48:
318:. By custom, houses had two entrances (one only for men, another only for women) and the kitchen provided a physical separation between each gender's quarters. To ensure separation outside the home, certain hours of the day were marked by a ringing bell, this notified the times when only women would be allowed on the streets. Even women from the upper-class were expected to live in houses with high walls to reduce exposure to other men. However, lower-class women worked with men in the fields, most often on family farms.
262:
142:) for women. By the end of the Joseon dynasty, low-class woman who had fulfilled their Neo-Confucian duties of bearing a son bared their breasts in public as a sign of pride, while noblewomen were forbidden from doing so because it was considered to be "low-class". However, many scholars doubt the veracity of the evidence for this trend.
300:, could live a freer life than most women and often likened themselves to floating butterflies or wild dogs in their poems. They could read and write, were skilled in music, arts, poetry and served as intellectual companions to men in a period where wives were not considered to be true companions. The most famous gisaeng is probably
102:. These ideals and segregation could not completely be maintained into the lower classes, for commoner and slave women had various tasks and duties to perform. Nevertheless, even the peasant houses had separate rooms for men and women, and wealthier families had male and female quarters: "outer rooms" called
277:. Being a second wife or a concubine of a nobleman was considered to be higher on the social ladder than commoner or slave women, but their children were considered illegitimate and denied any yangban rights. First wives and legitimate children of noblemen often despised these women and their offspring like
325:
In the late nineteenth century, the lowest order of women participated openly in the new year fighting (sanctioned during the first moon of the new year) occasioned where debts had not been paid by the end of the old year or the 15 days' grace following it. Fighting for other grudges also took place
220:
were not allowed to remarry in the latter part of the dynasty. In lower classes such marriages still happened, as families, for financial reasons, or personal vendettas, married off the burdensome widows to men who could not afford to marry otherwise. While the breaking of the rule in lower classes
79:
Women had to conform to
Confucian ideals. As children they were subordinated to their fathers, when they married, to their husbands, and when they became elderly, to their firstborn sons. Being virtuous, which for women meant modesty, obedience and faithfulness, was required of them; virtuous women
157:
was taught to read and write hangul by an aunt-in-law. There were various women philosophers who wrote in favor of patriarchy, such as Im
Yungjidang and Gang Jeongildang, though the modern feminist interpretation is that such women were only pretending. Women were not allowed to learn
229:
when he discovered she had cohabited with a male servant after being widowed, implying their sharing of the bed meant they were engaged in sexual activities. As women could not be the heads of a household anymore, widows often were considered financial burdens and sometimes
71:
but in a much stricter way than in China, where the philosophy originated. This change in society based on
Chinese-influenced Neo-Confucianism can be correlated to an increasingly clan-based patrilineal focus on lines of male descent resulting in the printing of
183:), "thieves". According to the neo-Confucian ideals, women had to obey their in-laws after marriage, and the birth family regarded it unnecessary to provide a daughter her inheritance in addition to the expensive dowry. Married daughters were often labelled
326:
between men, bodies of trades, whole villages or companies of children. Betting on women's fights was common. However, neither women nor men of the upper orders fought, or at most a male aristocrat might use a champion to fight behind closed walls.
321:
By the end of the era, married women were mostly referred to by their husband's or children's names ("...'s wife", "...'s mother"). This is different from the
English language use of the married designation "Mrs", denoting a woman's married status.
153:, when literacy improved, only 4% of women could read and write as late as the 19th century. Women of the yangban could receive an education from within the family; for example, the 18th-century Crown Princess
417:(last known in 1622), aristocratic woman captured as a girl, and taken to Japan where she became a prominent evangelising Christian much revered especially in Izu Ōshima where she has her own Shinto shrine.
221:
was widely ignored by authorities, yangban widows were forbidden to remarry, or their children would be cast out of the noble class. Members of the royal lineage were treated even more strictly, with
169:
Households headed by women disappeared at the beginning of the Joseon era, and they gradually lost their right to inheritance, as well. The reason was that marrying daughters off required expensive
307:
Women physicians are rarely discussed in modern discourse because of the lack of scandalous stories surrounding them and interest in what Joseon did well, a phenomenon criticized as a form of
357:(1759–1824), aristocratic scholar and published author of poetry and two large encyclopaedias. Copies of some of her work, known by name, were rediscovered in the period 1939–2004.
