1817:, Field Marshal Yamagata, attempted to have the engagement canceled on the ground that color blindness existed in the Shimazu family, on Nagako's mother's side. On June 18 Yamagata forced Hatano to resign—ostensibly for not having thoroughly investigated the matter but also in order to expedite sending Hirohito on a foreign tour—and began to install his own Chōshū-faction followers, starting at the top with Gen. Nakamura Yūjirō, as the new minister of the imperial household. Supporting Yamagata was Prime Minister Hara . He too was troubled by the possibility that the Taishō emperor's chronic ill health and mental debility might have been caused by genetic defects in the imperial family, but he was also hoping to strengthen his influence in court affairs by cultivating good relations with Yamagata. Thinking of a healthy imperial family in the future, rather than the maintenance of the purity of the imperial bloodline for its own sake, Yamagata wrote to Prince Kuni asking him to 'withdraw out of respect for the imperial house.' ¶Instead of submitting, Prince Kuni dug in his heels and secretly fought back, enlisting the support of Empress Sadako and Sugiura..."
1829:, pp. 98–99: " Sugiura told his old friend Tōyama Mitsuru, the ultranationalist leader of the 'old right,' that Yamagata hated Prince Kuni and intended to aggrandize his own power at the court...Tōyama's comrades in the Amura River Society...as well as members of Uchida Ryōhei's Society of Masterless Samurai...now began to harass Yamagata physically. Sometime in January 1921 two pan-Asianists of the 'new right,' the Orientalist scholar Ōkawa Shūmei and the China 'expert' and Nichiren Buddhist thinker Kita Ikki, learned about Yamagata's attempt to annul the crown prince's engagement. Ōkawa had recently formed, with Professor Mitsukawa Kametarō of Takushoku University, a nationalist, anti-Marxist discussion group, the Yūzonsha...which Kit later joined. From its ranks rumors spread of a plot to assassinate Yamagata. ¶ In early February 1921, with the forty-fourth Diet still in session and the problem of the
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within each of the institutions he sought to control: the civilian bureaucracy, the military, the House of Peers, the colonial administrations, the Privy
Council. He was never reluctant to use and reward his supporters or, conversely, to punish his opponents by intervening in elections, by excluding them from important posts, or by dissolving political groups altogether...He tried to control the House of Peers to assure support for military expansion and favorable budgets. But he constructed his most influential network around the emperor, both in the Privy Council and in the imperial household. By the time he was done, Yamagata had outlived his competitors, and had completed institutional arrangements to preclude the rise of others. He was genrō of the genrō, oligarch of the oligarchs.
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1124:. In order to pass a budget for the fiscal year 1891 (beginning in April), he had to negotiate with a liberal majority in the House of Representatives, the elected lower house of the Diet. Yamagata became prime minister for a second term from November 8, 1898, to October 19, 1900. In 1900, while in his second term as prime minister, he ruled that only an active military officer could serve as War Minister or Navy Minister, a rule that gave the military control over the formation of any future cabinet. He also enacted laws preventing political party members from holding any key posts in the bureaucracy.
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1813:, pp. 96–97: "...Since Hirohito had already met Princess Nagako and liked her, and she had all the qualifications needed to become an empress, Hatano informed Prince Kuni by letter, in January 1918, of his daughter's selection as the crown prince's fiancée. The Kuni family thereupon hired Sugiura , Hirohito's ethics teacher, to begin giving her weekly lectures in ethics. ¶The imperial engagement ceremony was scheduled to be held at the end of 1920, but in June 1920 the most powerful of the remaining
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1183:. After the assassination of Itō Hirobumi in 1909, Yamagata became the most influential statesman in Japan and remained so until his death in 1922, although he retired from active participation in politics after the Russo-Japanese War. As president of the Privy Council from 1909 to 1922, Yamagata remained the power behind the government and dictated the selection of future prime ministers until his death.
1205:, resigned when the cabinet would not grant him the budget he wanted. Saionji sought to replace him. Japanese law required that the ministers of the army and navy must be high-ranking generals and admirals on active duty (not retired). In this instance all the eligible generals at Yamagata's instigation refused to serve in the Saionji cabinet, and the cabinet was compelled to resign.
