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facing these emotions that have been neglected in order to release and ease a writer's pain. Robert Baden elaborates how poetry allows a wide range of emotions to be portrayed to describe the feeling or what the writer had felt within their experience to later allow others to engage and relate to their work. Baden expands this concept with the idea that no emotion is too grand or too small for poetry, which allows others to engage with the healing experience. Baden also points out that for there to be an act of healing and release between the emotions that have been held within the conscience, the writer must recognize that there must be a strong enough need to be vulnerable and willing to be able to confront these emotions and trust that the audience will then be able to relate and potentially make others want to use this written release within their own lives. Vasiliki
Antzoulis believes that writers should be vulnerable because ignorance should never be the course of action when experiencing all kinds of emotions. Without the ability to talk about what the writer is experiencing, it becomes more difficult to understand what each of these emotions represents and how they affect the writer's current views of life.
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stress on the body caused by inhibition, although it does not necessarily mean that disinhibition is the causal mechanism underlying these biological effects. On the other hand, participants writing about previously undisclosed traumas showed no differences in health outcomes from those writing about previously disclosed traumas (Greenberg & Stone, 1992) and participants writing about imaginary traumas that they had not actually experienced, and therefore could not have inhibited, also demonstrated significant improvements in physical health (Greenberg et al, 1996). Therefore, although inhibition may play a part, the observed benefits of writing are not entirely due to reductions in inhibition.
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good or bad, correspond with the human experience. Being able to have others relate to them allows the writer to feel supported and reflect on what has been shared and what they have obtained with this release and be able to begin healing. Veteran Writer, Liam Corley, healed significantly from his trauma through the means of poetry. By sharing this method with fellow veterans and examining its positive impacts, Corley’s research indicates the concise nature and inherent significance of poetry works greatly for self-healing. This is because poetry fulfills the crucial need for self-expression and assists in providing a voice to those who have felt silenced.
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emotions and thoughts. You might tie your topic to your relationships with others, including parents, lovers, friends, or relatives; to your past, your present or your future; or to who you have been, who you would like to be or who you are now. You may write about the same general issues or experiences on all days of writing or about different topics each day. All of your writing will be completely confidential. Don't worry about spelling, grammar or sentence structure. The only rule is that once you begin writing, you continue until the time is up.
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360:—as distinct from a diary or calendar of daily appointments—in which the writer records their most meaningful thoughts and feelings. One individual benefit is that the act of writing puts a powerful brake on the torment of endlessly repeating troubled thoughts to which everyone is prone. Kathleen Adams states that through the act of journal writing, the writer is also able to "literally his or her own mind" and thus "to perceive experiences more clearly and thus feels a relief of tension".
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may benefit some more than others with the implementation of an expressive writing intervention. For example, a review by Antoni and
Dhabhar (2019) examined how psychosocial stress negatively impacts the immune response of patients with cancer. Even if an expressive writing intervention cannot directly impact cancer prognosis, it may play an important role in mediating factors such as chronic stress, trauma, depression, and anxiety.
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whether they are going to learn from the experience, or if it is something that has been long overdue for a release. Benjamin Batzer recognized that only the writer knows what they have gone through, so the first steps into healing and coping with what life has given, we must first be able to talk about these experiences to take back the power and decide the next point of action.
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about neutral topics (e.g., a particular room or their plans for the day) without revealing their emotions or opinions. Both groups wrote continuously for 15 minutes per day for 4 consecutive days. If participants felt they could not write any more details, they were instructed to return to the beginning, potentially repeating what they wrote or writing it in a different manner.
269:, a victim of napalm burns during the Vietnam War. In Kim's biographical memoir, she sought to transform her portrayal from that of a helpless child frightened by war into a tale of forgiveness. Her objective with her writing was to illustrate how she overcame her trauma from war through her deliberate effort to reshape her past with a more optimistic perspective.
