1170:
1146:
2219:
1182:
wave slightly delayed in time (amounting to a phase delay of about 45° which will be important for the reverse direction calculations later). Due to the director's shorter length, the current generated in the director is advanced in phase (by about 20°) with respect to the incident field and emits an electromagnetic field, which lags (under far-field conditions) this current by 90°. The net effect is a wave emitted by the director (blue) which is about 70° (20° - 90°) retarded with respect to that from the driven element (green), in this particular design. These waves combine to produce the net forward wave (bottom, right) with an amplitude somewhat larger than the individual waves.
2248:
1056:
amount of power up the transmission line back toward the antenna element. If the transmitted voltage wave were 180 degrees out of phase with the received wave at that point, the superposition of the two voltage waves would give zero voltage, equivalent to shorting out the dipole at the feedpoint (making it a solid element, as it is). However, the current of the backward wave is in phase with the current of the incident wave. This current drives the reradiation of the (passive) dipole element. At some distance, the reradiated electric field is described by the far-field component of the radiation field of a
258:
1145:
1169:
1122:
back to the driven element) have to be taken into account. To illustrate the effect, we assume zero and 180 degrees phase delay for the reemission of director and reflector, respectively, and assume a distance of a quarter wavelength between the driven and the passive element. Under these conditions the wave reemitted by the director interferes destructively with the wave emitted by the driven element in the backward direction (away from the passive element), and the wave reemitted by the reflector interferes constructively.
381:
2336:
1240:, in which the phase-to-distance relation is not governed by propagation delay, as would be the case in the far field. Thus, the amplitude and phase relation between the driven and the passive element cannot be understood with a model of successive collection and reemission of a wave that has become completely disconnected from the primary radiating element. Instead, the two antenna elements form a coupled system, in which, for example, the self-impedance (or
4255:
31:
333:
1126:
front of the antenna in-phase, so they superpose and add, increasing signal strength in the forward direction. In other words, the crest of the forward wave from the reflector element reaches the driven element just as the crest of the wave is emitted from that element. These waves reach the first director element just as the crest of the wave is emitted from that element, and so on. The waves in the reverse direction
46:
2097:
942:) at their centre, so they can be attached to a conductive metal support at that point without need of insulation, without disturbing their electrical operation. They are usually bolted or welded to the antenna's central support boom. The most common form of the driven element is one fed at its centre so its two halves must be insulated where the boom supports them.
1097:, which means the phase of its current lags the phase of the open-circuit voltage that would be induced by the received field. The phase delay is thus larger than 90 degrees and, if the reflector element is made sufficiently long, the phase delay may be imagined to approach 180 degrees, so that the incident wave and the wave reemitted by the reflector
1118:, has a capacitive reactance with the voltage phase lagging that of the current. The phase delay is thus smaller than 90 degrees and, if the director element is made sufficiently short, the phase delay may be imagined to approach zero and the incident wave and the wave reemitted by the reflector interfere constructively in the forward direction.
1192:
1918:
1181:
A more realistic model of a Yagi–Uda array using just a driven element and a director is illustrated in the accompanying diagram. The wave generated by the driven element (green) propagates in both the forward and reverse directions (as well as other directions, not shown). The director receives that
1175:
Illustration of forward gain of a two element Yagi–Uda array using only a driven element (left) and a director (right). The wave (green) from the driven element excites a current in the passive director which reradiates a wave (blue) having a particular phase shift (see explanation in text, note that
1125:
In reality, the phase delay of passive dipole elements does not reach the extreme values of zero and 180 degrees. Thus, the elements are given the correct lengths and spacings so that the radio waves radiated by the driven element and those re-radiated by the parasitic elements all arrive at the
953:
of an antenna is, by one definition, the width of the band of frequencies having a gain within 3 dB (one-half the power) of its maximum gain. The Yagi–Uda array in its basic form has a narrow bandwidth, 2–3 percent of the centre frequency. There is a tradeoff between gain and bandwidth, with the
2238:
sets, because of its simplicity and directionality. Despite its being invented in Japan, many
Japanese radar engineers were unaware of the design until late in the war, partly due to rivalry between the Army and Navy. The Japanese military authorities first became aware of this technology after the
300:
has become more familiar, while the name of Uda, who applied the idea in practice or established the conception through experiment, is often omitted. This appears to have been due to the fact that Yagi based his work on Uda's pre-announcement and developed the principle of the absorption phenomenon
1121:
Interference also occurs in the backward direction. This interference is influenced by the distance between the driven and the passive element, because the propagation delays of the incident wave (from the driven element to the passive element) and of the reradiated wave (from the passive element
990:
system above a tower, the combination of antennas for three amateur bands in one unit is a practical solution. The use of traps is not without disadvantages, however, as they reduce the bandwidth of the antenna on the individual bands and reduce the antenna's electrical efficiency and subject the
2156:
taking into account the other conductors. Such a complete exact analysis, considering all of the interactions mentioned, is rather overwhelming, and approximations are inevitable on the path to finding a usable antenna. Consequently, these antennas are often empirical designs using an element of
2100:
Two Yagi–Uda antennas on a single mast. The top one includes a corner reflector and three stacked Yagis fed in phase in order to increase gain in the horizontal direction (by cancelling power radiated toward the ground or sky). The lower antenna is oriented for vertical polarization, with a much
1138:
While the above qualitative explanation is useful for understanding how parasitic elements can enhance the driven elements' radiation in one direction at the expense of the other, the assumption of an additional 90 degrees (leading or lagging) phase shift of the reemitted wave is not valid.
1055:
theory, a short circuit reflects the incident voltage 180 degrees out of phase. So one could as well model the operation of the parasitic element as the superposition of a dipole element receiving power and sending it down a transmission line to a matched load, and a transmitter sending the same
2320:
German AI VHF-band radar antenna of 1943–44 used a "double-Yagi" structure from its 90° angled pairs of Yagi antennas formed from six discrete dipole elements, making it possible to fit the array within a conical, rubber-covered plywood radome on an aircraft's nose, with the extreme tips of the
1185:
In the reverse direction, on the other hand, the additional delay of the wave from the director (blue) due to the spacing between the two elements (about 45° of phase delay traversed twice) causes it to be about 160° (70° + 2 × 45°) out of phase with the wave from the driven
945:
The gain increases with the number of parasitic elements used. Only one reflector is normally used since the improvement of gain with additional reflectors is small, but more reflectors may be employed for other reasons such as wider bandwidth. Yagis have been built with 40 directors and more.
1042:
One way of thinking about the operation of such an antenna is to consider a parasitic element to be a normal dipole element of finite diameter fed at its centre, with a short circuit across its feed point. The principal part of the current in a loaded receiving antenna is distributed as in a
2206:
Yagi published the first
English-language reference on the antenna in a 1928 survey article on short wave research in Japan and it came to be associated with his name. However, Yagi who provided the conception which was originally vague expression to Uda, always acknowledged Uda's principal
875:
The Yagi–Uda antenna typically consists of a number of parallel thin rod elements, each approximately a half wave in length. Rarely, the elements are discs rather than rods. Often they are supported on a perpendicular crossbar or "boom" along their centers. Usually there is a single dipole
1000:
1186:
element (green). The net effect of these two waves, when added (bottom, left), is partial cancellation. The combination of the director's position and shorter length has thus obtained a unidirectional rather than the bidirectional response of the driven (half-wave dipole) element alone.
