Tetragrammaton - Knowledge

3535: 3074:

the Zohar, and the Kabbalah of Names or Prophetic Kabbalah whose main representative is Rabbi Abraham Abulafia of Saragossa. Rabbi Abulafia wrote many wisdom books and prophetic books where the name is used for meditation purposes from 1271 onwards. Abulafia put a lot of attention on Exodus 15 and the Songs of Moses. In this song it says "Yehovah is a Man of War, Yehovah is his name". For Abulafia the goal of prophecy was for a man to come to the level of prophecy and be called "Yehovah a man of war". Abulafia also used the tetragrammaton in a spiritual war against his spiritual enemies. For example, he prophesied in his book "The Sign", "Therefore, thus said YHWH, the God of Israel: Have no fear of the enemy" (See Hylton, A The Prophetic Jew Abraham Abulafia, 2015).

2519: 2226:, the oldest Septuagint manuscript in which it appears, as an indication of what was in the original text, others see this manuscript as "an archaizing and hebraizing revision of the earlier translation κύριος". Of this papyrus, De Troyer asks: "Is it a recension or not?" In this regard she says that Emanuel Tov notes that in this manuscript a second scribe inserted the four-letter Tetragrammaton where the first scribe left spaces large enough for the six-letter word Κύριος, and that Pietersma and Hanhart say the papyrus "already contains some pre- 1136: 2508: 3219: 59: 1071: 2071: 8736: 3355: 8724: 2180:(p. 158). He holds that the earliest stages of the LXX's translation were marked by diversity (p. 262), with the choice of certain divine names depending on the context in which they appear (cf. Gen 4:26; Exod 3:15; 8:22; 28:32; 32:5; and 33:19). He treats of the related blank spaces in some Septuagint manuscripts and the setting of spaces around the divine name in 4Q120 and 5542: 2184:(p. 265), and repeats that "there was no one 'original' form but different translators had different feelings, theological beliefs, motivations, and practices when it came to their handling of the name" (p. 271). His view has won the support of Anthony R. Meyer, Bob Becking, and (commenting on Shaw's 2011 dissertation on the subject) D.T. Runia. 3609:, the name of God represented by the Tetragrammaton. As examples of such vocalisation it mentioned "Yahweh" and "Yehovah". The early Christians, it said, followed the example of the Septuagint in replacing the name of God with "the Lord", a practice with important theological implications for their use of "the Lord" in reference to Jesus, as in 520: 3487:, whose liturgies and doctrinal declarations are largely a cento of texts from the Septuagint, which they consider to be inspired at least as much as the Masoretic Text. Within the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Greek text remains the norm for texts in all languages, with particular reference to the wording used in prayers. 1178:, not the language of the Hebrew Tetragrammaton (YHWH) and, unlike the Tetragrammaton, are of three letters, not four. However, because they were written by Jews, they are assumed to refer to the same deity and to be either an abbreviated form of the Tetragrammaton or the original name from which the name YHWH developed. 3969:

written in Paleo-Hebrew script, they are: 1QpMic (1Q14) 12 3; 1QMyst (1Q27) II 11; 1QHa I (Suk. = Puech IX) 26; II (X) 34; VII (XV) 5; XV (VII) 25; 1QH}} (1Q35) 1 5; 3QUnclassified fragments (3Q14) 18 2; 4QpPs}} (4Q173) 5 4; 4QAges of Creation A (4Q180) 1 1; 4QMidrEschate?(4Q183) 2 1; 3 1; fr. 1 kol.

3690:

replaces the tetragrammaton with "Lord" when it re-articulates passages in the Hebrew Bible that contain the tetragrammaton. Thus, the Qur'an appears to also avoid the vocalization of the tetragrammaton no differently than the Jewish communities with whom it was in conversation during Late Antiquity.

3163:

Luzzatto summarises, "In sum, all that exists is founded on the mystery of this Name and upon the mystery of these letters of which it consists. This means that all the different orders and laws are all drawn after and come under the order of these four letters. This is not one particular pathway but

3366:

inherited from Jews the practice of reading "Lord" where the Tetragrammaton appears in the Hebrew text (and where a few Greek manuscripts use it in the midst of their Greek translation). Gentile Christians, primarily non-Hebrew speaking and using Greek Scripture texts, may have read Κύριος ("Lord"),

2218:

of the Septuagint, "a revision of the Old Greek text to bring it closer to the Hebrew text of the Bible as it existed in ca. 2nd-1st century BCE" (and thus not necessarily the original text), Kristin De Troyer remarks: "The problem with a recension is that one does not know what is the original form

1674:

The members of the Qumran community were aware of the existence of the Tetragrammaton, but this was not tantamount to granting consent for its existing use and speaking. This is evidenced not only by special treatment of the Tetragrammaton in the text, but by the recommendation recorded in the 'Rule

3672:

that have been translated with the conviction that Hebraic forms for the Tetragrammaton and other divine names should be preserved in translating both Hebrew and Greek Scriptures. They have done this by transliteration or the use of Hebrew letters in the text. Some even use Paleo-Hebrew letters to

2268:

2.2) said that in the most accurate manuscripts the name was written in an older form of the Hebrew characters, the paleo-Hebrew letters, not the square: "In the more accurate exemplars the (divine) name is written in Hebrew characters; not, however, in the current script, but in the most ancient."

2187:

Mogens Müller says that, while no clearly Jewish manuscript of the Septuagint has been found with Κύριος representing the Tetragrammaton, other Jewish writings of the time show that Jews did use the term Κύριος for God, and it was because Christians found it in the Septuagint that they were able to

3698:

Since the 16th century, artists have been using the tetragrammaton as a symbol for God, or for divine illumination. Protestant artists avoided to allegorize God in human form, but rather wrote the Hebrew name of God. This was done in book illustrations since 1530, then on coins and medals as well.

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tradition holds that the correct pronunciation is known to a select few people in each generation, it is not generally known what this pronunciation is. There are two main schools of Kabbalah arising in 13th century Spain. These are called Theosophic Kabbalah represented by Rabbi Moshe De Leon and

2179:

assumptions. Accordingly, he declares: "The matter of any (especially single) 'original' form of the divine name in the LXX is too complex, the evidence is too scattered and indefinite, and the various approaches offered for the issue are too simplistic" to account for the actual scribal practices

8076:

Shorter forms of Yahweh: The name Yahweh also appears in a shortened form, transliterated Jah (pronounced Yah) in the Revised Version and the American Standard Version, either in the text or footnote: "my song is Jah" (Ex 15:2); "by Jah, his name" (Ps 68:4); "I shall not see Jah in Jah's land (Is

2908:

suggests that use of the name Yahweh was unacceptable in rabbinical Judaism. "He who pronounces the Name with its own letters has no part in the world to come!" Such is the prohibition of pronouncing the Name as written that it is sometimes called the "Ineffable", "Unutterable", or "Distinctive

2230:

corrections towards a Hebrew text (which would have had the Tetragrammaton). She also mentions Septuagint manuscripts that have Θεός and one that has παντοκράτωρ where the Hebrew text has the Tetragrammaton. She concludes: "It suffices to say that in old Hebrew and Greek witnesses, God has many

3689:

does not explicitly mention the tetragrammaton, it appears to be well-aware of the name reflecting knowledge of its meaning, paralleling interpretations from early rabbinic traditions. The absence of the tetragrammaton may point to the Qur’an’s oral transmission, especially since it sometimes

8048:…pronouncing the God of Israel's proper name," known as the holy or divine tetragrammaton, written with four consonants, YHWH, in the Hebrew alphabet. In order to vocalize it, it is necessary to introduce vowels that alter the written and spoken forms of the name (i.e. "Yahweh" or "Jehovah"). 3047:

or buried in Jewish cemeteries in order to retire them from use. Similarly, writing the Tetragrammaton (or these other names) unnecessarily is prohibited, so as to avoid having them treated disrespectfully, an action that is forbidden. To guard the sanctity of the Name, sometimes a letter is

1054:

says: "It must be emphasized that the Amorite verbal form is of interest only in attempting to reconstruct the proto-Hebrew or South Canaanite verbal form used in the name Yahweh. We should argue vigorously against attempts to take Amorite yahwi and yahu as divine epithets." Egyptologist

2490:, transmitting among other translations the text of the Septuagint, Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion, and in three other unidentified Greek translations (Quinta, Sextus and Septima). This codex, copied from a much earlier original, comes from the late 9th century, and is stored in the 1509:

This is the first occurrence of the Tetragrammaton in the Hebrew Bible and shows the most common set of vowels used in the Masoretic Text. It is the same as the form used in Exodus 3:14 below, but with the dot (holam) on the first he left out, because it is a little redundant.

3337: 533:

Like all letters in the Hebrew script, the letters in YHWH originally indicated consonants. In unpointed Biblical Hebrew, most vowels are not written, but some are indicated ambiguously, as certain letters came to have a secondary function indicating vowels (similar to the

1662:

defining him says that he is called Iao in the Chaldean mysteries" (De Mensibus IV 53). Van Cooten mentions that Iao is one of the "specifically Jewish designations for God" and "the Aramaic papyri from the Jews at Elephantine show that 'Iao' is an original Jewish term".

2170:

Frank Shaw argues that the Tetragrammaton continued to be articulated until the second or third century CE and that the use of Ιαω was by no means limited to magical or mystical formulas, but was still normal in more elevated contexts such as that exemplified by Papyrus

1195:

According to De Troyer, the short names, instead of being ineffable like "Yahweh", seem to have been in spoken use not only as elements of personal names but also in reference to God: "The Samaritans thus seem to have pronounced the Name of God as Jaho or Ja." She cites

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See Deut. 12:2–4: "You must destroy all the sites at which the nations you are to dispossess worshiped their gods...tear down their altars...and cut down the images of their gods, obliterating their name from that site. Do not do the same thing to Hashem (YHWH) your

1188:: "In both collections one can read the name of God as Yaho (or Yahu) and Ya". The name YH (Yah/Jah), the first syllable of "Yahweh", appears 50 times in the Old Testament, 26 times alone (Exodus 15:2; 17:16; and 24 times in the Psalms), 24 times in the expression " 2281:

The great majority of extant manuscripts of the Old Testament in Greek, complete or fragmentary, dated to the ninth century CE or earlier, employ Κύριος to represent the Tetragrammaton of the Hebrew text. The following do not. They include the oldest now extant.

1650:, showing that they were treated specially. Most of God's names were pronounced until about the 2nd century BCE. Then, as a tradition of non-pronunciation of the names developed, alternatives for the Tetragrammaton appeared, such as Adonai, Kurios and Theos. The 7534:

St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, 1988. Quote Page 17: "The Peshitta Old Testament was translated directly from the original Hebrew text, and most Biblical scholars believe that the Peshitta New Testament directly from the original Greek. The so-called

8254:"Dixítque íterum Deus ad Móysen: «Hæc dices fíliis Israel: Iahveh (Qui est), Deus patrum vestrórum, Deus Abraham, Deus Isaac et Deus Iacob misit me ad vos; hoc nomen mihi est in ætérnum, et hoc memoriále meum in generatiónem et generatiónem." (Exodus 3:15). 1437:

Other short forms are found as a component of theophoric Hebrew names in the Bible: jô- or jehô- (29 names) and -jāhû or -jāh (127 jnames). A form of jāhû/jehô appears in the name Elioenai (Elj(eh)oenai) in 1Ch 3:23–24; 4:36; 7:8; Ezr 22:22, 27; Neh 12:41.

2166:

Scholars differ on whether in the original Septuagint translations the Tetragrammaton was represented by Κύριος, by ΙΑΩ, by the Tetragrammaton in either normal or Paleo-Hebrew form, or whether different translators used different forms in different books.

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II 3; 4QS}} (4Q258) IX 8; 4QD}} (4Q267) fr. 9 kol. i 2; kol. iv 4; kol. v 4; 4QD}} (4Q268) 1 9; 4QComposition Concerning Divine Providence (4Q413) fr. 1–2 2, 4; 6QD (6Q15) 3 5; 6QpapHymn (6Q18) 6 5; 8 5; 10 3. W 4QShirShabbg (4Q406) 1 2; 3 2 występuje

3622:

welcomed this instruction, adding that it "provides also an opportunity to offer catechesis for the faithful as an encouragement to show reverence for the Name of God in daily life, emphasizing the power of language as an act of devotion and worship".

3617:

YHWH is neither to be used or pronounced"; and that translations of Biblical texts for liturgical use are to follow the practice of the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate, replacing the divine name with "the Lord" or, in some contexts, "God". The

3010:

taken as singular), the word to use when the text was read. While "HaShem" is the most common way to reference "the Name", the terms "HaMaqom" (lit. "The Place", i.e. "The Omnipresent") and "Raḥmana" (Aramaic, "Merciful") are used in the mishna and

8281:"Exodus 3:15: Dixítque íterum Deus ad Móysen: «Hæc dices fíliis Israel: Dominus, Deus patrum vestrórum, Deus Abraham, Deus Isaac et Deus Iacob misit me ad vos; hoc nomen mihi est in ætérnum, et hoc memoriále meum in generatiónem et generatiónem." 2784:

The Vulgate translation, though made not from the Septuagint but from the Hebrew text, did not depart from the practice used in the Septuagint. Thus, for most of its history, Christianity's translations of the Scriptures have used equivalents of

983:‎ was the correct and original pointing". Edward Robinson's translation of a work by Gesenius, gives Gesenius' personal view as: "My own view coincides with that of those who regard this name as anciently pronounced like the Samaritans." 928:(1624–1699). The opponents of "Jehovah" said that the Tetragrammaton should be pronounced as "Adonai" and in general do not speculate on what may have been the original pronunciation, although mention is made of the fact that some held that 3080:, says that the tree of the Tetragrammaton "unfolds" in accordance with the intrinsic nature of its letters, "in the same order in which they appear in the Name, in the mystery of ten and the mystery of four." Namely, the upper cusp of the 1666:

The preserved manuscripts from Qumran show the inconsistent practice of writing the Tetragrammaton, mainly in biblical quotations: in some manuscripts is written in paleo-Hebrew script, square scripts or replaced with four dots or dashes

3238:. A Hebrew tetractys in a similar way has the letters of the Tetragrammaton (the four lettered name of God in Hebrew scripture) inscribed on the ten positions of the tetractys, from right to left. It has been argued that the Kabbalistic 8002:, Catherine Hezser – 2002 " In fact, there is no proof in any other rabbinic writing that Samaritans used to pronounce the Divine Name when they took an oath. The only evidence for Sarmaritans uttering the Tetragrammaton at that ..." 2301:(848) – fragments of Deuteronomy, chapters 10 to 33. The Tetragrammaton appears in square Hebrew/Aramaic script. According to a disputed view, the first copyist left a blank space marked with a dot, and another inscribed the letters. 2158:

Other extant ancient fragments of Septuagint or Old Greek manuscripts provide no evidence on the use of the Tetragrammaton, Κύριος, or ΙΑΩ in correspondence with the Hebrew-text Tetragrammaton. They include the oldest known example,

1248:

magical amulets became very popular. Representations of the Tetragrammaton name or combinations inspired by it in languages such as Greek and Coptic, giving some indication of its pronunciation, occur as names of powerful agents in

3643:

in "small capital letters to represent the tetragrammaton YHWH, the personal name of the deity". However, the Psalter of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer used by the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States of America uses

7769:: "The text clearly testifies that the pronunciation of the Ineffable Name was one of the climaxes of the Sacred Service: it was entrusted exclusively to the High Priest once a year on the Day of Atonement in the Holy of Holies." 3525:

considers the Septuagint text, which uses Κύριος (Lord), to be the authoritative text of the Old Testament, and in its liturgical books and prayers it uses Κύριος in place of the Tetragrammaton in texts derived from the Bible.