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losses...Yamagata gave up the struggle. On the evening of
February 10,1921, officials of the Imperial Household Ministry and Home Ministry informed the Tokyo newspapers that the crown prince's engagement would go ahead as planned and that Nakamura and his vice minister, Ishihara Kenzō, had both resigned... Yamagata offered to resign as
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the grip of the state on citizens
Yamagata instituted a military circumscription system that relied on militarily trained loyal subjects, expanded its control on local entities by directly or indirectly appointing prefectural governors, city mayors and district heads and by establishing and extending the power of police.
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In April 1868 at the age of 29, Yamagata married the 16 year-old Tomoko, a daughter of the headman of the Chōshū Domain before his departure to Kyoto. Yamagata returned back to the Domain in July to hold a wedding ceremony. They had seven children, all except his second daughter
Matsuko (born August
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were a subset of the revolutionary leaders who shared common objectives and who by about 1880 had forced out or isolated the other original leaders. These seven men (plus two who were chosen later after some of the first seven had died) led Japan for many years, through its great transformation from
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After the death of
Hirobumi in 1909, Yamagata became the most influential politician and remained so until his death in 1922. As president of the Privy Council from 1909 to 1922, Yamagata remained the power behind the government and dictated the selection of future prime ministers. To strengthen
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collectively made the most important decisions, such as peace and war and foreign policy, and when a cabinet resigned they chose the new prime minister. In the twentieth century their power diminished because of deaths and quarrels among themselves, and the growing political power of the Army and
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Yamagata served in the Privy
Council for seventeen years and continuously as President from 1909 (when Itō was assassinated in Korea) until 1922 when he died. He was even more successful than Itō in insinuating his bureaucratic allies into the Privy Council. He placed his protégés strategically
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in transforming itself from an agricultural state to a leading industrial and military power. He accepted
Prussian political ideas, which favored military expansion abroad and authoritarian government at home. On returning he was asked to organize a national army for Japan, and he became
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threatening to surface as a weapon in the hands of the opposition parties, Prime
Minister Hara withdrew his support for Yamagata...Imperial Household Minister Nakamura also submitted to Sugiura, as did another Yamagata backer, the high court official Hirata Tōsuke. Faced with all these
853:), going from village to village learning general duties of a samurai official. His childhood name was Tatsunosuke, after which he was briefly known as Kosuke and Kyōsuke, before changing his name to Aritomo after the
1261:, the second son of his eldest sister, to be his heir. Yamagata Isaburō subsequently assisted his adopted father by serving as a career bureaucrat, cabinet minister, and head of the civilian administration of
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and agrarian movements. He also organized a system of local administration, based on a prefecture-county-city structure which is still in use in Japan today. In 1883 Yamagata was appointed to the post of
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was selected by the leaders of the new government to go to Europe in 1869 to research
European military systems. Yamagata like many Japanese was strongly influenced by the striking success of
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and president of the privy council and to return his many medals and renounce his titles...Hara and the court declined to accept his resignation but
Yamagata had clearly fallen from power..."
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827:) during peacetime. Yamagata's mother died when he was 4 years old, and he was raised by his strict grandmother. Although Aritoshi was a petty town magistrate official, he studied
1768:(1838-1922)–leader of the Chōshū faction of genrō; called the 'Father of Japan's Army'; often Premier and Home Minister; controlled the government after the death of Itō in 1909.
951:. At the end of the war, when Saigo's severed head was brought to Yamagata, he ordered it washed, and held the head in his arms as he pronounced a meditation on the fallen hero.
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After his wife Tomoko's death in 1893, Yamagata took in a geisha named Yoshida Sadako as his de facto wife; her name was never registered onto the Yamagata family registry.
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In addition to his service as prime minister, Yamagata obtained considerable experience traveling abroad as a diplomat. Attending the coronation of the Russian Czar
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citing color blindness of Nagako's family. The Imperial family struggled against the pressure from Yamagata and the couple eventually managed to get married.
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in 1898. Throughout his long career, he amassed extensive leadership experience managing battlefield strategy and other military-related issues as the acting
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1075:. Likewise, he devoted the later part of his life defending the privileges of the Restoration regime's institutions, especially those held by the army.