161:
the intended direction. These parasitic elements are typically off-tuned short-circuited dipole elements, that is, instead of a break at the feedpoint (like the driven element) a solid rod is used. They receive and reradiate the radio waves from the driven element but in a different
2243:
when they captured the notes of a
British radar technician that mentioned "yagi antenna". Japanese intelligence officers did not even recognise that Yagi was a Japanese name in this context. When questioned, the technician said it was an antenna named after a Japanese professor.
981:
has the effect of truncating the element at the higher frequency band, making it approximately a half wavelength in length. At the lower frequency, the entire element (including the remaining inductance due to the trap) is close to half-wave resonance, implementing a
1441:
are simply the ordinary driving point impedances of a dipole, thus 73 + j43 ohms for a half-wave element (or purely resistive for one slightly shorter, as is usually desired for the driven element). Due to the differences in the elements' lengths
1139:
Typically, the phase shift in the passive element is much smaller. Moreover, to increase the effect of the passive radiators, they should be placed close to the driven element, so that they can collect and reemit a significant part of the primary radiation.
1695:
2074:
as computed above allows us to determine the radiation pattern (gain as a function of direction) due to the currents flowing in these two elements. Solution of such an antenna with more than two elements proceeds along the same lines, setting each
1060:. Its phase includes the propagation delay (relating to the current) and an additional 90 degrees lagging phase offset. Thus, the reradiated field may be thought as having a 90 degrees lagging phase with respect to the incident field.
2168:(NIST)) that provides six basic designs derived from measurements conducted at 400 MHz and procedures for adapting these designs to other frequencies. These designs, and those derived from them, are sometimes referred to as "NBS yagis."
2270:
array can be seen on many different types of WWII aircraft, particularly those types engaged in maritime patrol, or night fighters, commonly installed on the lower surface of each wing. Two types that often carried such equipment are the
958:, Yagi–Uda antennas commonly feature trigonal reflectors, and larger diameter conductors, in order to cover the relevant portions of the VHF and UHF bands. Wider bandwidth can also be achieved by the use of "traps", as described below.
2683:(This was the preface and notice in advance for a series of eleven papers, of the same title, by Uda, between 1926 and 1929, on the antenna. However, it seems that Uda's pre-announcement caused his invention to lose its
2048:
2124:
However using the above kinds of iterative analysis, one can calculate the performance of a given a set of parameters and adjust them to optimize the gain (perhaps subject to some constraints). Since with an
1035:. That is, they reradiate power which they receive from the driven element. They also interact with each other, but this mutual coupling is neglected in the following simplified explanation, which applies to
2311:
flying-boat. Indeed, the latter had so many antenna elements arranged on its back – in addition to its formidable turreted defensive armament in the nose and tail, and atop the hull – it was nicknamed the
237:, is narrow, just a few percent of the center frequency, decreasing for models with higher gain, making it ideal for fixed-frequency applications. The largest and best-known use is as rooftop terrestrial
1176:
the dimensions are not to scale with the numbers in the text). The addition of these waves (bottom) is increased in the forward direction, but leads to partial cancellation in the reverse direction.
1700:
1669:
1130:, cancelling out, so the signal strength radiated in the reverse direction is small. Thus the antenna radiates a unidirectional beam of radio waves from the front (director end) of the antenna.
2888:
1595:
1222:
1423:
1347:
1248:
between the dipole elements which implicitly takes into account the propagation delay due to the finite spacing between elements and near-field coupling effects. We model element number
4235:
1913:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{1}&=Z_{11}I_{1}+Z_{12}I_{2}=Z_{11}I_{1}-Z_{12}{Z_{21} \over Z_{22}}\,I_{1}\\&=\left(Z_{11}-{Z_{21}^{2} \over Z_{22}}\right)I_{1}\end{aligned}}}
2153:
2142:
parameters to adjust (the element lengths and relative spacings), this iterative analysis method is not straightforward. The mutual impedances plotted above only apply to
1232:
are the resistive and reactive parts of the mutual impedance. Note that at zero spacing we obtain the self-impedance of a half-wave dipole, 73 + j43 Ω.
2093:
antennas are frequently used because of their large radiation resistance, which is reduced to the typical 50 to 75 Ohm range by coupling with the passive elements.
986:
Yagi–Uda antenna. Using a second set of traps, a "triband" antenna can be resonant at three different bands. Given the associated costs of erecting an antenna and
3347:
2152:
The current distribution along a real antenna element is only approximately given by the usual assumption of a classical standing wave, requiring a solution of
965:
are sometimes designed to operate on multiple bands. These elaborate designs create electrical breaks along each element (both sides) at which point a parallel
920:
of a wavelength, depending on the specific design. The directors are slightly shorter than the driven element, while the reflector(s) are slightly longer. The
1003:
A portable Yagi–Uda antenna for use at 144 MHz (2 m), with segments of yellow tape-measure ribbon for the arms of the driven and parasitic elements.
1494:
are the voltage and current supplied by the transmitter. The parasitic element is designated 2, and since it is shorted at its "feedpoint" we can write that
225:
radio waves and is usually mounted for either horizontal or vertical polarization. It is relatively lightweight, inexpensive and simple to construct. The
4230:
2161:, often starting with an existing design modified according to one's hunch. The result might be checked by direct measurement or by computer simulation.
301:
Yagi had announced earlier. Yagi filed a patent application in Japan on the new idea, without Uda's name in it, and later transferred the patent to the
1151:
How the antenna works. The radio waves from each element are emitted with a phase delay, so that the individual waves emitted in the forward direction
1266:
flowing into it. Just considering two such elements we can write the voltage at each feedpoint in terms of the currents using the mutual impedances
1047:
with the incident electric field if the passive dipole is excited exactly at its resonance frequency. Now we imagine the current as the source of a
1477:
which requires a numerical solution. This has been computed for two exact half-wave dipole elements at various spacings in the accompanying graph.
4382:
2199:, also of Tohoku Imperial University. Yagi and Uda published their first report on the wave projector directional antenna. Yagi demonstrated a
2165:
2164:
A well-known reference employed in the latter approach is a report published by the United States
National Bureau of Standards (NBS) (now the
3180: , Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 16, pp. 715–740, June 1928. The URL is to a 1997 IEEE reprint of the classic article. See also
3291:
2411:, and complicated Yagi designs and combination with other antenna technologies have been developed to permit its operation over the broad
3340:
1950:
2403:
antenna in fringe areas. A major drawback was the Yagi's inherently narrow bandwidth, eventually solved by the adoption of the wideband
4220:
1007:
Consider a Yagi–Uda consisting of a reflector, driven element, and a single director as shown here. The driven element is typically a
4490:
3037:
2001 IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Society International Symposium By IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society. International Symposium.