3052:), or the letters are separated by one or more hyphens, a practice applied also to the English name "God", which some Jews write as "G-d". Most Jewish authorities say that this practice is not obligatory for the English name. 7070: 856:

refers to a god creating and sustaining the life of a newborn child rather than the universe. This conception of God was more popular among ancient Near Easterners but eventually, the Israelites removed the association of

8077:

38:11). It is common also in such often untranslated compounds as hallelujah 'praise Jah' (Ps 135:3; 146:10, 148:14), and in proper names like Elijah, 'my God is Jah,' Adonijah, 'my Lord is Jah,' Isaiah, 'Jah has saved.'

7973: 7505: 1548:

When the Tetragrammaton is preceded by Adonai, it receives the vowels from the name Elohim instead. The hataf segol does not revert to a shewa because doing so could lead to confusion with the vowels in Adonai.

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and, in spite of the view of one modern writer who in 1936 said it is "now believed to be genuine and to be dated before CE 392" is still generally attributed to the 9th century and to be non-authentic.

2957:) in Exodus 34:6–7; the latter names too are regarded as holy names, and are only to be pronounced in prayer. Thus when someone wants to refer in third person to either the written or spoken Name, the term 3324:, which suggests that Mana thought some Samaritans used the name in making oaths. (Their priests have preserved a liturgical pronunciation "Yahwe" or "Yahwa" to the present day.) As with Jews, the use of 7854:, as it is written. This is what is referred to as the 'explicit name' in all sources. In the country , it is read , א-ד-נ-י ('Adonai'), for only in the Temple is this name recited as it is written." – 5164:

Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, University of Malta, 2-5 September 1985

2845:, and says that it is lawful only for those “whose ears and tongues are purified by wisdom to hear and utter it in a holy place”, that is, the priests in the Temple. In another passage, commenting on 2231:

names. Most if not all were pronounced till about the second century BCE. As slowly onwards there developed a tradition of non-pronunciation, alternatives for the Tetragrammaton appeared. The reading

5702: 1211:) as that the shorter names of God were pronounced by the Samaritans as "Iabe" and by the Jews as "Ia". She adds that the Bible also indicates that the short form "Yah" was spoken, as in the phrase " 134:. The name may be derived from a verb that means "to be", "to exist", "to cause to become", or "to come to pass". While there is no consensus about the structure and etymology of the name, the form 3699:

Since the 17th century, both Protestant and Catholic artists have used the tetragrammaton in church decoration, on top of altars, or in center of frescos, often in rays of light or in a triangle.

1678:

The table below presents all the manuscripts in which the Tetragrammaton is written in paleo-Hebrew script, in square scripts, and all the manuscripts in which the copyists have used tetrapuncta.

3043:

The written Tetragrammaton, as well as six other names of God, must be treated with special sanctity. They cannot be disposed of regularly, lest they be desecrated, but are usually put in

554:("mothers of reading"). Therefore, it can be difficult to deduce how a word is pronounced from its spelling, and each of the four letters in the Tetragrammaton can individually serve as a 7334:, where a footnote says that the last part of the name of Jeremiah refers to what the Samaritans expressed as Ἰαβαί, Eusebius as Ἰευώ, Theodoretus as Ἀϊά and the ancient Greeks as Ἰαώ. 2825:

By at least the 3rd century BCE, the name was not pronounced in normal speech, but only in certain ritual contexts. The Talmud relays this change occurred after the death of

2207:

says: "No definitive conclusion has been reached thus far." And Sean McDonough denounces as implausible the idea that Κύριος did not appear in the Septuagint before the Christian era.

7927:(Yoreh Deah 276:9) it is prohibited to erase or obliterate the seven Hebrew names for God found in the Torah (in addition to the above, there is E-l, E-loha, Tzeva-ot, Sha-dai,...). 6229:

Bible studies: Contributions chiefly from papyri and inscriptions to the history of the language, the literature, and the religion of Hellenistic Judaism and primitive Christianity

8137: 3467:

Use of the Septuagint by Christians in polemics with Jews led to its abandonment by the latter, making it a specifically Christian text. From it Christians made translations into

4823:

Decas exercitationum philologicarum de vera pronuntiatione nominis Jehova, quarum quinque priores lectionem Jehova impugnant, posteriores tuentur. Cum praefatione Adriani Relandi

1441:

The following graph shows the absolute number of occurrences of the Tetragrammaton (6828 in all) in the books in the Masoretic Text, without relation to the length of the books.

892:

of "Jehovah" in place of the traditional "Lord" in some new translations, vernacular or Latin, of the biblical Tetragrammaton stirred up dispute about its correctness. In 1711,

2219:

and what the recension. Hence, is the paleo-Hebrew Tetragrammaton secondary – a part of the recension – or proof of the Old Greek text? This debate has not yet been solved."

3841: 1310:; there is a common Hebrew prefix form, Yeho or "Yhō-", and a common suffix form, "Yahū" or "-Yhū". These provide some corroborating evidence of how YHWH was pronounced. 7970: 2192:

of the Septuagint, written originally in Greek (e.g., Wisdom, 2 and 3 Maccabees), do speak of God as Κύριος and thus show that "the use of κύριος as a representation of

1529:

This is a set of vowels used rarely in the Masoretic Text, and are essentially the vowels from Adonai (with the hataf patakh reverting to its natural state as a shewa).

1409:-wise in the initial or last letters of four consecutive words, as indicated in Est 7:5 by writing the four letters in red in at least three ancient Hebrew manuscripts. 1034:

suggested that the Amenhotep III inscription may indicate that worship of Yahweh originated in an area to the southeast of Israel. A later inscription from the time of

7327: 788:, a collaborative work of noted scholars of the time, declared: "Whatever, therefore, be the true pronunciation of the word, there can be little doubt that it is not 750:

that what was pronounced was "Adonai" (Lord); non-Jews later combined the vowels of Adonai with the consonants of the Tetragrammaton and invented the name "Jehovah".

7969:

In קל"ח פתחי חכמה by Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzato, Opening #31; English translation in book "138 Openings of Wisdom" by Rabbi Avraham Greenbaum, 2008, also viewable at

7092: 2380:– fragments of the Book of Genesis, chapter 19. One space is left blank. Emanuel Tov thinks it indicated the end of a paragraph. It has been dated to 3rd century CE. 896:

published a book containing the text of 17th-century writings, five attacking and five defending it. As critical of the use of "Jehovah" it incorporated writings by

1654:, a Greek fragment of Leviticus (26:2–16) discovered in the Dead Sea scrolls (Qumran) has ιαω ("Iao"), the Greek form of the Hebrew trigrammaton YHW. The historian 6584: 3490:

The Septuagint, with its use of Κύριος to represent the Tetragrammaton, was the basis also for Christian translations associated with the West, in particular the

7945: 7094:

Recently Discovered Greek Papyri and Parchment of the Psalter from the Oxford Oxyrhynchus Manuscripts: Implications for Scribal Practice and Textual Transmission

1446: 7287: 7274: 3120:. It unfolds in this aforementioned order and "in the mystery of the four expansions" that are constituted by the following various spellings of the letters: 3917: 3897: 7900:

For example, two common prayer books are titled "Tehillat Hashem" and "Avodat Hashem". Or, a person may tell a friend, "Hashem helped me to perform a great

7439: 5693: 2269:

While Pietersma interprets this statement as referring to the Septuagint, Wilkinson says one might assume that Origen refers specifically to the version of

2849:, Philo writes, "If any one… should even dare to utter his name unseasonably, let him expect the penalty of death." Some time after the destruction of the 838:

DN. The latter refers to one existing which, in the context of deities, can also refer to one's eternal existence, which aligns with Bible verses such as

4611:

Revealing the Name: An Investigation of the Divine Character through a Conversation Analysis of the Dialogues between God and Moses in the Book of Exodus

3939: 2789:

to represent the Tetragrammaton. Only at about the beginning of the 16th century did Christian translations of the Bible appear combining the vowels of

5838: 3312:

shared the taboo of the Jews about the utterance of the name, and there is no evidence that its pronunciation was common Samaritan practice. However

2470:– a Hexapla manuscript with Tetragrammaton in Greek letters ΠΙΠΙ. It has Hebrew text transliterated into Greek, Aquila, Symmachus and the Septuagint. 1228:

15 he says that Samaritans pronounced the name Ἰαβέ and Jews the name Άϊά. (The Greek term Άϊά is a transcription of the Exodus 3:14 phrase אֶהְיֶה (

2295:– fragments of the Book of Leviticus, chapters 1 to 5. In two verses: 3:12; 4:27 the Tetragrammaton of the Hebrew Bible is represented by Greek ΙΑΩ. 1424:

is included": 43 times in the Psalms, once in Exodus 15:2; 17:16; Isaiah 12:2; 26:4, and twice in Isaiah 38:11. It also appears in the Greek phrase

8801: 5775: 3879:: notes to the Masoretic Text, written in the margins of the left, right and between the columns and the comments on the top and bottom margins to 8664: 8039: 7456: 3613:

and other New Testament texts. It therefore directed that, "in liturgical celebrations, in songs and prayers the name of God in the form of the

7608:

Adam Kamesar. Jerome, Greek Scholarship, and the Hebrew Bible: A Study of the Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993.

2853:, the spoken use of God's name as it was written ceased altogether, though knowledge of the pronunciation was perpetuated in rabbinic schools. 1681:

Copyists used the 'tetrapuncta' apparently to warn against pronouncing the name of God. In the manuscript number 4Q248 is in the form of bars.

8316: 5812: 5573: 2818:, and ancient Hebrew and Greek texts, biblical scholars widely hold that the Tetragrammaton and other names of God were spoken by the ancient 1466:

of 1008–1010, as shown below. The close transcriptions do not indicate that the Masoretes intended the name to be pronounced in that way (see

7665: 206:; instead they replace it with a different term, whether in addressing or referring to the God of Israel. Common substitutions in Hebrew are 8043: 4281: 3737: 3619: 2319: 2251: 2211: 2144: 2079: 6706: 6552: 4586: 3242:, with its ten spheres of emanation, is in some way connected to the tetractys, but its form is not that of a triangle. The occult writer 2449:

variations, each identified as from Aquila, Symmachus or Theodotion. Marginal notes on some of the prophets contain πιπι to indicate that

2415:, this manuscript of the Aquila version is dated after the middle of the 5th century, but not later than the beginning of the 6th century. 7170: 6930: 6802: 6742: 6644: 6439: 5497: 5001: 4879: 4453: 4375: 4095: 3650:

in two places, Psalms 68:4 and Psalms 83:18. Also the Hymnal 1982 as used by the Episcopal Church uses the hymn, "Guide me, O thou great

8176: 8133: 7829: 6984: 6891: 6850: 6682: 6400: 5873: 5677: 5040: 4654: 4531: 4492: 4414: 3534: 7797: 7405: 7131: 6518: 5526: 4962: 4021: 1568:

Just as above, this uses the vowels from Elohim, but like the second version, the dot (holam) on the first he is omitted as redundant.

441:), thereby affording translations as "he who causes to exist", "he who is", etc.; although this would elicit the form Y-H-Y-H (יהיה‎), 7971:

http://www.breslev.co.il/articles/spirituality_and_faith/kabbalah_and_mysticism/the_name_of_havayah.aspx?id=10847&language=english

6763: 979:(1772–1849), the latter of whom Johann Heinrich Kurtz described as the last of those "who have maintained with great pertinacity that 5458: 3742: 8089: 1128:

that mention Yahweh. Also a wall inscription, dated to the late 6th century BCE, with mention of Yahweh had been found in a tomb at

538:

use of I and V to indicate either the consonants /j, w/ or the vowels /i, u/). Hebrew letters used to indicate vowels are known as

7891:

Stanley S. Seidner, "HaShem: Uses through the Ages", Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, California, 1987.

2112:

However, five of the oldest manuscripts now extant (in fragmentary form) render the Tetragrammaton into Greek in a different way.

1120:

also mentions Yahweh. Dated slightly later (7th century BCE) there are an ostracon from the collections of Shlomo Moussaieff, and

5737: 3015:, still used in the phrases "HaMaqom y'naḥem ethḥem" ("may The Omnipresent console you"), the traditional phrase used in sitting 8489:

Cosgrove, Denis (1999). "Global Illumination and Enlightenment in the Geographies of Vincenzo Coronelli and Athansius Kircher".

8341: 9315: 8768: 8654:

Pietersma, Albert (1984), "Kyrios or Tetragram: A Renewed Quest for the Original LXX", in Albert Pietersma; Claude Cox (eds.),

4081: 4264:

by Frances Brown, with the cooperation of S. R. Driver and Charles Briggs (1907), p. 217ff (entry יהוה listed under root הוה).

8693: 8382: 8239: 8212: 8111: 8069: 8023: 7823: 7791: 7489: 7224: 6978: 6924: 6638: 6618: 6433: 6276: 6226:(2006), pp 114, 115, 126–136. It is worth mentioning a fundamental, though aged, source about the subject: Adolf Deissmann's 6159: 6133: 6081: 5867: 5552: 5491: 4929: 4798: 4408: 4369: 4342: 4208: 4168: 3543: 2892:

in 70 CE, the Tetragrammaton has no longer been pronounced in the liturgy. However the pronunciation was still known in

8699: 8621: 8598: 7710: 7388:"the word Nethinim means in Hebrew 'gift of Iao', that is of the God who is" (Theodoret, "Quaest. in I Paral.", cap. ix, in 7211: 6282: 5956: 5256: 5217: 5178: 4900: 4856: 4827: 4174: 2514:'s early 12th-century Tetragrammaton-Trinity diagram, rendering the name as "IEVE", which in contemporary letters is "IEUE". 848:

can mean "I am the Existing One". It also explains the ease of Israelites applying the Olam (or 'everlasting') epithet from

8170: 6885: 6844: 6796: 5602: 3328:(שמא "the Name") remains the everyday usage of the name among Samaritans, akin to Hebrew "the Name" (Hebrew השם "HaShem"). 2888:, the name was pronounced in a low tone so that the sounds were lost in the chant of the priests. Since the destruction of 8740: 7644:

in 1530 A.D., in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles."