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820:) Yamagata Aritoshi. His father was a low-ranking samurai who carried weaponry during wartime and was a petty official at the town magistrate office (
1110:. During his first term from December 24, 1889, to May 6, 1891, he became the first prime minister compelled to share power with a partially-elected
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During his long and versatile career, Yamagata held numerous important governmental posts. In 1882, he became president of the Board of Legislation (
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from 1893 to 1894 and 1905 to 1922. While serving his second term as president in 1907, he was elevated to the peerage and received the title of
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in Japanese society. He profoundly distrusted all democratic institutions, and constantly strove to undercut their influence as a member of the
771:. Henceforth, Yamagata remained the nation's preeminent statesman until a political crisis arising from his meddling in Crown Prince Hirohito's
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833:, wrote poetry, and excelled in academics. Yamagata was taught academics by his father Aritoshi. He had his coming of age ceremony (
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for control over the nation's policies. After Itō was assassinated in 1909, he emerged as the most powerful figure among Japan's
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From 1900 to 1909, Yamagata opposed Itō Hirobumi, leader of the civilian party, and exercised influence through his protégé,
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How the Japanese Became Foreign to Themselves: The Impact of Globalization on the Private and Public Spheres in Japan
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1023:, who came to dominate the government of Japan. The word can be translated principal elders or senior statesmen. The
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995:; and as the Chief of the General Staff Office in Tokyo. Additionally, he was the founding father of Japan's
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Yamagata was a talented garden designer, and today the gardens he designed are considered masterpieces of
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However, his power was greatly damaged in 1921 when he expressed strong opposition to the engagement of
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In 1912 Yamagata set the precedent that the army could dismiss a cabinet. A dispute with Prime Minister
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served at various times as cabinet ministers, and most were at times prime minister. As a body, the
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policy due to his central role in drawing up a preliminary national defensive strategy against
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for £40 million. Likewise, in 1896, he led a diplomatic mission to Moscow, which produced the
912:, and modeled it after the Prussian Army. He began a system of military conscription in 1873.
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880:, a paramilitary organization created on semi-western lines by the Chōshū domain. During the
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1086:(1883–87) he worked vigorously to suppress political parties and repress agitation in the
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2010:
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Japan's emergence as a modern state: political and economic problems of the Meiji period
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which took effect in 1890. On October 30, 1890, he presided over the enactment of the
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ideology. For this reason, some historians consider Yamagata to be the “father” of
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had no official status, they were simply trusted advisers to the Emperor. Yet the
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Yamagata also held a large and devoted power base among officers in the army and
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732:, an élite group of senior statesmen who dominated Japanese politics after the
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an agricultural country into a modern military and industrial state. All the
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clung to the power of naming prime ministers up to the death of the last
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resulted in him losing power shortly before his death in February 1922.
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on November 1, 1894, he made a tentative offer to Spain on buying the
16:
19/20th-century Japanese military commander, politician, and ideologue
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Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
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3033:
2500:
1988:
Machiavelli's Children: Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan
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Machiavelli's Children: Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan
1663:"Soldier and Peasant in Japan: The Origins of Conscription (Part II)"
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1678:
1017:
Yamagata was one of seven elite political figures, later called the
939:
Yamagata in 1877 led the newly modernized Imperial Army against the
920:
1962:. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. p. 614.
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1209:
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Norman, E. Herbert and Lawrence Timothy Woods. "The Restoration."
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Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers
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As War Minister, Yamagata pushed through the foundation of the
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Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
1201:
after the newly enthroned Emperor. The army minister, General
964:, in 1882. This document was considered the moral core of the
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1297:
1251:
1140:
683:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
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Japanese military personnel of the First Sino-Japanese War
2039:
Biography of Yamagata Isaburo at the National Diet Library
1285:
1063:
Prince Yamagata Aritomo during his years as Genrō (1908).