199:), "one who left the family and became an outsider". Women had to obey their husbands and in-laws and had no right to apply for divorce. Men could divorce their wives based on the
281:
or the Joseon 18th-century equivalent, Chunhyang. Society considered these children outcasts unless they were literal royalty, in which case they were honored and feared.
59:
women had considerable freedom. They could freely mingle with men, have their own possessions, and inherit land. That changed drastically during the second half of the
84:
noblewomen were completely segregated from the rest of society. During the day they could not leave their homes, and if they had to, they were transported in a
51:
1906 photo described by the knowledgeable photographer, Homer
Hulbert, as suitable respectable attire for the street. These were traditionally of green silk.
39:
to be able to read, and it was sometimes expected that women wear clothing that significantly covered their body and head when they were in public.
391:(1721–1793), Neo-Confucian scholar, philosopher and author, came from a poor yangban family. Her biography was written by her younger brother.
304:, who lived in the 16th century and is considered a role model of progressive, liberal, strong, feminist, self-conscious women in Korea.
64:
27:
dynasty (918–1392), and fewer rights than contemporary men. Their declining social position has been attributed to the adoption of
98:). They were forbidden to play games and have fun outside their homes; if they did so they could be beaten with a stick called a
590:[The Bare Breast Bragging about Having a Baby Boy －The Politics of Memory on the 'Women's Breast Pictures' in Joseon－].
423:
or Hwang Jin-yi (1506–1567), gisaeng and acclaimed poet also famed for her riddles. She has inspired many modern popular dramas.
638:
A Brief
History of Korea: Isolation, War, Despotism and Revival : the Fascinating Story of a Resilient But Divided People
852:
804:
646:
342:
234:. Women were expected to protect their virtue at any cost, and by the late Joseon era they often wore small knives called
385:(1739–1812), businesswoman and philanthropist whose action of releasing rice to the starving caused her to be celebrated.
76:(genealogies) from 1600 onwards. The ensuing shift in social ideology from 1650 onwards has been described as striking.
769:"Special interest is taken when the women fight, that is, among the very lowest classes, and frequently the strings of
265:
Gisaeng performing a sword dance. The gisaeng were highly trained from childhood. This is part of an 1805 painting by
873:
830:
773:
earned during the day are lost or doubled on the odds of the favourite." See on fighting generally, Chapter XVIII in
568:
714:
674:
Uhn, Cho (1999). "The
Invention of Chaste Motherhood: A Feminist Reading of the Remarriage Ban in the Chosun Era".
363:(1753–1823), member of a powerful aristocratic family, mathematician and poet of renown and substantial portfolio.
394:
778:
373:
who was put to death for his actions. She authored a chilling account of her life as a terrorised royal wife,
411:"Court Lady Kim" (d. 1623), palace maid who rose to control matters of state but who was beheaded eventually.
166:, the ancestor honoring rituals, which is also a significant divergence from the original Chinese practices.
845:
The
Memoirs of Lady Hyegyŏng: The Autobiographical Writings of a Crown Princess of Eighteenth-Century Korea
430:(d. 1489), executed for having a scandalous sexual relationship with her slave after she had been widowed.
397:(1699–1718) began life as a water-bearing palace slave and ended it as a favourite concubine of the King,
452:
897:
530:
162:, the Chinese characters used to write Korean. Women were also denied the right to participate in the
23:
period (1392–1897) had changing societal positions over time. They had fewer rights than women in the
375:
892:
558:
351:(1772–1832), poet and published letter-writer. She supported her scholar husband by knitting.
757:
585:
258:), to take their lives rather than dishonor their families even by giving cause for gossip.
8:
338:
222:
32:
840:
753:
80:
were rewarded by the state from 1434 with gradations in status and financial support.
