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of £3,431 (£364,000 at 2009 prices), and by 1788 the prison had 18 new cells for men and two for women, in addition to the dungeon and the sick-rooms. Nevertheless, it was housing 74 inmates at the time of Howard's inspection, with two prisoners routinely sharing each cell, sleeping together on the floor. Like other prisons of the time, Worcester Castle was run as a private enterprise, in this case by a local
68:
345:. In response, Stephen first stormed and burnt the city in 1148, and then attacked it again in 1150, shortly before the end of the conflict. Two neighbouring siege castles were built by Stephen as part of these operations, designed to contain Worcester Castle itself, one at Henwick Hill the other at Red Hill. After the conflict, Walter was finally reaffirmed as the constable of Worcester Castle by
361:"which is now of timber, with good and fine stone". John's work cost £25, and was one of a number of repairs and improvements during the period: £12 was spent maintaining the castle in 1183, for example, while in 1192 £5 4s was spent on the internal buildings and in 1203 work on the stables came to £6 3s.
394:
Meanwhile, the 11th century dispute over the cathedral graveyard had continued unabated and in 1217 Henry III's government decided to announce that the disputed land would be granted to the cathedral. A panel met to agree exactly how the land should be divided, concluding that the division should run
498:
inspected the gaol and was very critical of the facility. In particular he complained about the castle's underground dungeon, accessed down a flight of 26 steps; the room was circular, 18 feet (5.5 m) across, and guarded by an iron grill. Worcester conducted extensive work after the report at a cost
336:
contested the kingdom; Worcestershire proved to be a key battleground in the war. The first attack on
Worcester itself occurred in late 1139, when an Angevin army from Gloucestershire assaulted the city; after an attempt to take the castle on the south side of the city, the Gloucester forces entered
257:
in the Anglo-Saxon city of
Worcester. The castle was constructed between 1068 and 1069 on the orders of William the Conqueror as part of a wave of royal castle building in major Roman or Anglo-Saxon towns across England. Constructed in timber, the castle had a motte-and-bailey design, with a bailey
316:
Worcester remained a royal castle, but within a few years the post of sheriff and that of constable became hereditary in the
Beauchamp family, the successors to Urse d'Abetot. Urse's son, Roger, inherited them, followed by Walter de Beauchamp, who married Urse's daughter, and William de Beauchamp.
447:
divided up the various estates that
Neville had owned and gave the castle to his son, severing the link between Worcester and the earldom of Warwick. The final constables were appointed during the 1540s, after which the practice of appointing constables ceased altogether. The castle's walls were
402:
was situated in the outer bailey; the earliest record of this gaol is from 1221, when a porter was recorded as being employed as a gaoler. The gaol appears to have been built of wood during the medieval period. Escapees remained a problem; some were recorded during the 1220s, and during
214:'s government decided to break the power of the Beauchamps and reduce the ongoing military threat posed by the castle by returning much of the castle's bailey to the cathedral. Without an intact bailey the castle was no longer valuable militarily, although it played a small part in the
226:'s county gaol until the 19th century, when a new prison was built on the north side of Worcester and the old site completely redeveloped. Today nothing remains of Worcester Castle with the exception of Edgar's Tower, a cathedral gatehouse built on the former entrance to the castle.
455:
recorded in the 1540s that the castle was "now clean down", and that the motte was still of an impressive size but heavily overgrown. A gatehouse known as Edgar's Tower was built by the cathedral on the site of the earlier castle gatehouse, to control access to the former bailey.
395:
straight across the bailey; the far side was returned to the cathedral, making the remainder of the castle unusable from a military perspective. Henry thus ingratiated himself with the church and broke the power of the
Beauchamps in the city by crippling their local fortress.
