244:
440:. In earlier times these were also produced in Great Britain. In a wax print, the pattern or design is printed on both sides of the cotton fabric. Waxprints are more expensive than fancy prints. Famous manufacturers are Vlisco in the Netherlands, Akosombo Textiles Limited in Ghana and Hitarget in China. Some smaller companies still produce genuine African wax prints. A well known brand is ABC Wax from Manchester, UK. Today ABC Wax is part of Akosombo Textiles Limited and printed in Ghana. There are many companies in Africa and China which use the wax print design for similar looking and much cheaper fancy textiles.
281:
236:
192:) designates a certain cut (two by six yards) and type (single-sided "fancy" or double-sided "wax" prints) of untailored cotton textile, especially in Francophone West and Central Africa. Enormously popular in much of tropical Africa, the pagne cloth's usage and patterns may be used to convey by the wearer a number of social, economic—and sometimes even political—messages. It is similar—though distinct in size, expected pattern, and usage—to the
460:
20:
777:
Alan
Frederick Charles Ryder. Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897. Ibadan history series. Humanities Press, 1969. p. 57 "Pano is Portuguese for cloth... ...References to the yard measure of cloth as the lvara acustumada' suggest that it was by this time accepted in Benin as a standard unit of value;
741:
Sir James
Augustus Henry Murray, Sir William Alexander Craigie, Charles Talbut Onions (eds) A new English dictionary on historical principles: founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society, Volume 7, Part 2, Clarendon Press, 1905
487:. The traditional color for West African weddings is white. The most popular non-traditional color is purple or lavender, the color of African royalty. Blue, the color of love, is also a common non-traditional color. Most women wear black kaftans to
232:, and others. It appears to have originally referred to East Asian textiles traded in East and West Africa, before becoming a term for a certain length (a yard, later two by six yards) of commercial printed cloth sold in coastal West Africa.
43:
by both men and women. It has formal and informal versions and varies from simple draped clothing to fully tailored ensembles. The formality of the wrapper depends on the fabric used to create or design it.
212:, was a term introduced by merchants from the 16th Century and adopted by several African societies to identify often pre-existing textiles or garments distinct from a simple cloth. The Portuguese
787:
Emizet F. Kisangani, F. Scott Bobb. Historical
Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Issue 112 of Historical dictionaries of Africa. 3rd Edition, Scarecrow Press, 2010.
208:, dresses, or western style suits) or it can be used untailored as a wrap, headtie, skirt, or tied as a sling for children or goods. The word pagne, likely derived from the Latin
751:
Marianne
Gullestad. Picturing pity: pitfalls and pleasures in cross-cultural communication : image and word in a north Cameroon mission. Berghahn Books, 2007
90:
and other
African countries. The boubou can be formal or informal attire. The formality of the kaftan depends upon the fabric used to create or design it.
298:—created by printing patterns on cloth. Unlike expensive wax prints, the design is printed on one side of the cotton fabric. Fancy prints are made in
386:
164:, pronounced "I-cha-fu" which translates to a piece of cloth worn on the head. Traditional male attire of the Igbo people of Nigeria would be “
872:
858:
819:
685:
671:
295:
886:
168:” and a red cap called an "okpu", is worn on the head while the women wear similar but also wear a vibrant wrapper, called George lace or
172:. Both men and women adorn themselves with beads, coral, and other traditional jewelry to signify status, wealth, and cultural identity.
900:
805:
243:
707:
Elisha P. Renne. Cloth that does not die: the meaning of cloth in BĂąnĂş social life. University of
Washington Press, 1995.
432:—traditional cloths in Africa. Most of them are printed in West Africa and China. Some African waxprints are made in the
833:
792:
756:
712:
511:. However, the kaftan and wrapper are the two traditional choices. It is not uncommon for a woman to wear a white
507:. African and African-American women wear a wide variety of dresses, and skirt sets made out of formal fabrics as
499:, some women wear black-and-white prints, or black and red. The kaftan is the most popular attire for women of
156:
in Yoruba. Traditional male attire is called a agbada. A wrapper takes metres of quality. Likewise, In
952:
628:
114:. The literal translation is "the act of wrapping." The wrapper is usually worn with a matching
957:
320:—traditionally woven by men. Kente is an informal fabric for anyone who is not a member of the
725:
280:
8:
729:
443:
342:
429:
204:
of East and
Southern Africa. From the pagne any number of garments may be created (the
82:. The boubou is the traditional female attire in many West African countries including
698:
Karl-Ferdinand Schädler. Weaving in Africa south of the Sahara. Panterra, 1987. p.454
788:
768:
Henry Ling Roth. Great Benin: its customs, art and horrors. F. King, 1903 pp.139-140
752:
708:
647:
543:
205:
75:
947:
642:
520:
504:
53:
235:
500:
188:
153:
124:
107:
590:(hat). The buba, sokoto/iro and fila/gele set is the traditional costume of the
608:
563:
356:
941:
613:
591:
571:
523:
women wear the boubou for special occasions. The kaftan or boubou is worn at
516:
512:
496:
447:
360:
161:
652:
169:
837:
260:
is also an older term for an informal house garment. Today, words such as
632:
574:
word that means the upper clothing. For women, the buba is worn with the
508:
433:
423:
398:
370:
321:
307:
59:
40:
397:. The fabric became popular among African royal and noble families. The
778:
from it are derived the pano, pagne, paan and pawn of later centuries."
