Witold Lutosławski

1141:, both harmonically and melodically. Part of his art was in transforming folk music, rather than quoting it exactly. In some cases, such as the Concerto for Orchestra, folk music is unrecognisable as such without careful analysis. As Lutosławski developed the techniques of his mature compositions, he stopped using folk material explicitly, although its influence remained as subtle features until the end. As he said, " I could not compose as I wished, so I composed as I was able", and about this change of direction he said, "I was simply not so interested in it ". Also, Lutosławski was dissatisfied with composing in a "post-tonal" idiom: while composing the first symphony, he felt that this was for him a 2956:, p. 100. " I have a strong desire to communicate something, through my music, to the people. I am not working to get many 'fans' for myself; I do not want to convince, I want to find. I would like to find people who in the depths of their souls feel the same way as I do. That can only be achieved through the greatest artistic sincerity in every detail of music, from the minutest technical aspects to the most secret depths. I know that this standpoint deprives me of many potential listeners, but those who remain mean an immeasurable treasure for me. I regard creative activity as a kind of soul-fishing, and the 'catch' is the best medicine for loneliness, that most human of sufferings." 154: 521: 1438: 440: 2959: 968:. From 1981 to 1989, Lutosławski refused all professional engagements in Poland as a gesture of solidarity with the artists' boycott. He refused to enter the Culture Ministry to meet any of the ministers, and was careful not be photographed in their company. In 1983, as a gesture of support, he sent a recording of the first performance (in Chicago) of the Third Symphony to Gdańsk to be played to strikers in a local church. In 1983, he was awarded the Solidarity prize, of which Lutosławski was reported to be more proud than any other of his honours. 1262:, Lutosławski had produced only the four instrumental parts, refusing to bind them in a full score, because he was concerned that this would imply that he wanted notes in vertical alignment to coincide, as is the case with conventionally notated classical ensemble music. The LaSalle Quartet, however, specifically requested a score from which to prepare for the first performance. Bodman Rae relates that Danuta Lutosławska solved this problem by cutting up the parts and sticking them together in boxes (which Lutosławski called 1273: 605: 2471:, pp. 88–89. "In 1967 he received the Gottfried von Herder Prize from the University of Vienna, and in August of that year he was given the Leonie Sonning Prize in Copenhagen 'in recognition and admiration of his mastery as a composer, which is a source of inspiration to the musical life of our age'. The award was presented at an all- Lutoslawski concert as part of the Royal Danish Festival of Music and Ballet celebrating the 800th anniversary of Copenhagen's founding." 727: 4241: 512:. During the complete destruction of the city by Germans after the failure of the uprising, most of his music was lost, as were the family's Drozdowo estates. He was able to salvage only a few scores and sketches; of the 200 or so arrangements that Lutosławski and Panufnik had worked on for their piano duo, only Lutosławski's Variations on a Theme by Paganini survived. Lutosławski returned to the ruins of Warsaw after the Polish-Soviet treaty in April 1945. 1365: 1461: 7963: 40: 7939: 7975: 1243:, Lutosławski wrote long passages in which the parts of the ensemble are not to be synchronised exactly. At cues from the conductor, each instrumentalist may be instructed to move straight on to the next section, to finish their current section before moving on, or to stop. In this way, the random elements within compositionally controlled limits defined by the term 7951: 1266:), with instructions on how to signal in performance when all of the players should proceed to the next mobile. In his orchestral music, these problems of notation were not so difficult, because the instructions on how and when to proceed are given by the conductor. Lutosławski's called this technique of his mature period "limited aleatorism". 1332:, and then stop: they are unlikely to end the section at the same time. This "refrain" (from numbers 8 to 9) recurs throughout the movement, slightly altered each time, but always played by double-reed instruments which do not play elsewhere in the movement: Lutosławski thus also carefully controls the orchestral palette. 888:). Lutosławski himself did not hold the view that such influences had a direct effect on his music, although he acknowledged that they impinged on his creative world to some degree. In any case, the Cello Concerto was a great success, earning both Lutosławski and Rostropovich accolades. At the work's première with the 1421:, due to their music's shared stylistic and technical characteristics. When Penderecki's reputation declined in the 1970s, Lutosławski emerged as the major Polish composer of his time and among the most significant 20th-century European composers. His four symphonies, the Variations on a Theme by Paganini (1941), the 1298:, the first movement of the Symphony No. 2. At number 7, the conductor gives a cue to the flutes, celesta and percussionist, who then play their parts in their own time, without any attempt to synchronise with the other instrumentalists. The harmony of this section is based on a 12-note chord built from 2968:, p. 49: "Folk tunes are never simply quoted: they are radically transformed, manipulated, made to serve the composer's artistic vision. This approach makes possible a style which is at once so demonstrably 'national' as to be politically unassailable, yet modern enough and personal enough to burst the bounds of 3139:, p. 110 quotes Lutosławski: "I do not presuppose any improvised parts, even the shortest, in my works. I am an adherent of a clear-cut division between the role of the composer and that of the performer, and I do not wish even partially to relinquish the authorship of the music I have written." 1094:

In 1993, Lutosławski continued his busy schedule, travelling to the United States, England, Finland, Canada and Japan, and sketching a violin concerto, but by the first week of 1994 it was clear that cancer had taken hold, and after an operation the composer weakened quickly and died on 7 February,

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strike of 1970—which led to a violent clampdown by the authorities, both caused significant political and social tension in Poland. Lutosławski did not support the Soviet regime, and these events have been postulated as reasons for the increase in antagonistic effects in his work, particularly the

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to the United Kingdom. Against this background, Lutosławski was content to compose pieces for which there was social need, but in 1954 this earned him—much to the composer's chagrin—the Prime Minister's Prize for a set of children's songs. He commented: "t was for those functional compositions of

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for chorus and orchestra. It was the first work he had written for a commission from abroad, and brought him further international acclaim. It earned him a second State Prize for music (Lutosławski was not cynical about the award this time), and he gained an agreement for the international

1118: 977: 1018:, Kentucky. The significance of the prize lay not just in its prestige but in the size of its financial award (then US$ 150,000). The award is intended to remove recipients' financial concerns for a period to allow them to concentrate on serious composition. In a gesture of 1388:

for oboe and piano, around the time Lutosławski was struggling to find the technical means to complete his Third Symphony. In chamber works for just two instrumentalists the scope for aleatory counterpoint and dense harmonies is significantly less than for orchestra.

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was internationally acclaimed, his new harmonic techniques led to something of a crisis for Lutosławski, during which he still could not see how to express his musical ideas. Then on 16 March 1960, listening to Polish Radio broadcast on new music, he happened to hear

155: 2150:, p. 63 quotes Lutosławski speaking in 1957, "t is difficult to conceive of a more absurd hypothesis than the idea that the achievements of the past several decades should be abandoned and that one should return to the musical language of the nineteenth century 380:

the family left Warsaw to return to Drozdowo, but after a few years of running the estates with limited success, his mother returned to Warsaw. She worked as a physician, and translated books for children from English. In 1924, Lutosławski entered secondary school

315:. He continued to be involved in National Democracy politics after returning to Warsaw in 1905, and took over the management of the family estates in 1908. Witold Roman Lutosławski, the youngest of three brothers, was born in Warsaw shortly before the outbreak of 1306:. After all the instrumentalists have finished their parts, a two-second general pause is indicated ("P.G. 2" at top right of the example). The conductor then gives a cue at number 8 (and indicates the tempo of the following section) for two oboes and the 1064:

pianist. It was a performance of this work and the Third Symphony at the Warsaw Autumn Festival in 1988 that marked the composer's return to the conductor's podium in Poland, after substantive talks had been arranged between the government and the opposition.

1272: 937:. These latter pieces were proving difficult to complete, as Lutosławski struggled to introduce greater fluency into his sound world and to reconcile tensions between the harmonic and melodic aspects of his style, and between foreground and background. The 497:), and composed Resistance songs. Listening in cafés was the only way in which the Poles of German-occupied Warsaw could hear live music; putting on concerts was impossible since the Germans occupying Poland prohibited any organised gatherings. In café 3012:, p. 120 quotes Lutosławski, "The different parts can play very complicated rhythms and yet play only the notes of that chord It may occur that the chord never actually sounds in its entirety—it is supplemented by our memory and imagination." 3103:, p. 12, says, with reference to this event, "Composers often do not hear the music that is being played; it only serves as an impulse for something quite different—for the creation of music that only lives in their imagination"; see also 856:

which followed, were composed during a particularly traumatic period in Lutosławski's life. His mother died in 1967, and in 1967–70 there was a great deal of unrest in Poland. This sprang first from the suppression of the theatre production

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of 1956–57, as he introduced his twelve-note system, he realised the fruits of many years of thought and experiment. Another new feature of his compositional technique became a Lutosławski signature: he introduced randomness into the exact

754:. Their place in Lutosławski's output may be seen as less incongruous in light of his own performances of cabaret music during the war, as well as his relationship by marriage to his wife's sister-in-law, the famous Polish cabaret singer 3239:, p. 106: "Lutosławski's life has given ample evidence of the strength of character and sureness of artistic purpose necessary to regard with equanimity both the blandishments of his 'fans' and the disparagements of his detractors." 1082:

concert in London in 1991, and the Fourth Symphony in 1993 in Los Angeles. In between, and after initial reluctance, Lutosławski took on the presidency of the newly reconstituted "Polish Cultural Council", which was set up after the

1189:, and enabled him to build towards these dense chords (which often include all twelve notes of the chromatic scale) at climactic moments. Lutosławski's twelve-note techniques were thus completely different in conception from 485:, performing together in Warsaw cafés. Their repertoire consisted of a wide range of music in their own arrangements, including the first incarnation of Lutosławski's Variations on a Theme by Paganini, a transcription of the 3978: 459:, with the performance broadcast on radio on 9 March 1939. Like most young Polish composers, Lutosławski wanted to continue his education in Paris. His plans for further musical study were dashed in September 1939, when 471:. He was soon captured by German soldiers, but escaped while being marched to prison camp, walking 250 miles (400 km) back to Warsaw. Lutosławski's brother was captured by Russian soldiers and later died in a 3251:, p. 262: "Above all, he is admired for the musical and moral integrity of his long search, and often difficult struggle, for the personal language and consummate technique that served his individual voice." 1404:

In the 21st century, Lutosławski is generally considered the most important Polish composer since Szymanowski, and perhaps the most outstanding since Chopin. This evaluation was not apparent after World

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Lutosławski's formidable technical developments grew out of his creative imperative; that he left a lasting body of major compositions is a testament to his resolution of purpose in the face of the anti-

1328:–D, arranged in such a way that the harmony of the section never includes any sixths or thirds. When the conductor gives another cue at number 9, the players each continue until they reach the 532:—sketches of which he had salvaged from Warsaw—which he had started in 1941. It was first performed in 1948, conducted by Fitelberg. To provide for his family, he also composed music that he termed 601:. By 1948, the ZKP was taken over by musicians willing to follow the party line on musical matters. Lutosławski resigned from the committee, implacably opposed to the ideas of socialist realism. 481:

To earn a living, Lutosławski joined "Dana Ensemble", the first Polish revellers, as an arranger-pianist, singing in "Ziemiańska Cafe". He then formed a piano duo with friend and fellow composer

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in structure, with Lutosławski using his many compositional innovations to build a large-scale, dramatic work worthy of the name. In 1968, the Symphony earned Lutosławski first prize from the

250:": accessible only to an elite. Rejecting anti-formalism as an unjustified retrograde step, Lutosławski resolutely strove to maintain his artistic integrity, providing artistic support to the 358:, who arrested him and his brother Marian. Thus, although fighting stopped on the Eastern Front in 1917, the Lutosławskis were prevented from returning home. The brothers were interned in 8115: 307:, where in 1904 he met and married a fellow student, Maria Olszewska, who later became Lutosławski's mother. Józef pursued his studies in London, where he acted as correspondent for the 5831: 5347: 6862: 5548: 6582: 362:

in central Moscow, where Witold—by then aged five—visited his father. Józef and Marian were executed by a firing squad in September 1918, some days before their scheduled trial.

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set off a train of thought which resulted in Lutosławski finding a way to retain the harmonic structures he wanted while introducing the freedom for which he was searching. His

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does happen to be based on a tone row. This twelve-note intervallic technique had its genesis in earlier works such as Symphony No. 1, and Variations on a Theme by Paganini.

6119: 1022:, Lutosławski announced that he would use the fund to set up a scholarship to enable young Polish composers to study abroad; Lutosławski also directed that his fee from the 643:... I realised that I was not writing indifferent little pieces, only to make a living, but was carrying on an artistic creative activity in the eyes of the outside world." 369:, only to find their estates ruined. After his father's death, other members of the family played an important part in Witold's early life, especially Józef's half-brother 8110: 5939: 6592: 6551: 6520: 6316: 552: 6504: 6150: 6078: 5764: 8065: 6716: 6186: 8080: 6819: 6762: 6659: 6191: 5748: 4962: 618:

Lutoslawski's First Symphony was proscribed as "formalist", and he found himself shunned by the Soviet authorities, a situation that continued throughout the era of

6515: 6367: 6576: 5924: 5914: 1629: 382: 8075: 6639: 219:(1955), which he described as a "farewell to folklore". From the late 1950s he began developing new, characteristic composition techniques. He introduced limited 5630: 5610: 4608: 6063: 8060: 6726: 6341: 6068: 5991: 5316: 884:. Indeed, Rostropovich's own opposition to the Soviet regime in Russia was just coming to a head (he shortly afterwards declared his support for the dissident 6386: 6331: 6300: 5929: 8105: 6814: 6731: 6417: 5908: 5661: 6855: 6227: 6104: 5625: 5439: 6644: 6391: 6217: 5718: 5712: 5465: 1169:, marking his departure from the explicit use of folk music. His twelve-tone technique allowed him to build harmony and melody from specific intervals (in 6468: 5784: 5558: 8055: 6587: 6422: 6382: 6285: 6259: 6171: 5934: 5522: 5305: 6803: 6711: 6042: 5960: 5285: 6788: 6685: 6607: 6448: 6295: 6166: 6037: 6011: 5975: 5888: 5635: 2727: 1380:. According to Bodman Rae, in his later works Lutosławski evolved a more mobile, simpler, harmonic style, in which less of the music is played with an 6484: 6176: 6073: 5996: 5646: 4192: 3638: 189: 8040: 6494: 6321: 6274: 6181: 6145: 6047: 5878: 5738: 5651: 5444: 5341: 1442: 6783: 6561: 5970: 5836: 5419: 6680: 6540: 6351: 6114: 5805: 5774: 5512: 929:'s seventieth birthday, occupied Lutosławski throughout the 1970s, while in the background he was working away at a projected Third symphony and a 836:'s International Rostrum of Composers, his third such award, confirming his growing international reputation. In 1967, Lutosławski was awarded the 409:. In 1932, he gave up the violin, and in 1933 he discontinued his mathematics studies to concentrate on the piano and composition. As a student of 6848: 6438: 5620: 5398: 1285:, numbers 7 to 9 from the score of the Second Symphony (1966–67), illustrates Lutosławski's harmonic and aleatory procedures from his mature style 1125:

Lutosławski described musical composition as a search for listeners who think and feel the same way he did—he once called it "fishing for souls".

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elements, while retaining tight control of his music's material, architecture, and performance. He also evolved his practice of building

8010: 6510: 1582: 1255:, no choice of parts is given to any instrumentalist, and there is thus no doubt about how the musical performance is to be realised. 670:

Festival of Contemporary Music was founded. Conceived as a biennial festival, it has been held annually ever since 1958 (except under

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are carefully directed by the composer, who controls the architecture and harmonic progression of the piece precisely. Lutosławski

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during a concert in which Lutosławski conducted his Third Symphony; also that year a major celebration of his work was made at the

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to study mathematics, and in 1932 he formally joined the composition classes at the Conservatory. His only composition teacher was

7670: 723:("Venetian games"). These harmonic and temporal techniques became part of every subsequent work, and were integral to his style. 662:

Stalin's death in 1953 allowed a certain relaxation of the cultural totalitarianism in Russia and its satellite states. By 1956,

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were hastily rounded off (he had intended to write four) and he moved on to compose works in which he explored these new ideas.

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In a departure from his usually serious compositions in 1957 to 1963, Lutosławski also composed light music under the pseudonym

647: 193: 5229: 4972: 4594: 259: 991:("Chain"), which refers to the way the music is constructed from contrasting strands which overlap like the links of a chain. 696:, but took the composer four years to complete. This work brought international recognition, and the annual ZKP prize and the 389:'s Third Symphony deeply affected him. In 1925, he started violin lessons at the Warsaw Music School. In 1931, he enrolled at 3957: 3923: 3900: 3811: 3785: 3762: 3714: 3691: 3665: 3626: 3603: 557: 451:

Military service followed; Lutosławski was trained in signalling and radio operating in Zegrze near Warsaw. He completed his

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of 1954 that established Lutosławski as an important composer of art music. The work, commissioned in 1950 by the conductor

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forces drove towards Warsaw. The Lutosławskis travelled east to Moscow, where Józef remained politically active, organising

8100: 8045: 1614: 1011: 3839: 3277: 1368: 8025: 7766: 4269: 1643: 413:, he gained a diploma for piano performance from the Conservatory in 1936, after presenting a virtuoso program including 4005: 1982:, see particularly Chapter 8, "Occupation", for an account of Panufnik and Lutosławski's duo in German-occupied Warsaw. 1661: 1506: 697: 654:

for the newly reconstituted Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra, earned the composer two state prizes in the following year.

292: 1623: 1034: 263: 215:. His folk-inspired music includes the Concerto for Orchestra (1954)—which first brought him international renown—and 1674: 1096: 1084: 267: 238:, after narrowly escaping German capture, Lutosławski made a living playing the piano in Warsaw bars. After the war, 8090: 3337: 1023: 428: 6479: 6027: 4115: 1608: 1376:

The combination of Lutosławski's aleatory techniques and his harmonic discoveries allowed him to build up complex

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for violin and piano, providing a new linking Interlude, so that when played together the Partita, Interlude, and

938: 863:, which sparked a summer of protests; later, in 1968, the use of Polish troops to suppress the liberal reforms in 7349: 1149:

would prove to be his final composition centered around folk music; he described it as a "farewell to folklore".

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started a new Soviet government that made peace with Germany. Józef's activities were now in conflict with the

3998: 3418: 3063:, p. 71, also discussion of Symphony No. 1 pp. 24–25 and symmetrical chords in the pitch organisation of 2327: 2325: 8015: 4617: 3833: 1588: 950: 327: 6871: 3701:

Bohlman, Andrea F. (2018). "Lutosławski's Political Refrains". In Jakelski, Lisa; Reyland, Nicholas (eds.).

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in Warsaw; he met the singer after the concert and this inspired him to write his extended orchestral song

493:. Defiantly, they sometimes played Polish music (the Nazis banned Polish music in Poland—including that of 176:—of which he was a notable conductor—include representatives of most traditional genres, aside from opera: 161: 5950: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 1502: 1489: 833: 308: 6135: 5165: 287:, Poland. His parents were both born into the Polish landed nobility; they owned estates in the area of 7929: 7715: 7342: 5222: 4922: 4351: 3941: 3803: 1483: 881: 789:. This shortened title was suggested by the poet Jean-François Chabrun, who had published the poems as 160:; 25 January 1913 – 7 February 1994) was a Polish composer and conductor. Among the major composers of 6530: 5269: 3561: 3453: 501:, where they played, Lutosławski met his future wife Maria Danuta Bogusławska, a sister of the writer 6244: 1228:. Although he was not influenced by the sound or the philosophy of the music, Cage's explorations of 1099:(only the second person to receive this since the collapse of communism in Poland—the first had been 1060:. His earliest plans to write a piano concerto dated from 1938; he was himself in his younger days a 486: 464: 520: 7525: 6973: 6109: 4940: 4664: 4548: 4451: 4361: 3933: 3273: 1352: 1015: 900: 6809: 6742: 5568: 5517: 3498: 1519: 370: 247: 20: 5367: 4446: 3915: 3777: 3649: 3524: 1636: 1602: 1437: 1042: 398: 6407: 4381: 439: 342:). Dmowski's strategy was for Russia to guarantee security for a new Polish state. In 1917, the 7943: 5825: 5377: 5352: 4511: 4147: 1041:. In addition, he was awarded honorary doctorates at several universities worldwide, including 956:

During this period, Poland was undergoing yet more upheaval: in 1980, the influential movement

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First Prize of the International Music Council's International Rostrum of Composers, 1968

965: 692:) took place in 1958. It was written to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the death of 343: 6747: 6571: 6372: 6346: 5815: 5702: 5697: 5563: 1465: 566:). In 1946, he married Danuta Bogusławska. The marriage was a lasting one, and Danuta's 490: 7885: 7684: 7680: 7174: 7162: 7050: 7014: 6991: 6943: 6840: 6695: 6670: 6629: 6474: 6443: 6356: 6326: 6280: 6001: 5898: 5893: 5883: 5574: 5362: 5326: 5290: 5280: 5099: 4832: 4790: 4772: 4426: 4321: 3720: 3644: 1941:: Królewska 11 („SiM"); Szpitalna 5 („Lira"); Mazowiecka 5 (Aria, U Aktorek). NIFC 2013 1512: 1447: 1068:

Around 1990 Lutosławski also worked on a fourth symphony and his orchestral song-cycle

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In 1945, Lutosławski was elected as secretary and treasurer of the newly constituted

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in 1939. The work was premiered by the Polish Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by

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II, when Panufnik was more highly regarded in Poland. The success of Lutosławski's

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Recipients of the Medal of the 10th Anniversary of the People's Republic of Poland

7861: 7555: 7515: 7127: 7085: 6463: 5507: 4991: 4742: 4346: 634:. In 1954, the climate of musical oppression drove his friend Andrzej Panufnik to 540:(written to accompany a silent film depicting the city's reconstruction), sets of 7867: 7845: 7811: 7721: 7650: 7590: 7390: 7281: 7227: 6926: 6885: 6829: 6290: 6155: 6016: 5687: 5594: 5538: 5532: 5470: 5189: 5153: 5111: 5045: 5015: 4856: 4850: 4814: 4778: 4506: 4481: 4401: 4326: 4301: 3890: 3593: 3079:, p. 79: "Solutions to some rhythmic and formal questions still eluded him." 1413:

and Panufnik's 1954 defection to England brought Lutosławski to the forefront of

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Lutosławski left Warsaw in July 1944 with his mother, just a few days before the

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Lutosławski Profile: Witold Lutosławski in Conversation with Bálint András Varga

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when, in protest, the ZKP refused to organise it). The first performance of his

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At age six, Lutosławski started two years of piano lessons in Warsaw. After the

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aged 81. He had, a few weeks before, been awarded Poland's highest honour, the

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and slow-foxtrots for voice and piano, these pieces are in the genre of Polish

651: 401:. Lutosławski was given a strong grounding in musical structures, particularly 359: 7257: 6161: 5682: 5123: 5063: 4868: 1460: 468: 7989: 7967: 7903: 7793: 7701: 7660: 7630: 7561: 7541: 7505: 7495: 7450: 7424: 7420: 7384: 7180: 7156: 7044: 6824: 6757: 6752: 6602: 6525: 6269: 6249: 6099: 6052: 5919: 5800: 5599: 5553: 5321: 5275: 5183: 5159: 5069: 4916: 4802: 4718: 4658: 4652: 4466: 4416: 4411: 4391: 4386: 4371: 3949: 3795: 3618: 1550: 1252: 1182: 981: 868: 859: 813: 771: 667: 627: 604: 590: 300: 185: 5311: 7979: 7821: 7735: 7705: 7531: 7521: 7444: 7434: 7400: 7245: 7239: 7115: 7091: 7068: 6793: 6634: 6489: 6088: 5733: 5615: 5238: 4676: 4526: 4491: 4456: 4421: 4366: 4316: 2976:

is distorted beyond audible recognition ... it is thoroughly dismembered.".

1531: 1299: 1186: 893: 877: 782:

in 1965, followed the same year by the first performance of his orchestral

705: 594: 431:. His diploma for composition was awarded by the same institution in 1937. 410: 303:(Witold Lutosławski's middle name was Roman). Józef Lutosławski studied in 235: 7729: 7204: 6612: 4356: 726: 164:, he is "generally regarded as the most significant Polish composer since 7626: 7600: 7545: 7485: 7475: 7440: 7097: 7038: 7026: 6997: 6778: 6690: 6432: 6305: 5759: 5434: 5207: 5003: 4892: 4838: 4306: 1329: 1307: 926: 896:

presented Rostropovich with the Royal Philharmonic Society's gold medal.

824:, was finished in 1967, the composer conducted a complete performance in 801:

with the composer conducting. (The Festival was founded and organised by

794: 743: 406: 316: 7751: 3114: 1033:

In 1986, Lutosławski was presented (by Tippett) with the rarely awarded

7897: 7646: 7606: 7569: 7551: 7410: 7304: 6499: 5944: 5861: 5117: 5087: 5027: 5009: 4928: 4516: 4476: 783: 475: 181: 177: 2158:... but all the same it was long enough to do our music immense harm." 1290:

Both Lutosławski's harmonic and aleatory processes are illustrated by

828:. The Second Symphony is very different from a conventional classical 7666: 7511: 7471: 5372: 5177: 4341: 4289: 3990: 1221: 1079: 779: 578: 355: 239: 4970: 304: 7711: 7610: 7192: 5259: 4396: 4220: 4108: 1194: 1178: 1061: 1019: 829: 825: 635: 581:

political climate led to the adoption and imposition by the ruling

574:, and solved some of the notational challenges of his later works. 7586: 5057: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 1075: 701: 571: 472: 419: 323: 224: 39: 3036:

Pitch Organisation in the Music of Witold Lutoslawski Since 1979

2539: 2537: 987:

Through the mid-1980s, Lutosławski composed three pieces called

299:), and the Lutosławski family became intimate with its founder, 266:. In 1994, Lutosławski was awarded Poland's highest honour, the 3542: 2790: 1453: 1117: 335: 284: 204: 203:

During his youth, Lutosławski studied piano and composition in

169: 67: 3472: 3315: 3218: 976: 941:—commissioned by Sacher—was finally finished in 1980, and the 899:

In 1973, Lutosławski attended a recital given by the baritone

3254: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2826: 2693: 2585: 2534: 2498: 2486: 2361: 2209: 1103:). He was cremated; his wife Danuta died shortly afterwards. 739: 666:

had led to a partial thawing of the musical climate, and the

3194: 3142: 2921: 2919: 2870: 2868: 2855: 2853: 2780: 2778: 2763: 2659: 2657: 2655: 1546:

Grand Prix du Disque de Académie Charles Cros (France), 1971

8116:

Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts

2378: 2376: 2173: 2079: 2077: 2075: 1920: 1854: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1384:

coordination. This development first appeared in the brief

570:

skills were of great value to the composer: she became his

330:

ready for any action that might liberate Poland (which had

8051:

Recipients of the Order of the Builders of People's Poland

3838: 3736:. London: Chester Music/Edition Wilhelm Hansen London Ltd. 3466: 3363: 3309: 3242: 3206: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 1474: 1464:

Monument to Witold Lutosławski and his wife Danuta at the

1417:. Initially, he was coupled with his younger contemporary 188:. Among his best known works are his four symphonies, the 3182: 3015: 2952:, "Lutosławski's notebook", also quoted and discussed in 2931: 2916: 2865: 2850: 2838: 2814: 2802: 2775: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2734:. University of Louisville. 15 March 1985. Archived from 2705: 2681: 2669: 2652: 2640: 2609: 2597: 2474: 2450: 2438: 2426: 1010:

In 1985, the Third Symphony earned Lutosławski the first

283:

Witold Roman Lutosławski was born on 25 January 1913, in

6870: 2373: 2349: 2257: 2197: 2154:... The period of which I speak may not have lasted long 2125: 2101: 2089: 2072: 2021: 2009: 1985: 1896: 1748: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1630:

Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition

593:

personally, was to some degree prevalent over the whole

467:. Lutosławski was mobilised with the radio unit for the 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2522: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2310: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2113: 2038: 2036: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1886: 1884: 1871: 1869: 1830: 1806: 1794: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1705: 805:, with whom the composer formed a lasting friendship.) 7364: 3230: 3154: 3130: 2742: 1181:). This system also gave him the means to write dense 730:

Lutosławski during his visit to Finland, 10 March 1965

7927: 3070: 3042: 2573: 2510: 2337: 1688: 397:, a renowned Polish composer who had been a pupil of 4284: 4116:

Double Concerto for Oboe, Harp and Chamber Orchestra

3979:

Witold Lutosławski – a classic of 20th-century music

2991: 2979: 2621: 2561: 2549: 2388: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2245: 2233: 2221: 2185: 2161: 2060: 2048: 2033: 1997: 1961: 1944: 1881: 1866: 1818: 1729: 1556:

Honorary member of the Polish Composers' Union, 1971

939:

Double Concerto for oboe, harp and chamber orchestra

808:

Shortly after this, Lutosławski started work on his

761:

In 1963, Lutosławski fulfilled a commission for the

528:

During the postwar years, Lutosławski worked on his

254:

movement throughout the 1980s. He received numerous

8111:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

1396:authorities under which he formulated his methods. 964:; and in 1981, martial law was declared by General 843: 385:) while continuing piano lessons. A performance of 19:"Lutosławski" redirects here. For the surname, see 3732:Lutosławski, Witold; Varga, Bálint András (1976). 3637: 2334:, chapter 3, "The years of transition: 1955–1960". 1717: 1620:Koussevitzky Prix Mondial du Disque (France), 1986 1572:Koussevitzky Prix Mondial du Disque (France), 1976 211:and demonstrated a wide range of rich atmospheric 168:, and possibly the greatest Polish composer since 4616: 4578: 2722: 2720: 708:thinking were developed in this work, and in the 8081:International Rostrum of Composers prize-winners 7987: 3842:. The Witold Lutosławski Society. Archived from 3731: 3592:Będkowski, Stanisław; Hrabia, Stanisław (2001). 3338:"Witold Lutosławski—kolory muzyki, kolory życia" 3100: 2949: 2215: 774:, then part of the Hansen publishing house. His 3591: 3548: 3485: 3321: 3260: 1165:(1958) Lutosławski introduced his own brand of 1133:Lutosławski's works up until and including the 8066:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 2717: 791:Quatre tapisseries pour la Châtelaine de Vergi 291:. His father Józef was involved in the Polish 8061:Recipients of the Order of the Banner of Work 7767: 7350: 6856: 5223: 4956: 4602: 4270: 4006: 515: 8106:Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland) 8076:Recipients of the Léonie Sonning Music Prize 3332: 3330: 1772: 1770: 717:of various parts of the musical ensemble in 3278:"Composer of the Month: Witold Lutosławski" 925:, and a short piece for cello in honour of 793:. The song cycle is dedicated to the tenor 434: 8056:Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medallists 7774: 7760: 7357: 7343: 6863: 6849: 5237: 5230: 5216: 4963: 4949: 4609: 4595: 4277: 4263: 4013: 3999: 3872: 3635: 3612: 3248: 3224: 3212: 3188: 3172: 3148: 3124: 3033: 3021: 2937: 2925: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2859: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2769: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2646: 2615: 2603: 2591: 2543: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2382: 2367: 2355: 2263: 2203: 2179: 2131: 2107: 2095: 2083: 2027: 2015: 1991: 1926: 1902: 1860: 1812: 1800: 1761: 1699: 1113:List of compositions by Witold Lutosławski 971: 443:Lutosławski (right) greets his old friend 322:In 1915, with Russia at war with Germany, 278: 38: 7781: 3888: 3771: 3377:"Léonie Sonnig Musikfond. All recipients" 3327: 1767: 1711: 1048:At this time Lutosławski was writing his 16:Polish composer and conductor (1913–1994) 8041:EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists 3749: 3740: 3681: 3398:"History of the Fondation Maurice Ravel" 3200: 3104: 2953: 1979: 1576:Order of the Builders of People's Poland 1459: 1436: 1116: 1039:Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival 975: 947:Order of the Builders of People's Poland 820:, in 1966, and when the first movement, 725: 603: 519: 438: 7671:Afghanistan National Institute of Music 3974:Polish Music Center: Witold Lutosławski 3909: 3700: 3658:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17226 2757: 1583:Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń 1035:Royal Philharmonic Society's Gold Medal 657: 255: 132: 8086:Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin 8021:Kyoto laureates in Arts and Philosophy 7988: 4973:Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition 4020: 3932: 3868: 3794: 3595:Witold Lutosławski: A Bio-bibliography 3272: 3236: 3176: 3160: 3136: 3120: 3108: 3076: 3060: 3048: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2965: 2634: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2528: 2516: 2468: 2420: 2397: 2343: 2331: 2316: 2304: 2287: 2275: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2191: 2167: 2147: 2143: 2119: 2066: 2054: 2042: 2003: 1967: 1955: 1890: 1875: 1836: 1824: 1742: 1723: 1078:. The latter was first performed at a 639:mine that the authorities decorated me 365:After the war, the family returned to 8096:Ernst von Siemens Music Prize winners 7755: 7338: 6844: 5211: 4944: 4590: 4577: 4258: 3994: 3892:Conversations with Witold Lutosławski 3881:Jakelski, L., and N. Reyland (eds.). 1624:Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medal 1515:Prix Mondial du Disque (France), 1964 1432: 1204: 1152: 797:, who first performed it at the 1965 264:Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medal 207:. His early works were influenced by 147: 6872:Léonie Sonning Music Prize Laureates 3830:Witold Lutosławski – Guide to Warsaw 3745:. Stockholm: Edition Wilhelm Hansen. 3089:Witold Lutosławski – Guide to Warsaw 1939:Witold Lutosławski – Guide to Warsaw 1915:Witold Lutosławski – Guide to Warsaw 1789:Witold Lutosławski – Guide to Warsaw 1777:Witold Lutosławski – Guide to Warsaw 1650:Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts 1030:should go to this scholarship fund. 913:("The spaces of sleep"). This work, 840:, Denmark's highest musical honour. 646:It was his substantial and original 3615:The Music of Lutosławski, third edn 1791:: Plac Trzech Krzyży 18. NIFC 2013. 1644:Fryderyk Chopin University of Music 13: 4227:Witold Lutosławski: String Quartet 3860: 3598:. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press. 3038:(PhD thesis). University of Leeds. 1507:International Rostrum of Composers 945:in 1983. In 1977, he received the 698:International Rostrum of Composers 544:, and the study pieces for piano, 273: 14: 8132: 8011:Chopin University of Music alumni 4193:Variations on a Theme by Paganini 3967: 1429:(1970) are his best known works. 1128: 597:, and was reinforced by the 1948 190:Variations on a Theme by Paganini 70:, Congress Poland, Russian Empire 8006:20th-century classical composers 7973: 7961: 7949: 7937: 4240: 4239: 3554: 3517: 3491: 3432: 3411: 3390: 3369: 3266: 3094: 3082: 3054: 3027: 1363: 1271: 1024:San Francisco Symphony Orchestra 844:International renown (1967–1982) 8031:Polish male classical composers 3003: 2974:Przedzierzgnę się siwą golębicą 2943: 2462: 2137: 1973: 1932: 1908: 1842: 1251:the music exactly; there is no 1226:Concert for Piano and Orchestra 816:conducted the second movement, 4140:Twenty Polish Christmas Carols 3938:Polish Music Since Szymanowski 3467:The Witold Lutosławski Society 3364:The Witold Lutosławski Society 3310:The Witold Lutosławski Society 1782: 1475:The Witold Lutosławski Society 1441:Bust of Witold Lutosławski by 890:Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra 876:Cello Concerto of 1968–70 for 770:publication of his music with 461:Germany invaded western Poland 184:, other orchestral works, and 1: 4618:Ernst von Siemens Music Prize 4579:Awards for Witold Lutosławski 3875:for extensive bibliographies. 1849:Lutosławski – Guide to Warsaw 1779:: Marszałkowska 21. NIFC 2013 1681: 1609:Queen Sofía Composition Prize 1589:Ernst von Siemens Music Prize 1496:Związek Kompozytorów Polskich 1415:modern Polish classical music 1335: 1137:(1955) show the influence of 951:Ernst von Siemens Music Prize 700:prize in 1959. Lutosławski's 609: 564:Związek Kompozytorów Polskich 524:Lutosławski on 16 August 1946 465:Russia invaded eastern Poland 149:[ˈvitɔldlutɔˈswafski] 6666:George Demetrius Bambiniotis 4156:Chantefleurs et Chantefables 3889:Kaczyński, Tadeusz (2012) . 3885:. : The Boydell Press, 2018. 3675:UK public library membership 3636:Bodman Rae, Charles (2001). 3613:Bodman Rae, Charles (1999). 3101:Lutosławski & Varga 1976 2950:Lutosławski & Varga 1976 2216:Lutosławski & Varga 1976 1851:: Konopnickiej 6. NIFC 2013. 1071:Chantefleurs et Chantefables 767:Trois poèmes d'Henri Michaux 583:Polish United Workers' Party 367:the newly independent Poland 162:20th-century classical music 7: 8101:20th-century male musicians 8071:Burials at Powązki Cemetery 8046:Deutsche Grammophon artists 3772:Steinberg, Michael (2000). 3741:Nordwall, Ove, ed. (1968). 3549:Będkowski & Hrabia 2001 3486:Będkowski & Hrabia 2001 3322:Będkowski & Hrabia 2001 3261:Będkowski & Hrabia 2001 2728:"1985 – Witold Lutoslawski" 1917:: Mazowiecka 12. NIFC 2013. 1503:International Music Council 1490:Order of the Banner of Work 949:. In 1983, he received the 834:International Music Council 812:, which had two premieres: 373:, a priest and politician. 10: 8137: 8026:Polish classical composers 7716:Ensemble intercontemporain 3942:Cambridge University Press 3910:Skowron, Zbigniew (2001). 3804:Cambridge University Press 3682:Jacobson, Bernard (1996). 3579: 3562:"M.P. 1994 nr 19 poz. 142" 3091:: Zwycięzców 39. NIFC 2013 1538:Léonie Sonning Music Prize 1484:Order of Polonia Restituta 1208: 1110: 1085:1989 legislative elections 882:Royal Philharmonic Society 838:Léonie Sonning Music Prize 608:Lutosławski at the piano, 516:Post-war years (1946–1955) 18: 7789: 7694: 7579: 7464: 7373: 7291: 7220: 7149: 7078: 7007: 6936: 6895: 6878: 6621: 6552:Vera Bitrakova-Grozdanova 6317:Vasilka Gerasimova-Tomova 6236: 5870: 5826:Apostolos E. Vacalopoulos 5494: 5246: 4981: 4624: 4584: 4297: 4236: 4208: 4185: 4166: 4131: 4072: 4037: 4028: 3895:. London: Chester Music. 3800:Lutosławski and His Music 1399: 1362: 1347: 1342: 848:The Second Symphony, and 553:Union of Polish Composers 293:National Democratic Party 128: 118: 101: 91: 75: 49: 37: 30: 7526:Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau 6974:Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau 6136:Zoe Dumitrescu-Bușulenga 6079:Johannes Karayannopoulos 4665:Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau 4452:Gottfried Michael Koenig 3950:10.1017/CBO9780511482038 3469:, "Honorary doctorates". 