7633: 6878:

YHWH at Patmos: Rev. 1:4 in Its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

6107: 5918: 3565:

when rendering the Tetragrammaton in the overwhelming majority of places where it appears; however, it also used the form

746:

agrees that, when in the late first millennium Jewish scholars inserted indications of vowels into the Hebrew Bible, they

3983:

For example, in the common utterance and praise, "Barukh Hashem" (Blessed is Hashem), or "Hashem yishmor" (God protect )

3032: 6577: 6033: 5111: 2175:. Shaw considers all theories that posit in the Septuagint a single original form of the divine name as merely based on 7704: 7018: 6736: 6330: 5319: 4562: 2933:) then it is only to be pronounced "Adonai" and if preceded by "Adonai" then it is only to be pronounced as "Our God" ( 1174:

of about 500 BCE. One ostracon with YH is thought to have lost the final letter of an original YHW. These texts are in

7937: 7640:, "The early translators generally substituted 'Lord' for . The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as 5989:(Great Dictionary of the Hebrew-Aramaic-Polish and Polish Old Testament), Warszawa 2008, vol 1, p. 327, code No. 3514. 8568: 8523: 8473: 7613: 7164: 7125: 7064: 6394: 5950: 5250: 5211: 5034: 4995: 4956: 4712: 4685: 4648: 4525: 4486: 4447: 4312: 4089: 3822: 2401: 6349:

A Concordance to the Septuagint: And the Other Greek Versions of the Old Testament (Including the Apocryphal Books)

4151: 3929:

These are Est 1:20; 5:4, 13 and 7:7. The same acrostic has been seen in Exodus 3:14 and in the first four words of

5558: 2518: 2105:

has the Tetragrammaton in Hebrew. This corresponds with the Jewish practice of replacing the Tetragrammaton with "

8728: 5074: 2085:

Editions of the Septuagint Old Testament are based on the complete or almost complete fourth-century manuscripts

1056: 445:

Y-H-W-H. To rectify this, some scholars proposed that the Tetragrammaton represents a substitution of the medial

31: 3313: 1184:

says that YHW or YHH, and also YH, are attested in the fifth and fourth-century BCE papyri from Elephantine and

8592: 8498: 6371: 5408: 5172: 1340: 6970:

Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God - From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century

6207:

The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri: New Documents of the 5th century BCE from the Jewish Colony at Elephantine

9330: 9217: 4615: 7227:. pp. 94–95 (commentary on p. 94, image of a page from the manuscript on p. 95), cited also on p. 35 fn. 66. 3935: 140:

is now accepted almost universally among Biblical and Semitic linguistics scholars, though the vocalization

8806: 7312:ἀτὰρ καὶ τὸ τετράγραμμον ὄνομα τὸ μυστικόν, ὃ περιέκειντο οἷς μόνοις τὸ ἄδυτον βάσιμον ἦν· λέγεται δὲ Ἰαοὺ 5435:"The Names of God. Their Pronunciation and Their Translation: A Digital Tour of Some of the Main Witnesses" 5132: 3900:

lists the 134 places where this practice is observed, and likewise in 8 places where the received text has

3346: 2944: 2445:), the manuscript contains marginal notes from a hand "not much later than the original scribe" indicating 2374:– fragments of the Book of Genesis, chapters 14 to 27. Has Κύριος where the first copyist left blank spaces 1097: 6000: 3909: 2856:

Rabbinic sources suggest that the name of God was pronounced only once a year, by the high priest, on the

2203:

to represent the Tetragrammaton has been called "a distinguishing mark for any Christian LXX manuscript",

2043: 1995: 1983: 1964: 1947: 1941: 1933: 1927: 1907: 1893: 1887: 1870: 1830: 1816: 1810: 1796: 9065: 8514:

Rodov, Ilia (2017). "Capturing the Ineffable: the Tetragrammaton in Synagogue Art of Romanian Moldavia".

8272:"Aedificavitque Moyses altare et vocavit nomen eius Iahveh Nissi (Dominus vexillum meum)" (Exodus 17:15). 5119: 4259: 2007: 1977: 1921: 1901: 1358: 784: 502: 8299:"Exodus 17:15: Aedificavitque Moyses altare et vocavit nomen eius Dominus Nissi (Dominus vexillum meum)" 7260:"Among the Jews Moses referred his laws to the god who is invoked as Iao (Gr. Ιαώ)." (Diodorus Siculus, 5779: 4236: 2106: 1352:, an earlier text had the Tetragrammaton. which would add up to 142 additional occurrences. Even in the 609: 245: 211: 8761: 8655: 7117:

Ad Fontes: Original Manuscripts and Their Significance for Studying Early Christianity: Selected Essays

4156: 4142: 3598:, in keeping with the long-standing Catholic tradition of avoiding direct usage of the Ineffable Name. 2889: 2453:

in the text corresponds to the Tetragrammaton. Two marginal notes at Ezekiel 1:2 and 11:1 use the form

1431: 976: 46: 2055: 2019: 1958: 1913: 1881: 1864: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1836: 1824: 1804: 1790: 1784: 1782: 1771: 1765: 1757: 1751: 1725: 1719: 1705: 1699: 8516:

The Paths of Daniel. Studies in Judaism and Jewish Culture in Honor of Rabbi Professor Daniel Sperber

8428: 7452: 5077:(2007). "The First Documented Occurrence of the God Yahweh? (Book of the Dead Princeton "Roll 5")". 4122: 2973:

marks to the manuscripts to indicate vowel usage and for use in ritual chanting of readings from the

2273:, which follows the Hebrew text very closely, but he may perhaps refer to Greek versions in general. 897: 50: 6483:"The Reading and Translation of the Divine Name in the Masoretic Tradition and the Greek Pentateuch" 3410:

or Yah is an abbreviation of Jahweh/Yahweh, and often sees usage by Christians in the interjection "

1587:

Here, the dot (holam) on the first he is present, but the hataf segol does get reverted to a shewa.

774:‎ (according to ancient witnesses)", and they add: "Note 1: In our translations, we have used 8309: 5581: 4121: 3476: 2714: 2647:(pronounced at that time /ja'vε/) and explains Ἰάβε as meaning He who was and is and always exists. 2579:(d. c. 215) reports: "the mystic name of four letters which was affixed to those alone to whom the 2361: 2350: 2309: 2152: 2148: 1332: 1295: 839: 8397:

Unseth, Peter. 2019. "Sacred Name Bibles" p. 721, in Noss, Philip A., and Charles S. Houser, eds.

7654: 7430:, id est, ineffabile opinatur." ("Breviarium in Psalmos. Psalm. viii.", in P.L., XXVI, col. 838 A) 5802: 9310: 9202: 9145: 8811: 6836: 3539: 3522: 3484: 3239: 2467: 2371: 1643: 812:, says that the "vocalisation of the Tetragrammaton must originally have been YeHūàH or YaHūàH". 463:), "to be, constitute", with the final form eliciting similar translations as those derived from 6756: 4780: 4277: 1606:

Here, the dot (holam) on the first he is omitted, and the hataf segol gets reverted to a shewa.

1278:), another vocalization of the tetragrammaton YHWH. There is a single instance of the heptagram 639:‎/"God"). Writing the vowel diacritics of these two words on the consonants YHVH produces 7923:"Based on the Talmud (Shavuot 35a-b), Maimonides (Hilkhot Yesodei HaTorah, Chapter 6), and the 7536: 7348: 6703: 6541: 5024: 4580: 3835: 2834: 2616: 2388: 2189: 1659: 1271:

occurs frequently, "apparently the Samaritan enunciation of the tetragrammaton YHWH (Yahweh)".

972: 889: 524: 7305: 7154: 7054: 6914: 6780: 6726: 6628: 6423: 5481: 4985: 4885: 4701:

Stone, Robert E. II (2000). "I Am Who I Am". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).

4437: 4359: 4332: 4146: 4075: 2312:– contains parts of two verses of chapter 42 of the Book of Job and has the Tetragrammaton in 1468: 594: 8816: 8754: 8645: 8160: 8013: 7813: 7479: 6968: 6873: 6828: 6704:

ThLZ – 2016 Nr. 11 / Shaw, Frank / The Earliest Non-Mystical Jewish Use of IAO. / Bob Becking

6674: 6384: 5857: 5312:

The Meaning of the Bible: What the Jewish Scriptures and Christian Old Testament Can Teach Us

4638: 4515: 4476: 4398: 2830: 2635:(died 404), who was born in Palestine and spent a considerable part of his life there, gives 2632: 2576: 2531: 2491: 2313: 2140: 2075: 1647: 1250: 659: 510: 67: 7781: 7402: 7115: 5520: 4946: 4702: 4017: 459:; others proposed that the Tetragrammaton derived instead from the triconsonantal root הוה ( 9320: 9123: 8410:

Unseth, Peter. 2010. Sacred Name Bible Translations in English: A Fast-Growing Phenomenon.

7531: 6482: 5026:

The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts

3077: 2523: 2478: 2377: 1675:

of Association' (VI, 27): "Who will remember the most glorious name, which is above all ".

1245: 1121: 585:

in the margin as a note showing what was to be read. In such a case the vowel marks of the

17: 9238: 8310:"Letter of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (PDF)" 5434: 8: 8093: 7389: 6228: 5807: 3372: 3007: 2970: 2160: 1324: 624: 226: 63: 7368: 4334:

The Origin and Character of God: Ancient Israelite Religion through the Lens of Divinity

1405:

In the Book of Esther the Tetragrammaton does not appear, but it has been distinguished

1298:

list of magical names of Jesus, purporting to have been taught by him to his disciples.

9231: 7591: 7583: 6510: 5667: 4761: 3480: 3065: 2507: 2438: 2094: 1171: 428: 8493:. Chicago, Illinois and London, England: University of Chicago Press. pp. 53–54. 8375:

Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context

7401:

Theodoret, "Ex. quaest.", xv, in P. G., LXXX, col. 244 and "Haeret. Fab.", V, iii, in

5728: 4782:

Understanding YHWH: The Name of God in Biblical, Rabbinic, and Medieval Jewish Thought

3358:

The Tetragrammaton as represented in stained glass in an 1868 Episcopal Church in Iowa

8689: 8588: 8578: 8564: 8519: 8494: 8469: 8446: 8378: 8348: 8235: 8208: 8166: 8065: 8019: 7819: 7787: 7732: 7700: 7690: 7609: 7595: 7575: 7485: 7220: 7160: 7121: 7120:. Texts and Editions for New Testament Study. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. p. 3. 7060: 6974: 6920: 6881: 6840: 6792: 6732: 6634: 6614: 6514: 6502: 6429: 6390: 6367: 6366:, C. Brown (gen. ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1986, Vol. 2, p. 512, 6326: 6272: 5946: 5863: 5662: 5548: 5487: 5450: 5442: 5404: 5315: 5246: 5242:

Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah

5207: 5168: 5136: 5030: 4991: 4952: 4925: 4794: 4708: 4681: 4644: 4558: 4555:

A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew (Subsidia Biblica) - Part One: Orthography and Phonetics

4521: 4482: 4443: 4404: 4365: 4338: 4308: 4262:-Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon With an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic 4204: 4164: 4130: 4085: 3669: 3363: 2873: 2298: 2223: 2181: 2116: 1220: 1181: 1051: 832: 796:‎ as "Yahweh" would be valid even if the scholarly consensus were not correct. 755: 734:

The scholarly consensus is that the original pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton was

506: 8657:

De Septuaginta: Studies in Honour of John William Wevers on his sixty-fifth birthday

4924:. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne; New Delhi; Singapore: Cambridge University Press. 967:. He explicitly cited the 17th-century writers mentioned by Reland as supporters of 935:

Almost two centuries after the 17th-century works reprinted by Reland, 19th-century

8793: 8436: 8198: 7567: 6824: 6494: 5128: 5086: 4786: 4753: 4160: 4138: 4056: 3769: 3383:("Lord") represented the Tetragrammaton in the Latin text. At the Reformation, the 3264: 3252: 2910: 2538: 2392: 2270: 2204: 2090: 1639: 1353: 1307: 1175: 1129: 1060: 1031: 1027: 936: 909: 792:." Mark P. Arnold remarks that certain conclusions drawn from the pronunciation of 713: 601: 455: 453:, an occasionally attested practice in Biblical Hebrew as both letters function as 8639: 8441: 8107: 7999: 6268:

Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts Found in the Judean Desert

6155: 6129: 6077: 5107: 4060: 3391:("Lord") in the German text of the Old Testament to represent the Tetragrammaton. 9325: 9175: 8996: 8932: 8683: 8615: 8582: 8229: 8202: 7977: 7694: 7637: 7409: 7331: 7324: 7215: 7208: 7101: 6767: 6710: 6266: 5940: 5922: 5596: 5240: 5201: 5162: 4906: 4902:

A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament: Including the Biblical Chaldee

4850: 4821: 4126: 3712: 3551: 3513:(or in all caps), so as to distinguish it from other words translated as "Lord". 3472: 3468: 3435: 3258: 3171:

Another parallel is drawn between the four letters of the Tetragrammaton and the

3016: 2826: 2742: 2511: 2255: 2215: 2124: 2086: 1655: 1463: 1387: 1147: 1140: 1101: 917: 869:

to refer to a god. But he argues that it mirrors other theophoric names and that

670: 561:

Several centuries later, between the 5th through 10th centuries CE, the original

550: 496: 388: 355: 335: 330: 310: 290: 258: 181: 93: 83: 71: 8342:"United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Committee on Divine Worship (PDF)" 6055: 4852:

Thesaurus Philologicus Criticus Linguae Hebraeae et Chaldaeae veteris testamenti

4790: 4044: 2773: 2653:(died 420) speaks of certain Greek writers who misunderstood the Hebrew letters 1454:

Six presentations of the Tetragrammaton with some or all of the vowel points of

1135: 797: 9185: 9135: 9081: 9055: 8986: 8821: 7924: 7630: 7352:

I, ix, in P.G., XXI, col. 72 A; and also ibid. X, ix, in P.G., XXI, col. 808 B.

6103: 5915: 5841:

The Massorah. Translated into English with a critical and exegetical commentary

5834: 5730:

Recipes for Love: A Semiotic Analysis of the Tools in the Erotic Magical Papyri

5090: 4201:

Theological Cartographies: Mapping the Encounter with God, Humanity, and Christ

3722: 3341: 3270: 3049: 2353:– contains fragments of the Book of Psalms. It has YHWH in Paleo-Hebrew script. 2102: 1395: 1367: 1117: 925: 921: 901: 893: 844: 759: 747: 655: 576: 570: 519: 406: 401: 158: 42: 7052: 4223: 2846: 2815: 2771:(Latin translation) made from the Hebrew in the 4th century CE, uses the word 1711: 865:). Hillel Ben-Sasson states there is insufficient evidence for Amorites using 470:

As such, the consensus among modern scholars considers that YHWH represents a

9304: 8971: 8450: 7856: 7579: 6544:

Bulletin of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies

6506: 6498: 6029: 5681:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–314. 5672: 5454: 5446: 5144: 5140: 4817: 3368: 3321: 3320:, "for example those Kutim who take an oath" would also have no share in the 3317: 3296:

is analogous to the geometrical correlations in tetractys, shown above under

2978: 2850: 2425:

manuscript of the Aquila version dated late 5th century or early 6th century.

2247:." In the Book of Exodus alone, Θεός represents the Tetragrammaton 41 times. 2030: 1745: 1399: 1155: 1063:

papyrus dating to the late 18th or early 19th dynasty which he translated as

1011: 360: 239:, literally "gods" but treated as singular when meaning "God") in prayer, or 177: 7056:

Sources and Interpretation in Ancient Judaism: Studies for Tal Ilan at Sixty

7014: 6347: 3727: 751: 593:. For a few frequent words, the marginal note was omitted: these are called 9248: 9226: 9072: 9003: 8777: 6609:

Skehan, Patrick W. (1957). "The Qumran Manuscripts and Textual Criticism".