869:
848:
826:
819:
800:
642:
564:
402:
398:
370:
687:
683:
348:
289:
261:
85:
68:
47:
863:
636:
535:
149:, as the public schools taught males exclusively. Even after the introduction of
366:
360:
354:
284:
Women could only have four types of "professions" in Joseon: they could become
154:
401:. The Ihyeon Palace in Seoul was gifted to her. She was the mother of a king,
314:
Joseon-era laws prohibited women from riding horses and playing games such as
886:
814:
779:
https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13128/pg13128-images.html#LIST_OF_PLATES
231:
28:
209:), the "seven sins": disobedience towards in-laws, inability to bear a son,
388:
382:
341:(1851–1895), also known in her time as "Queen Min", queen consort of Korea
67:, as women's situation became gradually worse. Their life was regulated by
273:
Men were allowed to have second wives besides their first wife as well as
369:
of the
Pungsan Hong clan (1735–1816), aristocratic bride of mentally-ill
308:
266:
715:"Hvang Dzsini sidzso versei (eredeti szövegek, nyers- és műfordítások)"
420:
408:
301:
278:
146:
104:
518:
The
Confucian transformation of Korea: A study of society and ideology
453:
https://archive.org/details/korea00coul/page/n10/mode/1up?view=theater
216:
Women were expected to be faithful to their husbands beyond death, so
414:
315:
274:
334:
Listed in descending order of year of death, with the latest first:
427:
285:
210:
293:
251:
226:
81:
297:
255:
150:
116:
60:
56:
24:
20:
599:
217:
213:, jealousy, genetic disease, talkativeness, and kleptomania.
170:
159:
163:
451:, Coulson, Constance J.D. (1910), A. and C. Black, London
254:(the colourful pendant hanging from the upper part of the
758:
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56623/56623-h/56623-h.htm
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
847:(2 ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
777:
A. Henry Savage-Landor (1895) William Heinemann, London
613:
479:
Women and Confucianism in Choson Korea: New Perspectives
485:
655:
458:
731:
694:
556:
818:
865:A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present
296:. The latter, who are often compared to Japanese
884:
797:Egy nemzet, két ország – A közös gyökerektől
245:
239:
204:
194:
188:
178:
137:
131:
121:
109:
93:
839:
619:
821:Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History
775:Corea or Cho-sen, Land of the Morning Calm
756:(1895) Osgood, McIlvaine & Co, London
520:(No. 36). Harvard University Asia Center.
799:. Korea (in Hungarian). Napvilág Kiadó.
712:
260:
46:
868:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
825:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
813:
661:
329:
885:
706:
635:Seth, Michael J. (2019). "Chapter 3".
794:
700:
630:
628:
476:
861:
737:
634:
504:
464:
114:) for men, and "inner rooms" called
673:
583:
13:
720:(in Hungarian). Konfuciusz Intézet
625:
560:Hanbok: Timeless Fashion Tradition
14:
909:
173:, resulting in calling daughters
676:Asian Journal of Women's Studies
477:Kim, Youngmin; Pettid, Michael.
16:Women in Korea from 1392 to 1897
763:
743:
667:
395:Royal Noble Consort Sukbin Choe
688:10.1080/12259276.1999.11665854
577:
550:
523:
510:
470:
441:
246:
240:
205:
195:
189:
179:
138:
132:
122:
110:
94:
1:
434:
376:The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong
33:some practices local to Korea
557:Samuel Songhoon Lee (2015).
7:
781:Retrieved 18 September 2023
760:Retrieved 18 September 2023
587:조선 여성의 ‘젖가슴 사진’을 둘러싼 기억의 정치
10:
914:
788:
225:ordering the execution of
42:
19:Women in Korea during the
862:Seth, Michael J. (2010).
594:(in Korean and English).
455:Retrieved 16 October 2023
232:driven to kill themselves
586:
35:). It was uncommon for
270:
52:
795:Csoma, Mózes (2013).
641:. Tuttle Publishing.
264:
50:
516:Deuchler, M., 1992.
330:Notable Joseon women
841:Kim Haboush, JaHyun
563:. Seoul Selection.
507:, pp. 161–165.
339:Empress Myeongseong
223:Seongjong of Joseon
754:Louise Jordan Miln
620:Kim Haboush (2013)
271:
250:) attached to the
53:
898:Society of Joseon
854:978-0-520-20055-5
806:978-963-338-360-5
648:978-0-8048-5102-2
467:, pp. 96–97.