157:
the direction of intended transmission. Directors, on the other hand, are a little shorter and placed in front of the driven element
2218:
2470:
This story is analogous to the story of
American intelligence officers interrogating German rocket scientists and finding out that
2110:
There are no simple formulas for designing Yagi–Uda antennas due to the complex relationships between physical parameters such as
4293:
2865:
4748:
4259:
3333:
1244:) of the driven element is strongly influenced by the passive element. A full analysis of such a system requires computing the
597:
153:
Reflector elements (usually only one is used) are slightly longer than the driven dipole and placed behind the driven element,
1236:
When a passive radiator is placed close (less than a quarter wavelength distance) to the driven dipole, it interacts with the
4773:
1076:
so that the phase of the element's current is modified with respect to its excitation from the driven element. The so-called
603:
320:
systems by Japan, Germany, the United
Kingdom, and the United States. After the war, they saw extensive development as home
2783:
800:
592:
3104:
2171:
By adjusting the distance between the adjacent directors it is possible to reduce the back lobe of the radiation pattern.
1606:
615:
2596:
862:
4722:
4540:
3997:
3152:
2966:
2946:
2921:
1521:
1198:
1155:
are in phase, while the waves in the reverse direction are out of phase. Therefore, the forward waves add together, (
2060:, but has now been modified by the presence of the parasitic element. And now knowing the phase (and amplitude) of
1063:
Parasitic elements involved in Yagi–Uda antennas are not exactly resonant but are somewhat shorter (or longer) than
1355:
1279:
2586:
2501:
2441:
266:
2383:) inserted along their conductors on each side, allowing the antenna to be used on more than one frequency band.
2089:
at the feedpoint). Generally the mutual coupling tends to lower the impedance of the primary radiator and thus,
892:
on the other side. The parasitic elements are not electrically connected to the transmission line and serve as
56:
from 1954, used for analog channels 2–4, 54–72 MHz (U.S. channels). It has five elements: three directors (
3173:
J. E. Brittain, Scanning the Past, Shintaro Uda and the Wave
Projector, Proc. IEEE, May 1997, pp. 800–801.
2766:
2511:
2412:
1101:
destructively in the forward direction (i.e. looking from the driven element towards the passive element). The
880:
consisting of two collinear rods each connected to one side of the transmission line, and a variable number of
3356:
3211:
2756:
2082: = 0 for all but the driven element, and solving for the currents in each element (and the voltage
950:
726:
478:
226:
4778:
4362:
4119:
4044:
3533:
928:
along the axis perpendicular to the elements in the plane of the elements, off the end with the directors.
463:
2247:
4768:
4763:
4387:
4286:
3049:
716:
4758:
954:
bandwidth narrowing as more elements are used. For applications that require wider bandwidths, such as
553:
175:
3036:
2408:
4753:
4625:
3766:
3654:
2404:
2280:
1156:
706:
234:
4620:
4530:
2474:
was the real pioneer of rocket technology even though he was not well known in the US at that time.
1160:
1127:
93:
39:
17:
2215:
is not considered, the proper name for the antenna is, as above, the Yagi–Uda antenna (or array).
4520:
4329:
3906:
3788:
3189:
2860:
2451:
2419:
2388:
2267:
1057:
1008:
171:
3212:"Conceptualizing engineering as a science: Hidetsugu Yagi as a promoter of engineering research"
1027:
and is the only member of the structure that is directly excited (electrically connected to the
4783:
4702:
4640:
4377:
4279:
3288:
3159:
3116:
2446:
2260:
1159:) enhancing the power in that direction, while the backward waves partially cancel each other (
955:
855:
817:
563:
3203:
3021:
2391:
motivated extensive adaptation of the Yagi–Uda design for rooftop television reception in the
1480:
The solution of the system then is as follows. Let the driven element be designated 1 so that
4357:
3825:
3565:
3419:
3313:
2407:(LPDA). Yet the Yagi's higher gain compared to the LPDA makes it still required for the best
2208:
2090:
751:
608:
241:, but it is also used for point-to-point fixed communication links, radar, and long-distance
2332:
G-6 of the wing's staff flight using it late in the war for its
Lichtenstein SN-2 AI radar.
190:
4565:
4437:
4412:
3845:
3746:
3632:
3064:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2396:
1241:
1094:
1043:
center-driven antenna. It is proportional to the effective length of the antenna and is in
736:
270:
257:
206:
3302:'Yagi–Uda emitter used for AESA(active electronically scanned array)' low-frequency radars
991:
antenna to additional mechanical considerations (wind loading, water and insect ingress).
8:
4585:
4477:
4432:
3941:
3921:
3889:
3874:
3830:
3741:
3724:
3647:
3627:
3560:
3488:
2392:
2304:
2283:
long range patrol seaplane. Vertically polarized arrays can be seen on the cheeks of the
2272:
2240:
222:
218:
202:
194:
89:
50:
3281:
3068:
2687:
and become unpatentable. He would not have been informed by
Professor Yagi about those.)
2053:
With only the driven element present the driving point impedance would have simply been
4727:
4575:
4515:
4510:
4407:
4319:
4114:
3916:
3879:
3555:
3424:
3397:
3256:
3182:
Beam Transmission Of Ultra Short Waves: An Introduction To The Classic Paper By H. Yagi
3080:
2984:. Sendai, Japan: The Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University.
2638:
2292:
1237:
1036:
696:
656:
498:
423:
321:
238:
53:
35:
4712:
4605:
4525:
4447:
4342:
4170:
4124:
4069:
4002:
3987:
3980:
3795:
3607:
3602:
3575:
3260:
3196:
3148:
2962:
2942:
2917:
2762:
2592:
2540:
2507:
2252:
2184:
1098:
1052:
921:
897:
881:
848:
756:
741:
731:
701:
636:
453:
364:
282:
167:
139:
117:
2800:
2203:, but the engineering problems proved to be more onerous than conventional systems.
4686:
4500:
4462:
4427:
4190:
4134:
4064:
4029:
3931:
3867:
3810:
3734:
3587:
3382:
3310:. Simple information on basic design, project and measure of Yagi–Uda antenna. 2008
3301:
3248:
3223:
3084:
3072:
2998:, Peter P. Viezbicke, National Bureau of Standard Technical Note 688, December 1976
2979:
2795:
2752:
2718:
2684:
2308:
2256:
2212:
2200:
1456:
have a substantially different reactive component. Due to reciprocity we know that
893:
543:
488:
483:
413:
349:
337:
122:
101:
97:
356:). Exact spacings and element lengths vary somewhat according to specific designs.
166:
determined by their exact lengths. Their effect is to modify the driven element's
4692:
4655:
4630:
4555:
4545:
4402:
4372:
4352:
4337:
4302:
4074:
3936:
3926:
3751:
3612:
3295:
3142:
2674:
2431:
2400:
2158:
987:
936:
822:
548:
493:
403:
380:
372:
302:
3325:
2900:
2703:
76:
feedline. The beam direction (direction of greatest sensitivity) is to the left.