5388:. Berkeley – Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 105–106. 5294:(2nd ed.). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 110, 111. 3732: 3585: 3556: 3499: 3495: 3384: 3243: 3218: 2961:"the Name" is used; and this handle itself can also be used in prayer. The 2842: 2276: 2131:

uses the Greek transcription of the name, ΙΑΩ. Three later manuscripts use

1734: 1391: 1328: 1185: 1125: 1113: 1039: 913: 905: 664: 600:

One of the frequent cases was the Tetragrammaton, which according to later

410: 324: 162: 154: 126: 109: 4643:. Translated by Geuss, Raymond. Harvard University Press. pp. 32–33. 4614:(PhD thesis). Gloucestershire: University of Gloucestershire. p. 28. 3605:

reacted to the then still recent practice of pronouncing, within Catholic

1348:

indicate that in another 134 places, where the received text has the word

575:) differed from that indicated by the consonants of the written text (the 9253: 9103: 9098: 9086: 9060: 8851: 8841: 8788: 6262: 4305:

From the Stone Age to Christianity: Monotheism and the Historical Process

3663: 3491: 3286: 3172: 3085: 3070: 3036: 2807: 1087: 1075: 1035: 349: 304: 120: 112:. The four letters, written and read from right to left (in Hebrew), are 58: 6182:

Archives from Elephantine: The life of an ancient Jewish military colony

5386:

Archives from Elephantine, The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony

9043: 9028: 7860: 6218:

Sufficient examination of the subject is available at Sean McDonough's

4765: 4741: 4134: 3936:"Bible Gateway passage: 96:11 תהילים – The Westminster Leningrad Codex" 3510: 3423: 3411: 3309: 3192: 3109: 2904:

The vehemence with which the utterance of the name is denounced in the

2861: 2857: 2819: 2680: 2564: 2422: 1421: 1356:

practice varied with regard to use of the Tetragrammaton. According to

1212: 1189: 1078:

bears the earliest known reference (840 BCE) to the Israelite god

1047: 1004: 849: 805: 743: 648: 8559:

Barton, John (17 May 2022). "Tetragrammaton". In Louth, Andrew (ed.).

7587: 6578:"Larry Perkins, "ΚΥΡΙΟΣ – Proper Name or Title in Greek Exodus", p. 6" 4252:

It thus probably means "he causes to be, to become, etc." It has הוה (

3863:

is also dominant in Christianity, but is not used in Islam or Judaism.

3610: 3164:

rather the general path, which includes everything that exists in the

3019:

and "Raḥmana l'tzlan" ("may the Merciful save us" i.e. "God forbid").

2880:, though, a substitute (probably "Adonai") was used. According to the 1070: 9180: 9130: 8903: 7875:

71a states, "I am not referred to as is written. My name is written

7540: 6916:

The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica

5987:

Wielki słownik hebrajsko-polski i aramejsko-polski Starego Testamentu

5439:

Lectio Difficilior: European Electronic Journal for Feminist Exegesis

3235: 3231: 3117: 3101: 3093: 2982: 2962: 2893: 2885: 2877: 2670: 2418: 2364:– contains Genesis 2 and 3. The divine name is written with a double 2337: 2331: 1642:

and other Hebrew and Aramaic texts the Tetragrammaton and some other

1197: 1000: 566: 7998:

The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture: Volume 3 – Page 152

7424:: quod proprie Dei vocabulum sonat: et legi potest JAHO, et Hebraei 5859:

Pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton: A Historico-Linguistic Approach

4757: 3906:

Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible

3300:, and unveils the relevance of the Tree of Life with the tetractys. 2745:

translation), probably in the second century, uses the word "Lord" (

2070: 1829:

4Q163 (4Qpap pIsa) I 19; II 6; 15–16 1; 21 9; III 3, 9; 25 7 (link:

196:‎ nor do they read aloud proposed transcription forms such as 9263: 9258: 9243: 9197: 9140: 9093: 8937: 8893: 8888: 7763:

Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis; Katz, Steven T. (2006).

7571: 7363: 7343: 7156:

The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins

3930: 3636: 3632: 3602: 3431: 3354: 3293: 3279: 3223: 3202: 3182: 3168:

in all their details and which brings everything under its order."

3130: 3061: 2738: 2620: 2550: 2412: 2325: 1406: 1151: 959:

as the original pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton, as opposed to

824: 8401:

Maitland, FL: Xulon Press; and Swindon, UK: United Bible Societies

5335:

Naveh, Joseph (1963). "Old Hebrew Inscriptions in a Burial Cave".

4609: 3222:

A tetractys of the letters of the Tetragrammaton adds up to 72 by

800:

holds that "the original pronunciation of Yhwh was 'Yahô' or 'Yahû

9275: 9207: 9160: 9118: 9077: 9023: 8991: 8976: 8957: 8913: 8908: 8898: 8883: 8878: 8735: 7901: 7750: 7053:

Meron Piotrkowski; Geoffrey Herman; Saskia Doenitz, eds. (2018).

6542:""ΚΥΡΙΟΣ – Articulation and Non-articulation in Greek Exodus" in 3652: 3606: 3427: 3402: 3394:

In Christianity, when the Tetragrammaton is vocalized, the forms

3376: 3165: 3044: 3028: 2916: 2905: 2865: 2811: 2768: 2560: 2486: 2446: 2227: 1167: 1109: 1105: 1008: 778:, a form widely accepted by scholars, instead of the traditional 729: 627:

taken as singular), or, if the previous or next word already was

202: 142: 86: 7765:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

7310:(in Greek). Vol. III. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 27. 6243:

Rękopisy znad Morza Martwego. Qumran – Wadi Murabba‘at – Masada,

6232:(1909), at chapter "Greek transcriptions of the Tetragrammaton". 3961:

In some manuscripts the Tetragrammaton was replaced by the word

3505:

Christian translations of the Bible into English commonly use "L

1224:

texts of Theodoret differ slightly from what De Troyer says. In

861:

to any human ancestor and combined it with other elements (e.g.

417:), "to be, become, come to pass", with a third person masculine 9287: 9033: 9008: 8947: 8942: 8746: 8723: 8263:"Dominus quasi vir pugnator; Iahveh nomen eius!" (Exodus 15:3). 8015:

The Annotated Luther, Volume 6: The Interpretation of Scripture

7209:

Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography

6422:

Hiebert, Robert J.V.; Cox, Claude E.; Gentry, Peter J. (2001).

6386:

Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography

3646: 3396: 3292:

The relationship between geometrical shapes and the first four

3212: 3012: 2966: 2881: 2869: 2725: 2650: 2604: 2580: 2482: 2322:– in three fragments whose contents were published separately. 2261: 1741: 1730: 1092: 1079: 852:

to Yahweh. But J. Philip Hyatt believes it is more likely that

725: 696: 690:

diacritic point plays no useful role in distinguishing between

632: 628: 523:

Transcription of the divine name as ΙΑΩ in the 1st-century BCE

514: 235: 189: 136: 38: 8638: 8290:"Exodus 15:3: Dominus quasi vir pugnator; Dominus nomen eius!" 6945: 5666: 1444: 257:

The letters, properly written and read from right to left (in

49:. For the episode of the drama series Person of Interest, see 9190: 9170: 9113: 9038: 9018: 8964: 8923: 8858: 8846: 7425: 3708: 3686: 3656:", Hymn 690 The Christian Life. Aside from those instances, L 2974: 2838: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2674: 2658: 2642: 2636: 2624: 2608: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2568: 2554: 2542: 2454: 2292: 2172: 2128: 1795:

4Q176 (4QTanḥ) 1–2 i 6, 7, 9; 1–2 ii 3; 8–10 6, 8, 10 (link:

1651: 1618: 1425: 1279: 1263: 1254: 1015: 997: 562: 535: 527: 150: 8399:

A Guide to Bible Translation: People, Languages, and Topics.

7041:

Three Rolls of the Early Septuagint: Genesis and Deuteronomy

6425:

The Old Greek Psalter: Studies in Honour of Albert Pietersma

5981:, Stuttgart 1958, p. 1612. Basic information about the form 5905:. Merrill Frederick Unger, William White. 1980. p. 229. 3509:" in place of the Tetragrammaton in most passages, often in 3336: 3129: : יו"ד ה"י וי"ו ה"י, so called "`AV" according to its 2481:– the latest Greek manuscript containing the name of God is 1940:

4Q171 (4QpPs) II 4, 12, 24; III 14, 15; IV 7, 10, 19 (link:

569:

to assist reading. In places where the word to be read (the

37:"YHWH" redirects here. For the historic Iron Age deity, see 9212: 9165: 9155: 9150: 9108: 9013: 8952: 8918: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8836: 8064:(Revised ed.). William Carey Publishing. p. 182. 7739:(2nd ed.), Palo Alto, California: Mayfield, p. 21 6199:

Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World

3805: 3787: 3778: 2943:), or, in rare cases, as a repetition of Adonai, e.g., the 2793:

with the four (consonantal) letters of the Tetragrammaton.

2695:(both pronounced at that time /ja'vε/), while the Jews say 2441:– In addition to the Septuagint text of the prophets (with 2365: 2222:

While some interpret the presence of the Tetragrammaton in

2098: 1973: 1627: 478:

representing the third masculine verbal prefix of the verb

471: 431:, equivalent to English "he", in place of the first person 284: 185: 114: 7627:

Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible

6781:"The First Bible of the Church: A Plea for the Septuagint" 6459: 6457: 6364:

the New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology

3811: 3660:

is typically used in the Liturgy of the Episcopal Church.

3414:", meaning "Praise Jah", which is used to give God glory. 3344:: "The Name of God", YHWH in triangle, detail from fresco 1331:, the Tetragrammaton occurs 6828 times, as can be seen in 654:

The oldest complete or nearly complete manuscripts of the

9280: 9050: 7560:

The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures

7230: 6714:

Theologische Literaturzeitung, 241 (2016), pp. 1203–1205.

6352:. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 630–648. 5898:. Vol. 56. United Bible Societies. 2005. p. 71. 4884:. Translated by Edersheim, A. p. 214. Archived from 3799: 3793: 3716: 3407: 1417: 565:

of the Hebrew Bible was provided with vowel marks by the

170: 105: 7558:

Bloch, Joshua (1919). "The Authorship of the Peshitta".

7379:

Jerome, "Ep. xxv ad Marcell.", in P. L., XXII, col. 429.

6759:

Philo of Alexandria: An Annotated Bibliography 1997–2006

6728:

Philo of Alexandria: An Annotated Bibliography 1997-2006

4358:

Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer, eds. (1979).

4155:. Vol. 5. Translated by Geoffrey William Bromiley. 4074:

Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer, eds. (1986).

3569:

for rendering the Tetragrammaton in three known places:

2553:(d. c. 202) reports that the Gnostics formed a compound 2277:

Manuscripts of the Septuagint and later Greek renderings

1892:

4Q391 (4Qpap Pseudo-Ezechiel) 36, 52, 55, 58, 65 (link:

409:

3:14. This would frame Y-H-W-H as a derivation from the

8981: 7196:. Vol. XI. Leipzig: H. Hassel-Verlag. p. 171. 6454: 5945:. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 3590:, published in 1986, these few occurrences of the form 1327:

it occurs 5,410 times in the Hebrew scriptures. In the

651:

that would spell "Yehovah" and "Yehovih" respectively.

6913:

Wurthwein, Ernst; Fischer, Alexander Achilles (2014).

6323:

A Greek-Hebrew/Aramaic Two-way Index to the Septuagint

5055: 3664:

Translations preserving Hebraic form of Tetragrammaton

3033:

Names of God in Judaism § Erasing the name of God

1050:, spoken of in some texts as where Yahweh comes from. 831:), commonly denoted as the semantic equivalent of the 8518:. Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 202. 7989:

The Mystical Qabalah, Dion Fortune, Chapter XVIII, 25

7762: 7655:"Clifford Hubert Durousseau, "Yah: A Name of God" in 6184:, 1968, University of California Press, pp. 105, 106. 5701:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 335. 4361:

Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Volume 3

3823: 3814: 3772: 3494:, which survives in some parts of the liturgy of the 1386:

The first appearance of the Tetragrammaton is in the

943:

on the main reasoning of those who argued either for

8587:. London: Harvard University Press. pp. 61–63. 7420:"nomen Domini apud Hebraeos quatuor litterarum est, 7303: 6633:. Cambrdige: Harvard University Press. p. 221. 4272: 4270: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3781: 3775: 2994: 2952: 2938: 2928: 2286:

Manuscripts of the Septuagint or recensions thereof

1090:, dated to 840 BCE, mentions the Israelite god 610: 436: 422: 379: 212: 5903:

Nelson's expository dictionary of the Old Testament

5356:

Ancient Hebrew inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance

5271: 4905:. Crocker and Brewster. p. 389. Archived from 4721: 3802: 3790: 3048:substituted by a different letter in writing (e.g. 1982:4Q377 (4QApocryphal Pentateuch B) 2 ii 3, 5 (link: 1059:argued for the existence of a theophoric name in a 6919:. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 264. 6156:"Ezekiel 24:24 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex" 5112:""House of David" Restored in Moabite Inscription" 4945:Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (2003). 4357: 4073: 2864:, claim that the name was pronounced daily in the 2657:‎ (read right-to-left) as the Greek letters 2589:" (Iaoú); manuscript variants also have the forms 2404:. Has the Tetragrammaton in archaic Hebrew script. 1096:. Roughly contemporary pottery sherds and plaster 916:(1618–1679). Defending "Jehovah" were writings by 8649:. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 8429:"Qur'anic Understandings of the Divine Name Yhwh" 8231:The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity 8108:"HTC: An Orthodox Critique of Bible Translations" 7779: 7242: 6871: 6829:"The Old Testament in Eastern Orthodox Tradition" 6130:"1 Kings 2:26 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex" 6104:"Genesis 15:2 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex" 6078:"Judges 16:28 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex" 6056:"Genesis 3:14 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex" 5938: 4267: 1646:(such as El or Elohim) were sometimes written in 674:, both of the 10th or 11th century, mostly write 9302: 8543:. Michigan: University of Michigan. p. 149. 7938:"Why do some Jews write "G-d" instead of "God"?" 7737:Understanding the Bible: A Reader's Introduction 6912: 6421: 6030:"Genesis 2:4 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex" 6005:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 21. 5029:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 201. 4990:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 107. 4337:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 214. 2796: 2759:(Western pronunciation) for the Tetragrammaton. 1835:4Q248 (history of the kings of Greece) 5 (link: 166: 8682:Pietersma, Albert; Wright, Benjamin G. (2007). 8681: 8617:[The Name Jahu ] ; (The Name Jahu) 8204:The Old Testament in Eastern Orthodox Tradition 7844: 7815:Jewish Identity and Society in the 17th century 6951: 6325:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 56, 72. 5486:. Amsterdam: Foreign Media Group. p. 463. 4785:. Chamden: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 25–65. 4439:The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary 4248: 4246: 3588:Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio, editio typica altera 2717:which the Jews counted among the names of God.) 1420:(a digrammaton) "occurs 50 times if the phrase 1158:(3rd or the beginning of the 2nd century BCE). 604:practices should not be pronounced but read as 41:. For the modern Jewish conception of God, see 7863:, Laws of Prayer and Priestly Blessings, 14:10 7780:Weiss, Saul; Soloveitchik, Joseph Dov (2005). 7219:. Oxford University Press; 17 September 1981. 6627:Cross, Frank Moore; Ṭalmōn, Šěmaryahū (1975). 6222:(1999), pp 116 to 122 and George van Kooten's 5985:, see L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, J.J. Stamm, 5855: 5441:(2). Theological Facility of Bern University. 5398: 5305: 5303: 5301: 4194: 4192: 3912:). These places are listed in: C.D. Ginsburg, 3626: 2923:‎ "yodh he waw he", if not preceded by ( 2876:of worshippers, after the daily sacrifice; in 1390:2:4. The only books it does not appear in are 1161: 700:and so is redundant, or it could point to the 70:(10th century BCE to 135 CE), and square 8762: 8561:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 7965: 7963: 6962: 6960: 6675:"The Earliest Non-Mystical Jewish Use of Ιαω" 5479: 5310:Knight, Douglas A.; Levine, Amy-Jill (2011). 5199: 4557:. Rome: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblio. 4400:Jewish Philosophy: An Historical Introduction 4080:. Vol. 5. Translated by Green, David E. 2919:prescribes that although the Name is written 2884:, in the last generations before the fall of 8044:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops 6345: 5624: 5544:Paganism to Christianity in the Roman Empire 5371:La religion des judéo-araméens d'Éléphantine 5309: 5289: 4944: 4552: 4243: 3738:Names and titles of God in the New Testament 3620:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops 3554:, the first edition of the official Vatican 3455: 2746: 2724:. This work was traditionally attributed to 2663:(read left-to-right), thus changing YHWH to 2320:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever 2252:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever 2212:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever 2145:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever 2080:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever 1067:, meaning "My lord is the shepherd of Yah". 1018:whom it calls "the Shasu of Yhw³" (read as: 991: 374:The Hebrew Bible explains it by the formula 8685:A New English Translation of the Septuagint 8541:Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte (vol. 67) 8538: 8372: 8207:. Oxford University Press USA. p. 77. 8165:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 34. 7887: 7885: 7683: 7543:" were all translated from Greek, with ..." 7159:. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. p. 214. 6833:Septuagint Manuscripts and Printed Editions 6630:Qumran and the History of the Biblical Text 6626: 6309:Discoveries of the Judaean Desert of Jordan 6195:Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism 5598:Patrologiae cursus completus, series graeca 5522:Patrologiae cursus completus, series graeca 5401:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament 5298: 5200:Keel, Othmar; Uehlinger, Christoph (1998). 4707:. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. p. 624. 4203:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 16. 4189: 4077:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament 3449: 3439: 3000: 2777:("Lord"), a translation of the Hebrew word 2720:(Pseudo-)Jerome (4th/5th or 9th century),: 2115:Two of these are of the first century BCE: 1855:4Q306 (4QMen of People Who Err) 3 5 (link: 617: 482:"to be", as indicated in the Hebrew Bible. 219: 27:Four-letter name of God in the Hebrew Bible 8769: 8755: 8468:. Chicago and London: Imhof. p. 155. 7960: 7194:Studien zur Palaeographie und Papyruskunde 6957: 6785:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 6487:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 5979:Konkordanz zum hebräischen Alten Testament 5916:The Name of Jehovah in the Book of Esther. 5833: 5726: 5547:. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. p. 80. 5102: 5100: 4812: 4810: 4778: 4003:The word "tetragrammaton" originates from 3561:, published in 1979, used the traditional 3285:(The first three-dimensional solid is the 2522:Tetragrammaton at the Fifth Chapel of the 2387:Manuscripts of Greek translations made by 2196:‎ must be pre-Christian in origin". 1815:4Q196 (4QpapToba ar) 17 i 5; 18 15 (link: 1383:‎) 305 times in the Masoretic Text. 8653: 8539:Brieger, Theodore; Bess, Bernard (1955). 8440: 7553: 7551: 7549: 6966: 6463: 6002:Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament 5778:. Members.fortunecity.com. Archived from 5736:. Durham: Durham University. p. 26. 5657: 5655: 5480:Becchio, Bruno; Schadé, Johannes (2006). 5432: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5079:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 5073: 4396: 3846: ' four letters'. Also known as the 3743:List of Tetragrammatons in art in Austria 3417: 3375:. This practice continued into the Latin 3278:(The first two-dimensional figure is the 2258:and thus not strictly a Septuagint text. 490: 8613: 8488: 8426: 8227: 8158: 7882: 7783:Insights of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik 7477: 7277:", II, xxxv, 3, in P. G., VII, col. 840. 7236: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6346:Hatch, Edwin; Redpath, Henry A. (1975). 6224:The Revelation of the Name YHWH to Moses 6019:, Hendrickson Publishers 1997, page 685. 6017:Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5626:La prononciation 'Jehova' du tétragramme 4987:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 4898: 4848: 4742:"Was Yahweh Originally a Creator Deity?" 4553:Joüon, Paul; Muraoka, Takamitsu (1996). 4326: 4324: 4302: 4198: 3559:Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio, editio typica 3533: 3353: 3335: 3217: 2517: 2506: 2069: 1906:4Q215a (4QTime of Righteousness) (link: 1875:4Q382 (4QparaKings et al.) 9+11 5; 78 2 1306:Also relevant is the use of the name in 1134: 1116:and his Asherah". A tomb inscription at 1069: 518: 405:), the name of God revealed to Moses in 334:, or placeholder for "O"/"U" vowel (see 57: 8563:(4 ed.). Oxford University Press. 8197: 8062:The Bible in Cross Cultural Perspective 8011: 7786:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 9. 7699:. London: Westminster John Knox Press. 7619: 7191: 7152: 6823: 6382: 6320: 5765:, Leipzig-Berlin, I, 1928 and II, 1931. 5695:The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation 5368: 5238: 5160: 5106: 5097: 4919: 4816: 4807: 3914:The Massorah. Compiled from manuscripts 3894:The Massorah. Compiled from manuscripts 3234:and its mysteries influenced the early 3022: 2896:in the latter part of the 4th century. 2806:Especially due to the existence of the 14: 9303: 8558: 8463: 8422: 8420: 8162:Eastern Orthodoxy through Western Eyes 8090:"BibliaHebraica.org, "The Septuagint"" 8059: 7731: 7689: 7671:from the original on 12 September 2014 7546: 7021:from the original on 26 September 2014 7008: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6778: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6608: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6162:from the original on 14 September 2014 6136:from the original on 14 September 2014 6110:from the original on 14 September 2014 6084:from the original on 14 September 2014 6036:from the original on 14 September 2014 5998: 5708:from the original on 20 September 2020 5417: 5403:. Vol. 5. Eerdmans. p. 504. 5383: 4983: 4675: 4607: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4082:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2899: 1301: 1274:The most commonly invoked god is Ιαω ( 971:‎, as well as implicitly citing 8750: 8577: 8513: 8466:Barocke Sakristeien in Süddeutschland 8179:from the original on 25 February 2021 7850:"They recite name – i.e., the name 7832:from the original on 26 February 2022 7811: 7659:, Vol. 42, No. 1, January–March 2014" 7557: 7512:from the original on 27 November 2020 7484:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 49. 7459:from the original on 26 February 2022 7173:from the original on 26 February 2022 7134:from the original on 26 February 2022 7113: 7073:from the original on 26 February 2022 6853:from the original on 26 February 2022 6805:from the original on 26 February 2022 6745:from the original on 26 February 2022 6724: 6590:from the original on 29 November 2020 6521:from the original on 27 December 2020 6480: 6469: 6403:from the original on 26 February 2022 5876:from the original on 26 February 2022 5815:from the original on 16 February 2021 5661: 5632: 5594: 5518: 5358:. Vol. 2. Cambridge. p. 18. 5353: 5334: 5314:(1st ed.). New York: HarperOne. 5277: 5061: 5043:from the original on 26 February 2022 5022: 5004:from the original on 26 February 2022 4877: 4739: 4727: 4700: 4636: 4589:from the original on 24 November 2021 4578: 4546: 4534:from the original on 25 February 2021 4495:from the original on 25 February 2021 4456:from the original on 24 November 2021 4435: 4417:from the original on 26 February 2022 4378:from the original on 24 February 2021 4330: 4321: 4284:from the original on 14 November 2011 3942:from the original on 20 February 2015 3544:Basilica of St. Louis, King of France 2502: 2459:with reference to the Tetragrammaton. 2432:Manuscripts with Hexaplaric elements 1344:. In addition, the marginal notes or 986: 387: 354: 329: 309: 289: 8636: 8433:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 7948:from the original on 9 December 2018 7800:from the original on 26 January 2021 7481:The Psalms in the Early Irish Church 7290:", I, iv, 1, in P.G., VII, col. 481. 7248: 7012: 6894:from the original on 26 January 2021 6685:from the original on 2 December 2018 5942:Yahweh: The Divine Name in the Bible 5801:Toy, Crawford Howell; Blau, Ludwig. 5743:from the original on 3 December 2020 5691: 5572:Toy, Crawford Howell; Blau, Ludwig. 5540: 5500:from the original on 25 January 2021 5181:from the original on 18 January 2022 4830:from the original on 26 January 2021 4618:from the original on 30 January 2020 4513: 4474: 4307:. New York: Doubleday. p. 259. 4098:from the original on 23 January 2021 4042: 4024:from the original on 12 October 2007 3516: 3456: 3230:There are some who believe that the 2747: 2243:, the Name of God was rendered with 2127:in the midst of its Greek text, and 1014:(1402–1363 BCE) mentions a group of 74:(3rd century BCE to present) scripts 66:(12th century BCE to 150 BCE), 8702:from the original on 9 October 2021 8688:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8601:from the original on 19 August 2020 8417: 8114:from the original on 7 October 2014 6999: 6987:from the original on 9 October 2021 6933:from the original on 9 October 2021 6659: 6647:from the original on 11 August 2020 6613:(supp. 4). Leiden: Brill: 148–160. 6539: 6442:from the original on 9 October 2021 6428:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 125. 6305:The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave 11 6285:from the original on 16 August 2021 6261: 6248: 5959:from the original on 8 January 2022 5800: 5601:. Vol. 83. pp. col. 460. 5571: 5529:from the original on 13 August 2020 5525:. Vol. 80. pp. col. 244. 4965:from the original on 12 August 2020 4859:from the original on 2 January 2022 4657:from the original on 12 August 2020 4110: 3269:consequently the three-dimensional 2701:(Aia). (The latter is probably not 2199:Similarly, while consistent use of 1952:XḤev/SeEschat Hymn (XḤev/Se 6) 2 7 1912:4Q462 (4QNarrative C) 7; 12 (link: 1633: 1150:(587 BCE) and the slightly earlier 392: 192:Jewish traditions do not pronounce 24: 8427:Galadari, Abdulla (4 March 2024). 8377:. Augsburg Fortress. p. 384. 8322:from the original on 8 August 2016 8018:. Fortress Press. pp. 62–63. 7304:Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, ed. (1869). 6558:from the original on 2 August 2020 5727:Evans, Luke; Aaron, Ralph (2015). 5605:from the original on 17 April 2015 5292:Ancient Aramaic and Hebrew Letters 5259:from the original on 21 April 2020 5203:Gods, Goddesses, And Images of God 4733: 4680:. Netherlands: Brill. p. 74. 4303:Albright, William Foxwell (1957). 4177:from the original on 6 August 2020 3668:Since 1950, there are a number of 3438:translation) use the word "Lord" ( 3151:: יו"ד ה"א וא"ו ה"א, gematria 45. 3142:: יו"ד ה"י וא"ו ה"י, gematria 63. 2989:‎ they added the vowels for 2559:(Iaoth) with the last syllable of 2328:has the Tetragrammaton in 1 place. 2250:Robert J. Wilkinson says that the 1781:2Q3 (2QExod) 2 2; 7 1; 8 3 (link: 1484:Close transcription of the display 1462:‎ (Elohim) are found in the 1449: 249:, "The Name") in everyday speech. 25: 9342: 8716: 7532:The Bible in the Syriac Tradition 7104:. Australian Catholic University. 6203:Aramaic Papyri of the 5th century 5461:from the original on 11 July 2020 5220:from the original on 15 June 2021 4855:. Vol. 2. pp. 575–577. 3160:: יו"ד ה"ה ו"ו ה"ה, gematria 52. 2402:Papyrus Vindobonensis Greek 39777 2235:was one of them. Finally, before 2188:apply it to Christ. In fact, the 1375:‎) occurs 6,518 times, and 1318: 1239: 1236:5.3, he uses the spelling Ἰαβαί. 1234:Haereticarum Fabularum Compendium 1042:associates the Shasu nomads with 996:Current overviews begin with the 682:), with no pointing on the first 8776: 8734: 8722: 8643:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 8624:from the original on 11 May 2021 8532: 8507: 8482: 8457: 8404: 8391: 8366: 8334: 8302: 8293: 8284: 8275: 8266: 8257: 8248: 8221: 8191: 8152: 8140:from the original on 16 May 2013 8126: 8100: 8082: 8053: 8040:"The Name of God in the Liturgy" 8032: 8005: 7992: 7983: 7930: 7917: 7907: 7894: 7866: 7772: 7756: 7743: 7725: 7647: 7602: 7524: 7498: 7471: 7445: 7433: 7414: 7395: 7382: 7373: 7355: 7337: 7317: 7293: 7280: 7267: 7254: 7200: 7185: 7146: 7107: 7085: 7046: 7033: 6906: 6865: 6817: 6672: 5845:. Vol. IV. p. 28,§115. 