399:Sukjong of Joseon
371:Crown Prince Sado
31:principles (with
905:
879:
858:
836:
824:
810:
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531:"The bare facts"
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483:
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456:
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349:Kang Jeongildang
292:, physicians or
288:(palace women),
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208:
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182:
181:
145:Most women were
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113:
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97:
96:
69:Neo-Confucianism
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536:The Korea Times
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511:
503:
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446:
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437:
332:
45:
37:women in Joseon
17:
12:
11:
5:
911:
901:
900:
895:
893:Women in Korea
881:
880:
874:
859:
853:
837:
831:
815:Cumings, Bruce
811:
805:
790:
787:
784:
783:
762:
742:
740:, p. 162.
730:
713:Osváth Gábor.
705:
693:
666:
654:
647:
624:
612:
576:
569:
549:
522:
509:
484:
469:
457:
439:
438:
436:
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432:
431:
424:
418:
412:
406:
392:
386:
380:
367:Lady Hyegyeong
364:
361:Seo Yeongsuhap
358:
355:Lee Bingheogak
352:
346:
331:
328:
155:Lady Hyegyeong
57:Goryeo dynasty
44:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
910:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
888:
877:
875:9780742567177
871:
867:
866:
860:
856:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
832:0-393-31681-5
828:
823:
822:
816:
812:
808:
802:
798:
793:
792:
780:
776:
772:
766:
759:
755:
752:
746:
739:
734:
716:
709:
703:, p. 38.
702:
697:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
664:, p. 63.
663:
658:
650:
644:
640:
639:
631:
629:
622:, p. 52.
621:
616:
601:
597:
593:
589:
580:
572:
570:9781624120565
566:
562:
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70:
66:
62:
58:
49:
40:
38:
34:
30:
29:Neo-Confucian
26:
22:
864:
844:
820:
796:
774:
770:
765:
751:Quaint Korea
750:
745:
733:
722:. Retrieved
708:
696:
679:
675:
669:
662:Cumings 1997
657:
637:
615:
604:. Retrieved
595:
591:
584:전보경 (2008).
579:
559:
552:
541:. Retrieved
539:. 2011-10-18
534:
525:
517:
512:
478:
472:
460:
448:
443:
403:King Yeongjo
389:Im Yunjidang
383:Gim Man-deok
374:
343:assassinated
333:
324:
320:
313:
306:
302:Hwang Jin-yi
283:
272:
269:(1758–1813).
235:
215:
200:
184:
174:
168:
144:
127:
115:
103:
99:
89:
78:
73:
54:
36:
18:
749:Chapter 5,
309:Orientalism
267:Sin Yun-bok
201:chilgeojiak
185:chulga oein
55:During the
887:Categories
724:2012-11-14
701:Csoma 2013
606:2016-09-27
543:2014-05-26
447:At p. 38,
435:References
421:Hwang Jini
409:Kim Gae-si
279:Cinderella
275:concubines
227:his cousin
175:dodungnyeo
147:illiterate
105:sarangchae
63:after the
61:Joseon era
738:Seth 2010
682:(3): 46.
602:: 125–157
505:Seth 2010
465:Seth 2010
426:Princess
415:Julia Ota
65:Imjin War
843:(2013).
817:(1997).
428:Yi Gu-ji
345:in 1895.
286:gungnyeo
211:adultery
789:Sources
592:페미니즘 연구
294:gisaeng
290:shamans
252:norigae
171:dowries
88:called
82:Yangban
43:History
872:
851:
829:
803:
645:
567:
298:geisha
256:hanbok
244:;
218:widows
193:;
151:hangul
136:;
128:anbang
117:anchae
100:gangjo
86:litter
74:chokpo
25:Goryeo
21:Joseon
718:(PDF)
600:DBpia
598:(1).
449:Korea
236:paedo
160:hanja
126:) or
870:ISBN
849:ISBN
827:ISBN
801:ISBN
771:cash
643:ISBN
565:ISBN
206:칠거지악
196:出嫁外人
190:출가외인
164:jesa
90:gama
684:doi
180:도둑녀
111:사랑채
889::
678:.
627:^
533:.
487:^
316:go
311:.
247:佩刀
241:패도
139:內房
133:안방
123:안채
95:가마
878:.
857:.
835:.
809:.
727:.
690:.
686::
680:5
651:.
609:.
596:8
573:.
546:.
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203:(
187:(
177:(
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