4717:
4650:
4635:
4610:
4485:
4442:
4417:
4367:
4079:
4034:
3958:
3852:
3729:
3679:
3414:
3236:
3185:
2471:
2360:
2300:
2196:
932:
877:
746:
711:
666:
418:
398:
290:
246:
198:
147:
113:
105:
3319:
3252:
3181:
3177:
4742:
4697:
4590:
4580:
4535:
4422:
4200:
4109:
3714:
3704:
3617:
3523:
3444:
3409:
3392:
2436:
2348:
2329:
2296:
1044:
1024:
962:
776:
538:
508:
458:
390:
163:
65:
2961:
Principles of Antenna Theory, Kai Fong Lee, 1984, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.,
2335:
2149:
length elements, so these might need to be recomputed to get good accuracy.
4645:
4615:
4600:
4595:
4570:
4560:
4467:
4452:
4397:
4392:
3973:
3820:
2748:
2231:
2223:
2180:
721:
646:
533:
468:
428:
408:
313:
278:
210:
186:
179:
135:
2723:
2207:
contribution towards the design which will currently be recognized as the
4495:
4347:
4099:
4049:
4017:
3953:
3815:
3508:
2994:
2784:"On the Measurement of Natural Frequency of Coils with Ultra-radio Waves"
786:
691:
641:
503:
109:
1675:
This is the current induced in the parasitic element due to the current
1470:. Now the difficult computation is in determining that mutual impedance
3637:
3454:
3429:
2380:
1048:
966:
791:
686:
45:
1501: = 0. Using the above relationships, then, we can solve for
4550:
4457:
4129:
3857:
3756:
3481:
3076:
2344:
2288:
974:
925:
781:
661:
651:
513:
473:
242:
230:
178:
to enhance radiation in a single direction, increasing the antenna's
73:
38:
with 17 directors, and one reflector (made of four rods) shaped as a
30:
3227:
3197:
Scanning the Past: A History of Electrical Engineering from the Past
4707:
4505:
4311:
4236:
Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association
4039:
3992:
3805:
3778:
3684:
3528:
3144:
A radar history of World War II: technical and military imperatives
2096:
2043:{\displaystyle Z_{dp}=V_{1}/I_{1}=Z_{11}-{Z_{21}^{2} \over Z_{22}}}
1689:
at the feedpoint of the driven element using the earlier equation:
1028:
970:
573:
3166:
S. Uda, "Radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony on half-meter waves".
1051:
at the (short-circuited) port of the antenna. As is well known in
305:
in the UK. Incidentally, in the US, the patent was transferred to
4185:
4165:
4089:
3884:
3694:
3669:
3659:
3570:
3540:
3464:
3404:
3222:(14). Philosophy and History of Science, Kyoto University: 1–24.
2340:
2276:
999:
939:
332:
214:
4271:
3105:
The Sunderland flying-boat queen, Volume 1 By John Evans, Page 5
2794:(446). The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan: 783–787.
2226:
1-S night fighter with quadruple Yagi radar transceiver antennas
100:; these elements are most often metal rods (or discs) acting as
4681:
4195:
4180:
4175:
4094:
4084:
4054:
3899:
3773:
3709:
3699:
3674:
3664:
3597:
3592:
3580:
3550:
3518:
3503:
3471:
3449:
3439:
3387:
3117:"HyperScale 48D001 Ju 88 G-6 and Mistel S-3C Collection decals"
2325:
antenna elements protruding from the radome's surface, with an
2188:
126:
with no electrical connection, usually including one so-called
4660:
4139:
4104:
4022:
3968:
3963:
3894:
3862:
3840:
3835:
3800:
3783:
3719:
3545:
3513:
3476:
3459:
3434:
2788:
The Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan
2679:
The Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan
2326:
2235:
2192:
831:
568:
558:
448:
317:
286:
143:
4225:
4160:
4155:
4007:
3946:
3911:
3689:
3622:
3498:
3493:
3377:
2316:, or "Flying Porcupine" by German airmen. The experimental
2284:
809:
2828:"Y. Mushiake, '"Notes on the History of Yagi-Uda Antenna."
4059:
4012:
3761:
3642:
3157:
S. Uda, "High angle radiation of short electric waves".
2339:
A three-element Yagi–Uda antenna used for long-distance (
1682:
in the driven element. We can also solve for the voltage
1191:
306:
1163:), thereby reducing the power emitted in that direction.
3307:
1937:. The ratio of voltage to current at this point is the
1224:
dipoles not staggered as a function of spacing. Curves
900:. Typical spacings between elements vary from about
1202:
3192:, Volume 85, Issue 11, Nov. 1997 Page(s):1857–1863.
2120:
performance characteristics: gain and input impedance
1953:
1698:
1609:
1524:
1358:
1282:
1201:
3206:". IEEE Milestones, IEEE History Center, IEEE, 2005.
2747:
4231:
Japan Electronic Industries Development Association
2681:. Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan: 1128.
1664:{\displaystyle I_{2}=-{Z_{21} \over Z_{22}}\,I_{1}}
1252:as having a feedpoint at the centre with a voltage
931:Conveniently, the dipole parasitic elements have a
2855:
2853:
2704:"Projector of the Sharpest Beam of Electric Waves"
2042:
1912:
1663:
1589:
1417:
1341:
1216:
217:, depending on the number of elements used, and a
3355:
3320:Yagi Antenna calculator and computer designs 2020
2977:
4740:
3284:". History of antenna invention and its patents.
3199:". Proceedings of the IEEE Vol. 81, No. 6, 1993.
2702:Yagi, Hidetsugu; Uda, Shintaro (February 1926).
2861:"Milestones:Directive Short Wave Antenna, 1924"
2850:
1590:{\displaystyle 0=V_{2}=Z_{21}I_{1}+Z_{22}I_{2}}
1217:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\lambda \over 2}}
1105:element, on the other hand, being shorter than
3241:IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine
3209:
2675:"On the Wireless Beam of Short Electric Waves"
2166:National Institute of Standards and Technology
4287:
3341:
2838:, Vol. 56, No. 1, February 2014. pp. 255-257"
2179:The Yagi–Uda antenna was invented in 1926 by
1418:{\displaystyle V_{2}=Z_{21}I_{1}+Z_{22}I_{2}}
1342:{\displaystyle V_{1}=Z_{11}I_{1}+Z_{12}I_{2}}
856:
896:, reradiating the radio waves to modify the
312:Yagi antennas were first widely used during
3007:
3005:
2936:
2591:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 2.17–2.18.
245:communication by broadcasting stations and
233:range over which it maintains its gain and
4294:
4280:
3348:
3334:
2894:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
863:
849:
3234:
3216:Philosophy and History of Science Studies
3170:, vol. 18, pp. 1047–1063, June 1930.
2937:Kraus, John D.; Carver, Keith R. (1973).
2916:. Harvard University Press. p. 568.
2799:
2761:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 462–466.
2755:; Oliner, Arthur A.; et al. (2006).