4948:Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible 4704:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 4152:The Encyclopedia of Christianity 3977: 3768: 2679:(Iao); he also reports that the 2109:" when reading the Hebrew word. 1756:4Q53 (4QSam) 13 III 7, 7 (link: 1658:(6th century) wrote: "The Roman 1626:is the pronounced form of plain 1146:Yahweh is mentioned also in the 924:(1574–1654) and three essays by 888:The adoption at the time of the 8670:from the original on 7 May 2021 8614:Eerdmans, Bernardus D. (1948). 8373:Pfatteicher, Philip H. (1990). 8228:McGuckin, John Anthony (2010). 8134:"orthodoxresearchinstitute.org" 7879:and it is pronounced 'Adonai'." 7713:from the original on 1 May 2016 6772: 6718: 6697: 6602: 6570: 6533: 6415: 6383:Metzger, Bruce Manning (1981). 6376: 6356: 6339: 6314: 6297: 6235: 6212: 6187: 6174: 6148: 6122: 6096: 6070: 6048: 6022: 6009: 5992: 5971: 5932: 5909: 5888: 5849: 5827: 5794: 5768: 5755: 5720: 5692:Betz, Hans Dieter, ed. (1986). 5685: 5617: 5588: 5565: 5512: 5483:Encyclopedia of World Religions 5473: 5399:D. N. Freedman (1974). "YHWH". 5392: 5377: 5362: 5347: 5328: 5290:Lindenberger, James M. (2003). 5283: 5232: 5193: 5154: 5067: 5016: 4977: 4938: 4913: 4892: 4878:Kurtz, Johann Heinrich (1859). 4871: 4842: 4772: 4694: 4669: 4630: 4601: 4572: 4507: 4468: 4429: 4390: 4351: 4296: 3955: 3923: 3886: 3866: 3693: 3331: 2334:in 24 places, in whole or part. 1994:4Q382 (4Qpap paraKings) (link: 1957:11Q2 (11QLev) 2 2, 6, 7 (link: 1313: 900:(1550–1616), known as Drusius; 485: 252: 32:Tetragrammaton (disambiguation) 8584:Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic 7696:The Religion of Ancient Israel 7017:. Orthodox England (journal). 5541:Hyde, Walter Woodburn (2008). 4984:Coogan, Michael David (2001). 4746:Journal of Biblical Literature 4442:. W. W. Norton & Company. 4364:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 4228: 4217: 4067: 4049:Journal of Biblical Literature 4036: 3997: 3853: 3760: 3529: 1932:4Q524 (4QT)) 6–13 4, 5 (link: 1900:4Q161 (4QpIsa) 8–10 13 (link: 1718:1Q14 (1QpMic) 1–5 1, 2 (link: 1341:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia 1122:two tiny silver amulet scrolls 770:, whilst the Ktiv is probably 146:continues to have wide usage. 13: 1: 9316:Kabbalistic words and phrases 8442:10.1080/09596410.2024.2321044 7818:. J. C. B. Mohr. p. 67. 7442:(W. de Gruyter, 1936. p. 266) 7323:Origen, "In Joh.", II, 1, in 6967:Wilkinson, Robert J. (2015). 6874:"2: The Use of the Name YHWH" 6303:A complete list: A. Sanders, 6241:Translated by: P. Muchowski, 6197:(1974–84) 1:172; Schafer P., 5373:(in French). Paris: Geuthner. 4585:. Vol. 2. p. 1239. 4403:. A&C Black. p. 42. 4061:10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.508716 4018:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 3748: 3583:In the second edition of the 3430:(Latin translation), and the 3303: 2797:Usage in religious traditions 2065: 1843:4Q26b (4QLev) linia 8 (link: 1744:VI 14; X 7, 14; XI 10 (link: 1201: 1170:YHW and YHH are found in the 1154:ostraca, and on a stone from 7478:McNamara, Martin J. (2000). 6880:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 60. 5999:George, Abbot-Smith (1922). 5595:Migne, Jacques-Paul (1864). 5519:Migne, Jacques-Paul (1860). 5133:Biblical Archaeology Society 3990: 3479:and other languages used in 3367:as in the Greek text of the 3347:Adoration of the Name of God 2945:Thirteen Attributes of Mercy 2909:Name", or "Explicit Name" (" 2833:or his great-great-grandson 2239:became a standard rendering 1849:4QpNah (4Q169) II 10 (link: 885:, which means "he will be". 389:[ʔehˈjeʔaˈʃerʔehˈje] 369: 7: 8637:Maas, Anthony John (1910). 8491:Geography and Enlightenment 7307:Clementis Alexandrini Opera 6952:Pietersma & Wright 2007 6791:(206). A&C Black: 118. 6731:. Brill. pp. 229–230. 6389:. Oxford University Press. 6321:Muraoka, Takamitsu (2010). 5433:De Troyer, Kristin (2005). 5120:Biblical Archaeology Review 4920:Fleming, Daniel E. (2020). 4881:History of the Old Covenant 4791:10.1007/978-3-030-32312-7_2 4779:Ben-Sasson, Hillel (2019). 4678:The Mysterious Name of YHWH 4397:Samuelson, Norbert (2006). 4331:Lewis, Theodore J. (2020). 4199:Valentin, Benjamin (2015). 3702: 3673:write these names, such as 3627:Lutheranism and Anglicanism 3371:and in their copies of the 3273:naturally falls to Chesed. 3055: 2995: 2953: 2939: 2929: 2732: 2563:. He also reports that the 2534:(1910) and B. D. Eerdmans: 1823:4Q20 (4QExod) 1–2 3 (link: 1764:1Q15 (1QpZeph) 3, 4 (link: 1162:Texts with similar theonyms 810:The Mysterious Name of YHWH 611: 503:Biblical Hebrew orthography 437: 423: 380: 213: 10: 9347: 8551: 7426: 7153:Hurtado, Larry W. (2006). 6872:Sean M. McDonough (1999). 6546:, volume 41 (2008), p. 23" 6362:H. Bietenhard, "Lord", in 5939:G.H. Parke-Taylor (2006). 5337:Israel Exploration Journal 5091:10.1163/156921207783876422 4899:Gesenius, Wilhelm (1844). 4849:Gesenius, Wilhelm (1839). 4280:. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 4157:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing 3840: 3538:The Tetragrammaton on the 3059: 3026: 2890:Second Temple of Jerusalem 2801: 2781:, for the Tetragrammaton. 2762: 2713:= "I am " or "I will be", 2697: 2691: 2685: 2675: 2659: 2643: 2637: 2625: 2609: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2583:was accessible, is called 2569: 2555: 2543: 2455: 2097:and consistently use Κς, " 2074:Tetragrammaton written in 2054:11Q11 (11QapocrPs) (link: 1920:4Q165 (4QpIsa) 6 4 (link: 1886:4Q177 (4QCatena A) (link: 1863:4Q38a (4QDeut) 5 6 (link: 1430:(Alleluia, Hallelujah) in 1426: 1280: 1264: 1255: 977:Johann Friedrich von Meyer 723: 686:. It could be because the 500: 494: 411:Hebrew triconsonantal root 47:God in Abrahamic religions 36: 29: 8832: 8784: 8234:. John Wiley & Sons. 8159:Fairbarn, Donald (2002). 8060:Loewen, Jacob A. (2020). 7114:Kraus, Thomas J. (2007). 6761:(BRILL 2012), pp. 229–230 6015:E. Jenni, C. Westermann, 5161:Bonanno, Anthony (1986). 4740:Hyatt, J. Philip (1967). 4237:"Genesis Chapter 1 (KJV)" 4123:Geoffrey William Bromiley 4043:Kitz, Anne Marie (2019). 3440: 3426:(Greek translation), the 3362:It is assumed that early 2990: 2986: 2948: 2934: 2924: 2920: 2706: 2702: 2654: 2619:(d. c. 305) according to 2541:(1st century BCE) writes 2193: 2136: 2132: 2120: 1869:4Q173 (4QpPs) 4 2 (link: 1733:XXXIII 7, XXXV 15 (link: 1698:1Q11 (1QPs) 2–5 3 (link: 1595: 1576: 1557: 1537: 1518: 1498: 1459: 1455: 1413: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1363: 992:Texts with Tetragrammaton 980: 968: 960: 952: 944: 932:was that pronunciation. 898:Johannes van den Driesche 793: 771: 763: 739: 719: 705: 675: 644: 640: 636: 605: 540: 432: 418: 375: 343: 318: 298: 278: 240: 230: 207: 193: 171: 89: 51:YHWH (Person of Interest) 8464:Keller, Bettina (2009). 7980:, accessed 12 March 2012 7625:In the 7th paragraph of 7537:"deuterocanonical" books 7403:P. G., LXXXIII, col. 460 6499:10.1177/0309089207080558 5862:. Lulu.com. p. 60. 5629:, O.T.S. V (1948) 43–62. 4608:Arnold, Mark P. (2015). 3753: 3680: 3316:includes the comment of 2362:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007 2351:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101 2310:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3522 2153:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101 2149:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3522 1432:Revelation 19:1, 3, 4, 6 877:, derives from the root 785:Smith's Bible Dictionary 8663:, Mississauga: Benben, 7631:Sir Godfry Driver wrote 7506:"Manuscrits de Cîteaux" 7390:P. G., LXXX, col. 805 C 7091:Michael P. Theophilos. 6837:Oxford University Press 6779:Müller, Mogens (1996). 6205:(1923); Kraeling E.G., 6201:(1997) 232; Cowley A., 5856:Steven Ortlepp (2010). 5678:Encyclopædia Britannica 5206:. Bloomsbury Academic. 5023:Smith, Mark S. (2001). 4951:. Eerdmans. p. 3. 4582:Dictionary of the Bible 4579:Smith, William (1872). 3898:vol I, p. 25, 26, § 115 3523:Eastern Orthodox Church 3485:Eastern Orthodox Church 2468:Taylor-Schechter 12.182 2372:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656 1946:4Q225 (4QPsJub) (link: 1803:3Q3 (3QLam) 1 2 (link: 1644:names of God in Judaism 376:אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה‎ 8739:Quotations related to 8012:Cameron, Euan (2019). 7657:Jewish Bible Quarterly 7349:Praeparatio evangelica 7192:Wessely, Carl (1911). 7059:. BRILL. p. 149. 6481:Rösel, Martin (2007). 5763:Papyri Graecae Magicae 5625: 4637:Römer, Thomas (2015). 4436:Alter, Robert (2018). 4234:Translation notes for 3547: 3542:of the Roman Catholic 3450: 3418:Christian translations 3359: 3351: 3276: 3255:is assigned to Kether; 3227: 2822:and their neighbours. 2772: 2527: 2515: 2190:deuterocanonical books 2123:‎ in the normal 2082: 1481:Masoretic Text display 1244:Among the Jews in the 1143: 1083: 973:Johann David Michaelis 941:Thesaurus Philologicus 890:Protestant Reformation 647:‎ respectively, 530: 491:YHWH and Hebrew script 363:at the end of a word) 229:taken as singular) or 75: 62:The Tetragrammaton in 8646:Catholic Encyclopedia 7812:Rozen, Minna (1992). 7262:Bibliotheca Historica 7043:, Bonn 1980, s. 5, 6. 6839:USA. pp. 77–78. 6725:Runia, D. T. (2011). 5539:English translation: 5239:Becking, Bob (2001). 4256:) as a variant form, 3601:On 29 June 2008, the 3537: 3357: 3339: 3248: 3221: 3088:and the main body of 2577:Clement of Alexandria 2532:Catholic Encyclopedia 2521: 2510: 2492:Biblioteca Ambrosiana 2073: 1926:4Q222 (4QJub) (link: 1776:4Q175 (4QTest) 1, 19 1750:4Q37 (4QDeut) (link: 1251:Jewish magical papyri 1226:Quaestiones in Exodum 1138: 1073: 873:, or more accurately 827:personal names (e.g. 660:Tiberian vocalisation 525:Septuagint manuscript 522: 511:Tiberian vocalization 188:and those who follow 61: 9331:Sacred Name Movement 9124:Sanghyang Adi Buddha 8731:at Wikimedia Commons 8412:The Bible Translator 6245:Kraków 1996, pp. 31. 5896:The Bible translator 5584:on 26 February 2020. 5369:Vincent, A. (1937). 4922:Yahweh before Israel 4909:on 26 February 2022. 4888:on 19 November 2020. 4640:The Invention of God 4514:Reno, R. R. (2010). 4475:Reno, R. R. (2010). 4163:. pp. 823–824. 3639:psalters, the word L 3263:the two-dimensional 3078:Moshe Chaim Luzzatto 3023:Written prohibitions 2965:added vowel points ( 2860:. Others, including 2565:Valentinian heretics 2524:Palace of Versailles 2479:Ambrosiano O 39 sup. 2378:Papyrus Berlin 17213 2314:paleo-Hebrew letters 2266:Commentary on Psalms 2042:11Q20 (11QT) (link: 2018:11Q7 (11QPs) (link: 2006:11Q6 (11QPs) (link: 1963:4Q365 (4QRP) (link: 1880:4Q57 (4QIsa) (link: 1809:4Q158 (4QRP) (link: 1770:4Q78 (4QXII) (link: 1724:4Q27 (4QNum) (link: 1704:2Q13 (2QJer) (link: 1458:‎ (Adonai) or 1246:Second Temple Period 589:were written on the 153:and the rest of the 30:For other uses, see 9066:God the Holy Spirit 8354:on 25 November 2014 7530:Sebastian P. Brock 7369:P.G., XLI, col. 685 7325:P.G., XIV, col. 105 7039:Z. Aly, L. Koenen, 5808:Jewish Encyclopedia 5578:Jewish Encyclopedia 5384:Porten, B. (1968). 4826:. Johannis Coster. 4676:Reisel, M. (2018). 4260:Brown–Driver–Briggs 3594:were replaced with 3373:Greek Old Testament 3181:is associated with 3133:value ע"ב=70+2=72. 3008:Pluralis majestatis 2900:Spoken prohibitions 2814:tradition found in 2673:(d. c. 457) writes 2347:1st to 2nd century 2161:Papyrus Rylands 458 2141:Paleo-Hebrew script 1710:1QS VIII 14 (link: 1648:paleo-Hebrew script 1359:Brown–Driver–Briggs 1325:Jewish Encyclopedia 1302:Vernacular evidence 1296:Ethiopian Christian 1139:YHWH in one of the 1104:mention "Yahweh of 1038:(1279–1213 BCE) in 1007:inscription of the 625:Pluralis majestatis 227:pluralis majestatis 167:a possible instance 82:is the four-letter 8579:Cross, Frank Moore 7976:2011-11-06 at the 7733:Harris, Stephen L. 7691:Miller, Patrick D. 7636:2006-04-26 at the 7408:2021-12-11 at the 7330:2017-01-16 at the 7214:2020-08-12 at the 7206:Bruce M. Metzger. 7100:2019-03-14 at the 7013:Phillips, Andrew. 6766:2018-07-19 at the 6709:2018-12-02 at the 5921:2016-03-03 at the 5782:on 2 December 2011 5663:Moore, George Foot 5561:on 13 August 2020. 5354:Davis, G. (2004). 5167:. John Benjamins. 4768:– via JSTOR. 4045:"The Verb *yahway" 3892:C. D. Ginsburg in 3670:Sacred Name Bibles 3611:Philippians 2:9–11 3548: 3481:Oriental Orthodoxy 3360: 3352: 3340:Tetragrammaton by 3298:Pythagorean Symbol 3228: 3066:Hasidic philosophy 2528: 2516: 2503:Patristic writings 2439:Codex Marchalianus 2299:Papyrus Fouad 266b 2182:Papyrus Fouad 266b 2135:‎, the name 2095:Codex Alexandrinus 2083: 1789:4Q96 (4QPs (link: 1172:Elephantine papyri 1144: 1084: 987:Non-biblical texts 581:), they wrote the 531: 176:in verse 8:6) the 76: 9298: 9297: 9239:Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto 8794:In Zoroastrianism 8727:Media related to 8695:978-0-19-972394-2 8620:. Leiden: Brill. 8384:978-0-8006-0392-2 8241:978-1-4443-9254-8 8214:978-0-19-533123-3 8199:Pentiuc, Eugen J. 8071:978-1-64508-304-7 8025:978-1-5064-6043-7 7942:ReformJudaism.org 7825:978-3-16-145770-8 7793:978-0-7425-4469-7 7778:For example, see 7491:978-0-567-54034-8 7453:"British Library" 7367:, I, iii, 40, in 7225:978-0-19-536532-0 6980:978-90-04-28817-1 6973:. Leiden: Brill. 6926:978-0-8028-6680-6 6825:Pentiuc, Eugen J. 6679:www.jhsonline.org 6640:978-0-674-74362-5 6620:978-90-04-02327-7 6611:Vetus Testamentum 6435:978-0-567-37628-2 6278:978-90-474-1434-6 6271:. Leiden: Brill. 5869:978-1-4452-7220-7 5776:"AnsonLetter.htm" 5554:978-1-60608-349-9 5493:978-1-60136-000-7 5245:. A&C Black. 5150:on 31 March 2012. 5075:Schneider, Thomas 5064:, pp. 61–63. 4931:978-1-108-83507-7 4800:978-3-030-32312-7 4410:978-0-8264-9244-9 4371:978-0-8028-2327-4 4344:978-0-19-007254-4 4210:978-1-61164-553-8 4170:978-90-04-14596-2 4131:Jan Milic Lochman 3904:(C. D. Ginsburg, 3877:masora marginalis 3517:Eastern Orthodoxy 3387:used capitalized 3364:Jewish Christians 3045:long-term storage 3039: 3001:lit. transl. 2949:שְׁלוֹשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵה 2874:priestly blessing 2530:According to the 2395:(2nd century CE) 2224:Papyrus Fouad 266 2117:Papyrus Fouad 266 2063: 2062: 1610: 1609: 1478:Chapter and verse 1323:According to the 1221:Patrologia Graeca 1182:Kristin De Troyer 1112:" and "Yahweh of 1052:Frank Moore Cross 1046:, interpreted as 756:Takamitsu Muraoka 618:lit. transl. 541:אִמּוֹת קְרִיאָה‎ 507:Hebrew diacritics 381:’ehye ’ăšer ’ehye 367: 366: 223: "My Lords" 220:lit. transl. 149:The books of the 16:(Redirected from 9338: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8748: 8747: 8738: 8726: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8669: 8662: 8650: 8642: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8574: 8545: 8544: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8511: 8505: 8504: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8444: 8424: 8415: 8408: 8402: 8395: 8389: 8388: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8353: 8347:. Archived from 8346: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8321: 8314: 8306: 8300: 8297: 8291: 8288: 8282: 8279: 8273: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8255: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8172:978-0-66422497-4 8156: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8092:. Archived from 8086: 8080: 8079: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8009: 8003: 7996: 7990: 7987: 7981: 7967: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7934: 7928: 7921: 7915: 7911: 7905: 7898: 7892: 7889: 7880: 7870: 7864: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7776: 7770: 7768: 7760: 7754: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7670: 7663: 7651: 7645: 7623: 7617: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7555: 7544: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7422:jod, he, vau, he 7418: 7412: 7399: 7393: 7386: 7380: 7377: 7371: 7359: 7353: 7341: 7335: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7297: 7291: 7288:Against Heresies 7284: 7278: 7275:Against Heresies 7271: 7265: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7239:, pp. 1–29. 7234: 7228: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7111: 7105: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7050: 7044: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7015:"The Septuagint" 7010: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6964: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6887:978-31-6147055-4 6869: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6846:978-0-19533123-3 6821: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6798:978-1-85075571-5 6776: 6770: 6757:David T. Runia, 6754: 6752: 6750: 6722: 6716: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6670: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6624: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6557: 6550: 6540:Perkins, Larry. 