1675:Order of the White Eagle 1518:Grand Prix du Disque de 1477:for a comprehensive list 1353:Los Angeles Philharmonic 1106: 1097:Order of the White Eagle 1016:University of Louisville 980:Lutosławski in 1993, by 901:Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau 435:World War II (1939–1945) 268:Order of the White Eagle 180:, concertos, orchestral 141:Witold Roman Lutosławski 54:Witold Roman Lutosławski 8091:Herder Prize recipients 6915:Witold Lutosławski 6763:Kazimir Popkonstantinov 6660:Evanghelos Moutsopoulos 6531:Justinas Marcinkevičius 6192:Nikos Gabriel Pentzikis 5368:Alexandru A. Philippide 5270:Lucijan Marija Škerjanc 3916:Oxford University Press 3914:. Oxford and New York: 3871:, pp. 219–237 and 3834:free app with biography 3778:Oxford University Press 3650:Oxford University Press 3440:"Wihuri Sibelius Prize" 3296:(subscription required) 3034:Bodman Rae, C. (1992). 1642:Honorary degree of the 1637:University of Cambridge 1603:Jagiellonian University 1601:Honorary degree of the 1581:Honorary degree of the 1565:Honorary degree of the 1534:(Germany/Austria), 1967 1007:form his longest work. 972:Final years (1983–1994) 778:was first performed in 399:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov 383:Stefan Batory Gymnasium 334:over a century earlier— 279:Early years (1913–1938) 242:authorities banned his 6505:Dunja Rihtman-Auguštin 5951:Władysław Bartoszewski 5915:Athanasios Aravantinos 5832:Gordana Babić-Đorđević 4512:Second Viennese School 4148:Les Espaces du sommeil 4080:Concerto for Orchestra 1626:(United Kingdom), 1986 1469: 1457: 1423:Concerto for Orchestra 1411:Concerto for Orchestra 1122: 1121:Lutosławski conducting 1056:, commissioned by the 984: 910:Les Espaces du sommeil 886:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 731: 648:Concerto for Orchestra 615: 525: 448: 194:Concerto for Orchestra 8036:Musicians from Warsaw 7830:Einojuhani Rautavaara 7783:Wihuri Sibelius Prize 7490:Karlheinz Stockhausen 7415:Mstislav Rostropovich 7311:Pierre-Laurent Aimard 7021:Mstislav Rostropovich 6810:Włodzimierz Borodziej 6717:Stanisław Mossakowski 6187:Petar Miljković-Pepek 5940:Jan Józef Szczepański 5796:Magdalena Abakanowicz 5631:Stylianos Pelekanidis 5580:Stylianos Harkianakis 5518:Kazimierz Michałowski 5384:Constantin Daicoviciu 4887:Pierre-Laurent Aimard 4701:Karlheinz Stockhausen 4641:Mstislav Rostropovich 4544:Karlheinz Stockhausen 4502:Einojuhani Rautavaara 3985:Lutosławski Year 2013 3639:"Lutosławski, Witold" 3503:The Recording Academy 3419:"Członkowie honorowi" 2799:, pp. 225, 271n. 1658:(Sweden), 18 May 1993 1617:(United States), 1985 1560:Wihuri Sibelius Prize 1528:(United States), 1966 1520:Académie Charles Cros 1463: 1440: 1209:Further information: 1185:without resorting to 1120: 979: 933:piece for the oboist 763:Music Biennale Zagreb 729: 607: 523: 442: 429:fourth piano concerto 371:Kazimierz Lutosławski 350:to abdicate, and the 227:from small groups of 21:Lutosławski (surname) 8016:Grammy Award winners 7852:Krzysztof Penderecki 7405:Nikolaus Harnoncourt 7199:Lars Ulrik Mortensen 7104:Nikolaus Harnoncourt 6516:Andrei Corbea-Hoișie 6378:Andrzej Szczypiorski 6245:Maja Bošković-Stulli 5992:Konstantinos Dimaras 5744:Krzysztof Penderecki 5022:Krzysztof Penderecki 4875:Christoph Eschenbach 4797:Nikolaus Harnoncourt 4737:H. C. Robbins Landon 4487:Krzysztof Penderecki 4442:Josef Matthias Hauer 4382:André Boucourechliev 4337:Osvaldas Balakauskas 4031:List of compositions 3883:Lutosławski's Worlds 3725:10.7722/j.ctt1wx91nn 3709:. pp. 273–300. 3707:Boydell & Brewer 3703:Lutosławski's Worlds 3684:A Polish Renaissance 3525:"Witold Lutosławski" 3499:"Witold Lutosławski" 3175:, pp. 103–104; 3065:Overture for Strings 1667:Honorary doctorate, 1635:Honorary doctorate, 1594:Honorary doctorate, 1567:University of Warsaw 1419:Krzysztof Penderecki 960:was created, led by 850:Livre pour orchestre 658:Maturity (1956–1967) 453:Symphonic Variations 123:List of compositions 96:University of Warsaw 7892:Harrison Birtwistle 7806:Dmitri Shostakovich 7187:John Eliot Gardiner 6962:Dmitri Shostakovich 6815:Nicos Hadjinicolaou 6768:Romualdas Požerskis 6732:Ana Maria Zahariade 6547:Svetlana Alexievich 6418:Michael G. Meraklis 6208:Aris Konstantinidis 6151:Mieczysław Porębski 6110:Vladimir Veličković 6095:Roman Brandstaetter 6028:Růžena Grebeníčková 5909:Elida Maria Szarota 5847:Manousos Manousakas 5790:Yiannis Spyropoulos 5672:Pandelis Prevelakis 5662:Maria Ana Musicescu 5481:Yiannis Papaioannou 5404:Anastasios Orlandos 5196:Aleksandra Vrebalov 4998:Harrison Birtwistle 4755:Harrison Birtwistle 4647:Herbert von Karajan 4407:Niccolò Castiglioni 3912:Lutosławski Studies 3757:. London: Methuen. 3686:. London: Phaidon. 3648:. Oxford, England: 3227:, pp. 146–147. 3203:, pp. 112–113. 3179:, pp. 160–161. 2913:, pp. 250–251. 2901:, pp. 254–255. 2889:, pp. 248–150. 2835:, pp. 225–226. 2702:, pp. 186–187. 2594:, pp. 129–130. 2546:, pp. 177–178. 2507:, pp. 116–119. 2495:, pp. 115–116. 2370:, pp. 306–311. 1501:First Prize of the 966:Wojciech Jaruzelski 672:Martial law in 1982 548:("Folk Melodies"). 489:for solo violin by 344:February Revolution 309:National-Democratic 44:Lutosławski in 1992 7842:Witold Lutoslawski 7685:Playing for Change 7681:Anne-Sophie Mutter 7566:José Antonio Abreu 7395:Witold Lutosławski 7163:Anne-Sophie Mutter 7051:Sviatoslav Richter 7015:Marie-Claire Alain 6992:Jean-Pierre Rampal 6944:Sergiu Celibidache 6820:Gabriela Kiliánová 6799:Eimuntas Nekrošius 6696:Lech Trzeciakowski 6630:Yurii Andrukhovych 6475:Tasos Athanasiadis 6428:Wisława Szymborska 6397:Zigmas Zinkevičius 6392:Takis Varvitsiotis 6337:Răzvan Theodorescu 6281:Manolis Andronikos 6218:Virginia Paskaleva 5899:Vjenceslav Richter 5894:Dimitrios Loukatos 5719:Nikolaos Andriotis 5713:Kazimierz Wejchert 5657:Stanislav Libenský 5575:Veselin Beshevliev 5363:Spyridon Marinatos 5358:Witold Lutosławski 5327:Aleksander Kobzdej 5281:Manolis Hatzidakis 4986:Witold Lutosławski 4833:Anne-Sophie Mutter 4791:Reinhold Brinkmann 4683:Witold Lutosławski 4462:Witold Lutosławski 4427:Luigi Dallapiccola 4322:Hans Erich Apostel 4022:Witold Lutosławski 3846:on 2 December 2021 3645:Grove Music Online 3505:. 23 November 2020 3276:(21 August 2019). 3123:, pp. 78–83; 2772:, pp. 209–10. 2146:, pp. 36–37; 1470: 1458: 1433:Awards and honours 1294:, an excerpt from 1205:Aleatory technique 1153:Pitch organisation 1123: 1087:led to the end of 997:Anne-Sophie Mutter 985: 915:Preludes and Fugue 905:Sviatoslav Richter 799:Aldeburgh Festival 732: 616: 526: 457:Grzegorz Fitelberg 449: 395:Witold Maliszewski 352:October Revolution 256:awards and honours 32:Witold Lutosławski 7925: 7924: 7919: 7918: 7749: 7748: 7740:Esa-Pekka Salonen 7677:Grandmaster Flash 7500:Sofia Gubaidulina 7431:Bruce Springsteen 7367:Polar Music Prize 7365:Laureates of the 7332: 7331: 7264:Herbert Blomstedt 7140:Sofia Gubaidulina 7134:Hildegard Behrens 7110:Krystian Zimerman 6950:Arthur Rubinstein 6903:Leonard Bernstein 6838: 6837: 6738:Theodore Antoniou 6577:Ferdinand Milučký 6480:Bogdan Bogdanović 6423:Mindaugas Navakas 6332:Jerzy Tchórzewski 6260:Yorgos Sicilianos 6203:Bronisław Geremek 6172:Jerzy Buszkiewicz 6131:Christos Kapralos 6007:Constantin Lucaci 5935:Aleksandar Nichev 5930:Sona Kovacevicová 5925:Vojislav J. Đurić 5857:Alexandru Rosetti 5549:Branko Maksimović 5523:Mihail Sokolovski 5414:Pancho Vladigerov 5378:Svetozar Radojčić 5353:Vladimír Kompánek 5306:Hristo Vakarelski 5265:Stanisław Lorentz 5255:Oto Bihalji-Merin 5205: 5204: 5142:Michel van der Aa 5136:Esa-Pekka Salonen 5106:Sebastian Currier 4938: 4937: 4827:Brian Ferneyhough 4767:Helmut Lachenmann 4725:Hans Werner Henze 4707:Leonard Bernstein 4571: 4570: 4522:Arnold Schoenberg 4252: 4251: 3959:978-0-521-58284-1 3925:978-0-19-816660-3 3902:978-0-85712-987-1 3813:978-0-521-22799-5 3787:978-0-198-02634-1 3764:978-0-413-58880-7 3751:Panufnik, Andrzej 3716:978-1-78327-198-6 3693:978-0-7148-3251-7 3673:(subscription or 3667:978-1-56159-263-0 3628:978-0-7119-6910-0 3605:978-0-313-25962-3 3151:, pp. 91–92. 3107:, p. 20 and 2732:Grawemeyer Awards 2531:, pp. 92–93. 2423:, pp. 88–89. 2319:, pp. 68–70. 2182:, pp. 32–33. 2122:, pp. 34–35. 1929:, pp. 14–15. 1863:, pp. 12–13. 1839:, pp. 10–11. 1671:, 30 October 1993 1669:McGill University 1656:Polar Music Prize 1596:Durham University 1526:Jurzykowski Prize 1498:(ZKP) Prize, 1959 1374: 1373: 1357:Esa-Pekka Salonen 1351:performed by the 1197:system, although 1191:Arnold Schoenberg 1175:augmented fourths 1167:twelve-tone music 1139:Polish folk music 1101:Pope John Paul II 1058:Salzburg Festival 1054:Krystian Zimerman 903:with the pianist 690:Music of Mourning 587:socialist realism 585:of the tenets of 391:Warsaw University 387:Karol Szymanowski 378:Polish-Soviet War 360:Butyrskaya prison 229:musical intervals 209:Polish folk music 138: 137: 8128: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7933: 7836:Olivier Messiaen 7818:Benjamin Britten 7776: 7769: 7762: 7753: 7752: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7336: 7335: 7299:Barbara Hannigan 7270:Leonidas Kavakos 7211:Daniel Barenboim 6986:Olivier Messiaen 6921:Benjamin Britten 6865: 6858: 6851: 6842: 6841: 6743:Michał Głowiński 6686:Nedjeljko Fabrio 6608:Karolos Mitsakis 6572:Dževad Karahasan 6536:Dorota Simonides 6449:Konstantin Iliev 6373:Ștefan Niculescu 6296:Stefan Kaszynski 6228:András Vizkelety 6223:Adriena Šimotová 6105:József Ujfalussy 6038:Demetrios Pallas 6012:Krasimir Manchev 5976:Stefana Stoykova 5966:Gunther Schuller 5889:Stefka Georgieva 5852:Vera Mutafchieva 5770:Kazimierz Dejmek 5729:Emmanuel Kriaras 5703:Nichita Stănescu 5698:Dezső Keresztury 5693:Ioannis Kakridis 5677:Stanojlo Rajičić 5611:Władysław Czerny 5590:Zbigniew Herbert 5569:Virgil Vătășianu 5564:Henryk Stażewski 5440:Marijan Matković 5232: 5225: 5218: 5209: 5208: 5130:Louis