442:
106:
61:
506:. These flows mimic a more natural hydrograph and allow larval razorback sucker to access off channel wetlands as nursery habitat. These dam operations have proven successful with razorback sucker in wetlands regularly surviving past the larval stage and migrating back to the Green River. Subsequent encounters of fish tagged while emigrating from wetlands have documented limited recruitment to the adult population by wild spawned razorback sucker.
487:. Commercial fishing together with dam building decimated the fish stock, which were unable to breed due to lower water temperatures in the reservoirs while dams blocked their movement into smaller channels (Nabhan 1988:553). They are now federally listed (USFWS October 23, 1991) as an endangered species with provisions for the protection of its critical habitat. Ongoing conservation efforts are taking place throughout the Upper and Lower
42:
83:
324:, giving rise to its common name, as well as to the alternative name "humpback sucker". The fish can attain lengths of up to 91 cm (3 ft) and weights of 6 kg (13.2 lb). A common length is 50 cm (1.6 ft). The fish has an olivaceous to brown-black color on top grading to a lighter yellow below. Adult razorbacks are easily distinguished from other suckers by the predorsal keel.
470:
and hover near the riverbed. When another male enters the breeding area, the defending male rolls his eyes downward to reveal the upper third of the eye generating a flash of reflected sunlight. The strongest reflected component of the flash lies in the UV spectrum. The intruding male, swimming
383:
In 2012 and again in 2013, razorback sucker have been detected in the lower Grand Canyon. These were the first recorded sightings in the Grand Canyon
National Park since the 1990s. In March 2014, in an effort to find out more about this wild population, nine tagged adult razorback sucker were
449:
Razorback suckers are long-lived; older fishes have been estimated at more than 40 years. Both males and females mature at age four. Spawning occurs in late winter or spring when groups of razorbacks settle to the riverbed and release their gametes. The adhesive eggs become attached to the
450:
interstitial spaces in the gravel substrate. A single female is attended by two to twelve males, and the female will spawn repeatedly with several males. Hatching success depends on water temperature, with complete mortality at temperatures less than 10 °C (50 °F).
471:
overhead, can see the flash below and will shy away from it. The eye flashes are not visible from a distance underwater and can thus be used to signal intruding males without alerting predators. Females do not react to the eye flashes.
453:
Razorback suckers inhabit a diversity of areas from mainstream channels to backwaters of medium and large streams or rivers. They prefer to live over sand, mud, or gravel bottoms. Razorbacks feed on algae, insect
291:
It usually moves from deep water to suitable spawning grounds to breed, and research into its habits and breeding locations is ongoing. It has been a federally protected fish since 1991 and is rated as
391:
In spring 2014 a new search for reproduction of the fish at Grand Canyon
National Park resulted in the first finding of larvae for several decades. On nine of 47 sites, spawning Razorbacks were found.
466:
that receives light from below. The
Razorback spends most of its life at depths where UV light cannot penetrate but they move into the shallows for breeding. In the shallows, males stake out a
717:
868:
668:
401:
As of 2021, the only self-sustaining population of razorback sucker is found in Lake Mead. While larval fish are found in other areas, indicative of successful spawning,
897:
388:. By tracking these fish, biologists hope to be able to detect the whereabouts of other spawning fish and assess their movements and how they use the habitat.
372:
that were produced naturally in the lake. In addition, reintroduction programs have released hatchery-raised fish into Lake Havasu, the
Colorado River below
188:
1202:
1227:
1207:
1217:
260:. It can grow to 91 cm (3 ft) in length and is recognisable by the keel between its head and dorsal fin. It used to inhabit much of the
1073:
839:
813:
STUDY PLAN TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF USING LARVAL RAZORBACK SUCKER OCCURRENCE IN THE GREEN RIVER AS A TRIGGER FOR FLAMING GORGE DAM PEAK RELEASES
865:
718:"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Reclassification of the Razorback Sucker From Endangered to Threatened With a Section 4(d) Rule"
297:
1148:
1242:
811:
LaGory, Kirk; T. Chart; K. Bestgen; J. Wilhite; S. Capron; D. Speas; H. Hermansen; K. Mcabee; J. Mohrmon; M. Trammell; B. Albrecht (2012).
830:(Technical report). Annual report of the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources to the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program.
746:
Sublette, J.E., M.D. Hatch, and M. Sublette. 1990. The fishes of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. pp. 191, 227-229
685:(Technical report). Final report of Larval Fish Laboratory, Colorado State University to Upper Colorado Endangered Fish Recovery Program.
1222:
700:(Technical report). Final Report to the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program. Larval Fish Laboratory Contribution 170.
398:
have been reestablished through a stocking program and stocked razorback suckers have consistently spawned and produced larval fish.