319:; that is to say, feels freer to disclose memories, thoughts, and feelings that they might withhold in a face-to-face situation. Both client and therapist have time for reflecting on the past and recapturing forgotten memories, time for privately processing their reactions and giving thought to their own responses. With
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Dale M. Bauer provides insight that poetry has the power to allow people to be able to talk about inner suffering without judgment and rather gain the ability to have others be able to compare and connect with the writer's experience. Bauer goes on to say that these experiences, no matter if they are
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This requires the services of a counselor or therapist, albeit sitting at a computer. Given the huge disjunction between the amount of mental illness compared with the paucity of skilled resources, new ways have been sought to provide therapy other than drugs. In the more advanced societies pressure
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It is widely acknowledged that trauma is prevalent among veterans, and research indicates that writing therapy can play a significant role in their self-healing journey. A primary contributor to trauma is the sense of powerlessness. Writing facilitates self-healing against this sense of helplessness
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This study also showed that these positive long-term emotional outcomes correlated to positive physical outcomes such as improved memory, improved performance at work, quicker re-employment, and many more. While the short-term effects of this therapeutic practice may seem daunting, they are just the
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One could argue ... that talk, and writing differ in relative cerebral dominance. ... if language is more related to the right hemisphere, then writing may be more related to the left hemisphere. If this is the case, then writing might use or even stimulate parts of the brain that are not stimulated
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Singer, George H.S., Jessica Early, Talitha
Buschor, Destiny Hoerberg, and Hui Zhang. (2023). "Writing as Physical and Emotional Healing: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses." The Routledge International Handbook of Research on Writing. 2nd Ed. Rosalind Horowitz, ed. Routledge Taylor & Francis,
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has been a very powerful form of writing for many and there are beneficial factors that correspond with writing and reading poetry. Alicia
Ostriker explains how personal experience and memories, whether traumatic or repressed, can be tackled by the person through the artistic ability of writing and
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With the accessibility provided by the
Internet, the reach of writing therapies has increased considerably, as clients and therapists can work together from anywhere in the world, provided they can write the same language. They simply "enter" into a private "chat room" and engage in an ongoing text
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Recent experiments, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses examining the effects of expressive writing on ameliorating negative cancer symptoms yielded primarily non-significant initial results. However, analysis of sub-groups and moderating variables suggest that particular symptoms, or situations,
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was measured for each condition, none of the conditions significantly influenced cortisol, but instructions did impact mood differentially depending on the condition. For example, the cognitive processing as measured post-intervention was influenced not only by the cognitive processing instructions
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Studies have shown that expressive writing results in significant improvements in various biochemical markers of physical and immune functioning (Pennebaker et al, 1988; Esterling et al, 1994; Petrie et al, 1995; Booth et al, 1997). This suggests that written disclosure may reduce the physiological
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Pennebaker and his team took several measurements before and after, but the most striking finding was that relative to the control group, the experimental group made significantly fewer visits to a physician in the following months. Although many reported being upset by the writing experience, they
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in the late 1980s. The seminal expressive writing study instructed participants in the experimental group to write about a 'past trauma', expressing their very deepest thoughts and feelings surrounding it.In contrast, control participants were asked to write as objectively and factually as possible
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that uses the act of writing and processing the written word in clinical interventions for healing and personal growth. Writing therapy posits that writing one's feelings gradually eases feelings of emotional trauma; studies have found this therapy primarily beneficial for alleviating stress caused
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has discovered that "writing about trauma allows writers to externalize an event, thereby detaching themselves from the experience" (Writing to Heal 98). Pennebaker argues that once the writer can free themselves from what has been weighing them down, they are then able to begin healing and decide
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field. Experiments demonstrate quantitative physiological readouts such as changes in immune counts, and blood pressure, in addition to qualitative readouts relating to psychiatric symptoms. Past attempts at implementing expressive writing interventions in clinical settings indicate that there are
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but not much explored since. At the heart of
Pennebaker's theory is the idea that actively inhibiting thoughts and feelings about traumatic events requires effort, serves as a cumulative stressor on the body, and is associated with increased physiological activity, obsessive thinking or ruminating
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or counselor. Writing group leaders also work in hospitals with patients dealing with mental and physical illnesses. In university departments, they aid student self-awareness and self-development. Online and distance interventions are useful for those who prefer to remain anonymous and/or are not
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Mark
Bracher emphasizes the benefits of literacy in general for self-healing. His research indicates that literacy acknowledges the challenges veterans face during their deployment. This acknowledgement can in turn boost their morale and contribute to them feeling valued. Additionally, it aids in
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issues, including bereavement, desertion and abuse. Many interventions take the form of classes where clients write on specific themes chosen by the therapist or counselor. Assignments may include writing unsent letters to selected individuals, alive or dead, followed by imagined replies from the
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Julie Gray, founder of
Stories Without Borders notes that "People who have experienced trauma in their lives, whether or not they consider themselves writers, can benefit from creating narratives out of their stories. It is helpful to write it down, in other words, in safety and in non-judgment.