2722:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
1823:
1650:
1031:). All the other elements are considered
289:, in 1926, with a lesser role played by
3002:
2743:
2741:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2334:
2246:
2217:
2095:
1190:
998:
331:
256:
146:, with a lesser role played by his boss
104:. Yagi–Uda antennas consist of a single
44:
29:
3050:"A Secret Story About the Yagi Antenna"
2866:Engineering and Technology History Wiki
2775:
2701:
2690:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2584:
2520:
888:on one side and optionally one or more
170:. The waves from the multiple elements
14:
4741:
3163:, vol. 15, pp. 377–385, May 1927.
3057:IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine
2834:IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine
2657:
2559:
2230:The Yagi was first widely used during
994:
977:) circuit is inserted. This so-called
598:Wireless electronic devices and health
4275:
3329:
3178:Beam transmission of ultra-shortwaves
2930:
2738:
2636:
810:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
604:International Telecommunication Union
3047:
2911:
2905:
2781:
2605:
2499:
2131:element Yagi–Uda antenna, there are
629:Radiation sources / regions
593:Wireless device radiation and health
2711:Proceedings of the Imperial Academy
2672:
2506:(7 ed.). Newnes. p. 858.
2493:
2291:of many WWII aircraft, notably the
616:World Radiocommunication Conference
269:on the nose of a late-World War II
261:Quartet of two-dipole Yagi arrays (
92:consisting of two or more parallel
24:
3235:Griffiths, Hugh (1 January 2022).
3204:Directive Short Wave Antenna, 1924
2782:Yagi, Hidetsugu (September 1925).
2418:The Yagi–Uda antenna was named an
1195:Mutual impedance between parallel
64:) and a driven element which is a
25:
4795:
4723:Circularly disposed antenna array
4541:Folded inverted conformal antenna
4301:
4221:Electronic Industries Association
3998:Shindengen Electric Manufacturing
3275:
3022:"Make Your Own UHF Yagi Antenna".
2387:After World War 2, the advent of
2295:-equipped examples of the German
221:of up to 20 dB. It radiates
4254:
4253:
2585:Balanis, Constantine A. (2011).
2503:Modern Dictionary of Electronics
1168:
1144:
379:
3210:Toma KAWANISHI (7 April 2020).
3109:
3098:
3041:
3030:
3014:
2988:
2971:
2955:
2881:
2801:10.11526/ieejjournal1888.45.783
2464:
2442:Numerical Electromagnetics Code
2251:Close-up of Yagi arrays of the
209:bands. It has moderate to high
193:, the Yagi is widely used as a
3202:Shozo Usami and Gentei Sato, "
2815:
2717:(2). Imperial Academy: 49–52.
327:
13:
1:
4749:Radio frequency antenna types
3357:Electronics industry in Japan
3020:Graf, Rudolf F. (June 1959).
2914:The Theory of Linear Antennas
2481:
479:Low-noise block downconverter
344:), half-wave driven element (
134:. It was invented in 1926 by
4774:1926 establishments in Japan
4363:Dielectric resonator antenna
2978:S. Uda; Y. Mushiake (1954).
2941:. McGraw-Hill. p. 681.
2399:television) and also as an
924:is unidirectional, with the
464:Counterpoise (ground system)
277:The antenna was invented by
34:A modern high-gain UHF Yagi
7:
2912:King, Ronold W. P. (1956).
2425:
1133:
1080:element, being longer than
961:Yagi–Uda antennas used for
717:Friis transmission equation
10:
4800:
3048:Sato, Gentei (June 1991).
2891:, VE1FA transatlantic Yagi
2185:Tohoku Imperial University
2174:
2154:Hallen's integral equation
2114:element length and spacing
1923:where we have substituted
554:Municipal wireless network
283:Tohoku Imperial University
252:
140:Tohoku Imperial University
72:) to match the 300 Ω
4674:
4626:Regenerative loop antenna
4476:
4328:
4310:
4249:
4213:
4148:
3370:
3363:
3253:10.1109/MAES.2021.3127141
2673:Uda, S. (December 1925).
2637:Wolff, Christian (2010).
2541:"What Is a Yagi Antenna?"
2405:log-periodic dipole array
2314:fliegendes Stachelschwein
2281:Consolidated PBY Catalina
2105:
2101:lower resonant frequency.
1939:driving point impedance Z
1157:constructive interference
801:Bell Laboratories Layered
4621:Reflective array antenna
4531:Corner reflector antenna
3282:Yagi-Uda antenna History
2500:Graf, Rudolf F. (1999).
2457:
2375:) each have a so-called
1161:destructive interference
336:Yagi–Uda antenna with a
4521:Collinear antenna array
3789:Nidec Copal Corporation
3190:Proceedings of the IEEE
2901:Common TV Antenna Types
2588:Modern Antenna Handbook
2547:. Conjecture Corp. 2014
2452:Radio direction finding
2389:television broadcasting
2343:) communication in the
2195:, with the guidance of
1944:of the 2-element Yagi:
1128:interfere destructively
834:Multiple Access (WSDMA)
832:Wideband Space Division
229:of a Yagi antenna, the
96:antenna elements in an
4703:Reconfigurable antenna
4666:Yagi–Uda antenna
4641:Short backfire antenna
4378:Folded unipole antenna
3316:www.antenna-theory.com
3168:Proceedings of the IRE
3160:Proceedings of the IRE
2447:Radio direction finder
2384:
2268:horizontally polarized
2263:
2261:anti-submarine warfare
2227:
2102:
2044:
1914:
1665:
1591:
1419:
1343:
1233:
1218:
1004:
956:terrestrial television
564:Radio masts and towers
357:
274:
273:night fighter aircraft
267:FuG 220 VHF-band radar
77:
42:
4358:Crossed field antenna
3767:Mobile Communications
3141:Brown, Louis (1999).
2869:. IEEE. December 2022
2724:10.2183/pjab1912.2.49
2338:
2250:
2221:
2209:reduction to practice
2099:
2045:
1915:
1666:
1592:
1420:
1344:
1219:
1194:
1002:
752:Signal-to-noise ratio
587:Safety and regulation
335:
260:
108:connected to a radio
48:
33:
27:Type of radio antenna
4675:Application-specific
4566:Log-periodic antenna
4438:Rubber ducky antenna
4413:Inverted vee antenna
4388:Ground-plane antenna
3846:Integra Home Theater
3747:Murata Manufacturing
2395:band (and later for
2351:station. The longer
1951:
1696:
1607:
1522:
1356:
1280:
1242:radiation resistance
1199:
737:Radiation resistance
116:(or both) through a
49:Drawing of Yagi–Uda
4779:Japanese inventions
4586:Offset dish antenna
4433:Random wire antenna
3890:Renesas Electronics
3742:Mitsubishi Electric
3725:Micron Memory Japan
3561:Hamamatsu Photonics
3534:Business Innovation
3069:1991IAPM...33R...7S
3027:, pp. 144–145, 214.
3011:Brown, 1999, p. 138
2996:Yagi Antenna Design
2758:History of Wireless
2367:), and the shorter
2305:Bristol Beaufighter
2273:Grumman TBF Avenger
2241:Battle of Singapore
2027:
1878:
1093:, has an inductive
995:Theory of operation
322:television antennas
239:television antennas
235:feedpoint impedance
219:front-to-back ratio
195:directional antenna
182:in that direction.