908:
in 1873. Yamagata energetically modernized the fledgling
1851:
Yamagata Aritomo : guchoku na kenryokusha no shōgai
839:) at age 15, and started off as a petty official at the
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statesman and military commander who was twice-elected
2113:
Yamagata Aritomo in the Rise of Modern Japan 1838–1922
1921:
Yamagata Aritomo in the Rise of Modern Japan 1838–1922
1701:
Yamagata Aritomo in the Rise of Modern Japan 1838–1922
2058:. New York City, New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
1257:
As Yamagata had no heir, in 1861 he adopted a nephew
1990:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 62.
1219:
Yamagata died on 1 February 1922 and he was given a
2476:
1820:
1804:
1784:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UniversityPress. p. 62.
884:, the revolution of 1867 and 1868 often called the
2089:
2429:Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
2402:Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
2375:Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
2119:
1926:
671:(1st class with Paulownia Blossoms, Grand Cordon)
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2072:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1571:
3207:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
1960:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
847:. Later, he served the territorial magistrate (
1753:. Greenwood,CT: Greenwood Press. p. 211.
707:
2462:
1908:
1492:Royal Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ
1246:. A noted example is the garden of the villa
3172:Military personnel from Yamaguchi Prefecture
2115:. Harvard University Press. SBN 674-96301-6.
1719:. Münster, Germany: Lit Verlag. p. 73.
1226:
1744:
1742:
1235:Prince Yamagata Aritomo in his later years.
1158:. He was Yamagata's protégé and close ally.
3197:Recipients of the Order of the Golden Kite
2469:
2455:
2160:Newspaper clippings about Yamagata Aritomo
1139:confirming Japanese and Russian rights in
303:8 November 1898 – 19 October 1900
158:26 October 1909 – 1 February 1922
129:
3132:Japanese people of the Russo-Japanese War
1162:Yamagata also served as President of the
961:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
943:led by his former comrade in revolution,
253:11 March 1893 – 12 December 1893
86:Learn how and when to remove this message
1739:
1548:
1230:
1145:
1058:
919:
794:was born on 14 June 1838, in Kawashima,
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214:21 December 1905 – 14 June 1909
49:This article includes a list of general
2110:
2056:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
1985:
1847:
1779:
474: 1868; died 1893)
146:President of the Japanese Privy Council
3227:Honorary members of the Order of Merit
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1957:
1932:
1660:
1390:
344:24 December 1889 – 6 May 1891
3117:19th-century prime ministers of Japan
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2087:
1981:
1979:
1854:. Bungei Shunjū. pp. 11, 20–22.
1748:
1588:Honorary Member of the Order of Merit
936:in 1878–1882, 1884–85 and 1904–1905.
2406:13 February 1884 – 22 December 1885
2379:24 December 1878 – 4 September 1882
2029:links on Yamagata's gardening talent
1712:
930:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
744:, he was the chief architect of the
35:
3217:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
2053:
1826:
1810:
1596:Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the
1513:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
1012:
13:
3152:Ministers of home affairs of Japan
2092:Encyclopedia of Military Biography
1976:
1193:over the military budget became a
983:and Commanding General during the
915:
55:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3243:
3232:Government of the Empire of Japan
2153:
1598:Order of St Michael and St George
975:Yamagata was awarded the rank of
972:until their dissolution in 1945.
763:, Yamagata vied against Marquess
712:, 14 June 1838 – 1 February 1922)
3083:
3082:
2433:20 June 1904 – 20 December 1905
1937:. Anvil Publishing. p. 48.
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1501:
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987:; the Commanding General of the
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40:
3187:Imperial Japanese Army officers
3162:Nobles of the Meiji Restoration
2078:Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration
2032:
2004:
1958:Kowner, Rotem (April 6, 2017).
1951:
1876:
934:Chief of the Army General Staff
778:
471:
1841:
1773:
1706:
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1651:. Retrieved on August 6, 2009.
1637:
1332:
1121:Imperial Rescript on Education
759:During the latter part of the
726:, and a leading member of the
1:
3122:Government ministers of Japan
2047:
1621:Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
2127:. Harvard University Press.
1986:Samuels, Richard J. (2003).
1780:Samuels, Richard J. (2003).
1170:(prince) under the Japanese
1106:, Yamagata became the third
874:. He was a commander in the
679:Member of the Order of Merit
493:Funakoshi Matsuko (daughter)
135:Portrait of Yamagata Aritomo
7:
2164:20th Century Press Archives
2096:. I B Tauris & Co Ltd.