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Neil P Baird defines mythologization as the process of establishing standardized narratives that transform uncontrollable events into ones that are contained and predictable. Janis
Haswell expands on this concept by highlighting how individuals can utilize writing to manipulate and reshape the
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One of the most important aspects of expressive writing used in therapy is the short-term, and long-term effects on the individuals participating. Karen Baikie and Kay
Wilhelm go into a brief description of the effects people will have after completing a therapeutic expressive writing session.
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compared cognitive-processing instructions to standard expressive writing for adolescents with peer problems. This research demonstrated better long-term social adjustment compared to standard expressive writing and greater increased positive affect for those adolescents who reported more peer
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For the next 4 days, I would like you to write your very deepest thoughts and feelings about the most traumatic experience of your entire life or an extremely important emotional issue that has affected you and your life. In your writing, I'd like you to really let go and explore your deepest
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The short-term effects after utilizing this form of therapy are usually a quick span of feeling distressed or being in a negative mood. However, following up with clients after a longer amount of time to measure those effects finds evidence of many mental and physical health benefits.
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In a 2013 article by Nazarian and Smyth, writing instructions for the expressive writing task was manipulated in that 6 conditions were created (i.e., cognitive processing, exposure, self-regulation, and benefit-finding, standard expressive writing and a control group). While salivary
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by previously undisclosed adverse events and for those suffering from medical conditions associated with the immune system. Writing therapeutically can take place individually or in a group and can be administered in person with a therapist or remotely through mailing or the Internet.
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Pennebaker has either written or co-written over 130 articles on expressive writing. One publication suggested expressive writing may boost the immune system, perhaps explaining the reduction in physician visits. This was shown by measuring lymphocyte response to the foreign
330:'s ideal of the "analytic blank screen". Sitting behind the patient on the couch still leaves room for a multitude of clues to the analyst's individuality; e-therapy provides almost none. Whether distance and reciprocal anonymity reduces or increases the level of
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for individuals with anxiety and depression. No difference between the groups was found. Both groups showed a moderate improvement over time but of a magnitude comparable to what one would expect to see over the time period concerned without intervention.
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Additional research since the 1980s has demonstrated that expressive writing may act as an agent to increase long-term health. Expressive writing can result in physiological, psychological, and biological outcomes, and is part of the emerging
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medicine have already been incorporated into the field. Expressive writing is self-administered with minimal prompting. With further research and refinement, it may be used as a more cost-effective alternative to psychotherapy.
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Wu Y, Liu L, Zheng W, Zheng C, Xu M, Chen X, et al. (February 2021). "Effect of prolonged expressive writing on health outcomes in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial".
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Chu Q, Wu IH, Tang M, Tsoh J, Lu Q (August 2020). "Temporal relationship of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters during and after an expressive writing intervention for Chinese American breast cancer survivors".
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Currently, the most widely used mode of Internet writing therapy is via e-mail (see analytic psychotherapist Nathan Field's paper "The Therapeutic Action of Writing in Self-Disclosure and Self-Expression"). It is
315:; i.e. messages are passed between therapist and client within an agreed time frame (for instance, one week), but at any time within that week. Where both parties remain anonymous the client benefits from the
107:. The results of a preliminary study of 40 people diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder suggests that routinely engaging in expressive writing may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression.
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dialogue in "real-time". Participants can also receive therapy sessions via e-text and/or voice with video, and complete online questionnaires, handouts, workout sheets, and similar exercises.
323:, space is eliminated, and time is expanded. Overall, it considerably reduces the amount of therapeutic input, as well as the speed and pressure that therapists habitually have to work under.
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potential benefits for treatment plans. However, the specifics of such expressive writing procedures or protocols, and the populations most likely to benefit are not entirely clear.
