79:
27:
299:
230:
Pausanias noted that "The sanctuary of Athena
Chalinitis is by the theater, and near it is a naked xoanon of Herakles, said to be by Daidalos. All the works of this artist, though somewhat uncouth to look at, nevertheless have a touch of the divine in them."
239:
at Olous and an Athena at
Knossos. ... At Delos, too, there is a small xoanon of Aphrodite, its right hand damaged by time, and instead of feet its lower part is square. I am persuaded that Ariadne got this image from
80:
347:διάθεσις) — was re-exported to Massiliote sub-colonies, "where they keep the diathesis of the xoanon the same, and all the other usages precisely the same as is customary in the mother-city".
391:
141:. Many such cult images were preserved into historical times, though none are known to have survived to the modern day, except as copies in stone or marble. In the 2nd century CE,
366:, "Among the others, the Romans have consecrated Artemis' xoanon on the Aventine, taking the same model from the Massiliotes" (Strabo, 4.1.5). So the cult image of the
310:
The importance of the xoanon in local cult ensured that it would be carefully copied when colonies were founded, and sent out with the colonists from the mother-city.
379:
235:
Of the works of
Daidalos there are two in Boeotia, a Herakles in Thebes and the Trophonios at Lebadeia. There are also two other xoana in Crete, a
184:
302:
Synthesizing the Lady of
Ephesus as Diana Aventina: a Roman marble copy of a Greek replica of a lost Geometric period xoanon (18th-century
198:
A different type of cult figure in which the face, hands, and feet were carved of marble and the rest of the body made of wood is called
454:
704:
664:
31:
791:
167:
was ruler, it was humanized in form". In
Pausanias' travels he never mentions seeing a xoanon of a "mortal man".
467:
806:
258:
that was woven and ceremonially delivered to Athena on the
Acropolis of Athens into historic times.
796:
175:
Some types of archaic xoana may be reflected in archaic marble versions, such as the pillar-like "
250:
Similar xoana were ascribed by the Greeks to the contemporary of
Daedalus, the equally legendary
696:
142:
678:
616:
176:
278:
was preserved. The
Athenians believed it had fallen to earth from the heavens, as a gift to
801:
375:
8:
761:
589:
581:
367:
263:
643:
593:
332:
30:"Plank figure" of chalk, Early Cypriot III to Middle Cypriot I, 1900-1800 BCE in the
573:
442:
45:
20:
749:
542:
344:
261:
The wood of which a xoanon was carved was often symbolic: olivewood, pearwood,
126:
108:
95:
87:
785:
511:
339:
by a dream, and the artistic design of the cult image — Strabo uses the term
336:
180:
537:
466:
Compare the image of the "Lady of
Ephesus" whom the Greeks called Artemis:
401:
450:
236:
355:
320:
317:
271:
122:
585:
324:
303:
203:
392:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of
Central and Northern Europe
382:
at Rome, of whom marble copies survive (see illustration at right).
577:
564:
Bennett, Florence M. (January 1917). "A study of the word ΞΟΑΝΟΝ".
199:
138:
130:
282:; it was still to be seen in the 2nd century CE. On the island of
446:
396:
371:
359:
351:
328:
298:
287:
227:
164:
254:. Such figures were often clothed in real textiles, such as the
717:
639:
501:
438:
313:
283:
279:
275:
255:
251:
215:
192:
188:
134:
26:
219:
163:] says, was a wooden beam at first, but afterwards, when
154:
768:. Translated by Frazer, James George. II, pages 69–70.
742:
One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works
506:
497:
363:
202:. The wooden part was usually covered either with cloth or
150:
60:
54:
66:
724:
Strabo's Cultural Geography: The Making of a Kolossourgia
424:
in the available text is thought to be a mis-spelling of
159:
129:. Classical Greeks associated such cult objects, whether
722:
Dueck, Daniela; Lindsay, Hugh; Pothecary, Sarah (2005).
157:. "The statue of the Samian Hera, as Aethilos [
286:
a rustic piece of wood was venerated for the spirit of
602:
mentioned by Pausanias, who sometimes uses the phrase
721:
69:
63:
51:
530:
191:-type figures that may have been used to represent
116:
102:
48:
335:was transferred with the colony, justified in the
226:in its strict sense, to denote a wooden image; at
766:Description of Greece, translation and commentary
615:
783:
350:Similarly, cementing cultural ties between the
772:
453:Hera as xoana, and even the marble Nemesis at
293:
634:
632:
630:
57:
16:Archaic wooden cult image of Ancient Greece
627:
504:numerous wooden images are to be seen in
775:Xoana and the Origins of Greek Sculpture
598:Bennett appends a list of the sixty-six
297:
25:
748:
677:
563:
290:it contained or represented (Burkert).
267:, oak, are all specifically mentioned.
218:, the "carved" xoanon might also be of
784:
638:
760:
695:
658:
488:The oak is especially sacred to Zeus.
209:
121:, to carve or scrape ) was a wooden
739:
13:
222:; Pausanias, however, always uses
19:For the Doctor Who character, see
14:
818:
274:, an ancient olivewood effigy of
170:
32:Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art
505:
457:, as Frazer noted (Frazer 1897).
145:described numerous xoana in his
44:
756:. II.5.3 Temple and Cult Image.
711:
689:
671:
566:American Journal of Archaeology
491:
482:
652:
609:
557:
479:The olive is sacred to Athena.
473:
460:
431:
414:
1:
500:describes how in the cave of
606:, "sculptured image of wood"
524:
468:Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
7:
623:. 40, 41, cited in Stewart.
385:
117:
103:
10:
823:
733:
294:Copies of venerable images
18:
543:Dictionary.com Unabridged
112:
99:
91:
407:
773:Donohue, A. A. (1988).
