A device called a "tye", a "tye chain", or a "tye rope" is used for lifting a given yard to the top of its travel to set the sail.
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or (more commonly) to have an alcoholic beverage. In modern parlance, the latter usage typically refers to early evening, but the phrase is thought originally to have referred to late morning and to the sun's ascent past a particular yard.
445:– a roughly square sail which is set fore-and-aft but requires different handling from a more modern gaff or Bermuda rig – is known as a yard, and probably developed from the original square-rig yard. The spar at the head of a
485:, as well as the height of her masts, but the phrase seems to have originated in the north Atlantic, where, in summer, this would have typically been at about 11 a.m. This was the time at which, by custom and rule, the first
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this yard is made of steel, does not lift, and weighs around two tons. The two people higher up are working on the fore lower topsail yard. Here, the sails are bent only to the yards' quarters and the yardarms are very
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of the day was issued to men (the senior rates had their tots neat, while the junior rates had theirs diluted with water), hence its connection with taking one's first alcoholic drink of the day.
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s royal yards are the highest and smallest yards on the ship, are made of wood, and are "lifting yards" that can be raised along a section of the mast. Here it is in the lowered position.
289:), the yard is said to be braced "hard round" or "sharp up", as in "sharp up to port". This angle (normally about 60 degrees) limits how close to the wind a square rigged ship can sail.
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in 1899, where it is used as a metaphor referring to drinking habits. However, the phrase was in use earlier, in the same context. One example is from the first volume of
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Almost all ships used in modern times are fitted with steel safety wires (sometimes erroneously called jackstays) along the yards to which sailors attach themselves using a
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sails. In addition, for some decades after square sails were generally dispensed with, some yards were retained for deploying wireless (radio) aerials and signal flags.
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suspended beneath the yard and balance themselves between that and the yard itself. The person working on the end of the yardarm has a separate footrope known as the
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The yards are mounted on the mast in such a fashion as to allow free movement under the control of lifts and braces. The sail on this yard is "in its gear" (see
449:-rigged sail serves the function of a running topmast, but is not given that name. Some would call it a 'gaff', while others would use the name 'yard'.
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s main-topgallant yard shortly after maintenance, clearly showing its various parts. On relatively "modern" late-nineteenth-century rigs like this, the
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hour. The last man hanged in this manner in the Royal Navy was
Private John Dalliger in 1860, after stealing brandy and shooting two officers aboard
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rig is a triangular sail rigged fore and aft from a long yard mounted at an angle (downward sloping forward) from the mast. As well, some smaller
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The yard exists to allow square sails to be set to drive the ship. The top edge of the sail is 'bent on' (attached) to the yard semi-permanently.
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This phrase is used, both afloat and ashore, to indicate that the time of day has been reached at which it is acceptable, variously, to have
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the yards are not designed to be sent down on deck, but 'lifting yards' that can be raised and lowered along a short section of mast using a
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In order to set and stow the square sails, the crew must climb aloft and spread out along the yards. To do this, they stand in
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sailing ships were not so equipped and falling from the yard represented a real (though less than commonly imagined) risk.
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The port and starboard quarters form the bulk of the yard, extending from the slings to the fittings for the lifts and
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or striking an officer carried the death penalty, which at sea would usually be carried out by
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The actual time that the sun would pass a particular yard would depend greatly on the ship's
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Note that these terms refer to stretches of the same spar, not to separate component parts.
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section)--it is hanging below the yard but still folded up rather than spread to the wind.
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are set. It may be constructed of timber or steel or from more modern materials such as
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rigs have yards, the term is usually used to describe the horizontal spars used on
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out along the yard in order to bundle the sail up tightly and tie it down with
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677:"It Was Brutal: Press Ganging, Keelhauling & Flogging in The Royal Navy"
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The outermost tips of the yard: outboard from the attachments for the lifts.
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Another less common punishment, notably practised upon mutineers from the
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make up almost all of it. Click the picture for more details.
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The fore course is stowed neatly on top of its yard. On the
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s lower topsail yard. Click on the image to read the labels.
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The yardarm has found use in maritime punishment. In the
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An 1847 illustration of men manning the yards aboard the
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The earliest mention of this phrase collected by the
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415:not manned and hence her intentions were peaceful.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Sail-carrying part of the rigging of a sailing ship
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560:In more severe cases, the offender would then be
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703:"Pirate Punishments in the Golden Age of Piracy"
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410:When coming into port, especially during the
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782:B.R. 67(1/51), Manual of Seamanship Volume I
441:rigs use a yard. The spar at the head of a
333:. This is a relatively recent innovation -
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215:The short section of the yard between the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
514:The yardarm's use in maritime punishment
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665:. 1883 – via books.google.com.
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
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510:, from the issue of May 31, 1883.
367:and buntlines are let go, and the
251:Various items of gear attached to
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584:Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)
579:Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)
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842:including limited use, outdated
45:needs additional citations for
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637:. New York: Viking. p.
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219:that attach it to the mast.