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diminishing the recollection of distressing memories and reinforces one's sense of self-identity. Nancy Miller explores further the reinforcement of self-identity by examining
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Pennebaker's experiments have been widely replicated and validated. Following on from Pennebaker's original work, there has been a renewed interest in the therapeutic value of
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Travagin G, Margola D, Dennis JL, Revenson TA (December 2016). "Letting Oneself Go Isn't Enough: Cognitively Oriented Expressive Writing Reduces Preadolescent Peer Problems".
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Buda B (May 2002). "Stephen J. Lepore & Joshua M. Smyth (Eds.) (2002). The Writing Cure: How Expressive Writing Promotes Health and Emotional Well-Being . By Béla Buda".
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for cost-effective treatments, supported by evidence-based results, has come from both insurance companies and government agencies. Hence the decline in long-term intensive
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and expressive writing, independently, may play a therapeutic role in chronic diseases such as cancer. Comparisons in practice have been made between expressive writing and
169:'s studies into the bicameral structure of the brain. While noting that what follows should be considered "wildly hypothetical", L'Abate, quoting Ornstein, postulates that:
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These benefits include but are not limited to "reduced blood pressure, improved mood, reduced depressive symptoms, and fewer post-traumatic intrusion/avoidance symptoms."
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Ruwaard, Jeroen, Alfred Lange, Bart Schrieken, and Paul Emmelkamp. "Efficacy and effectiveness of online cognitive behavioral treatment: a decade of interapy research."
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traumatic events they have experienced. This allows them to convey the emotional truths of their pasts to not only themselves but to others through the words on a page.
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Ruini, C., Mortara, C.C. Writing Technique Across Psychotherapies—From Traditional Expressive Writing to New Positive Psychology Interventions: A Narrative Review.
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Frisina PG, Borod JC, Lepore SJ (September 2004). "A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Written Emotional Disclosure on the Health Outcomes of Clinical Populations".
281:. Writing exercises have been found to have the potential to improve those in addiction recovery the ability to cope with their conditions, and overall health.
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Nazarian D, Smyth JM (2013). "An experimental test of instructional manipulations in expressive writing interventions: Examining processes of change".
1275:"The effect of expressive writing intervention on psychological and physical health outcomes in cancer patients—a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Morisano D, Hirsh JB, Peterson JB, Pihl RO, Shore BM (2010). "Setting, elaborating, and reflecting on personal goals improves academic performance".
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Kelly RE, Wood AM, Shearman K, Phillips S, Mansell W (June 2012). "Encouraging acceptance of ambivalence using the expressive writing paradigm".
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Writing therapy; relieving tension and emotion, establishing self-control and understanding the situation after words are transmitted on paper
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Pennebaker JW, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Glaser R (April 1988). "Disclosure of traumas and immune function: health implications for psychotherapy".
862:"An everyday activity as a treatment for depression: the benefits of expressive writing for people diagnosed with major depressive disorder"
2010:"Direction to an Internet Support Group Compared With Online Expressive Writing for People With Depression and Anxiety: A Randomized Trial"
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about the event, and longer-term disease. However, as Baikie and Wilhelm note, the theory has intuitive appeal but mixed empirical support.
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Illness and disease are experienced on multiple different fronts: biological, psychological, and social. Recent research has explored how
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Trauma can be quite isolating. Those who have suffered need to understand how they feel and also to try to communicate that to others."
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Graybeal A, Sexton JD, Pennebaker JW (January 2002). "The Role of Story-Making in Disclosure Writing: The Psychometrics of Narrative".
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Pennebaker JW, Beall SK (August 1986). "Confronting a traumatic event: toward an understanding of inhibition and disease".
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Pennebaker JW, Beall SK (August 1986). "Confronting a traumatic event: toward an understanding of inhibition and disease".
1492:"Improving Breast Cancer Survivors' Psychological Outcomes and Quality of Life: Alternatives to Traditional Psychotherapy"
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An additional line of inquiry, which has particular bearing on the difference between talking and writing, derives from
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Merz EL, Fox RS, Malcarne VL (2014-02-18). "Expressive writing interventions in cancer patients: a systematic review".
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but also, by exposure and benefit-finding. These results demonstrate a spillover effect from instructions to outcomes.