316:(4.1) reports that the
149:, notably the image of
792:Ancient Greek religion
307:
248:
35:
701:Description of Greece
661:Description of Greece
617:Clement of Alexandria
378:, was established as
301:
233:
147:Description of Greece
137:, with the legendary
29:
376:Greek understanding
333:Artemis of Ephesus
308:
270:In Athens, in the
210:Woods and textiles
187:" or some archaic
36:
807:Wooden sculptures
740:Stewart, Andrew.
515:. 10.693 ff.
327:) was founded by
245:Pausanias, 9.40.3
153:in her temple at
814:
778:
769:
757:
745:
728:
727:
715:
709:
708:
693:
687:
686:
675:
669:
668:
656:
650:
649:
636:
625:
624:
613:
607:
597:
561:
555:
554:
552:
551:
534:
518:
516:
495:
489:
486:
480:
477:
471:
464:
458:
443:chryselephantine
435:
429:
418:
370:, identified as
331:. Their cult of
246:
120:
114:
107:, from the verb
106:
101:
93:
85:
84:
83:
82:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
50:
21:The Face of Evil
822:
821:
817:
816:
815:
813:
812:
811:
797:Greek mythology
782:
781:
750:Burkert, Walter
736:
731:
720:, as quoted in
716:
712:
694:
690:
676:
672:
657:
653:
637:
628:
614:
610:
562:
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549:
547:
536:
535:
531:
527:
522:
521:
496:
492:
487:
483:
478:
474:
465:
461:
436:
432:
419:
415:
410:
388:
368:Lady of Ephesus
296:
247:
244:
212:
173:
78:
77:
47:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
820:
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
780:
779:
770:
758:
754:Greek Religion
746:
735:
732:
730:
729:
726:. p. 121.
710:
688:
670:
651:
626:
608:
578:10.2307/497155
556:
528:
526:
523:
520:
519:
490:
481:
472:
459:
445:sculptures of
441:describes the
430:
412:
411:
409:
406:
405:
404:
399:
394:
387:
384:
380:Diana Aventina
295:
292:
242:
211:
208:
172:
171:Types of xoana
169:
127:Archaic Greece
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
819:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
787:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
737:
725:
719:
714:
706:
702:
698:
692:
684:
680:
674:
666:
662:
655:
647:
646:
641:
635:
633:
631:
622:
618:
612:
605:
601:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
560:
546:(Online). n.d
545:
544:
539:
533:
529:
514:
513:
512:Metamorphoses
508:
503:
499:
494:
485:
476:
469:
463:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
434:
427:
423:
417:
413:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:community in
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
337:founding myth
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
315:
311:
305:
300:
291:
289:
285:
281:
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241:
238:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
207:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
185:Hera of Delos
183:), the flat "
182:
181:Louvre Museum
178:
177:Hera of Samos
168:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
110:
105:
97:
89:
81:
74:
41:
33:
28:
22:
774:
765:
753:
741:
723:
713:
700:
691:
682:
673:
660:
654:
644:
621:Protrepticus
620:
611:
604:xylon agalma
603:
599:
569:
565:
559:
548:. Retrieved
541:
532:
510:
493:
484:
475:
462:
433:
425:
421:
416:
402:Cycladic art
349:
340:
312:
309:
269:
262:
260:
249:
234:
223:
213:
197:
174:
158:
146:
39:
37:
802:Cult images
679:Athenagoras
659:Pausanias.
572:(1): 8–21.
237:Britomartis
786:Categories
550:2014-11-13
451:Polyclitan
354:colony at
318:metropolis
272:Erechtheum
123:cult image
94:; plural:
34:, Athens).
762:Pausanias
697:Pausanias
645:Geography
594:193009224
525:Citations
449:Zeus and
420:The name
341:diathesis
329:Phocaeans
325:Marseille
304:engraving
240:Daidalos.
204:gold leaf
143:Pausanias
752:(1985).
642:(1917).
538:"xoanon"
426:Aethlios
422:Aethilos
386:See also
360:Phocaean
358:and the
356:Massilia
352:Phocaean
323:(modern
321:Massilia
243:—
200:acrolith
139:Daedalus
131:aniconic
734:Sources
683:Legatio
455:Rhamnus
447:Phidian
397:Daidala
372:Artemis
288:Artemis
228:Corinth
165:Prokles
718:Strabo
705:1.26.6
640:Strabo
592:
586:497155
584:
502:Cybele
439:Strabo
314:Strabo
284:Icaria
280:Athens
276:Athena
256:peplos
252:Smilis
224:xoanon
216:Strabo
193:Apollo
189:kouros
135:effigy
92:ξόανον
40:xoanon
685:. 17.
665:2.4.5
600:xoana
590:S2CID
582:JSTOR
437:Thus
408:Notes
345:Greek
264:Vitex
220:ivory
155:Samos
118:xeein
113:ξέειν
109:Greek
104:xoana
100:ξόανα
96:Greek
88:Greek
76:
507:Ovid
498:Ovid
364:Rome
214:For
151:Hera
574:doi
374:in
179:" (
160:sic
133:or
125:of
788::
764:.
703:.
699:.
681:.
663:.
629:^
619:.
588:.
580:.
570:21
568:.
540:.
509:.
306:).
206:.
195:.
115:,
111::
98::
90::
86:,
55:oʊ
38:A
777:.
744:.
707:.
667:.
648:.
596:.
576::
553:.
517:.
470:.
428:.
343:(
73:/
70:n
67:ɒ
64:n
61:ə
58:.
52:z
49:ˈ
46:/
42:(
23:.
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