532:
95:
23:
A group of
Nigerian women wearing a blouse and wrapper sets with Gele .
623:
472:
145:
115:
618:
476:
327:
201:
157:
149:
119:
603:
536:
528:
524:
488:
484:
480:
464:
459:
337:
333:
99:
83:
19:
594:
in South
Western Nigeria and the other regions of Yorubaland.
567:
380:
376:
366:
299:
193:
165:
133:
63:
483:
ceremony, the bride's kaftan is the same color as the groom's
492:
419:
413:
390:
317:
303:
289:
197:
463:
A group of women wearing kaftans, also known as boubous, in
732:, No.027, Togo authentique. Karthala (Paris) 1987 pp.57-54.
637:
404:
394:
87:
71:
132:. A full wrapper ensemble consists of three garments, a
336:—made by resist tying cotton then dipping in dye. In
324:. For Akans and many Ewes, kente is a formal cloth.
939:
383:. Brocade is a shiny and polished cotton fabric.
310:. The most popular fancy print is known as the
893:
879:
865:
851:
812:
798:
284:A woman wearing a blouse and skirt set, right.
678:
664:
47:
542:The men's robe is also called a boubou, see
515:when the groom wears African attire. In the
826:
330:—created by making mud drawings on cotton.
932:Cloth, Dress, and Art Patronage in Africa
458:
279:
242:
234:
18:
940:
582:(head tie). For men, it is worn with
187:
102:, the wrapper is commonly, called an
39:is a colorful garment widely worn in
401:are known for their George wrappers.
379:brocade—most brocade is produced in
239:Ewe woman wearing African loincloth
275:
272:(UK) are usually employed instead.
74:. In French, this robe is called a
13:
910:
834:"African American Wedding Culture"
631:—This wrapper is worn by women in
416:—linen kaftans are a formal style.
160:, the headtie is called ichafu in
14:
969:
471:The kaftan is always worn with a
454:
350:
422:—satin fabrics are suitable for
930:Judith Perani and Norma Wolff,
781:
771:
762:
745:
735:
718:
701:
692:
292:—created with hot wax and dye.
251:
1:
658:
256:In the UK and North America,
491:. However, in some parts of
393:, where it was used to make
389:—George cloth originated in
247:Plaid silk wrapper (Western)
7:
920:(Krause Publications 2001).
597:
10:
974:
446: : A clothing of the
51:
48:West African kaftan/boubou
546:for further information.
820:"Allure of Satin Fabric"
175:
806:"From Urhobo with Love"
629:Kanga (African garment)
549:
369:—Worn and woven by the
70:is a pull-over woman's
923:Diane Hoyt-Goldsmith,
468:
467:, West Africa in 1974.
340:, tie-dye is known as
285:
248:
240:
220:has become the French
128:in Yoruba, pronounced
24:
927:(Holiday House 1993).
462:
283:
246:
238:
52:Further information:
22:
887:"Black is Beautiful"
925:Celebrating Kwanzaa
730:Politique Africaine
726:Pagnes et politique
409:shain-shain cloth'.
359:—Woven by men, see
916:Ronke Luke-Boone,
469:
430:African wax prints
286:
249:
241:
25:
16:West African dress
648:Senegalese kaftan
544:Senegalese kaftan
312:traditional print
122:that is called a
965:
953:African clothing
905:
904:
897:
891:
890:
883:
877:
876:
869:
863:
862:
855:
849:
848:
846:
845:
836:. Archived from
830:
824:
823:
816:
810:
809:
802:
796:
785:
779:
775:
769:
766:
760:
749:
743:
739:
733:
722:
716:
705:
699:
696:
690:
689:
682:
676:
675:
668:
643:National costume
521:African-American
505:African diaspora
276:Informal fabrics
191:
186:
54:National costume
973:
972:
968:
967:
966:
964:
963:
962:
938:
937:
918:African Fabrics
913:
911:Further reading
908:
899:
898:
894:
885:
884:
880:
873:"Tinge of Blue"
871:
870:
866:
857:
856:
852:
843:
841:
832:
831:
827:
818:
817:
813:
804:
803:
799:
786:
782:
776:
772:
767:
763:
750:
746:
740:
736:
723:
719:
706:
702:
697:
693:
686:"Stylish crown"
684:
683:
679:
672:"Classy Caftan"
670:
669:
665:
661:
600:
586:(trousers) and
552:
503:throughout the
501:African descent
457:
407:—also known as
353:
278:
254:
184:
178:
108:yoruba language
93:
56:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
971:
961:
960:
955:
950:
936:
935:
928:
921:
912:
909:
907:
906:
901:"Native Robes"
892:
878:
864:
859:"Royal Purple"
850:
825:
811:
797:
780:
770:
761:
744:
734:
724:Egbomi Ayina.