199:. At Worcester that role was passed down through the local Beauchamp family on a hereditary basis, giving them permanent control of the castle and considerable power within the city. The castle played an important part in the wars of the 12th and early 13th century, including
352:
By the end of the 13th century, William de
Beauchamp – the grandson of Walter de Beauchamp – controlled the castle on behalf of the king. In the 12th century there was a trend in England for stone castles to replace their earth and timber counterparts, and in 1204
386:
of France. John annexed the castle in 1214 and
William sided with the rebels in 1216. King John responded by sending forces to attack the castle and successfully retook it. Despite John's death, the war continued until forces loyal to John's young son,
321:, 12 miles (20 k) away, as their main residence. In 1113 Worcester was attacked by Welsh raiders, who broke into the outer bailey of the castle and set fire to the buildings there; the timber castle was destroyed and had to be rebuilt, again in wood.
283:
Worcester was an urban castle, built within an existing settlement. Many such castles required the clearance of local properties, but unusually at
Worcester Castle the ditch of the outer bailey cut through part of Worcester Cathedral's
510:
A new county gaol was built in 1814, at a cost of £20,000 (£1.1m) with a more modern system of radiating wings; this was constructed on the north side of
Worcester where the local street was named "Castle Street" as a result. The
475:. In 1628 the castle site was granted by the Crown to Giles Clutterbuck; the local gentry complained, leading to a legal case in which the county successfully reclaimed the site. In 1642 England descended into a period of
337:
from the north, looting and burning the city. As a result, Walter de
Beauchamp chose to side with Matilda. Worcester became a base for Stephen's forces for a period, with Stephen replacing Walter as the constable with
519:
acquired the old gaol in 1823. The outer bailey of the castle became known as the College Green; the College Green was accessed through Edgar's Tower. The motte was slowly demolished between 1823 and 1846.
565:
It is impossible to accurately compare 12th and 13th century prices with modern equivalents. For comparison, £25 represents around a quarter of the average annual income for a late 12th century baron.
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258:
to the north and south of the motte. The top of the motte was later recorded as being around 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter. The castle was defensively well situated on the eastern bank of the
494:
The castle continued to be used as the county gaol after the war and in 1653 a new gaol, built from stone and brick, was constructed in the castle grounds. In the 1770s the prison reformer
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The sheriffs of Worcestershire continued to control the castle as constables, and the property passed along hereditary lines from the Beauchamps to the
317:
The castle was effectively run by the Beauchamps, largely independent of the king. Despite controlling Worcester, the Beauchamps preferred to use
132:
91:
1280:
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60:
924:
C. Don Gilbert, "Thomas Habington's Account of the 1606 Search at Hindlip", Recusant History, 25:3 (May 2001), pp. 481, 422 fn. 24.
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407:, Worcester was captured and all the prisoners released. Later in the same war, Henry III was imprisoned there for a period by
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Plan of the castle before 1217. A – Water gate; B – motte; C – ditch; D – bailey; E – Frog Mill; F – gatehouse; G – city wall
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411:. The castle was also used as one of the locations for the Worcestershire county court and election of local officials.
1305:
1300:
503:, who was paid £150 a year (£15,400) to run the facility. The prison was known to suffer from outbreaks of gaol fever (
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quarried for stone, the motte was used to keep animals on and only the sheriff's county gaol remained intact. The
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288:. It is unclear whether the cemetery was still in use at that time, but the desecration resulted in
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452:
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Robert Morgan, deputy keeper of the gaol, was paid £28 for keeping prisoners captured after the
296:, with extensive interests in Worcester, complaining about the seizure of the land and formally
1029:, A History of the County of Worcester: volume 4 (1924), pp. 390–394, accessed 9 October 2011;
985:, A History of the County of Worcester: volume 4 (1924), pp. 390–394, accessed 9 October 2011;
488:
424:
318:
239:
628:, A History of the County of Worcester: volume 4 (1924), pp. 390–394, accessed 9 October 2011.
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had been built in the castle by the early 13th century and the castle continued to be used as
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The castle nevertheless continued in use for a time, partially because the Worcestershire
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1010:, MeasuringWorth, Lawrence H. Officer and Samuel H. Williamson, accessed 12 October 2011.