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London adding: links to different resources that give you information about writing therapy 1- details about this
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The anonymity and invisibility provides a therapeutic environment that comes much closer than classical analysis to
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The oldest and most widely practiced form of self-help through writing is that of keeping a personal journal or
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van Emmerik AA, Reijntjes A, Kamphuis JH (2013). "Writing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress: A Meta-Analysis".
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van Emmerik AA, Reijntjes A, Kamphuis JH (2013). "Writing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress: A Meta-Analysis".
1585:"Research studies on patients' illness experience using the Narrative Medicine approach: a systematic review"
1324:"Research studies on patients' illness experience using the Narrative Medicine approach: a systematic review"
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The field of writing therapy includes many practitioners in a variety of settings, usually administered by a
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1680:"The impact of psychosocial stress and stress management on immune responses in patients with cancer"
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In a 2016 randomized controlled trial, expressive writing was tested against direction to an online
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As with most forms of therapy, writing therapy is adapted and used to work with a wide range of
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Sucala M, Schnur JB, Constantino MJ, Miller SJ, Brackman EH, Montgomery GH (2 August 2012).
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Riordan RJ (2 January 1996). "Scriptotherapy: Therapeutic Writing as a Counseling Adjunct".
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Pennebaker JW (May 1997). "Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process".
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ready to disclose their most private thoughts and anxieties in a face-to-face situation.
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Harwood TM, l'Abate L (2010). "Distance Writing: Helping without Seeing Participants".
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The following text provides an example of writing instructions for expressive writing:
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https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/navigating-cancer/202305/writing-is-my-therapy
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Distance Writing and Computer-Assisted Interventions in Psychiatry and Mental Health
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https://psychcentral.com/blog/the-power-of-writing-3-types-of-therapeutic-writing#1
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5- expressive writing can help with cancer patients : cancer patient speaks
1959:"The Therapeutic Relationship in E-Therapy for Mental Health: A Systematic Review"
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Fioretti C, Mazzocco K, Riva S, Oliveri S, Masiero M, Pravettoni G (July 2016).
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Fioretti C, Mazzocco K, Riva S, Oliveri S, Masiero M, Pravettoni G (July 2016).
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Krpan KM, Kross E, Berman MG, Deldin PJ, Askren MK, Jonides J (September 2013).
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Bauer DM (2005). "Risky Writing: Self-Disclosure and Healing through Writing".
1825:"The Girl in the Photograph: The Vietnam War and the Making of National Memory"
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Writing therapy may play a significant role in recovery for individuals with a
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Bolton G (June 2008). "Boundaries of Humanities: Writing Medical Humanities".
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99:(ConA) just prior to and six weeks after writing. The significantly increased
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https://www.writingclasses.com/toolbox/articles/the-writing-therapist?page=2
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recipient, or a dialogue with the recovering alcoholic's bottle of alcohol.
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Baden R (1975). "Pre-Writing: The Relation between Thinking and Feeling".
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1427:"Expressive writing improves quality of life for breast cancer survivors"
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Diener E, Thapa S, Tay L (21 January 2020). "Positive Emotions at Work".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Writing_therapy&action=submit
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Expressive writing is a form of writing therapy developed primarily by
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Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior
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Ostriker A (2018). "Poetry and Healing: Some Moments of Wholeness".
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https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/23/health/ptsd-writing-therapy.html
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Pennebaker, JW (2010). "Expressive writing in a clinical setting".
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Reception and criticism of Pennebaker's expressive writing theories
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LeRoy AS, Shields A, Chen MA, Brown RL, Fagundes CP (March 2018).
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1188:"Emotional and physical health benefits of expressive writing"
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Antzoulis V (2003). "Writing to Heal, Understand, and Cope".
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response led to speculation that expressive writing enhances
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Potential benefits for individuals recovering from addiction
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stepping stones for individuals to begin a cycle of growth.
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Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice
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1932:"Healing Through Words: The Benefits Of Writing Therapy"
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In related research, Travagin, Margola, Dennis, and
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https://camillestyles.com/wellness/writing-therapy/
1097:"Writing therapy: a new tool for general practice?"