430:
264:
Basin but commercial fishing, river damming, and habitat loss have caused great declines in populations. It is now restricted to the
509:
In 2021, the Fish and
Wildlife Service proposed to reclassify the razorback sucker as threatened, rather than endangered, under the
1047:
1099:
644:
405:(survival to adulthood) is not sufficient or even absent due to predation. Non-native predators of the razorback sucker include
894:
880:
503:
1104:
601:
320:
The razorback sucker is most notable for the sharp-edged bulge on the anterior part of its back, between the head and
368:
government in 1991. A population of over 3,000 fish in Lake Mohave has been created by an augmentation program using
1174:
1153:
576:
698:
Monitoring reproduction, recruitment, and population status of razorback suckers in the Upper
Colorado River Basin
1237:
1232:
90:
669:
Once
Thought Locally Extinct, Endangered Razorback Suckers Discovered Spawning in Grand Canyon National Park
65:
977:
950:
1086:
990:
985:
627:
Minckley, W.L. 1973. Fishes of
Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix. pp. 145-146, 153-155
348:, and to Lake Mead, Lake Mohave, and Lake Havasu on the lower part of the river. It is also considered
253:
1179:
683:
Abundance and survival rates of razorback sucker
Xyrauchen texanus in the Green River, Utah, 2011-2013
105:
17:
554:
1140:
757:
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1078:
912:
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8:
50:
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100:
531:
1161:
998:
877:
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184:
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The species originally occurred throughout the medium-sized and large rivers of the
1003:
777:
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549:
410:
901:
884:
872:
604:(Press release). Grand Canyon, Arizona: National Park Service. February 24, 2015
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337:
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have been timed to coincide with the presence of larval razorback sucker in the
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265:
261:
147:
815:(Technical report). The Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program.
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365:
157:
70:
889:
1091:
791:
773:
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269:
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167:
356:. The reason for the decline is largely due to habitat loss. The state of
308:. There are some signs of recovery, with fish being observed in the lower
1135:
1060:
944:
850:
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Flamarique, I. Novales; Mueller, G.A.; Cheng, C.L.; Figiel, C.R. (2006).
492:
459:
377:
305:
285:
281:
277:
878:
USFWS Environmental
Conservation Online System page for Razorback sucker
491:
Basins. The largest and most genetically diverse population is found in
1052:
1039:
1013:
480:
373:
357:
321:
1065:
349:
273:
117:
906:
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Use of Stewart Lake floodplain by larval and adult endangered fishes
41:
1034:
929:
653:
137:
825:
810:
623:
621:
619:
484:
458:, plankton, and detritus. The eyes are receptive to parts of the
422:
353:
1026:
972:
463:
341:
257:
127:
616:
695:
680:
455:
853:. "Invisible erosion: The rise and fall of native farming".
523:
344:
in Mexico, but its range has shrunk to the river above the
866:
California Department of Fish and Game page on the species
715:
394:
Populations in the Green and Colorado rivers upstream of
762:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
895:
USFWS List of Fish Listed under Endangered Species Act
890:
USFWS Upper Colorado Endangered Fish Recovery Program
826:
Partlow, M.; K. Elbin; M. Breen; G. Tournear (2020).
846:(University of Nevada Press, 1994), pp. 357–362
758:"Communication using eye roll reflective signalling"
479:
The Razorback sucker was once common throughout the
602:"Tagged Razorback Suckers Released in Grand Canyon"
711:
709:
707:
1194:
696:Bestgen, K.B.; K.A. Zelasko; G.C. White (2011).
681:Zelasko, K.A.; K.R. Bestgen; G.C. White (2018).
704:
555:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T23162A174781799.en
298:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1203:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
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462:spectrum, particularly that portion of the
384:released into the River Colorado below the
635:
633:
596:
594:
81:
59:
40:
781:
716:Fish and Wildlife Service (7 July 2021).
553:
498:Since 2012, special spring releases from
1228:Fauna of the Lower Colorado River Valley
1208:NatureServe critically imperiled species
440:
1218:Fauna of the Southwestern United States
639:
630:
591:
14:
1195:
911:
910:
1243:Taxa named by Charles Conrad Abbott
541:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
849:
425:in the Upper Colorado Basin, with
25:
1254:
1223:Fish of the Western United States
252:found in rivers and lakes in the
413:in the Lower Colorado Basin and
104:
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844:Fishes and Fisheries of Nevada
689:
674:
661:
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13:
1:
516:
336:, including to the states of
667:Department of the Interior:
7:
10:
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256:and formerly northwestern
254:southwestern United States
919:
495:, Arizona/Nevada border.