90:directional antenna
4769:1928 introductions
4764:1926 introductions
4728:Television antenna
4576:Microstrip antenna
4516:Choke ring antenna
4511:Cassegrain antenna
4408:Inverted-F antenna
4320:Isotropic radiator
3304:patents.google.com
3294:2005-12-25 at the
3237:"The Yagi Antenna"
2645:. Radartutorial.eu
2385:
2307:night-fighter and
2303:, and the British
2293:Lichtenstein radar
2264:
2228:
2103:
2040:
2013:
1910:
1908:
1864:
1661:
1587:
1415:
1339:
1234:
1214:
1213:
1005:
882:parasitic elements
803:Space-Time (BLAST)
657:Near and far field
358:
296:However, the name
275:
223:linearly polarized
130:and any number of
78:
54:television antenna
43:
36:television antenna
4759:Radio electronics
4736:
4735:
4713:Reference antenna
4606:Parabolic antenna
4526:Conformal antenna
4448:Turnstile antenna
4343:Biconical antenna
4269:
4268:
4209:
4208:
4045:Sumitomo Electric
3981:Seiko Instruments
3796:Nihon Dempa Kogyo
3608:Ikegami Tsushinki
3314:Yagi-Uda Antennas
3289:Yagi-Uda antennas
3025:Popular Mechanics
2279:aircraft and the
2255:fitted beneath a
2253:ASV Mark II radar
2038:
1889:
1821:
1648:
1246:mutual impedances
1211:
1053:transmission line
922:radiation pattern
898:radiation pattern
894:passive radiators
873:
872:
757:Spurious emission
742:Radio propagation
732:Radiation pattern
707:Equivalent radius
702:Electrical length
609:Radio Regulations
454:Block upconverter
213:of up to 20
168:radiation pattern
123:passive radiators
120:, and additional
118:transmission line
102:half-wave dipoles
60:) one reflector (
16:(Redirected from
4791:
4754:Antennas (radio)
4687:Corner reflector
4501:Beverage antenna
4463:Umbrella antenna
4428:Monopole antenna
4383:Franklin antenna
4296:
4289:
4282:
4273:
4272:
4257:
4256:
4241:Yagi–Uda antenna
4030:Stanley Electric
3932:Sanwa Electronic
3811:Nippon Chemi-Con
3383:Alaxala Networks
3368:
3367:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3308:Yagi-Uda Antenna
3271:
3269:
3267:
3247:(1). IEEE: 4–5.
3231:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3119:. Hyperscale.com
3113:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3077:10.1109/74.88216
3054:
3045:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2981:Yagi-Uda Antenna
2975:
2969:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2939:Electromagnetics
2934:
2928:
2927:
2909:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2753:Mailloux, Robert
2745:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2708:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2670:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2634:
2603:
2602:
2582:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2545:wiseGEEK website
2537:
2518:
2517:
2497:
2475:
2468:
2413:television bands
2409:fringe reception
2309:Short Sunderland
2257:Bristol Beaufort
2201:proof of concept
2148:
2141:
2130:
2117:element diameter
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2012:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1966:
1965:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1762:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1712:
1711:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1540:
1539:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1368:
1367:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1291:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1204:
1172:
1148:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1017:
1016:
1012:
919:
918:
914:
909:
908:
904:
865:
858:
851:
630:
544:Cellular network
484:Passive radiator
383:
360:
359:
265:) of the German
82:Yagi–Uda antenna
40:corner reflector
21:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4693:Evolved antenna
4670:
4656:Vivaldi antenna
4631:Rhombic antenna
4556:Helical antenna
4546:Fractal antenna
4491:AS-2259 Antenna
4472:
4403:Helical antenna
4373:Discone antenna
4353:Coaxial antenna
4338:Batwing antenna
4330:Omnidirectional
4324:
4306:
4300:
4270:
4265:
4245:
4205:
4144:
4075:TOA Corporation
3566:Hirose Electric
3359:
3354:
3296:Wayback Machine
3287:D. Jefferies, "
3278:
3265:
3263:
3228:10.14989/250442
3133:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3031:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3003:
2993:
2989:
2976:
2972:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2825:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2790:(in Japanese).
2780:
2776:
2769:
2746:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2671:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2635:
2606:
2599:
2583:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2521:
2514:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2432:Antenna (radio)
2428:
2177:
2159:trial and error
2143:
2132:
2126:
2108:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2067:in relation to
2066:
2059:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1433:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1149:
1136:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1014:
1010:
1009:
997:
935:(point of zero
916:
912:
911:
906:
902:
901:
869:
840:
839:
836:
833:
827:
823:Spread spectrum
818:Reconfiguration
805:
802:
796:
771:
763:
762:
761:
681:
680:Characteristics
673:
672:
671:
631:
628:
621:
620:
612:
606:
588:
580:
579:
578:
528:
520:
519:
518:
443:
435:
434:
433:
393:
330:
307:RCA Corporation
303:Marconi Company
255:
191:parasitic array
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4797:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4718:Spiral antenna
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4651:Sterba antenna
4648:
4643:
4638:
4636:Sector antenna
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4611:Plasma antenna
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
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4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4486:Adcock antenna
4482:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:Sloper antenna
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4418:J-pole antenna
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4368:Dipole antenna
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4308:
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4299:
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4291:
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4276:
4267:
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4264:
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4250:
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4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4080:Tokyo Electron
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4035:Star Micronics
4032:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
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3903:
3902:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
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3870:
3865:
3855:
3853:Orion Electric
3850:
3849:
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3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
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3759:
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3730:MinebeaMitsumi
3727:
3722:
3717:
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3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3680:Konica Minolta
3677:
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3422:
3417:
3415:Audio-Technica
3412:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3365:
3361:
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3324:
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3311:
3305:
3299:
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3277:
3276:External links
3274:
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3207:
3200:
3193:
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3164:
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3137:
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2922:
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2893:
2880:
2849:
2840:. Sm.rim.or.jp
2814:
2774:
2767:
2737:
2689:
2656:
2639:"Yagi Antenna"
2604:
2598:978-1118209752
2597:
2558:
2519:
2512:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2472:Robert Goddard
2462:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2420:IEEE Milestone
2361:driven element
2301:fighter-bomber
2275:carrier-based
2197:Hidetsugu Yagi
2176:
2173:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2107:
2104:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2064:
2057:
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2025:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
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1983:
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1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1270:
1263:
1259:and a current
1256:
1210:
1207:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1132:
1058:dipole antenna
996:
993:
878:driven element
871:
870:
868:
867:
860:
853:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
830:
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789:
784:
779:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
760:
759:
754:
749:
747:Radio spectrum
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
683:
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:
670:
669:
667:Vertical plane
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
633:
632:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
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613:
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466:
461:
456:
451:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
432:
431:
426:
421:
419:Satellite dish
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
394:
389:
388:
385:
384:
376:
375:
369:
368:
329:
326:
291:Hidetsugu Yagi
254:
251:
247:radio amateurs
185:Also called a
148:Hidetsugu Yagi
106:driven element
98:end-fire array
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4796:
4785:
4784:Amateur radio
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:Ground dipole
4696:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:Patch antenna
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Moxon antenna
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:Curtain array
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
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4499:
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4459:
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4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:Mast radiator
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
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4379:
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4364:
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4321:
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4309:
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4297:
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4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4201:Okaya Optical
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
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4159:
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4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
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4128:
4126:
4123:
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4118:
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4113:
4111:
4108:
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4101:
4098:
4096:
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4024:
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4019:
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4011:
4009:
4006:
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4001:
3999:
3996:
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3989:
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3809:
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3799:
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3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:Mabuchi Motor
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
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3641:
3640:
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3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Japan Display
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
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3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:Fuji Electric
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
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3470:
3466:
3463:
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3458:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Citizen Watch
3443:
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3433:
3431:
3428:
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3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3153:0-7503-0659-9
3150:
3147:. CRC Press.