717:
700:
691:
677:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
626:
621:
616:
611:
609:Ghanaian smock
606:
599:
596:
578:(wrapper) and
551:
548:
539:celebrations.
456:
455:Wedding attire
453:
452:
451:
441:
427:
417:
411:
402:
384:
374:
364:
357:Aso Oke fabric
352:
351:Formal fabrics
349:
348:
347:
331:
325:
315:
293:
277:
274:
253:
250:
177:
174:
144:the iro and a
49:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
970:
959:
958:Folk costumes
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
943:
933:
929:
926:
922:
919:
915:
914:
902:
896:
888:
882:
874:
868:
860:
854:
840:on 2017-12-06
839:
835:
829:
821:
815:
807:
801:
794:
793:9780810857612
790:
784:
774:
765:
758:
757:9781845453435
754:
748:
738:
731:
727:
721:
714:
713:9780295973920
710:
704:
695:
687:
681:
673:
667:
663:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
614:Habesha kemis
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
595:
593:
592:Yoruba people
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
547:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:United States
514:
513:wedding dress
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:United States
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
466:
461:
449:
448:Yoruba people
445:
442:
439:
435:
431:
428:
425:
421:
418:
415:
412:
410:
406:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:
382:
378:
375:
372:
368:
365:
362:
361:Yoruba people
358:
355:
354:
345:
344:
339:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
319:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
291:
288:
287:
282:
273:
271:
270:dressing gown
267:
263:
259:
245:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
189:[paɲ]
182:
173:
171:
167:
163:
162:Igbo language
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:, pronounced
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
110:, pronounced
109:
105:
101:
97:
91:
89:
85:
81:
78:, pronounced
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
55:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
934:(Berg 1999).
931:
924:
917:
895:
881:
867:
853:
842:. Retrieved
838:the original
828:
814:
800:
783:
773:
764:
747:
737:
720:
703:
694:
680:
666:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:. Buba is a
559:
558:(pronounced
555:
553:
541:
470:
437:
408:
387:George cloth
341:
311:
269:
265:
261:
257:
255:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
180:
179:
141:
137:
129:
123:
111:
103:
92:
79:
67:
57:
36:
32:
28:
26:
633:East Africa
533:graduations
509:formal wear
479:. During a
436:, known as
434:Netherlands
424:formal wear
399:igbo people
373:of Nigeria.
371:Igbo people
363:of Nigeria.
322:Akan people
308:West Africa
296:Fancy print
252:In the West
136:, called a
60:West Africa
41:West Africa
942:Categories
844:2009-04-30
659:References
450:of Nigeria
96:Yorubaland
795:p.88, 142
624:Headscarf
473:headscarf
438:Dutch wax
262:housecoat
228:), Dutch
226:loincloth
148:called a
146:headscarf
116:headscarf
619:Head tie
598:See also
529:funerals
525:weddings
495:and the
489:funerals
477:head tie
328:Mudcloth
268:(US) or
266:bathrobe
202:Chitenge
158:IGBOLAND
150:head tie
120:head tie
948:Dresses
604:Dashiki
562:) is a
560:boo-bah
537:Kwanzaa
485:dashiki
481:wedding
465:Senegal
338:Nigeria
334:Tie-dye
258:wrapper
185:French:
166:isi agu
152:called
142:boo-bah
130:geh-leh
106:in the
100:Nigeria
84:Senegal
80:boo-boo
29:wrapper
791:
755:
711:
653:Akwete
584:sokoto
572:Yoruba
568:blouse
535:; and
381:Guinea
377:Cotton
367:Akwete
346:cloth.
306:, and
300:Europe
210:pannum
206:boubou
194:Khanga
170:Akwete
134:blouse
76:boubou
68:caftan
64:kaftan
759:p.130
742:p.375
493:Ghana
444:Adire
420:Satin
414:Linen
395:saris
391:India
343:adire
318:Kente
304:India
290:Batik
222:pagne
218:cloth
198:Kikoy
181:Pagne
176:Pagne
112:i-roh
37:pagne
35:, or
33:lappa
789:ISBN
753:ISBN
715:p.11
709:ISBN
638:Kufi
588:fila
580:gele
556:buba
550:Buba
405:Lace
264:and
230:paan
216:for
214:pano
154:gele
138:buba
125:gele
88:Mali
72:robe
62:, a
27:The
576:iro
566:or
564:top
475:or
200:or
118:or
104:iro
94:In
66:or
58:In
944::
728:.
554:A
531:;
527:;
519:,
302:,
196:,
98:,
86:,
31:,
903:.
889:.
875:.
861:.
847:.
822:.
808:.
688:.
674:.
426:.
314:.
224:(
183:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_(cropped).jpg)