926:
827:
860:
990:(HPA) is that “...radio frequency (RF) exposures from WiFi are likely to be lower than those from mobile phones". It also saw “...no reason why schools and others should not use WiFi equipment". In October 2007, the HPA launched a new "systematic" study into the effects of WiFi networks on behalf of the UK government, in order to calm fears that had appeared in the media in a recent period up to that time". Dr Michael Clark, of the HPA, says published research on mobile phones and
3063:
512:
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564:(GSM): The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system, the base station system, and the operation and support system. The cell phone connects to the base system station which then connects to the operation and support station; it then connects to the switching station where the call is transferred to where it needs to go. GSM is the most common standard and is used for a majority of cell phones.
3052:
772:(BS) cabinet. The attachment hardware and the positioning of the antenna and associated closures and cables are required to have adequate strength, robustness, corrosion resistance, and resistance against wind, storms, icing, and other weather conditions. Requirements for individual components, such as hardware, cables, connectors, and closures, shall take into consideration the structure to which they are attached.
3083:
244:
433:(MANET), is a wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology. Each node forwards messages on behalf of the other nodes and each node performs routing. Ad hoc networks can "self-heal", automatically re-routing around a node that has lost power. Various network layer protocols are needed to realize ad hoc mobile networks, such as Distance Sequenced Distance Vector routing,
1709:
comparison, a child on a mobile phone receives up to 50 percent of guideline levels. So a year sitting in a classroom near a wireless network is roughly equivalent to 20 minutes on a mobile. If WiFi should be taken out of schools, then the mobile phone network should be shut down, too—and FM radio and TV, as the strength of their signals is similar to that from WiFi in classrooms....
40:
355:
609:(GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off user communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial
698:
Space is another characteristic of wireless networking. Wireless networks offer many advantages when it comes to difficult-to-wire areas trying to communicate such as across a street or river, a warehouse on the other side of the premises or buildings that are physically separated but operate as one.
689:
technologies, which stand for the fourth and fifth generation of cell phone mobile communications standards. As wireless networking has become commonplace, sophistication increases through configuration of network hardware and software, and greater capacity to send and receive larger amounts of data,
672:
Each standard varies in geographical range, thus making one standard more ideal than the next depending on what it is one is trying to accomplish with a wireless network. The performance of wireless networks satisfies a variety of applications such as voice and video. The use of this technology also
959:
The total network bandwidth depends on how dispersive the medium is (more dispersive medium generally has better total bandwidth because it minimises interference), how many frequencies are available, how noisy those frequencies are, how many aerials are used and whether a directional antenna is in
496:
used with smaller networks. A typical system contains base station gateways, access points and wireless bridging relays. Other configurations are mesh systems where each access point acts as a relay also. When combined with renewable energy systems such as photovoltaic solar panels or wind systems
801:
of electromagnetic waves, preventing it from reaching the receiver, in other cases, particularly with metallic or conductive materials reflection occurs. This can cause dead zones where no reception is available. Aluminium foiled thermal isolation in modern homes can easily reduce indoor mobile
963:
Cellular wireless networks generally have good capacity, due to their use of directional aerials, and their ability to reuse radio channels in non-adjacent cells. Additionally, cells can be made very small using low power transmitters this is used in cities to give network capacity that scales
1708:
All the expert reviews done here and abroad indicate that there is unlikely to be a health risk from wireless networks. … When we have conducted measurements in schools, typical exposures from WiFi are around 20 millionths of the international guideline levels of exposure to radiation. As a
726:
for sharing printers, scanners, and high-speed
Internet connections. WLANs help save the cost of installation of cable mediums, save time from physical installation, and also creates mobility for devices connected to the network. Wireless networks are simple and require as few as one single
585:
Private LTE/5G networks use licensed, shared or unlicensed wireless spectrum thanks to LTE or 5G cellular network base stations, small cells and other radio access network (RAN) infrastructure to transmit voice and data to edge devices (smartphones, embedded modules, routers and gateways.
480:
are wireless networks that typically cover large areas, such as between neighbouring towns and cities, or city and suburb. These networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public
Internet access system. The wireless connections between access points are usually
255:– Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth-based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves are in the low gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Relay stations are spaced approximately 48 km (30 mi) apart.
663:. These standards differ in their specified signaling methods, geographic ranges, and frequency usages, among other things. Such differences can make certain technologies better suited to home networks and others better suited to network larger organizations."
288:– Wireless local area networks use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area.
67:
and business installations to avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. Admin telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using
789:. This can be caused by other networks or other types of equipment that generate radio waves that are within, or close, to the radio bands used for communication. Interference can degrade the signal or cause the system to fail.
277:
use several radio communications technologies. The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next
747:(NEs). These NEs can be stand-alone systems or products that are either supplied by a single manufacturer or are assembled by the service provider (user) or system integrator with parts from several different manufacturers.
641:
such as the police utilize wireless networks to communicate effectively as well. Individuals and businesses use wireless networks to send and share data rapidly, whether it be in a small office building or across the world.
546:, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.