Andriessen 5094:George Tsontakis 5076:Aaron Jay Kernis 5052:Simon Bainbridge 4965: 4958: 4951: 4942: 4941: 4911:Georges Aperghis 4905:Tabea Zimmermann 4899:Rebecca Saunders 4821:Daniel Barenboim 4761:Maurizio Pollini 4635:Olivier Messiaen 4629:Benjamin Britten 4611: 4604: 4597: 4588: 4587: 4575: 4574: 4554:Charles Wuorinen 4539:Nikos Skalkottas 4432:Karel Goeyvaerts 4312:Louis Andriessen 4279: 4272: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4243: 4242: 4216:Sacher hexachord 4209:Related articles 4073:Other orchestral 4015: 4008: 4001: 3992: 3991: 3987:official website 3963: 3929: 3906: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3817: 3791: 3768: 3755:Composing Myself 3746: 3737: 3728: 3697: 3678: 3671: 3641: 3632: 3609: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3470: 3464: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3342: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3118: 3112: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2963: 2957: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2863: 2857: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 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7216: 7145: 7074: 7003: 6932: 6927:Boris Christoff 6891: 6886:Igor Stravinsky 6874: 6869: 6839: 6834: 6830:Vojteh Ravnikar 6727:Ludvík Václavek 6676:Péter Esterházy 6655:Andrej Mitrović 6617: 6593:Nikola Georgiev 6521:Eliška Fučíková 6495:Lech Kalinowski 6469:Marian Zgórniak 6368:Dževad Juzbašić 6342:Elena Várossová 6322:Petro Kononenko 6291:Blaga Dimitrova 6275:Stoimen Stoilov 6232: 6213:Dejan Medaković 6182:Nikolai Genchev 6156:Edvard Ravnikar 6146:Donka Petkanova 6120:Gheorghe Vrabie 6069:Boris Gaberščik 6048:Simeon Pironkov 6017:Krzysztof Meyer 5879:Emil Condurachi 5866: 5688:Marin Goleminov 5652:Hristo M. Danov 5595:Eugen Jebeleanu 5559:Jaroslav Pešina 5539:Dragotin Cvetko 5533:Bence Szabolcsi 5490: 5471:Milovan Gavazzi 5456:Jan Białostocki 5445:Ksawery Piwocki 5425:Albín Brunovský 5394:Miroslav Krleža 5342:Dimiter Statkov 5317:Dezső Dercsényi 5242: 5236: 5206: 5201: 5190:Julian Anderson 5154:Hans Abrahamsen 5112:Peter Lieberson 5046:Ivan Tcherepnin 5034:Tōru Takemitsu 5016:John Corigliano 4977: 4976: 4969: 4939: 4934: 4923:George Benjamin 4857:Friedrich Cerha 4851:Aribert Reimann 4815:Henri Dutilleux 4779:Arditti Quartet 4620: 4615: 4580: 4572: 4567: 4507:Humphrey Searle 4482:Juan Carlos Paz 4402:Jacques Calonne 4352:Richard Barrett 4327:Kees van Baaren 4302:Hans Abrahamsen 4293: 4283: 4253: 4248: 4232: 4204: 4181: 4162: 4127: 4087:Musique funèbre 4068: 4033: 4024: 4019: 3970: 3960: 3926: 3903: 3873:Bodman Rae 2001 3863: 3861:Further reading 3858: 3849: 3847: 3820: 3814: 3788: 3765: 3717: 3694: 3672: 3668: 3629: 3606: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3533: 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1710: 1706: 1700:Bodman Rae 2001 1698: 1689: 1684: 1591:(Germany), 1983 1562:(Finland), 1973 1540:(Denmark), 1967 1445: 1443:Arkadiusz Latos 1435: 1406: 1402: 1364: 1338: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1304:perfect fourths 1288: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1234:Three Postludes 1217:Musique funèbre 1213: 1211:Aleatoric music 1207: 1199:Musique funèbre 1171:Musique funèbre 1163:Musique funèbre 1155: 1131: 1115: 1109: 974: 846: 810:Second Symphony 787:Paroles tissées 756:Kalina Jędrusik 715:synchronisation 677:Musique funèbre 660: 640: 612: 555: 518: 510:Warsaw Uprising 503:Stanisław Dygat 495:Frédéric Chopin 447:(left) in 1990. 437: 281: 276: 274:Life and career 153: 152: 144: 114: 87: 84: 80: 79:7 February 1994 71: 65: 64:25 January 1913 59: 57: 56: 55: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8134: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7983: 7982: 7970: 7958: 7946: 7923: 7922: 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Kopelent 6647: 6642: 6640:János Böhönyey 6637: 6632: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6567:Henryk Górecki 6564: 6559: 6557:Mircea Dinescu 6554: 6549: 6543: 6541:Elena Toncheva 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6403:Sándor Kányádi 6399: 6394: 6389: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6363:István Borzsák 6359: 6354: 6352:Dionysis Zivas 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6141:György Györffy 6138: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6117: 6115:Velizar Velkov 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6043:Károly Perczel 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 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A. Trypanis 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5961:Jozef Jankovič 5958: 5953: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5806:Zdenko Kolacio 5803: 5798: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5775:Stoyan Dzudzev 5772: 5767: 5765:Đurđe Bošković 5762: 5756: 5751: 5749:Anastas Petrov 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5667:Gábor Preisich 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5585:János Harmatta 5582: 5577: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5544:Atanas Dalchev 5541: 5535: 5530: 5528:Zaharia Stancu 5525: 5520: 5515: 5513:Georgios Megas 5510: 5505: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5430:Bohuslav Fuchs 5427: 5422: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5389:Roman Ingarden 5386: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5286:Emanuel Hruška 5283: 5278: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5212: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5082:Kaija Saariaho 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4960: 4953: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4863:Mariss Jansons 4860: 4854: 4848: 4845:Michael Gielen 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4809:Alfred Brendel 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4785:Mauricio Kagel 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4749:Claudio Abbado 4746: 4740: 4734: 4731:Heinz Holliger 4728: 4722: 4716: 4713:Peter Schreier 4710: 4704: 4698: 4695:Andrés Segovia 4692: 4689:Yehudi Menuhin 4686: 4680: 4674: 4671:Elliott Carter 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4534:Roger Sessions 4531: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4497:Henri Pousseur 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4472:Donald Martino 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4437:Henryk Górecki 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4377:Konrad Boehmer 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4332:Milton Babbitt 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4282: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4259: 4250: 4249: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4199:String Quartet 4196: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4175:Dance Preludes 4170: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4152: 4144: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4122:Piano Concerto 4119: 4113: 4105: 4102:Cello Concerto 4099: 4095:Jeux vénitiens 4091: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4063:Symphony No. 4 4060: 4057:Symphony No. 3 4054: 4051:Symphony No. 2 4048: 4045:Symphony No. 1 4041: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4018: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3969: 3968:External links 3966: 3965: 3964: 3958: 3934:Thomas, Adrian 3930: 3924: 3907: 3901: 3886: 3878: 3877: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3840:"Life: Awards" 3836: 3826: 3819: 3818: 3812: 3796:Stucky, Steven 3792: 3786: 3769: 3763: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3715: 3698: 3692: 3679: 3666: 3633: 3627: 3610: 3604: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3553: 3551:, p. 162. 3541: 3529:Pour le Mérite 3516: 3490: 3471: 3452: 3431: 3410: 3389: 3368: 3353: 3326: 3314: 3299: 3274:Thomas, Adrian 3265: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3217: 3215:, p. 145. 3205: 3193: 3181: 3165: 3163:, p. 109. 3153: 3141: 3129: 3113: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3053: 3041: 3026: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2958: 2942: 2940:, p. 254. 2930: 2928:, p. 251. 2915: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2877:, p. 227. 2864: 2862:, p. 236. 2849: 2847:, p. 226. 2837: 2825: 2823:, p. 216. 2813: 2811:, p. 217. 2801: 2789: 2787:, p. 214. 2774: 2762: 2760:, p. 273. 2741: 2716: 2714:, p. 209. 2704: 2692: 2690:, p. 178. 2680: 2678:, p. 184. 2668: 2666:, p. 183. 2651: 2649:, p. 161. 2639: 2620: 2618:, p. 154. 2608: 2606:, p. 142. 2596: 2584: 2582:, p. 101. 2572: 2560: 2548: 2533: 2521: 2519:, p. 172. 2509: 2497: 2485: 2483:, p. 115. 2473: 2461: 2459:, p. 108. 2449: 2447:, p. 102. 2437: 2435:, p. 101. 2425: 2402: 2387: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2346:, p. 133. 2336: 2321: 2309: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2088: 2071: 2059: 2047: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1907: 1895: 1880: 1865: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1817: 1805: 1793: 1781: 1766: 1747: 1728: 1716: 1714:, p. 244. 