3146:
3145:
3140:
3139:
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3134:
3118:
3112:
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3006:
2999:
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2991:
2983:
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2968:
2967:0-471-90167-9
2964:
2958:
2950:
2948:9780070353961
2944:
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2923:9780674182172
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2797:
2793:
2789:
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2770:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2749:Sarkar, T. K.
2744:
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2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2686:
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2437:Antenna array
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
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2378:
2374:
2370:
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2354:
2350:
2349:amateur radio
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2323:Morgenstern's
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:Junkers Ju 88
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2259:aircraft for
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2234:for airborne
2233:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2211:, and if the
2210:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137: −
2136:
2129:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2091:folded dipole
2085:
2078:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
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1955:
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1859:
1854:
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1841:
1839:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1708:
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1692:
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1690:
1685:
1678:
1656:
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1643:
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1633:
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1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1430:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1369:
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1360:
1352:
1351:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1208:
1205:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1079:
1075:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:folded dipole
1022:
1020:
1001:
992:
989:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:amateur radio
959:
957:
952:
947:
943:
941:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
866:
861:
859:
854:
852:
847:
846:
844:
843:
835:
829:
828:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
811:
807:
804:
798:
797:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
777:Beam steering
775:
774:
767:
766:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
677:
676:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
625:
624:
617:
614:
610:
605:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
584:
583:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Amateur radio
537:
535:
532:
531:
524:
523:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
459:Coaxial cable
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
439:
438:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
392:
387:
386:
382:
378:
377:
374:
371:
370:
366:
362:
361:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
325:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
272:
268:
264:
259:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
71:
67:
66:folded dipole
63:
59:
55:
52:
47:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4665:
4646:Slot antenna
4616:Quad antenna
4601:Planar array
4596:Phased array
4571:Loop antenna
4561:Horn antenna
4468:Whip antenna
4453:T2FD antenna
4398:Halo antenna
4393:G5RV antenna
4258:
4240:
3974:Orient Watch
3821:NKK Switches
3420:Bandai Namco
3264:. Retrieved
3244:
3240:
3219:
3215:
3167:
3158:
3143:
3136:Bibliography
3121:. Retrieved
3111:
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3060:
3056:
3043:
3032:
3024:
3016:
2995:
2990:
2980:
2973:
2957:
2938:
2932:
2913:
2907:
2896:
2887:
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2864:
2842:. Retrieved
2824:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2805:. Retrieved
2791:
2787:
2777:
2757:
2730:11 September
2728:. Retrieved
2714:
2710:
2678:
2649:18 September
2647:. Retrieved
2643:Radar Basics
2642:
2587:
2551:18 September
2549:. Retrieved
2544:
2502:
2495:
2466:
2417:
2386:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2347:bands by an
2322:
2317:
2313:
2265:
2232:World War II
2229:
2224:Nakajima J1N
2205:
2181:Shintaro Uda
2178:
2170:
2163:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2123:
2109:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2052:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1599:
1509:
1508:in terms of
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1152:
1137:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1102:
1090:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1041:
1039:conditions.
1032:
1018:
1006:
983:
978:
960:
948:
944:
930:
889:
885:
874:
647:Ground plane
534:Antenna farm
391:Common types
353:
345:
341:
314:World War II
311:
297:
295:
279:Shintaro Uda
276:
263:Hirschgeweih
262:
187:beam antenna
184:
158:
154:
152:
136:Shintaro Uda
131:
127:
121:
86:Yagi antenna
85:
84:, or simply
81:
79:
69:
61:
57:
4496:AWX antenna
4478:Directional
4348:Cage aerial
4050:Taiyo Yuden
4018:Square Enix
3954:Seiko Group
3907:Riso Kagaku
3816:Nitto Denko
3509:ESP Guitars
3266:12 December
3063:(3): 7–18.
2318:Morgenstern
2287:and on the
787:Beamforming
692:Directivity
642:Focal cloud
504:Transmitter
328:Description
110:transmitter
4743:Categories
3942:Sega Sammy
3638:JVCKenwood
3186:D.M. Pozar
3184: by
3090:14 October
2873:1 December
2807:3 December
2768:0471783013
2513:0080511988
2482:References
2381:LC circuit
2379:(parallel
2289:nose cones
1238:near field
1049:power wave
886:reflectors
792:Small cell
770:Techniques
697:Efficiency
687:Array gain
442:Components
424:Television
70:double rod
4689:(passive)
4551:Gizmotchy
4458:T-antenna
4312:Isotropic
4130:Zojirushi
3858:Panasonic
3757:Nakamichi
3482:Denso Ten
3455:D+M Group
3364:Companies
3261:245708628
3176:H .Yagi,
2487:Citations
2422:in 1995.
2355:element (
2353:reflector
2345:shortwave
2009:−
1860:−
1787:−
1624:−
1206:λ
1099:interfere
1095:reactance
1078:reflector
1037:far-field
1033:parasitic
984:different
975:capacitor
951:bandwidth
926:main lobe
890:directors
782:Beam tilt
662:Side lobe
652:Main lobe
637:Boresight
514:Twin-lead
474:Feed line
338:reflector
243:shortwave
231:frequency
227:bandwidth
176:interfere
172:superpose
132:directors
128:reflector
74:twin lead
4708:Rectenna
4506:Cantenna
4260:Category
4191:National
4125:Yokogawa
3993:Shimadzu
3868:Technics
3806:Nintendo
3779:Nichicon
3685:KO PROPO
3633:JR Propo
3529:Fujifilm
3298:". 2004.