2207:""Brave Words": Rehabilitating the Veteran-Writer"
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981:The Right Mind: Making Sense of the Hemispheres
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2254:"CF 34: Healing Classrooms by Benjamin Batzer"
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758:Adams K (January 1999). "Writing as therapy".
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606:Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine
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298:and the rise of much briefer forms, such as
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2347:3- details on what this action really is
2008:Dean J, Potts HW, Barker C (17 May 2016).
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497:Thiel L, Sage K, Conroy P (3 April 2015).
2359:6- Writing therapy speaks out about this
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1095:Mugerwa S, Holden JD (December 2012).
1008:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 9–10.
620:"Writing Can Help Us Heal from Trauma"
217:Potential benefits for cancer patients
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909:
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905:
802:
800:
757:
16:Technique for self-guided improvement
2061:"A Brief History of Journal Writing"
2001:
1963:Journal of Medical Internet Research
1861:
1576:
1028:
1671:
1480:
1437:
1315:
1220:
1172:
1101:British Journal of General Practice
305:
13:
2272:
2098:
1678:Antoni MH, Dhabhar FS (May 2019).
1412:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb01863.x
1241:10.1097/01.nmd.0000138317.30764.63
1041:from the original on 2 August 2014
946:Journal of Research on Adolescence
934:
902:
797:
574:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x
14:
2400:
2058:
1542:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
1192:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment
1554:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110142
760:Counseling and Human Development
717:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
639:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
618:Siegel-Acevedo D (1 July 2021).
476:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02023.x
2245:
2198:
2171:
2136:
2071:
2052:
1950:
1923:
1890:
1855:
1816:
1777:
1746:
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1627:
1532:
1418:
1391:
1364:
1137:
1088:
1053:
1022:
997:
972:
778:
751:
708:
229:. Similarly, practices such as
2065:The Center for Journal Therapy
1930:Belmont B (December 6, 2016).
1062:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
866:Journal of Affective Disorders
682:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
673:
630:
611:
598:
588:
532:
490:
455:
119:. This was first discussed by
1:
2363:7- promising effects on PTSd
2311:Journal of Applied Psychology
1496:Current Breast Cancer Reports
448:
345:
1876:10.1027//0227-5910.23.3.139a
1458:10.1080/17437199.2014.882007
1425:Boldt CR (14 January 2019).
787:The Independent Practitioner
518:10.1080/02687038.2014.965059
334:has yet to be investigated.
7:
1907:10.1007/978-1-4419-1099-8_3
1759:Journal of Teaching Writing
1602:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011220
1340:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011220
401:
317:online disinhibition effect
62:Expressive writing paradigm
56:
10:
2405:
2080:The American Poetry Review
1899:Self-Help in Mental Health
1649:10.1007/s00520-020-05590-y
1074:10.1037/0021-843X.95.3.274
831:10.1037/0022-006x.56.2.239
694:10.1037/0021-843x.95.3.274
595:New York: 394-407. 401;403
349:
285:Role of distance therapies
2294:10.1080/08870440290025786
1637:Supportive Care in Cancer
1508:10.1007/s12609-018-0266-y
1431:MD Anderson Cancer Center
928:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.1.71
878:10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.065
380:
2371:what is writing therapy
1753:Haswell J (2005-01-01).
1446:Health Psychology Review
1158:10.1177/1474022208088643
1031:"Transformative Writing"
2282:Psychology & Health
2252:Batze B (Summer 2016).
1035:Stories without Borders
1029:Gary J (26 July 2014).
624:Harvard Business Review
279:substance use disorder
176:
141:
81:
26:
2384:Psychotherapy by type
1113:10.3399/bjgp12X659457
562:Psychological Science
183:Clinical implications
171:
136:
76:
24:
2223:10.58680/ce201218717
1938:on December 20, 2016
1205:10.1192/apt.11.5.338
979:Ornstein RE (1997).
540:J Contemp Psychother
157:problems than most.
2145:The English Journal
2027:10.2196/mental.5133
418:Narrative criticism
395:James W. Pennebaker
130:Studies on Hysteria
93:phytohaemagglutinin
68:James W. Pennebaker
2014:JMIR Mental Health
1901:. pp. 47–58.
1823:Miller NK (2004).
1784:Bracher M (2004).