1712:Steinberg 2000 1704: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1677:(Poland), 1994 1672: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1640: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1599: 1592: 1586: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1553:(France), 1971 1547: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1522:(France), 1965 1516: 1510: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1434: 1431: 1427:cello concerto 1425:(1954), and a 1401: 1398: 1372: 1371: 1369:Symphony No. 4 1360: 1359: 1349:Symphony No. 4 1345: 1344: 1343:External audio 1337: 1334: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1260:String Quartet 1241:Jeux vénitiens 1239:In works from 1206: 1203: 1161:(1956–57) and 1154: 1151: 1147:Dance Preludes 1135:Dance Preludes 1130: 1129:Folk influence 1127: 1111:Main article: 1108: 1105: 1089:communist rule 1050:Piano Concerto 973: 970: 943:Third Symphony 935:Heinz Holliger 865:Czechoslovakia 854:Cello Concerto 845: 842: 776:String Quartet 720:Jeux vénitiens 686:Funereal Music 682:Muzyka żałobna 659: 656: 652:Witold Rowicki 599:Zhdanov decree 546:Melodie Ludowe 536:, such as the 530:First Symphony 517: 514: 436: 433: 340:Tsarist Russia 328:Polish Legions 280: 277: 275: 272: 244:First Symphony 217:Dance Preludes 198:cello concerto 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 113: 112: 109: 105: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 86:Warsaw, Poland 85: 83:(aged 81) 77: 73: 72: 66: 53: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8133: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7959: 7957: 7947: 7945: 7935: 7934: 7931: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7904:Jukka Tiensuu 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7886:György Kurtág 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7862:György Ligeti 7860: 7857: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7794:Jean Sibelius 7792: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7770: 7765: 7763: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7703: 7702:Anna Netrebko 7700: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7661:Wayne Shorter 7658: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7631:Peter Sellars 7628: 7625: 7622: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7562:Peter Gabriel 7560: 7557: 7556:Renée Fleming 7553: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7542:Sonny Rollins 7540: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7516:György Ligeti 7513: 7510: 7507: 7506:Keith Jarrett 7504: 7501: 7497: 7496:Miriam Makeba 7494: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7463: 7456: 7452: 7451:Stevie Wonder 7449: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7425:Pierre Boulez 7422: 7421:Joni Mitchell 7419: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7385:Baltic states 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7360: 7355: 7353: 7348: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7181:Keith Jarrett 7179: 7176: 7175:György Kurtág 7173: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7157:Michala Petri 7155: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7128:András Schiff 7126: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7086:György Ligeti 7084: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7061: 7058: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7045:Pierre Boulez 7043: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6861: 6859: 6854: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6825:Ene Mihkelson 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6753:Fatos Lubonja 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6671:Māris Čaklais 6669: 6667: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6645:Maria Kłańska 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6603:Milan Kundera 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6526:Ismail Kadare 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6485:Oskár Elschek 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6464:Pēteris Vasks 6462: 6460: 6459:Jože Pogačnik 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6444:Karel Hubáček 6442: 6440: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6413:Milcho Lalkov 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6358: 6357:Viktor Žmegač 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6327:György Kurtág 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6270:Marin Sorescu 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6250:Gerard Labuda 6248: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6177:Václav Frolec 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6100:Doula Mouriki 6098: 6096: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6074:Konrad Górski 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6064:Tekla Dömötör 6062: 6060: 6056: 6054: 6053:Andrzej Wajda 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6033:Adrian Marino 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6002:György Konrád 6000: 5998: 5997:Karel Horálek 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5987:Emilijan Cevc 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5920:Ana Blandiana 5918: 5916: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5884:Sándor Csoóri 5882: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5801:Ferenc Farkas 5799: 5797: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5724:Riko Debenjak 5722: 5720: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5647:Józef Burszta 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5600:Petar Lubarda 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5554:Gyula Ortutay 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5508:Blaže Koneski 5506: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5466:Zoltán Franyó 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5332:Anton Kriesis 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5322:Zlatko Gorjan 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5296:László Németh 5294: 5292: 5291:Zoltán Kodály 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5276:Tudor Arghezi 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5233: 5228: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5184:Olga Neuwirth 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5166:Bent Sørensen 5164: 5161: 5160:Andrew Norman 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5148:Đuro Živković 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5100:György Kurtág 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5070:Pierre Boulez 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4992:György Ligeti 4990: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4974: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4917:Olga Neuwirth 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4803:Wolfgang Rihm 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4773:György Kurtág 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4743:György Ligeti 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4719:Luciano Berio 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4659:Pierre Boulez 4657: 4654: 4653:Rudolf Serkin 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4576: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4549:Richard Swift 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 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Cambridge: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3802:. Cambridge: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3619:Omnibus Press 3616: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3563: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3488:, p. 10. 3487: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3441: 3435: 3420: 3414: 3399: 3393: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3339: 3333: 3331: 3324:, p. 65. 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3201:Jacobson 1996 3197: 3191:, p. 84. 3190: 3185: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3127:, p. 72. 3126: 3122: 3117: 3111:, p. 84. 3110: 3109:Stucky (1981) 3106: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3051:, p. 71. 3050: 3045: 3037: 3030: 3024:, p. 63. 3023: 3018: 3011: 3006: 3000:, p. 32. 2999: 2994: 2988:, p. 59. 2987: 2982: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2793: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2721: 2713: 2708: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2648: 2643: 2637:, p. 99. 2636: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2570:, p. 97. 2569: 2564: 2558:, p. 92. 2557: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2506: 2501: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2400:, p. 87. 2399: 2394: 2392: 2385:, p. 90. 2384: 2379: 2377: 2369: 2364: 2358:, p. 75. 2357: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2318: 2313: 2307:, p. 78. 2306: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2290:, p. 77. 2289: 2284: 2278:, p. 70. 2277: 2272: 2266:, p. 47. 2265: 2260: 2254:, p. 62. 2253: 2248: 2242:, p. 60. 2241: 2236: 2230:, p. 48. 2229: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2206:, p. 46. 2205: 2200: 2194:, p. 37. 2193: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2170:, p. 36. 2169: 2164: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2134:, p. 31. 2133: 2128: 2121: 2116: 2110:, p. 92. 2109: 2104: 2098:, p. 19. 2097: 2092: 2086:, p. 20. 2085: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2069:, p. 23. 2068: 2063: 2057:, p. 19. 2056: 2051: 2045:, p. 21. 2044: 2039: 2037: 2030:, p. 16. 2029: 2024: 2018:, p. 18. 2017: 2012: 2006:, p. 20. 2005: 2000: 1994:, p. 15. 1993: 1988: 1981: 1980:Panufnik 1987 1976: 1970:, p. 17. 1969: 1964: 1958:, p. 16. 1957: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1940: 1935: 1928: 1923: 1916: 1911: 1905:, p. 14. 1904: 1899: 1893:, p. 15. 1892: 1887: 1885: 1878:, p. 14. 1877: 1872: 1870: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1845: 1838: 1833: 1827:, p. 10. 1826: 1821: 1815:, p. 11. 1814: 1809: 1803:, p. 10. 