2080:. Harvard University Press.
1661:Norman, E. Herbert (1943).
1280:
787:Yamagata in his early years
10:
3248:
2125:The Making of Modern Japan
2111:Hackett, Roger F. (1971).
2025:February 29, 2012, at the
1437:
1364:Order of the Chrysanthemum
1137:Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement
1102:After the creation of the
888:, he was a staff officer.
866:, a private school run by
675:Order of the Chrysanthemum
485:Yoshida Sadako (1893–1922)
20:
3167:People from Chōshū Domain
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2412:Prince Arisugawa Taruhito
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2088:Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992).
1886:. Shōgakkan. 1989. 山県有朋.
1848:Itō, Yukio; 伊藤之雄 (2009).
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1227:Personal life and hobbies
895:, Yamagata together with
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3177:People of the Boshin War
2478:Prime ministers of Japan
2188:Minister of Home Affairs
1749:Perez, Louis G. (1998).
1630:
1459:Royal Order of the Crown
1377:Order of the Golden Kite
891:After the defeat of the
661:Order of the Golden Kite
614:Siege of Kumamoto Castle
120:
2305:Prime Minister of Japan
2219:Prime Minister of Japan
2015:March 22, 2005, at the
1933:Ocampo, Ambeth (2009).
1884:Nihon dai hyakka zensho
1540:Order of the Iron Crown
1354:with Paulownia Blossoms
1350:Order of the Rising Sun
1340:Order of the Rising Sun
1156:Prime Minister of Japan
1108:Prime Minister of Japan
985:First Sino-Japanese War
724:Prime Minister of Japan
716:Prince Yamagata Kyōsuke
668:Order of the Rising Sun
631:First Sino-Japanese War
291:Prime Minister of Japan
70:more precise citations.
1713:Hein, Patrick (2009).
1469:Order of the Red Eagle
1269:1878) had died young.
1236:
1159:
1064:
925:
924:Field Marshal Yamagata
910:Imperial Japanese Army
788:
738:Imperial Japanese Army
636:Battle of Jiuliancheng
544:Imperial Japanese Army
2054:Bix, Herbert (2001).
1561:: Grand Cross of the
1511:: Grand Cross of the
1490:: Grand Cross of the
1234:
1195:constitutional crisis
1149:
1062:
923:
810:), the eldest son of
786:
550:Years of service
3137:Japanese tea masters
1751:The History of Japan
1420:Senior Second Rank,
1362:Grand Cordon of the
1348:Grand Cordon of the
1338:Grand Cordon of the
1328:(September 21, 1907)
808:Yamaguchi Prefecture
792:Yamagata Tatsunosuke
748:'s military and its
619:Battle of Tabaruzaka
2246:Minister of Justice
2229:Matsukata Masayoshi
1647:. UBC Press. 2000.
1488:Kingdom of Portugal
1467:Grand Cross of the
1391:Order of precedence
989:Japanese First Army
754:Japanese militarism
641:Battle of Pyongyang
624:Battle of Shiroyama
597:Battle of Hatchōoki
434:Kanagawa Prefecture
378:Matsukata Masayoshi
2176:Political offices
1699:Roger F. Hackett,
1689:– via JSTOR.
1322:(January 20, 1898)
1237:
1160:
1116:Meiji Constitution
1097:Meiji Constitution
1065:
1007:Russo-Japanese War
993:Russo-Japanese War
926:
872:Tokugawa shogunate
789:
648:Russo-Japanese War
602:Battle of Hokuetsu
414:Tokugawa shogunate
3147:Marshals of Japan
3127:Japanese generals
3094:
3093:
3076:
3075:
2835:
2834:
2445:
2444:
2436:Succeeded by
2409:Succeeded by
2382:Succeeded by
2362:Military offices
2352:Succeeded by
2343:President of the
2323:President of the
2285:Succeeded by
2276:President of the
2253:Succeeded by
2226:Succeeded by
2195:Succeeded by
2121:Jansen, Marius B.