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192:
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1035:, MeasuringWorth, Lawrence H. Officer and Samuel H. Williamson, accessed 12 October 2011
991:, MeasuringWorth, Lawrence H. Officer and Samuel H. Williamson, accessed 12 October 2011
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195:. Royal castles were owned by the king and maintained on his behalf by an appointed
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1158:. London: The Committee of the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline.
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333:
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34:
1173:
Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England
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The Committee of the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline (1968).
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Remarks on the Form and Construction of Prisons: With Appropriate Designs
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1228:
The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A Social and Political History
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507:), which claimed the life of a local doctor who visited the facility.
16:
Norman fortification built between 1068 and 1069 in Worcester, England
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in the south-west corner of the borough, taking advantage of the old
196:
491:, or small fort, was built on top of the motte of Worcester Castle.
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Committee of the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline,
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Committee of the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline,
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285:
1031:
1006:
987:
500:
942:, Oxford Archaeology, January 2007, p. 102, archived from
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341:, before the city and castle were reclaimed for the Empress by
1096:
Urban Growth and the Medieval Church: Gloucester and Worcester
328: – broke out in England, in which the rival factions of
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399:
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broke out again in England in 1215 between forces loyal to
371:'s depiction of the castle motte (l) and bailey (r) in 1610
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219:
1210:
The Castles of England: Their Story and Structure, Vol II
1032:
Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present
1007:
Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present
988:
Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present
49:
Reconstruction of Worcester Castle as it was in 1250 AD
1026:
The city of Worcester: The castle and public buildings
982:
The city of Worcester: The castle and public buildings
625:
The city of Worcester: The castle and public buildings
1311:
Demolished buildings and structures in Worcestershire
936:
Worcester City Defences: Conservation Management Plan
391:, finally achieved victory over the rebels in 1217.
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design and was located on the south side of the old
781:
439:, also known as the "Kingmaker", died during the
1267:
1192:An Account of the Principal Lazarettos in Europe
1002:An Account of the Principal Lazarettos in Europe
977:An Account of the Principal Lazarettos in Europe
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487:. Worcester's city walls were refortified and a
357:ordered the sheriff of Worcester to rebuild the
1021:Remarks on the form and construction of prisons
964:Remarks on the form and construction of prisons
636:
634:
324:In the late 1130s a period of civil war –
1286:Buildings and structures in Worcester, England
1194:. London: J. Johnson, C. Dilly and T. Cadell.
958:
956:
1137:Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 1139–52
1078:The Early Norman Castles of the British Isles
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717:
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382:and rebel barons, supported in due course by
171:fortification built between 1068 and 1069 in
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1249:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1230:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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887:The Medieval Castle in England and Wales
835:The Medieval Castle in England and Wales
723:The Medieval Castle in England and Wales
705:The Medieval Castle in England and Wales
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685:The Medieval Castle in England and Wales
586:The Medieval Castle in England and Wales
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253:Worcester Castle was built after the
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1094:Baker, Nigel; Holt, Richard (2004).
599:Urban Growth and the Medieval Church
530:Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
479:between the Royalist supporters of
471:landowner who sheltered priests at
13:
191:city, cutting into the grounds of
14:
1322:
1281:1826 disestablishments in England
1139:. Stroud, UK: The History Press.
1052:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
423:Worcester Castle in 1651, with a
240:Worcester, England § History
1247:Imprisonment in Medieval England
874:Imprisonment in Medieval England
861:Imprisonment in Medieval England
848:Imprisonment in Medieval England
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1296:History of Worcester, England
1050:Allen Brown's English Castles
822:Allen Brown's English Castles
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1207:Mackenzie, James D. (1896).
7:
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10:
1327:
1098:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
1075:Armitage, Ella S. (1912).
802:, p. 387; Bradbury, p. 156
535:List of castles in England
255:Norman conquest of England
233:
229:
1306:Former castles in England
1301:Castles in Worcestershire
1226:Pounds, N. J. G. (1994).
1171:Creighton, O. H. (2005).