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6478: 6467: 6461: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6380: 6374: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6318: 6312: 6307:(11QPsa), serie 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6259: 6246: 6239: 6233: 6216: 6210: 6191: 6185: 6180:Bezalel Porten, 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6026: 6020: 6013: 6007: 6006: 5996: 5990: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5936: 5930: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5803:"Tetragrammaton" 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5772: 5766: 5761:K. Preisendanz, 5759: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5742: 5735: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5707: 5700: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5670: 5659: 5630: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5580:. Archived from 5574:"Tetragrammaton" 5569: 5563: 5562: 5557:. Archived from 5538: 5536: 5534: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5430: 5415: 5414: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5307: 5296: 5295: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5143:. Archived from 5129:Washington, D.C. 5116: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4520:. Brazos Press. 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4481:. Brazos Press. 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4274: 4265: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4196: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4139:Jaroslav Pelikan 4119: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4007:"four" + γράμμα 4001: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3927: 3921: 3916:, vol I, p. 26, 3890: 3884: 3870: 3864: 3857: 3851: 3844: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3764: 3659: 3642: 3508: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3443: 3442: 3299: 3038: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2956: 2950: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2922: 2911:Shem HaMephorash 2858:Day of Atonement 2750: 2749: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2628: 2627: 2612: 2611: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2572: 2571: 2558: 2557: 2546: 2545: 2539:Diodorus Siculus 2458: 2457: 2452: 2444: 2393:Aquila of Sinope 2289:1st century BCE 2271:Aquila of Sinope 2210:Speaking of the 2205:Eugen J. Pentiuc 2195: 2138: 2134: 2122: 2091:Codex Sinaiticus 1684: 1683: 1640:Dead Sea Scrolls 1634:Dead Sea Scrolls 1597: 1578: 1559: 1539: 1520: 1500: 1475: 1474: 1461: 1457: 1429: 1428: 1415: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1365: 1354:Dead Sea Scrolls 1308:theophoric names 1283: 1282: 1267: 1266: 1258: 1257: 1253:found in Egypt. 1210: 1206: 1203: 1130:Khirbet Beit Lei 1061:Book of the Dead 1057:Thomas Schneider 1032:John W. Rogerson 1028:James D. G. Dunn 982: 975:(1717–1791) and 970: 962: 954: 946: 939:reported in his 937:Wilhelm Gesenius 920:(1557–1626) and 910:Johannes Buxtorf 845:ehye ’ăšer ’ehye 803: 795: 773: 765: 741: 716:for "the Name". 707: 677: 646: 642: 638: 622: 619: 614: 607: 602:Rabbinite Jewish 563:consonantal text 551:matres lectionis 542: 456:matres lectionis 440: 434: 426: 420: 404: 397: 394: 391: 386: 383: 377: 358: 345: 333: 320: 313: 300: 293: 280: 264: 263: 242: 232: 224: 221: 216: 209: 195: 184:name. Observant 173: 91: 21: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9176:Nzambi a Mpungu 8997:Svayam Bhagavan 8828: 8807:In Christianity 8780: 8775: 8719: 8714: 8705: 8703: 8696: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8660: 8640:"Jehovah" 8627: 8625: 8604: 8602: 8595: 8571: 8554: 8549: 8548: 8537: 8533: 8526: 8512: 8508: 8501: 8487: 8483: 8476: 8462: 8458: 8425: 8418: 8409: 8405: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8371: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8285: 8280: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8258: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8226: 8222: 8215: 8196: 8192: 8182: 8180: 8173: 8157: 8153: 8143: 8141: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8117: 8115: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8088: 8087: 8083: 8072: 8058: 8054: 8038: 8037: 8033: 8026: 8010: 8006: 7997: 7993: 7988: 7984: 7978:Wayback Machine 7968: 7961: 7951: 7949: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7908: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7883: 7877:yod-hei-vav-hei 7871: 7867: 7852:yod-hei-vav-hei 7849: 7845: 7835: 7833: 7826: 7803: 7801: 7794: 7777: 7773: 7761: 7757: 7748: 7744: 7730: 7726: 7716: 7714: 7707: 7688: 7684: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7638:Wayback Machine 7624: 7620: 7607: 7603: 7556: 7547: 7529: 7525: 7515: 7513: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7462: 7460: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7419: 7415: 7410:Wayback Machine 7400: 7396: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7374: 7360: 7356: 7342: 7338: 7332:Wayback Machine 7322: 7318: 7298: 7294: 7285: 7281: 7272: 7268: 7259: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7216:Wayback Machine 7205: 7201: 7190: 7186: 7176: 7174: 7167: 7151: 7147: 7137: 7135: 7128: 7112: 7108: 7102:Wayback Machine 7090: 7086: 7076: 7074: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7038: 7034: 7024: 7022: 7011: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6981: 6965: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6936: 6934: 6927: 6911: 6907: 6897: 6895: 6888: 6870: 6866: 6856: 6854: 6847: 6822: 6818: 6808: 6806: 6799: 6777: 6773: 6768:Wayback Machine 6748: 6746: 6739: 6723: 6719: 6711:Wayback Machine 6702: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6671: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6641: 6625:, reprinted in 6621: 6607: 6603: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6479: 6470: 6462: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6436: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6397: 6381: 6377: 6361: 6357: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6319: 6315: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6279: 6260: 6249: 6240: 6236: 6217: 6213: 6192: 6188: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6113: 6111: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6061: 6059: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6014: 6010: 5997: 5993: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5953: 5937: 5933: 5927:Companion Bible 5925:, appendix 60, 5923:Wayback Machine 5914: 5910: 5901: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5870: 5854: 5850: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5799: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5760: 5756: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5668:"Jehovah" 5660: 5633: 5622: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5593: 5589: 5570: 5566: 5555: 5532: 5530: 5517: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5494: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5431: 5418: 5411: 5397: 5393: 5382: 5378: 5367: 5363: 5352: 5348: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5308: 5299: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5253: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5214: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5175: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5114: 5105: 5098: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5037: 5021: 5017: 5007: 5005: 4998: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4959: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4918: 4914: 4897: 4893: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4818:Reeland, Adrian 4815: 4808: 4801: 4777: 4773: 4758:10.2307/3262791 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4651: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4528: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4489: 4473: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4450: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4411: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4372: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4251: 4244: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4197: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4171: 4145:, eds. (2008). 4127:Erwin Fahlbusch 4120: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4092: 4084:. p. 500. 4072: 4068: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3960: 3956: 3945: 3943: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3908:, London 1897, 3896:, London 1880, 3891: 3887: 3871: 3867: 3858: 3854: 3828: 3824: 3771: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3705: 3696: 3683: 3666: 3657: 3640: 3629: 3552:Catholic Church 3532: 3519: 3506: 3464:respectively). 3420: 3334: 3306: 3297: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3209: 3199: 3189: 3179: 3112:and the second 3068: 3058: 3041: 3027:Main articles: 3025: 3004: My Lords 3003: 2902: 2841:calls the name 2827:Simeon the Just 2804: 2799: 2765: 2735: 2512:Petrus Alphonsi 2505: 2475:9th century CE 2464:7th century CE 2450: 2442: 2435:6th century CE 2409:5th century CE 2398:3rd century CE 2358:3rd century CE 2338:8HevXII b (LXX) 2332:8HevXII a (LXX) 2306:1st century CE 2279: 2256:kaige recension 2216:kaige recension 2125:Hebrew alphabet 2087:Codex Vaticanus 2068: 1976:(11QPs) (link: 1656:John the Lydian 1636: 1464:Leningrad Codex 1452: 1450:Leningrad Codex 1447: 1445: 1412:The short form 1388:Book of Genesis 1335:Biblia Hebraica 1321: 1316: 1304: 1294:is found in an 1242: 1232:), "I am".) In 1208: 1204: 1164: 1148:Lachish letters 1141:Lachish letters 1102:Kuntillet Ajrud 1065:‘adōnī-rō‘ē-yāh 994: 989: 918:Nicholas Fuller 842:and views that 801: 732: 722: 671:Leningrad Codex 621: My Lords 620: 556:mater lectionis 517: 499: 497:Mater lectionis 493: 488: 399: 398: – transl. 395: 384: 372: 336:mater lectionis 259:Biblical Hebrew 255: 222: 104:), the name of 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9344: 9334: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9311:Tetragrammaton 9296: 9295: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9210: 9200: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9136:I Am that I Am 9133: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9121: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9090: 9089: 9084: 9082:Gitche Manitou 9070: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9056:God the Father 9048: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8968: 8967: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8955: 8945: 8935: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8911: 8906: 8896: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8849: 8839: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8796: 8791: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8774: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8741:Tetragrammaton 8732: 8729:Tetragrammaton 8718: 8717:External links 8715: 8713: 8712: 8694: 8679: 8651: 8634: 8611: 8593: 8575: 8569: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8531: 8524: 8506: 8499: 8481: 8474: 8456: 8416: 8403: 8390: 8383: 8365: 8333: 8301: 8292: 8283: 8274: 8265: 8256: 8247: 8240: 8220: 8213: 8190: 8171: 8151: 8125: 8099: 8096:on 4 May 2010. 8081: 8070: 8052: 8031: 8024: 8004: 7991: 7982: 7959: 7929: 7925:Shulchan Arukh 7916: 7906: 7893: 7881: 7865: 7843: 7824: 7792: 7771: 7767:. p. 779. 7755: 7742: 7724: 7706:978-0664221454 7705: 7682: 7646: 7618: 7601: 7572:10.1086/369885 7566:(4): 215–222. 7545: 7523: 7497: 7490: 7470: 7444: 7432: 7413: 7394: 7381: 7372: 7354: 7336: 7316: 7292: 7279: 7266: 7253: 7241: 7229: 7199: 7184: 7165: 7145: 7126: 7106: 7084: 7065: 7045: 7032: 6998: 6979: 6956: 6944: 6925: 6905: 6886: 6864: 6845: 6816: 6797: 6771: 6738:978-9004210806 6737: 6717: 6696: 6658: 6639: 6619: 6601: 6569: 6532: 6468: 6464:Pietersma 1984 6453: 6434: 6414: 6395: 6375: 6355: 6338: 6332:978-9042923560 6331: 6313: 6296: 6277: 6247: 6234: 6220:YHWH at Patmos 6211: 6186: 6173: 6147: 6121: 6095: 6069: 6047: 6021: 6008: 5991: 5970: 5951: 5931: 5908: 5887: 5868: 5848: 5835:C. D. Ginsburg 5826: 5793: 5767: 5754: 5719: 5684: 5673:Chisholm, Hugh 5631: 5616: 5587: 5564: 5553: 5511: 5492: 5472: 5416: 5409: 5391: 5376: 5361: 5346: 5327: 5321:978-0062098597 5320: 5297: 5282: 5270: 5251: 5231: 5212: 5192: 5173: 5153: 5108:Lemaire, André 5096: 5085:(2): 113–120. 5066: 5054: 5035: 5015: 4996: 4976: 4957: 4937: 4930: 4912: 4891: 4870: 4841: 4806: 4799: 4771: 4752:(4): 369–377. 4732: 4720: 4713: 4693: 4686: 4668: 4649: 4629: 4600: 4571: 4564:978-8876535956 4563: 4545: 4526: 4506: 4487: 4467: 4448: 4428: 4409: 4389: 4370: 4350: 4343: 4320: 4313: 4295: 4278:"Names Of God" 4266: 4242: 4227: 4216: 4209: 4188: 4169: 4109: 4090: 4066: 4035: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3976: 3954: 3922: 3885: 3865: 3852: 3842:τετραγράμματον 3758: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3723:I Am that I Am 3720: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3682: 3679: 3665: 3662: 3628: 3625: 3615:Tetragrammaton 3581: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3531: 3528: 3518: 3515: 3511:small capitals 3419: 3416: 3342:Francisco Goya 3333: 3330: 3314:Sanhedrin 10:1 3305: 3302: 3249: 3207: 3197: 3187: 3177: 3057: 3054: 3024: 3021: 2954:Shelosh-'Esreh 2913:" in Hebrew). 2901: 2898: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2764: 2761: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2718: 2668: 2648: 2630: 2614: 2602: 2574: 2548: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2416: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2326:Se2grXII (LXX) 2317: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2296: 2278: 2275: 2103:Masoretic Text 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1980: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1961: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1937: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1738: 1737: 1728: 1722: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1635: 1632: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1469:qere perpetuum 1451: 1448: 1443: 1396:Book of Esther 1379:‎ (qere 1320: 1319:Masoretic Text 1317: 1315: 1312: 1303: 1300: 1241: 1240:Magical papyri 1238: 1163: 1160: 1118:Khirbet el-Qom 993: 990: 988: 985: 926:Johann Leusden 922:Thomas Gataker 902:Sixtinus Amama 894:Adriaan Reland 863:Yahweh ṣəḇāʾōṯ 823:) is found in 721: 718: 662:, such as the 656:Masoretic Text 595:qere perpetuum 495:Main article: 492: 489: 487: 484: 402:I Am that I Am 371: 368: 365: 364: 352: 347: 340: 339: 327: 322: 315: 314: 307: 302: 295: 294: 287: 282: 275: 274: 273:Pronunciation 271: 268: 254: 251: 94:transliterated 80:Tetragrammaton 43:God in Judaism 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9343: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9289: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8972:Hiranyagarbha 8970: 8966: 8963: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8831: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8779: 8772: 8767: 8765: 8760: 8758: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8742: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8701: 8697: 8691: 8687: 8686: 8680: 8666: 8659: 8658: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8623: 8619: 8618: 8612: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8570:9780199642465 8566: 8562: 8557: 8556: 8542: 8535: 8527: 8525:9789652264015 8521: 8517: 8510: 8502: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8477: 8475:9783865683304 8471: 8467: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8423: 8421: 8413: 8407: 8400: 8394: 8386: 8380: 8376: 8369: 8350: 8343: 8337: 8318: 8311: 8305: 8296: 8287: 8278: 8269: 8260: 8251: 8243: 8237: 8233: 8232: 8224: 8216: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8194: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8155: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8078: 8073: 8067: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8035: 8027: 8021: 8017: 8016: 8008: 8001: 8000:Peter Schäfer 7995: 7986: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7966: 7964: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7926: 7920: 7910: 7903: 7897: 7888: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7869: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857:Mishneh Torah 7853: 7847: 7831: 7827: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7785: 7784: 7775: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7686: 7667: 7660: 7658: 7650: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7615: 7614:9780198147275 7611: 7605: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7542: 7538: 7533: 7527: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7493: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7474: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7441: 7436: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7398: 7391: 7385: 7376: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7358: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7320: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7283: 7276: 7270: 7263: 7257: 7250: 7245: 7238: 7237:Eerdmans 1948 7233: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7203: 7195: 7188: 7172: 7168: 7166:9780802828958 7162: 7158: 7157: 7149: 7133: 7129: 7127:9789004161825 7123: 7119: 7118: 7110: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7088: 7072: 7068: 7066:9789004366985 7062: 7058: 7057: 7049: 7042: 7036: 7020: 7016: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6963: 6961: 6954:, p. 46. 