1944:978-971-27-2336-0
1861:978-4-16-660684-9
1726:978-3-643-10085-6
1427:Junior First Rank
954:He also prompted
941:Satsuma Rebellion
886:Meiji Restoration
855:Meiji Restoration
734:Meiji Restoration
692:
691:
609:Satsuma Rebellion
96:
95:
88:
3239:
3086:
3085:
2847:
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2497:
2496:
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2464:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2419:Preceded by
2392:Preceded by
2367:Preceded by
2334:Preceded by
2314:Preceded by
2295:Preceded by
2267:Preceded by
2261:
2236:Preceded by
2213:
2205:Preceded by
2173:
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2138:
2116:
2107:
2095:
2081:
2074:Craig, Albert M.
2069:
2041:
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2008:
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2001:
1983:
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1973:
1955:
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1948:
1930:
1924:
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1873:
1845:
1839:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1766:YAMAGATA ARITOMO
1746:
1737:
1736:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1658:
1652:
1641:
1619:: Knight of the
1615:
1613:
1612:
1592:21 February 1906
1583:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1563:Legion of Honour
1560:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1544:22 November 1890
1538:: Knight of the
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1509:Kingdom of Italy
1507:
1505:
1504:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1463:22 December 1886
1450:
1448:
1447:
1422:20 December 1895
1314:(August 5, 1895)
1292:and other titles
1286:Peerages in the
1244:Japanese gardens
1191:Saionji Kinmochi
1104:Cabinet of Japan
1013:Political career
897:Saigō Tsugumichi
843:and then at the
713:
711:
710:
703:Yamagata Aritomo
672:
665:
575:
542:
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509:Military service
502:Yamagata Isaburō
482:Domestic partner
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388:Personal details
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714:also known as
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1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:Katsu Isaburō
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1221:state funeral
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1203:Uehara Yūsaku
1200:
1199:Taisho Crisis
1196:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1164:Privy Council
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1112:Imperial Diet
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1084:Home Minister
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:field marshal
973:
971:
967:
966:Japanese Army
963:
962:
958:to write the
957:
956:Emperor Meiji
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
922:
913:
911:
907:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
878:
873:
869:
868:Yoshida Shōin
865:
864:
858:
856:
852:
851:
846:
842:
841:Chōshū Domain
838:
837:
832:
831:
826:
824:
819:
818:
813:
809:
805:
802:(present-day
801:
797:
793:
785:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:'s inaugural
739:
735:
731:
730:
725:
721:
717:
704:
701:
698:
697:
687:
684:
680:
676:
669:
662:
659:
655:
649:
646:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
588:
585:
584:
582:
578:
574:
569:
568:
563:
562:Field Marshal
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
534:
530:
527:
516:
512:
507:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
461:
456:
452:
449:
446:
442:
439:
435:
431:
422:
418:
415:
411:
410:Chōshū Domain
407:
395:
391:
386:
382:
379:
376:
370:
364:
361:
355:
351:
347:
341:
336:
332:
326:
323:
320:
314:
310:
306:
300:
295:
292:
288:
285:
282:
276:
273:
270:
264:
260:
256:
250:
245:
241:
235:
231:
225:
221:
217:
211:
206:
203:
202:Kiyoura Keigo
200:
194:
191:
188:
182:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
165:
161:
155:
150:
147:
143:
139:
132:
127:
118:
111:
108:
107:
106:
99:
90:
87:
79:
69:
65:
59:
58:
52:
47:
38:
37:
32:
28:
24:
23:Japanese name
19:
2996:
2919:
2753:
2735:
2712:
2660:
2642:
2575:
2565:
2542:
2527:
2519:
2427:
2400:
2373:
2342:
2337:Itō Hirobumi
2322:
2303:
2288:Itō Hirobumi
2275:
2256:Itō Hirobumi
2244:
2217:
2186:
2181:
2124:
2112:
2091:
2077:
2055:
2034:
2006:
1987:
1959:
1953:
1935:Looking Back
1934:
1928:
1920:
1883:
1878:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1796:
1795:
1781:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1750:
1731:
1730:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1644:
1639:
1624:
1601:
1591:
1566:
1543:
1516:
1495:
1473:14 June 1899
1472:
1462:
1433:(posthumous)
1430:
1421:
1416:October 1886
1415:
1409:
1408:Third Rank,
1403:
1397:
1396:Fifth Rank,
1385:1 April 1906
1384:
1380:
1372:1 April 1906
1371:
1367:
1357:
1343:
1317:
1303:
1287:
1271:
1267:
1256:
1238:
1218:
1207:
1185:
1181:Katsura Tarō
1178:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1152:Katsura Tarō
1126:
1119:
1101:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1016:
998:Hokushin-ron
996:
981:War Minister
974:
970:Naval forces
959:
953:
938:
927:
906:War Minister
890:
875:
863:Shokasonjuku
861:
859:
848:
834:
828:
821:
815:
791:
790:
779:Early career
768:
765:Itō Hirobumi
758:
727:
715:
702:
694:
693:
580:Battles/wars
565:
425:(1922-02-01)
403:14 June 1838
373:Succeeded by
339:
333:Itō Hirobumi
329:Succeeded by
298:
279:Succeeded by
248:
242:Itō Hirobumi
238:Succeeded by
232:Itō Hirobumi
209:
197:Succeeded by
190:Itō Hirobumi
153:
109:
103:
102:
82:
73:
54:
30:
18:
3112:1922 deaths
3107:1838 births
3029:Y. Hatoyama
2950:, 1989–2019
2875:I. Hatoyama
2817:Higashikuni
2523:(caretaker)
2503:, 1868–1912
2493:, 1868–1947
2239:Kōno Togama
1602:3 July 1918
1398:August 1870
1368:3 June 1902
1333:Decorations
1133:Philippines
1129:Nicholas II
1069:militarists
991:during the
860:He went to
823:machi-bugyō
800:Hagi Castle
750:reactionary
664:(1st class)
448:Independent
358:Preceded by
317:Preceded by
267:Preceded by
228:Preceded by
185:Preceded by
68:introducing
3101:Categories
2948:Heisei era
2599:Taishō era
2439:Ōyama Iwao
2422:Ōyama Iwao
2395:Ōyama Iwao
2385:Ōyama Iwao
2349:1909–1922
2329:1905–1909
2309:1898–1900
2282:1893–1894
2270:Ōki Takatō
2250:1892–1893
2223:1889–1891
2198:Saigō Jūdō
2192:1885–1890
2182:New office
2048:References
1673:(2): 158.
1567:7 May 1897
1370:; Collar,
1114:under the
882:Boshin War
773:engagement
587:Boshin War
514:Allegiance
399:1838-06-14
272:Oki Takato
51:references
3054:Reiwa era
3019:Y. Fukuda
2987:Hashimoto
2938:Takeshita
2928:Z. Suzuki
2910:T. Fukuda
2900:K. Tanaka
2880:Ishibashi
2853:, 1947–89
2851:Shōwa era
2822:Shidehara
2812:K. Suzuki
2737:Takahashi
2726:Wakatsuki
2721:Hamaguchi
2714:Shidehara
2708:Hamaguchi
2703:G. Tanaka
2696:, 1926–47
2694:Shōwa era
2684:Wakatsuki
2651:Takahashi
2601:, 1912–26
2551:Matsukata
2533:Matsukata
2501:Meiji era
1919:Hackett,
1870:310394344
1154:, thrice
1099:of 1889.
1082:) and as
1056:in 1940.
845:Meirinkan
761:Meiji Era
736:. As the
553:1868–1905
498:Relatives
406:Kawashima
340:In office
299:In office
249:In office
210:In office
154:In office
3088:Category
2982:Murayama
2972:Hosokawa
2967:Miyazawa
2933:Nakasone
2923:(acting)
2860:Katayama
2782:Hiranuma
2757:(acting)
2739:(acting)
2716:(acting)
2679:Ta. Katō
2669:Yamamoto
2664:(acting)
2656:To. Katō
2646:(acting)
2633:Terauchi
2623:Yamamoto
2579:(acting)
2566:Yamagata
2546:(acting)
2528:Yamagata
2123:(2000).
2076:(1961).
2023:Archived
2013:Archived
1902:14970117
1827:Bix 2001
1811:Bix 2001
1281:Japanese
1248:Murin-an
1210:Hirohito
1176:system.