687:, pp. 27, 96; Mackenzie,
427:built on top of the motte
244:History of Worcestershire
154:
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1048:Allen Brown, R (2004) .
900:The Early Norman Castles
740:The Early Norman Castles
540:
485:supporters of Parliament
463:in 1605. These included
443:in 1471. The victorious
1213:. New York: Macmillan.
913:Issues of the Exchequer
555:Worcester City Museums.
1135:Bradbury, Jim (2009).
1120:. Stroud, UK: Tempus.
811:Bradbury, pp. 156, 182
800:The Castles of England
787:The Castles of England
736:The Castles of England
689:The Castles of England
672:Castles and Landscapes
668:The Castles of England
655:Castles and Landscapes
642:The Castles of England
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372:
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1190:Howard, John (1791).
1118:William the Conqueror
1081:. London: J. Murray.
1058:10.1017/9781846152429
670:, p. 386; Creighton,
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349:, the Empress's son.
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272:was appointed as the
181:William the Conqueror
1245:Pugh, Ralph (1968).
738:, p. 387; Armitage,
343:Robert of Gloucester
274:sheriff of Worcester
236:History of Worcester
1175:. London: Equinox.
915:(London, 1836), 32.
753:Stephen and Matilda
517:Worcester Cathedral
415:14th–19th centuries
339:Waleron de Beaumont
304:12th–13th centuries
280:of the new castle.
268:walls and ditches.
193:Worcester Cathedral
183:. The castle had a
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553:Reconstruction by
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405:Second Barons' War
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294:Archbishop of York
216:Second Barons' War
107:52.1867°N 2.2223°W
1256:978-0-521-08904-3
1237:978-0-521-45099-7
1182:978-1-904768-67-8
1146:978-0-7509-3793-1
1105:978-0-7546-0266-8
911:Frederick Devon,
441:Wars of the Roses
409:Simon de Montfort
205:First Barons' War
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1114:Bates, David
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260:River Severn
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249:11th century
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164:
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798:Mackenzie,
785:Mackenzie,
734:Mackenzie,
666:Mackenzie,
653:Creighton,
640:Mackenzie,
496:John Howard
453:John Leland
450:antiquarian
400:County gaol
326:the Anarchy
201:the Anarchy
189:Anglo-Saxon
110: /
86:Coordinates
1270:Categories
1004:, p. 172;
979:, p. 172;
898:Armitage,
751:Bradbury,
573:References
369:John Speed
234:See also:
158:Demolished
95:52°11′12″N
37:, England
1219:504892038
1200:228753544
1087:458514584
837:, p. 147.
481:Charles I
477:civil war
445:Edward IV
389:Henry III
380:King John
376:Civil war
359:gatehouse
355:King John
278:constable
212:Henry III
210:In 1217,
197:constable
173:Worcester
155:Condition
98:2°13′20″W
31:Worcester
1164:17495359
1116:(2001).
1000:Howard,
975:Howard,
885:Pounds,
833:Pounds,
789:, p. 387
742:, p. 241
725:, p. 210
721:Pounds,
703:Pounds,
691:, p. 386
683:Pounds,
674:, p. 123
644:, p. 386
601:, p. 158
584:Pounds,
524:See also
483:and the
469:recusant
347:Henry II
332:and the
286:cemetery
276:and the
203:and the
133:SO849543
1023:p. 22;
902:, p.241
755:, p. 85
707:, p. 96
657:, p.134
501:butcher
298:cursing
290:Ealdred
230:History
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872:Pugh,
859:Pugh,
846:Pugh,
588:, p. 7
505:Typhus
489:sconce
435:until
425:sconce
300:Urse.
292:, the
242:; and
169:Norman
167:was a
947:(PDF)
940:(PDF)
824:p. 55
541:Notes
1251:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1215:OCLC
1196:OCLC
1177:ISBN
1160:OCLC
1141:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1083:OCLC
1062:ISBN
265:burh
220:gaol
140:Type
1054:doi
966:p.1
515:of
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