1802: 1797: 1790: 1785: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1725: 1720: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1664:(Japan), 1993 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1611:(Spain), 1985 1610: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551:Maurice Ravel 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1467: 1462: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300:major seconds 1297: 1293: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1253:improvisation 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1230:indeterminacy 1227: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187:tone clusters 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1126: 1119: 1114: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1086: 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384: 379: 374: 372: 368: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 301:Roman Dmowski 298: 294: 290: 286: 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 186:chamber works 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 156: 150: 142: 134: 131: 127: 124: 121: 117: 110: 107: 106: 104: 100: 97: 94: 90: 78: 74: 69: 52: 48: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 7841: 7822:Erik Bergman 7736:Nile Rodgers 7706:Diane Warren 7532:Led Zeppelin 7522:Gilberto Gil 7445:Ravi Shankar 7435:Eric Ericson 7401:Quincy Jones 7394: 7252:Martin Fröst 7246:Simon Rattle 7240:Jordi Savall 7116:Yuri Bashmet 7092:Eric Ericson 7069:Gidon Kremer 6914: 6794:Andrei Marga 6784:Primož Kuret 6774:Károly Klimó 6722:Ales Rasanau 6707:Drago Jančar 6635:Janez Bernik 6598:Imre Kertész 6588:Ivan Čolović 6562:István Fried 6490:Ferenc Glatz 6387:Květa Válová 6301:Jiří Kořalka 6286:Jenő Barabás 6255:Andor Pigler 6126:Roman Berger 6089:Anatol Vieru 6084:Jiří Kotalík 6023:Branko Fučić 5971:Zdenko Škreb 5904:Eugen Suchoň 5842:Kamil Lhoták 5837:Iván Balassa 5811:Atanas Natev 5754:Ion Vladutiu 5734:Albert Kutal 5708:Rudolf Turek 5616:Ivan Duichev 5476:Gyula Illyés 5450:France Stele 5420:Jolán Balogh 5357: 5239:Herder Prize 4985: 4682: 4677:Gidon Kremer 4559: 4527:Anton Webern 4492:George Perle 4461: 4457:Ernst Krenek 4447:Ben Johnston 4422:Henry Cowell 4367:Erik Bergman 4317:Denis ApIvor 4238: 4225: 4173: 4154: 4146: 4143:(1946, 1989) 4138: 4107: 4093: 4085: 4021: 3937: 3911: 3891: 3882: 3866: 3848:. Retrieved 3844:the original 3832:. NIFC 2013 3829: 3822: 3821: 3799: 3774:The Concerto 3773: 3754: 3742: 3733: 3702: 3683: 3643: 3614: 3594: 3584: 3583: 3565:. Retrieved 3556: 3544: 3532:. Retrieved 3519: 3507:. Retrieved 3493: 3443:. Retrieved 3434: 3422:. Retrieved 3413: 3401:. Retrieved 3392: 3380:. Retrieved 3371: 3344:. Retrieved 3317: 3287:. Retrieved 3281: 3268: 3263:, p. 1. 3256: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3208: 3196: 3184: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3116: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3072: 3064: 3056: 3044: 3035: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2945: 2933: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2765: 2758:Bohlman 2018 2736:the original 2731: 2707: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2642: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2312: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2218:, p. 8. 2211: 2199: 2187: 2175: 2163: 2139: 2127: 2115: 2103: 2091: 2062: 2050: 2023: 2011: 1999: 1987: 1975: 1963: 1938: 1934: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1898: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1832: 1820: 1808: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1726:, p. 1. 1719: 1707: 1532:Herder Prize 1513:Koussevitzky 1495: 1472: 1471: 1410: 1403: 1391: 1385: 1381: 1375: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1282: 1263: 1257: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1225: 1216: 1214: 1198: 1170: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1146: 1142: 1134: 1132: 1124: 1093: 1069: 1067: 1047: 1032: 1027: 1009: 1004: 1000: 992: 988: 986: 955: 930: 922: 918: 914: 908: 898: 894:Arthur Bliss 878:Rostropovich 858: 849: 847: 821: 817: 807: 790: 786: 766: 760: 751: 735: 733: 718: 709: 706:contrapuntal 689: 685: 681: 680:(in Polish, 675: 661: 645: 617: 595:Eastern bloc 576: 563: 550: 545: 541: 538:Warsaw Suite 537: 533: 527: 507: 498: 487:24th Caprice 480: 452: 450: 418: 411:Jerzy Lefeld 375: 364: 338:was part of 332:been divided 321: 312: 296: 282: 236:World War II 233: 216: 202: 192:(1941), the 140: 139: 81:(1994-02-07) 25: 8001:1994 deaths 7996:1913 births 7874:Per Nørgård 7627:Chuck Berry 7601:Patti Smith 7546:Steve Reich 7486:Robert Moog 7476:Isaac Stern 7441:Ray Charles 7258:Thomas Adès 7122:Per Nørgård 7098:Georg Solti 7039:Miles Davis 7027:Isaac Stern 6998:Janet Baker 6789:Jiří Kuthan 6779:Hanna Krall 6748:Dušan Kováč 6691:Aurel Stroe 6454:Marin Mincu 6439:Tamás Hofer 6433:Jaan Undusk 6408:Mirko Kovač 6347:Māra Zālīte 6311:Jon Nicodim 6306:Zmaga Kumer 6198:Liviu Calin 6167:Ákos Birkás 6162:Maria Banuș 6059:Georgi Baev 5821:Pavel Trost 5816:András Sütő 5760:Eugen Barbu 5683:Jagoda Buić 5641:Zeno Vancea 5636:Ján Podolák 5626:László Gerő 5621:Ivo Frangeš 5486:Zeko Torbov 5435:Mihail Jora 5409:Lajos Vayer 5399:Ludvík Kunz 5301:Hugo Rokyta 5124:York Höller 5064:Thomas Adès 5004:Chinary Ung 4893:Beat Furrer 4881:Per Nørgård 4869:Peter Gülke 4839:Klaus Huber 4307:Gilbert Amy 4286:Twelve-tone 3869:Stucky 1981 3743:Lutosławski 3705:. Suffolk: 3366:, "Awards". 3312:, "Medals". 3237:Stucky 1981 3177:Stucky 1981 3161:Stucky 1981 3137:Stucky 1981 3121:Stucky 1981 3077:Stucky 1981 3061:Stucky 1981 3049:Stucky 1981 3010:Stucky 1981 2998:Stucky 1981 2986:Stucky 1981 2966:Stucky 1981 2635:Stucky 1981 2580:Stucky 1981 2568:Stucky 1981 2556:Stucky 1981 2529:Stucky 1981 2517:Stucky 1981 2469:Stucky 1981 2421:Stucky 1981 2398:Stucky 1981 2344:Stucky 1981 2332:Stucky 1981 2317:Stucky 1981 2305:Stucky 1981 2288:Stucky 1981 2276:Stucky 1981 2252:Stucky 1981 2240:Stucky 1981 2228:Stucky 1981 2192:Stucky 1981 2168:Stucky 1981 2148:Stucky 1981 2144:Stucky 1981 2120:Stucky 1981 2067:Stucky 1981 2055:Stucky 1981 2043:Stucky 1981 2004:Stucky 1981 1968:Stucky 1981 1956:Stucky 1981 1891:Stucky 1981 1876:Stucky 1981 1837:Stucky 1981 1825:Stucky 1981 1743:Stucky 1981 1724:Stucky 1981 1662:Kyoto Prize 1446: [ 1330:repeat sign 1308:cor anglais 1145:. As such, 1091:in Poland. 962:Lech Wałęsa 958:Solidarność 931:concertante 927:Paul Sacher 795:Peter Pears 694:Béla Bartók 556: [ 476:labour camp 469:Kraków Army 407:sonata form 346:forced the 317:World War I 311:newspaper, 246:for being " 182:song cycles 166:Szymanowski 102:Occupations 7990:Categories 7898:Unsuk Chin 7647:Max Martin 7607:Paul Simon 7570:El Sistema 7552:Pink Floyd 7411:Elton John 7305:Unsuk Chin 6500:Jaan Kross 6265:Emil Skála 5945:Imre Varga 5862:Wiktor Zin 5785:Jiří Hrůza 5780:Béla Gunda 5739:Máté Major 5503:Jiří Kolář 5348:Iván Fenyő 5337:Niko Kuret 5312:Ján Cikker 5118:Brett Dean 5088:Unsuk Chin 5040:John Adams 5028:Karel Husa 5010:Joan Tower 4929:Unsuk Chin 4517:Alban Berg 4477:Luigi Nono 4038:Symphonies 3776:. Oxford: 3617:. London: 3567:2 November 3445:2 November 3424:1 November 3403:1 November 3382:2 November 3346:1 November 2970:socrealizm 1682:References 1382:ad libitum 1336:Late style 1159:Five Songs 1143:cul-de-sac 871:, and the 784:song-cycle 710:Five songs 684:, English 620:Khrushchev 534:functional 356:Bolsheviks 252:Solidarity 178:symphonies 60:1913-01-25 7956:Biography 7730:Arvo Pärt 7667:Metallica 7512:B.B. King 7472:Bob Dylan 7205:Arvo Pärt 6622:2001–2006 6613:Arvo Pärt 6583:Ján Bakoš 6237:1991–2000 5956:Géza Entz 5871:1981–1990 5605:Jan Racek 5495:1971–1980 5461:Jan Filip 5373:Mihai Pop 5247:1964–1970 5241:laureates 5178:Lei Liang 5172:Joël Bons 4975:laureates 4357:Jürg Baur 4342:Don Banks 4292:composers 3850:20 August 3677:required) 3534:20 August 3509:20 August 3283:Limelight 3067:pp. 37–39 1394:formalist 1292:example 1 1283:Example 1 1222:John Cage 1215:Although 1179:semitones 1043:Cambridge 1014:from the 923:Novelette 780:Stockholm 738:. Mostly 632:Chernenko 579:Stalinist 425:Beethoven 403:movements 297:"Endecja" 248:formalist 240:Stalinist 225:harmonies 221:aleatoric 133:Full list 111:conductor 92:Education 7828:, & 7712:Iggy Pop 7611:Yo-Yo Ma 7193:Yo-Yo Ma 6758:Éva Pócs 6511:Imre Bak 5260:Jan Kott 4397:Ole Buck 4245:Category 4221:Sonorism 4109:Mi-parti 3936:(2005). 3798:(1981). 3753:(1987). 3289:7 August 1468:, Warsaw 1456:, Poland 1325:♭ 1319:♭ 1313:♯ 1296:Hésitant 1258:For his 1245:aleatory 1195:tone-row 1062:virtuoso 1020:altruism 919:Mi-Parti 880:and the 830:symphony 826:Katowice 822:Hésitant 748:foxtrots 702:harmonic 628:Andropov 624:Brezhnev 568:drafting 473:Siberian 415:Schumann 324:Prussian 289:Drozdowo 213:textures 200:(1970). 108:Composer 7930:Portals 5058:Tan Dun 4186:Chamber 3580:Sources 1386:Epitaph 1264:mobiles 1249:notated 1076:soprano 1028:Chain 3 1005:Chain 2 1001:Partita 993:Chain 2 989:Łańcuch 740:waltzes 572:copyist 420:Toccata 234:During 145:Polish: 7968:Poland 7912:(2023) 7906:(2020) 7900:(2017) 7894:(2015) 7888:(2012) 7882:(2009) 7876:(2006) 7870:(2003) 7864:(2000) 7858:(1983) 7854:& 7848:(1973) 7844:& 7838:(1971) 7832:(1965) 7814:(1963) 7808:(1958) 7802:(1955) 7796:(1953) 7742:(2024) 7732:(2023) 7718:(2022) 7708:(2020) 7687:(2019) 7673:(2018) 7663:(2017) 7653:(2016) 7643:(2015) 7633:(2014) 7623:(2013) 7613:(2012) 7603:(2011) 7593:(2010) 7572:(2009) 7558:(2008) 7548:(2007) 7538:(2006) 7528:(2005) 7518:(2004) 7508:(2003) 7502:(2002) 7492:(2001) 7478:(2000) 7457:(1999) 7447:(1998) 7437:(1997) 7427:(1996) 7417:(1995) 7407:(1994) 7397:(1993) 7387:(1992) 7383:/ the 7325:(2024) 7319:(2023) 7313:(2022) 7307:(2021) 7301:(2020) 7284:(2019) 7278:(2018) 7272:(2017) 7266:(2016) 7260:(2015) 7254:(2014) 7248:(2013) 7242:(2012) 7236:(2011) 7230:(2010) 7213:(2009) 7207:(2008) 7201:(2007) 7195:(2006) 7189:(2005) 7183:(2004) 7177:(2003) 7171:(2002) 7165:(2001) 7159:(2000) 7142:(1999) 7136:(1998) 7130:(1997) 7124:(1996) 7118:(1995) 7112:(1994) 7106:(1993) 7100:(1992) 7094:(1991) 7088:(1990) 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Witold Lutosławski

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