3292:Archived
3123:15 April
2426:See also
2401:FM radio
2369:director
1134:Analysis
1103:director
1029:feedline
971:inductor
808:Massive
574:Wireless
489:Receiver
414:Monopole
373:Antennas
365:a series
363:Part of
350:director
155:opposite
114:receiver
94:resonant
62:to right
18:Yagi-Uda
4303:Antenna
4186:Minolta
4166:Bronica
4149:Defunct
4120:Yaskawa
4090:Toshiba
3922:Rubycon
3885:Plextor
3875:Pioneer
3831:Olympus
3735:Mitsumi
3695:Kyocera
3670:Kiramek
3660:Keyence
3648:Kenwood
3576:Clarion
3571:Hitachi
3541:Fujitsu
3465:Marantz
3425:Brother
3405:Anritsu
3371:Current
3085:8215383
3065:Bibcode
2685:novelty
2359:), the
2341:skywave
2277:US Navy
2213:novelty
2175:History
1600:and so
1110:⁄
1085:⁄
1068:⁄
1013:⁄
988:rotator
940:voltage
915:⁄
905:⁄
549:Hotspot
527:Systems
494:Rotator
404:Fractal
348:), and
253:Origins
197:on the
88:, is a
58:to left
4682:ALLISS
4196:Norita
4181:Konica
4176:Contax
4171:Chinon
4115:Yamaha
4095:Uniden
4085:Topcon
4055:Tamron
3959:Pulsar
3937:SCREEN
3927:Sansui
3917:Roland
3900:Pentax
3880:Pixela
3774:Nichia
3715:Maspro
3710:Mamiya
3700:Luxman
3675:Konami
3665:Kioxia
3613:Iwatsu
3598:Ibiden
3593:Ibanez
3581:Maxell
3556:Futaba
3551:Furuno
3519:Fostex
3504:Elecom
3472:Daikin
3450:Cosina
3440:CatEye
3398:Alpine
3388:Alinco
3259:
3151:
3083:
2965:
2945:
2920:
2844:4 July
2765:
2595:
2510:
2365:centre
2189:Sendai
2106:Design
1021:dipole
727:Height
712:Factor
399:Dipole
346:centre
271:Bf 110
4661:WokFi
4305:types
4214:Other
4140:Zuken
4110:Yaesu
4105:Wacom
4100:Ushio
4070:Tiger
4023:Taito
4003:Sigma
3988:Sharp
3969:Epson
3964:Seiko
3895:Ricoh
3863:Sanyo
3841:Onkyo
3836:Omron
3801:Nikon
3784:Nidec
3752:Mutoh
3720:Melco
3655:Kawai
3546:Funai
3514:FANUC
3477:Denso
3460:Denon
3435:Casio
3430:Canon
3257:S2CID
3188:, in
3081:S2CID
3053:(PDF)
2707:(PDF)
2458:Notes
2373:right
2330:Ju 88
2327:NJG 4
2236:radar
2193:Japan
1045:phase
569:Wi-Fi
559:Radio
509:Tuner
449:Balun
354:right
318:radar
287:Japan
164:phase
144:Japan
4226:INCJ
4161:Akai
4156:Aiwa
4135:Zoom
4065:TEAC
4040:Stax
4008:Sony
3947:Sega
3912:Rohm
3690:Korg
3623:JEOL
3603:Icom
3588:Hoya
3499:Eizo
3494:Eiki
3393:Alps
3378:Aiwa
3268:2022
3149:ISBN
3125:2012
3092:2022
2963:ISBN
2943:ISBN
2918:ISBN
2875:2022
2846:2014
2809:2022
2763:ISBN
2732:2014
2651:2014
2593:ISBN
2553:2014
2508:ISBN
2377:trap
2357:left
2299:R-1
2285:P-61
1487:and
1449:and
1434:and
1228:and
1153:(up)
979:trap
973:and
949:The
933:node
722:Gain
499:Stub
469:Feed
429:Whip
409:Loop
342:left
298:Yagi
211:gain
205:and
189:and
180:gain
174:and
4060:TDK
4013:SNK
3826:Oki
3762:NEC
3643:JVC
3628:JRC
3489:DNP
3410:AOR
3249:doi
3224:doi
3073:doi
2796:doi
2719:doi
2397:UHF
2393:VHF
2183:of
1023:or
910:to
316:in
281:of
215:dBi
207:UHF
203:VHF
138:of
112:or
51:VHF
4745::
3255:.
3245:37
3243:.
3239:.
3220:14
3218:.
3214:.
3079:.
3071:.
3061:33
3059:.
3055:.
3004:^
2863:.
2852:^
2848:.
2792:45
2786:.
2751:;
2740:^
2713:.
2709:.
2692:^
2677:.
2659:^
2641:.
2607:^
2561:^
2543:.
2522:^
2415:.
2266:A
2222:A
2191:,
2187:,
2147:/2
2058:11
2034:22
2019:21
2004:11
1941:dp
1935:21
1930:=
1928:12
1885:22
1870:21
1855:11
1817:22
1807:21
1795:12
1772:11
1749:12
1726:11
1644:22
1634:21
1573:22
1550:21
1515::
1475:21
1468:12
1463:=
1461:21
1454:22
1447:11
1439:22
1432:11
1401:22
1378:21
1325:12
1302:11
1273::
1271:ij
1230:Im
1226:Re
967:LC
937:RF
907:10
884:,
367:on
324:.
309:.
293:.
285:,
249:.
201:,
199:HF
159:in
150:.
142:,
80:A
4295:e
4288:t
4281:v
3349:e
3342:t
3335:v
3322:"
3270:.
3251::
3230:.
3226::
3195:"
3127:.
3094:.
3075::
3067::
2951:.
2926:.
2877:.
2817:'
2811:.
2798::
2771:.
2734:.
2721::
2715:2
2653:.
2601:.
2555:.
2516:.
2371:(
2363:(
2145:λ
2139:1
2135:n
2133:2
2128:n
2087:1
2084:V
2080:j
2077:V
2072:1
2069:I
2065:2
2062:I
2055:Z
2030:Z
2024:2
2015:Z
2000:Z
1996:=
1991:1
1987:I
1982:/
1976:1
1972:V
1968:=
1963:p
1960:d
1956:Z
1932:Z
1925:Z
1902:1
1898:I
1893:)
1881:Z
1875:2
1866:Z
1851:Z
1846:(
1842:=
1830:1
1826:I
1813:Z
1803:Z
1791:Z
1782:1
1778:I
1768:Z
1764:=
1759:2
1755:I
1745:Z
1741:+
1736:1
1732:I
1722:Z
1718:=
1709:1
1705:V
1687:1
1684:V
1680:1
1677:I
1671:.
1657:1
1653:I
1640:Z
1630:Z
1621:=
1616:2
1612:I
1583:2
1579:I
1569:Z
1565:+
1560:1
1556:I
1546:Z
1542:=
1537:2
1533:V
1529:=
1526:0
1513:1
1510:I
1506:2
1503:I
1499:2
1496:V
1492:1
1489:I
1485:1
1482:V
1472:Z
1465:Z
1458:Z
1451:Z
1444:Z
1436:Z
1429:Z
1411:2
1407:I
1397:Z
1393:+
1388:1
1384:I
1374:Z
1370:=
1365:2
1361:V
1335:2
1331:I
1321:Z
1317:+
1312:1
1308:I
1298:Z
1294:=
1289:1
1285:V
1268:Z
1264:j
1261:I
1257:j
1254:V
1250:j
1209:2
1116:λ
1112:2
1108:1
1091:λ
1087:2
1083:1
1074:λ
1070:2
1066:1
1019:λ
1015:2
1011:1
969:(
917:4
913:1
903:1
864:e
857:t
850:v
611:)
607:(
352:(
340:(
68:(
20:)
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