893:Tokugawa
877:Kiheitai
830:kokugaku
817:ashigaru
798:, below
720:Japanese
718:, was a
504:(nephew)
490:Children
366:(Acting)
163:Monarchs
76:May 2020
31:Yamagata
21:In this
3192:Samurai
3068:Kishida
3009:Koizumi
2870:Yoshida
2827:Yoshida
2772:Hayashi
2674:Kiyoura
2618:Katsura
2613:Saionji
2608:Katsura
2589:Saionji
2584:Katsura
2577:Saionji
2166:of the
2162:in the
1923:(1971).
1831:kokutai
1703:(1971).
1687:2751956
1438:Foreign
1312:Marquis
1188:Marquis
1168:koshaku
1150:Prince
1080:Sanjiin
1054:Saionji
949:Satsuma
901:Prussia
836:genpuku
812:samurai
476:
468:
464:
430:Odawara
349:Monarch
308:Monarch
258:Monarch
219:Monarch
64:improve
27:surname
3142:Kazoku
3044:S. Abe
3014:S. Abe
2992:Obuchi
2921:M. Itō
2865:Ashida
2787:N. Abe
2767:Hirota
2731:Inukai
2662:Uchida
2644:Uchida
2571:H. Itō
2556:H. Itō
2544:Kuroda
2538:H. Itō
2515:Kuroda
2510:H. Itō
2260:Acting
2212:Acting
2142:
2131:
2100:
2062:
1994:
1966:
1941:
1900:
1890:
1868:
1858:
1788:
1757:
1723:
1685:
1614:
1578:
1558:France
1555:
1506:
1485:
1449:
1326:Prince
1319:Gensui
1289:Kazoku
1276:Awards
1240:Prince
1214:Nagako
1173:kazoku
1051:Prince
1003:Russia
850:daikan
700:Prince
696:Gensui
657:Awards
567:Gensui
541:
523:
454:Spouse
175:Taishō
110:Prince
105:Gensui
53:, but
25:, the
2962:Kaifu
2915:Ōhira
2890:Ikeda
2885:Kishi
2807:Koiso
2797:Konoe
2792:Yonai
2777:Konoe
2762:Okada
2749:Okada
2744:Saitō
2628:Ōkuma
2561:Ōkuma
2521:Sanjō
1836:genrō
1815:genrō
1683:JSTOR
1631:Notes
1305:Genrō
1298:Count
1263:Korea
1252:Kyoto
1141:Korea
1088:labor
1073:genrō
1047:genrō
1043:genrō
1038:genrō
1034:genrō
1030:genrō
1025:genrō
1020:genrō
769:genrō
729:genrō
709:山縣 有朋
470:(
466:
352:Meiji
311:Meiji
261:Meiji
222:Meiji
170:Meiji
122:山縣 有朋
3063:Suga
3039:Noda
3004:Mori
2998:Aoki
2977:Hata
2905:Miki
2895:Satō
2802:Tōjō
2755:Gotō
2638:Hara
2482:list
2369:None
2140:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2019:and
1992:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1939:ISBN
1898:OCLC
1888:ISBN
1866:OCLC
1856:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1212:and
968:and
825:-sho
804:Hagi
558:Rank
420:Died
393:Born
3034:Kan
3024:Asō
2957:Uno
2168:ZBW
1675:doi
1250:in
947:of
796:Abu
29:is
3103::
2146:;
1978:^
1910:^
1896:.
1864:.
1794:.
1763:.
1741:^
1729:.
1681:.
1671:16
1669:.
1665:.
1649:65
1623:,
1600:,
1584::
1565:,
1515:,
1494:,
1471:,
1454::
1429:,
1366:,
1356:,
1352:,
1342:,
1265:.
1254:.
1223:.
1143:.
1049:,
1009:.
857:.
806:,
756:.
570:)
472:m.
436:,
432:,
412:,
408:,
2484:)
2480:(
2470:e
2463:t
2456:v
2137:.
2106:.
2068:.
2000:.
1972:.
1947:.
1904:.
1872:.
1677::
706:(
564:(
401:)
397:(
89:)
83:(
78:)
74:(
60:.
33:.
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