1697:10.1002/cncr.31943
1004:L'Abate L (2001).
983:. Harcourt Brace.
958:10.1111/jora.12279
608:2011 (2011): 9-14.
443:Reflective writing
408:Medical humanities
375:Reflective writing
223:narrative medicine
190:medical humanities
34:expressive therapy
27:
2258:Composition Forum
2205:Corley L (2012).
1976:10.2196/jmir.2084
1916:978-1-4419-1098-1
1734:enculturation.net
1285:(11): 1349–1359.
1015:978-1-56750-525-2
990:978-0-15-100324-2
729:10.1159/000343131
651:10.1159/000343131
438:Health humanities
300:cognitive therapy
2396:
2334:
2323:10.1037/a0018478
2305:
2266:
2265:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2175:
2169:
2168:
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2134:
2133:
2105:
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2049:
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1999:
1998:
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1978:
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1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1934:. Archived from
1927:
1921:
1920:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1820:
1814:
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1690:(9): 1417–1431.
1675:
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1643:(2): 1091–1101.
1631:
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1580:
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1529:
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1107:(605): 661–663.
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1019:
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529:
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494:
488:
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459:
413:Graphic medicine
365:Self-concealment
306:Via the Internet
105:immunocompetence
2404:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2374:
2373:
2337:
2275:
2273:Further reading
2270:
2269:
2250:
2246:
2211:College English
2203:
2199:
2176:
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2157:10.2307/3650495
2141:
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1369:
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1279:Psycho-Oncology
1271:
1264:
1225:
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1173:
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383:
370:Self-disclosure
354:
352:Journal therapy
348:
308:
287:
275:
254:
219:
199:
185:
167:Robert Ornstein
163:
113:
64:
59:
30:Writing therapy
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2116:(4): 368–370.
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2000:
1949:
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1379:(1): 451–477.
1363:
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435:
430:
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420:
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382:
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350:Main article:
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296:psychoanalysis
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50:psychoneurotic
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433:Slow medicine
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2109:
2083:
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1940:. Retrieved
1936:the original
1925:
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1733:
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1034:
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949:
945:
922:(1): 71–96.
919:
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720:
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423:Storytelling
391:
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336:
332:transference
325:
313:asynchronous
309:
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234:, holistic,
230:
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121:Josef Breuer
114:
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29:
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2086:(2): 9–12.
1969:(4): e110.
1942:December 7,
1765:(1): 1–32.
506:Aphasiology
232:integrative
174:by talking.
2378:Categories
2020:(2): e12.
1870:(3): 139.
1739:2024-03-24
1548:: 110142.
449:References
346:Journaling
236:humanistic
117:abreaction
101:lymphocyte
95:(PHA) and
2302:143760087
2231:0010-0994
2059:Adams K.
1841:2162-5190
1802:2162-5190
1771:2374-2852
1665:220261066
1570:219287973
1166:145209285
817:CiteSeerX
772:206834060
526:145121933
428:Narration
321:e-therapy
42:therapist
2331:20230067
2239:23212905
2192:20866684
2092:44978923
2046:27189142
1995:22858538
1884:26200669
1849:20866626
1810:20866642
1716:30768779
1657:32601853
1621:27417197
1589:BMJ Open
1562:32485623
1526:32153724
1466:25053218
1358:27417197
1328:BMJ Open
1309:25871981
1257:44735579
1249:15348980
1131:23211255
1045:1 August
1039:Archived
966:28453210
896:23790815
847:15923287
793:: 23–25.
768:ProQuest
745:21918738
737:23295550
667:21918738
659:23295550
582:15516728
484:22903911
402:See also
267:Kim Phuc
154:Revenson
146:cortisol
90:mitogens
57:Research
2389:Writing
2165:3650495
2037:4887661
1986:3411180
1707:6467795
1612:4947803
1517:7061914
1474:5214868
1349:4947803
1300:6680178
1214:4695643
1122:3505408
1082:3745650
887:3759583
839:3372832
702:3745650
2329:
2300:
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2229:
2190:
2163:
2130:357089
2128:
2090:
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1993:
1983:
1913:
1882:
1864:Crisis
1847:
1839:
1808:
1800:
1769:
1714:
1704:
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