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728:""ducking at the yardarm""
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174:. Although some types of
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681:www.warhistoryonline.com
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551:Dutch East India Company
791:, retrieved 3 May 2006.
732:www.oxfordreference.com
364:Clewlines and buntlines
1007:Mainsail (Bermuda rig)
977:Asymmetrical spinnaker
633:The Price of Admiralty
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453:"Sun over the yardarm"
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757:www.themonthly.com.au
753:"Bring up the bodies"
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1649:Nautical terminology
707:www.worldhistory.org
345:Setting square sails
243:Controlling the yard
54:improve this article
522:, offences such as
69:"Yard" sailing
789:"World Wide Words"
787:M.Quinion (2000),
683:. 20 February 2019
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425:Fore and aft yards
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43:This article
41:
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1644:Shipbuilding
1572:Parrel beads
1520:Belaying pin
1515:Baggywrinkle
1499:Topping lift
1328:
961:sailing rigs
883:Fore-and-aft
852:jury rigging
781:
760:. Retrieved
756:
747:
735:. Retrieved
731:
722:
710:. Retrieved
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685:. Retrieved
680:
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632:
627:Keegan, John
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439:fore and aft
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297:. On modern
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176:fore and aft
172:carbon fibre
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110:January 2013
107:
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83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
970:Three-sided
784:(1951) HMSO
309:Going aloft
162:from which
1638:Categories
1614:Turnbuckle
1542:Clevis pin
1508:Components
1442:Cunningham
1422:Boomkicker
1387:Stay mouse
1309:Crosstrees
1153:Components
1133:Topgallant
1128:Tanja sail
1046:Four-sided
903:Ljungström
775:References
594:Square rig
562:keelhauled
520:Royal Navy
463:Garthsnaid
431:square-rig
418:See also:
299:tall ships
194:A view of
80:newspapers
1609:Traveller
1597:gooseneck
1577:Ring bolt
1484:Preventer
1447:Clewlines
1437:Buntlines
1427:Boom vang
1365:Lazy jack
1260:Jackstaff
1211:Tell-tale
1201:Sailcloth
1166:Bolt rope
1143:Watersail
1113:Spritsail
1083:Moonraker
1068:Junk sail
1058:Fisherman
1027:Spinnaker
1022:Screecher
982:Crab claw
939:Turbosail
934:Rotorsail
532:desertion
487:rum "tot"
402:USS
323:Jackstays
315:footropes
168:aluminium
1562:Footrope
1557:Fairlead
1452:Downhaul
1402:forestay
1397:backstay
1380:ratlines
1352:Standing
1319:Spreader
1243:Bowsprit
1186:Jackline
1123:Studding
1117:Optimist
1088:Ringtail
1073:Lug sail
1063:Foresail
1032:Staysail
1017:Ringtail
987:Gennaker
944:Wingsail
908:Mast-aft
629:(1989).
568:See also
479:latitude
443:lug sail
404:Columbus
232:Yardarms
222:Quarters
205:quarters
1604:Trapeze
1587:Shackle
1547:Deadeye
1479:Outhaul
1462:Halyard
1414:Running
1360:Bobstay
1343:Rigging
1294:Boomkin
1265:Jibboom
1176:Emblems
1171:Cringle
1138:Topsail
1103:Spanker
1098:Skysail
1037:Trysail
873:B&R
868:Bermuda
861:Textile
834:rigging
762:2 April
737:2 April
712:2 April
687:2 April
556:Batavia
536:hanging
483:heading
397:74-gun
377:gaskets
331:harness
303:halyard
287:shrouds
283:rigging
270:Setting
94:scholar
18:Yardarm
1592:Swivel
1567:Gasket
1552:Earing
1472:throat
1432:Braces
1375:Shroud
1161:Batten
1053:Course
1012:Raffee
1002:Lateen
957:Sails
918:Square
913:Pinisi
893:Gunter
780:Anon.
663:"Life"
645:
604:Lugger
589:Lateen
528:mutiny
524:murder
496:is in
465:at sea
447:gunter
435:lateen
369:sheets
358:short.
279:braces
227:braces
217:slings
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1619:Winch
1535:bitts
1530:Cleat
1525:Block
1489:Sheet
1392:Stays
1324:Sprit
1304:Truck
1225:Spars
1196:Roach
1181:Draft
1093:Royal
992:Genoa
927:Other
848:Rigs
830:spars
826:Sails
610:Notes
553:ship
543:Leven
471:lunch
461:Ship
339:naval
258:'
201:'
164:sails
158:on a
154:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
1494:Tack
1467:peak
1329:Yard
1299:Gaff
1289:Boom
1281:mast
898:Junk
888:Gaff
832:and
764:2024
739:2024
714:2024
689:2024
643:ISBN
541:HMS
507:Life
481:and
337:and
212:Bunt
160:mast
156:spar
152:yard
73:news
1457:Guy
1279:On
1235:bow
1233:On
997:Jib
878:Cat
639:281
500:'s
494:OED
170:or
56:by
1640::
828:,
755:.
730:.
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641:.
618:^
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530:,
526:,
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