6953: 6948: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6909: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6721: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6700: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6586: 6579: 6573: 6554: 6547: 6545: 6536: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6466:, p. 90. 6465: 6460: 6458: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6427: 6426: 6418: 6402: 6398: 6396:9780195365320 6392: 6388: 6387: 6379: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6351: 6350: 6342: 6334: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6244: 6238: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6183: 6177: 6161: 6158:. Tanach.us. 6157: 6151: 6135: 6132:. Tanach.us. 6131: 6125: 6109: 6106:. Tanach.us. 6105: 6099: 6083: 6080:. Tanach.us. 6079: 6073: 6057: 6051: 6035: 6032:. Tanach.us. 6031: 6025: 6018: 6012: 6004: 6003: 5995: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5977:G. Lisowsky, 5974: 5958: 5954: 5952:9780889206526 5948: 5944: 5943: 5935: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5912: 5904: 5897: 5891: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5852: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5797: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5764: 5758: 5739: 5732: 5731: 5723: 5704: 5697: 5696: 5688: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5627: 5620: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5515: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5476: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5293: 5286: 5280:, p. 61. 5279: 5274: 5258: 5254: 5252:9781841271996 5248: 5244: 5243: 5235: 5219: 5215: 5213:9780567085917 5209: 5205: 5204: 5196: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5157: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5042: 5038: 5036:9780199881178 5032: 5028: 5027: 5019: 5003: 4999: 4997:9780195139372 4993: 4989: 4988: 4980: 4964: 4960: 4958:9780802837110 4954: 4950: 4949: 4941: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4874: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4845: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4730:, p. 19. 4729: 4724: 4716: 4714:9789053565032 4710: 4706: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4687:9789004354876 4683: 4679: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4650:9780674504974 4646: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4604: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4575: 4566: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4533: 4529: 4527:9781587430916 4523: 4519: 4518: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4488:9781587430916 4484: 4480: 4479: 4471: 4455: 4451: 4449:9780393292503 4445: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4393: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4325: 4316: 4314:9781592443390 4310: 4306: 4299: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4271: 4263: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4238: 4231: 4225: 4220: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4193: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4143:Lukas Vischer 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4097: 4093: 4091:0-8028-2329-7 4087: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3980: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3843: 3837: 3836:Ancient Greek 3833: 3832: 3819: 3763: 3759: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3700: 3691: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3671: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3527: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3452: 3447: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3369:New Testament 3365: 3356: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3322:world to come 3319: 3318:Rabbi Mana II 3315: 3311: 3301: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3009: 2997: 2984: 2980: 2979:Jewish prayer 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2946: 2941: 2931: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2851:Second Temple 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2751:, pronounced 2744: 2740: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2682: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2652: 2649: 2634: 2631: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2607:(d. c. 254), 2606: 2603: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2549: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2525: 2520: 2513: 2509: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2448: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2217: 2214:, which is a 2213: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2162: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2101:", where the 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1592:Ezekiel 24:24 1591: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1400:Song of Songs 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1371: 1370: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1311: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1287: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1261: 1252: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1216: 1214: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1156:Mount Gerizim 1153: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012:Amenhotep III 1010: 1006: 1002: 999: 984: 978: 974: 966: 958: 950: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 912:(1564–1629); 911: 908:(1585–1658); 907: 904:(1593–1629); 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 851: 847: 846: 841: 837: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 799: 791: 787: 786: 781: 777: 769: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 737: 731: 727: 717: 715: 711: 703: 699: 698: 693: 689: 685: 681: 673: 672: 667: 666: 661: 657: 652: 650: 634: 630: 626: 615: 613: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 579: 574: 573: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 552: 547: 544: 537: 529: 526: 521: 516: 512: 508: 504: 498: 483: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 457: 452: 448: 444: 439: 430: 425: 416: 412: 408: 403: 390: 382: 362: 361:silent letter 357: 353: 351: 348: 342: 341: 337: 332: 328: 326: 323: 317: 316: 312: 308: 306: 303: 297: 296: 292: 288: 286: 283: 277: 276: 272: 269: 266: 265: 262: 260: 250: 248: 247: 238: 237: 228: 217: 215: 205: 204: 199: 191: 187: 183: 180:contain this 179: 178:Song of Songs 175: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 145: 144: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 122: 117: 116: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 88: 85: 81: 73: 69: 65: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 9270: 9249:Umvelinqangi 9227:Sol Invictus 9073:Great Spirit 8822:In Mandaeism 8778:Names of God 8743:at Wikiquote 8704:. Retrieved 8684: 8672:, retrieved 8656: 8644: 8626:. Retrieved 8616: 8603:. Retrieved 8583: 8560: 8540: 8534: 8515: 8509: 8490: 8484: 8465: 8459: 8432: 8414:6.3: 185-194 8411: 8406: 8398: 8393: 8374: 8368: 8356:. Retrieved 8349:the original 8336: 8324:. Retrieved 8304: 8295: 8286: 8277: 8268: 8259: 8250: 8230: 8223: 8203: 8193: 8181:. Retrieved 8161: 8154: 8144:15 September 8142:. Retrieved 8128: 8118:15 September 8116:. Retrieved 8102: 8094:the original 8084: 8075: 8061: 8055: 8047: 8034: 8014: 8007: 7994: 7985: 7950:. Retrieved 7941: 7932: 7919: 7909: 7896: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7855: 7851: 7846: 7834:. Retrieved 7814: 7802:. Retrieved 7782: 7774: 7764: 7758: 7745: 7736: 7727: 7715:. Retrieved 7695: 7685: 7675:13 September 7673:. Retrieved 7656: 7649: 7641: 7626: 7621: 7604: 7563: 7559: 7526: 7516:23 September 7514:. Retrieved 7500: 7480: 7473: 7463:23 September 7461:. Retrieved 7447: 7435: 7421: 7416: 7397: 7384: 7375: 7362: 7361:Epiphanius, 7357: 7347: 7339: 7319: 7311: 7306: 7302:v,6,34; see 7299: 7295: 7282: 7269: 7261: 7256: 7244: 7232: 7207: 7202: 7193: 7187: 7175:. Retrieved 7155: 7148: 7136:. Retrieved 7116: 7109: 7093: 7087: 7075:. Retrieved 7055: 7048: 7040: 7035: 7025:13 September 7023:. Retrieved 6989:. Retrieved 6969: 6947: 6935:. Retrieved 6915: 6908: 6896:. Retrieved 6877: 6867: 6855:. Retrieved 6832: 6819: 6807:. Retrieved 6788: 6784: 6774: 6758: 6747:. Retrieved 6727: 6720: 6713: 6699: 6687:. Retrieved 6678: 6649:. Retrieved 6629: 6610: 6604: 6592:. Retrieved 6572: 6560:. Retrieved 6543: 6535: 6523:. Retrieved 6490: 6486: 6444:. Retrieved 6424: 6417: 6405:. Retrieved 6385: 6378: 6363: 6358: 6348: 6341: 6322: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6299: 6287:. Retrieved 6267: 6263:Tov, Emanuel 6242: 6237: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6181: 6176: 6164:. Retrieved 6150: 6138:. Retrieved 6124: 6112:. Retrieved 6098: 6086:. Retrieved 6072: 6060:. Retrieved 6050: 6038:. Retrieved 6024: 6016: 6011: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5961:. Retrieved 5941: 5934: 5926: 5911: 5902: 5895: 5890: 5878:. Retrieved 5858: 5851: 5842: 5839: 5829: 5817:. Retrieved 5806: 5796: 5784:. Retrieved 5780:the original 5770: 5762: 5757: 5745:. Retrieved 5729: 5722: 5710:. Retrieved 5694: 5687: 5676: 5623:B. Alfrink, 5619: 5607:. Retrieved 5597: 5590: 5582:the original 5577: 5567: 5559:the original 5543: 5531:. Retrieved 5521: 5514: 5502:. Retrieved 5482: 5475: 5463:. Retrieved 5438: 5400: 5394: 5385: 5379: 5370: 5364: 5355: 5349: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5311: 5291: 5285: 5273: 5261:. Retrieved 5241: 5234: 5222:. Retrieved 5202: 5195: 5183:. Retrieved 5163: 5156: 5145:the original 5124: 5118: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5057: 5045:. Retrieved 5025: 5018: 5006:. Retrieved 4986: 4979: 4967:. Retrieved 4947: 4940: 4921: 4915: 4907:the original 4901: 4894: 4886:the original 4880: 4873: 4861:. Retrieved 4851: 4844: 4832:. Retrieved 4822: 4781: 4774: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4723: 4703: 4696: 4677: 4671: 4659:. Retrieved 4639: 4632: 4620:. Retrieved 4610: 4603: 4591:. Retrieved 4581: 4574: 4554: 4548: 4536:. Retrieved 4516: 4509: 4497:. Retrieved 4477: 4470: 4458:. Retrieved 4438: 4431: 4419:. Retrieved 4399: 4392: 4380:. Retrieved 4360: 4353: 4333: 4304: 4298: 4286:. Retrieved 4257: 4253: 4230: 4219: 4200: 4179:. Retrieved 4150: 4100:. Retrieved 4076: 4069: 4055:(1): 39–62. 4052: 4048: 4038: 4026:. Retrieved 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3979: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3944:. Retrieved 3925: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3888: 3881:masora magna 3880: 3876: 3873:masora parva 3872: 3868: 3860: 3855: 3847: 3839: 3762: 3733:Names of God 3711:(the common 3697: 3694:Usage in art 3684: 3674: 3667: 3651: 3645: 3630: 3614: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3586:Nova Vulgata 3584: 3582: 3579:Exodus 17:15 3566: 3562: 3557:Nova Vulgata 3555: 3549: 3520: 3504: 3500:Gothic Bible 3496:Latin Church 3489: 3466: 3461: 3445: 3421: 3401: 3395: 3393: 3388: 3385:Luther Bible 3380: 3361: 3345: 3332:Christianity 3325: 3307: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3250: 3244:Dion Fortune 3240:Tree of Life 3229: 3206: 3205:, and final 3196: 3186: 3185:, the first 3176: 3170: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3113: 3105: 3097: 3096:; the first 3089: 3081: 3076: 3069: 3042: 2971:cantillation 2958: 2915: 2903: 2855: 2824: 2805: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2766: 2756: 2752: 2736: 2721: 2710: 2705:‎ but 2664: 2623:(died 339), 2595:(Iaoúe) and 2529: 2485: 2340:in 4 places. 2280: 2265: 2260: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2221: 2209: 2200: 2198: 2186: 2176: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2114: 2111: 2084: 2076:paleo-Hebrew 1693:TETRAPUNCTA 1687:PALEO-HEBREW 1680: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1665: 1637: 1623: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1573:1 Kings 2:26 1554:Genesis 15:2 1534:Judges 16:28 1515:Genesis 3:14 1490:Explanation 1467: 1453: 1440: 1436: 1422:hallellu-Yah 1411: 1404: 1392:Ecclesiastes 1385: 1368: 1357: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1334: 1329:Hebrew Bible 1322: 1314:Hebrew Bible 1305: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1259: 1243: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1194: 1186:Wadi Daliyeh 1180: 1165: 1145: 1126:Ketef Hinnom 1098:inscriptions 1091: 1085: 1064: 1043: 1023: 1019: 1005:hieroglyphic 995: 964: 956: 948: 940: 934: 929: 914:Jacob Alting 906:Louis Cappel 887: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 843: 835: 828: 820: 816: 815:The element 814: 809: 798:Thomas Römer 789: 783: 779: 775: 767: 758:state: "The 735: 733: 712:), which is 709: 701: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 669: 665:Aleppo Codex 663: 653: 643:‎ and 599: 590: 586: 582: 577: 571: 560: 555: 549: 546:(imot kri'a) 545: 539: 532: 486:Vocalisation 479: 475: 469: 464: 460: 454: 450: 446: 442: 414: 373: 359:(or often a 256: 253:Four letters 244: 234: 201: 197: 165:, and (with 163:Ecclesiastes 155:Hebrew Bible 148: 141: 135: 131: 125: 119: 113: 110:Hebrew Bible 101: 97: 79: 77: 68:Paleo-Hebrew 55: 9321:Magic words 9254:Unkulunkulu 9104:Holy Spirit 9099:Hayyi Rabbi 9087:Wakan Tanka 9061:God the Son 8852:Parvardigar 8842:Ahura Mazda 8789:In Hinduism 7286:Irenaeus, " 7273:Irenaeus, " 6166:18 November 6140:18 November 6114:18 November 6088:18 November 6058:. Tanach.us 6040:18 November 5880:29 November 5786:18 November 5343:(2): 74–92. 4863:17 November 4834:10 November 4288:18 November 4224:Exodus 3:14 4181:24 February 4028:23 December 4015:) "letter" 3946:25 February 3910:s. 368, 369 3875:(small) or 3834:; from 3766:Pronounced 3675:The Besorah 3576:Exodus 15:3 3573:Exodus 3:15 3546:in Missouri 3530:Catholicism 3492:Vetus Itala 3287:tetrahedron 3261:to Chokmah; 3173:Four Worlds 3110:Ze`ir Anpin 3086:Arich Anpin 3071:Kabbalistic 2808:Mesha Stele 2293:4QpapLXXLev 2139:‎ in 1669:tetrapuncta 1495:Genesis 2:4 1088:Mesha Stele 1076:Mesha Stele 1036:Ramesses II 840:Exodus 3:15 829:yahwi-dagan 782:" In 1869, 649:ghost-words 474:, with the 472:verbal form 356:[h] 331:[w] 311:[h] 291:[j] 270:Letter name 9305:Categories 9232:Elagabalus 9044:El Shaddai 8812:In Judaism 8802:In Chinese 8798:Abrahamic 8594:0674091760 8500:0226487210 7952:9 December 7861:Maimonides 7616:. page 97. 6689:2 December 6493:(4): 425. 6372:0310256208 6311:IV, pp. 9. 6193:Stern M., 5819:2 February 5747:11 October 5712:11 October 5465:9 December 5410:0802823297 5278:Cross 1997 5174:9060322886 5062:Cross 1997 4728:Cross 1997 4622:8 February 4421:29 October 4382:29 October 4135:John Mbiti 3749:References 3728:Muqattaʿat 3685:While the 3498:, and the 3424:Septuagint 3412:Hallelujah 3406:are used. 3310:Samaritans 3304:Samaritans 3236:kabbalists 3060:See also: 3037:G’tt 2983:synagogues 2935:אֱלֹהֵינוּ 2878:synagogues 2862:Maimonides 2847:Lev. 24:15 2820:Israelites 2816:Exod. 3:15 2715:Exod. 3:14 2681:Samaritans 2633:Epiphanius 2447:Hexaplaric 2423:palimpsest 2254:is also a 2228:hexaplaric 2078:script on 2066:Septuagint 1213:Halleluyah 1209: 460 1207: – c. 1205: 393 1190:Hallelujah 1048:Mount Seir 1040:West Amara 806:Max Reisel 752:Paul Joüon 744:R. 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