364:in 1974, followed by the
217:
210:
101:Scientific classification
99:
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
855:Journal of the Southwest
643:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
272:and to four reservoirs,
1238:ESA endangered species
1233:Fish described in 1860
774:10.1098/rspb.2006.0246
548:: e.T23162A174781799.
511:Endangered Species Act
446:
445:Adult razorback sucker
657:. March 2017 version.
530:NatureServe (2020) .
483:watershed regions of
444:
294:Critically Endangered
87:Critically Imperiled
66:Critically Endangered
585:NatureServe Explorer
334:Colorado River Basin
302:Critically Imperiled
51:Conservation status
951:Catostomus texanus
900:2011-10-19 at the
883:2011-10-17 at the
871:2006-05-02 at the
728:(127): 35708–35728
468:breeding territory
447:
312:in 2012 and 2013.
1190:
1189:
1162:Open Tree of Life
978:xyrauchen-texanus
965:Xyrauchen_texanus
921:Xyrauchen texanus
913:Taxon identifiers
647:Xyrauchen texanus
579:Xyrauchen texanus
534:Xyrauchen texanus
500:Flaming Gorge Dam
360:designated it as
245:Xyrauchen texanus
236:
235:
221:Xyrauchen texanus
192:
94:
74:
35:Razorback sucker
16:(Redirected from
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429:present in the
427:channel catfish
415:smallmouth bass
396:Glen Canyon Dam
338:Baja California
330:
318:
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225:
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206:
203:X. texanus
185:C. H. Eigenmann
182:
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27:Species of fish
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861:(4): 552–572.
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1213:Catostomidae
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851:Nabhan, Gary
843:
827:
821:
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806:
795:. Retrieved
765:
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730:. Retrieved
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608:December 19,
606:. Retrieved
584:
578:
571:
559:. Retrieved
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508:
497:
478:
475:Conservation
452:
448:
407:striped bass
400:
393:
390:
382:
346:Grand Canyon
331:
328:Distribution
319:
310:Grand Canyon
301:
290:
270:Grand Canyon
244:
243:
239:
237:
229:C. C. Abbott
220:
218:
202:
201:
178:
177:
168:Catostomidae
29:
1136:NatureServe
1061:iNaturalist
945:Wikispecies
561:12 November
504:Green River
493:Lake Mohave
403:recruitment
378:Verde River
316:Description
306:NatureServe
286:Lake Powell
282:Lake Havasu
278:Lake Mohave
91:NatureServe
1197:Categories
797:2007-01-15
517:References
481:Gila River
433:subbasin.
386:Lava Falls
376:, and the
374:Parker Dam
362:endangered
358:California
350:extirpated
322:dorsal fin
250:suckerfish
732:3 January
296:" by the
274:Lake Mead
197:Species:
179:Xyrauchen
124:Kingdom:
118:Eukaryota
18:Xyrauchen
1141:2.104297
1079:10838232
1035:FishBase
936:Q1943923
930:Wikidata
898:Archived
881:Archived
869:Archived
792:17251115
654:FishBase
164:Family:
138:Chordata
134:Phylum:
128:Animalia
114:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1180:1021240
1167:1048754
1053:2359095
783:2093975
485:Arizona
437:Biology
423:walleye
354:Wyoming
248:) is a
231:, 1860)
174:Genus:
154:Order:
144:Class:
89: (
69: (
1154:154827
1105:163968
1066:115179
1027:203898
1011:ECOS:
991:151183
973:ARKive
790:
780:
587:. 7.1.
464:retina
456:larvae
342:Sonora
300:, and
284:, and
258:Mexico
191:, 1889
189:Kirsch
187:&
1175:WoRMS
1125:NAS:
1118:23162
1092:59791
1074:IRMNG
1004:5CP8K
352:from
1149:NCBI
1128:3184
1113:IUCN
1100:ITIS
1048:GBIF
1040:3015
986:BOLD
788:PMID
734:2022
610:2022
563:2021
546:2013
421:and
409:and
340:and
238:The
1087:ISC
1022:EoL
1014:530
999:CoL
960:ADW
778:PMC
770:doi
766:274
550:doi
370:fry
304:by
1199::
1177::
1164::
1151::
1138::
1115::
1102::
1089::
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1063::
1050::
1037::
1024::
1001::
988::
975::
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947::
932::
859:30
857:.
842:,
786:.
776:.
764:.
760:.
726:86
724:.
720:.
706:^
651:.
632:^
618:^
593:^
583:.
544:.
538:.
513:.
460:UV
417:,
380:.
288:.
280:,
276:,
800:.
772::
736:.
649:"
645:"
612:.
581:"
577:"
565:.
552::
536:"
532:"
292:"
242:(
227:(
93:)
73:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