947:
techniques, where multiple aerials or multiple frequencies can exploit multiple paths to the receiver to achieve much higher throughput – by a factor of the product of the frequency and aerial diversity at each end.
830:
In a hidden node problem
Station A can communicate with Station B. Station C can also communicate with Station B. However, Stations A and C cannot communicate with each other, but their signals can interfere at
659:"Now, the industry accepts a handful of different wireless technologies. Each wireless technology is defined by a standard that describes unique functions at both the Physical and the Data Link layers of the
690:
faster, is achieved. Now the wireless network has been running on LTE, which is a 4G mobile communication standard. Users of an LTE network should have data speeds that are 10x faster than a 3G network.
633:
Some examples of usage include cellular phones which are part of everyday wireless networks, allowing easy personal communications. Another example, Intercontinental network systems, use radio
589:
3GPP defines 5G private networks as non-public networks that typically employ a smaller-scale deployment to meet an organization's needs for reliability, accessibility, and maintainability.
1563:
Testbeds and
Research Infrastructures, Development of Networks and Communities: 6th International ICST Conference, TridentCom 2010, Berlin, Germany, May 18–20, 2010, Revised Selected Papers
366:(WLAN) links two or more devices over a short distance using a wireless distribution method, usually providing a connection through an access point for internet access. The use of
187:(lateral diffused MOS) devices led to the development and proliferation of digital wireless networks by the 1990s, with further advances in MOSFET technology leading to increasing
1991:
576:: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service, an upgraded version of AMPS, is being phased out due to advancement in technology. The newer GSM networks are replacing the older system.
814:
two or more different routes taken by the signal, due to reflections, can cause the signal to cancel out each other at certain locations, and to be stronger in other places (
338:
also supports WPAN applications. Wi-Fi PANs are becoming commonplace (2010) as equipment designers start to integrate Wi-Fi into a variety of consumer electronic devices.
1795:
Lenzini, L.; Luise, M.; Reggiannini, R. (June 2001). "CRDA: A Collision
Resolution and Dynamic Allocation MAC Protocol to Integrate Date and Voice in Wireless Networks".
597:
Open source private networks are based on a collaborative, community-driven software that relies on peer review and production to use, modify and share the source code.
702:
Space is also created in homes as a result of eliminating clutters of wiring. This technology allows for an alternative to installing physical network mediums such as
539:. In a cellular network, each cell characteristically uses a different set of radio frequencies from all their immediate neighbouring cells to avoid any interference.
761:
Reliable wireless service depends on the network elements at the physical layer to be protected against all operational environments and applications (see GR-3171,
1312:
2327:
1565:. 6th International ICST Conference, TridentCom 2010, Berlin, Germany, May 18–20, 2010. Vol. 46. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 302.
542:
When joined these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones,
699:
Wireless networks allow for users to designate a certain space which the network will be able to communicate with other devices through that network.
570:(PCS): PCS is a radio band that can be used by mobile phones in North America and South Asia. Sprint happened to be the first service to set up a PCS.
1797:
1404:
271:
35,400 km (22,000 mi) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals.
1338:
894:
networks) are not their capacity, but shared with all other users and thus the individual user rate is far lower. With increasing demand, the
3035:
3007:
3002:
2027:
933:. Using multiple antennas and transmitting in different frequency channels can reduce fading, and can greatly increase the system capacity.
621:
Space networks are networks used for communication between spacecraft, usually in the vicinity of the Earth. The example of this is NASA's
940:
can describe the maximum data rate of any single wireless link, which relates to the bandwidth in hertz and to the noise on the channel.
1539:
1727:
Wireless
Networking in the Developing World: A practical guide to planning and building low-cost telecommunications infrastructure
561:
1584:
Central
Regulatory Domain Agent (CRDA) controls the channels to be set on the system, based on the regulations of each country.
3029:
973:
920:
798:
1665:
405:
paths. It is often used in cities to connect networks in two or more buildings without installing a wired link. To connect to
3024:
3014:
2994:
2796:
1963:
1467:
1930:
2161:
3086:
3019:
2865:
482:
390:
17:
2791:
1140:
108:
in 1969 at the
University of Hawaii and became operational in June 1971. The first commercial wireless network was the
1316:
978:
Wireless access points are also often close to humans, but the drop off in power over distance is fast, following the
2885:
1919:
1900:
1881:
1862:
1843:
1785:
1766:
1747:
1570:
1282:
1213:
1177:
374:
technologies may allow users to move around within a local coverage area, and still remain connected to the network.
326:(WPANs) connect devices within a relatively small area, that is generally within a person's reach. For example, both
1691:
1082:
802:
signals by 10 dB frequently leading to complaints about the bad reception of long-distance rural cell signals.
2670:
2218:
2020:
1639:
300:
2781:
567:
886:
becomes complex with multiple participating users. Often users are not aware that advertised numbers (e.g., for
2776:
1023:
2801:
751:
3107:
3076:
2837:
2734:
2277:
2072:
2044:
1048:
786:
3066:
2573:
2013:
1806:
1596:
Foster, Kenneth R (March 2007). "Radiofrequency exposure from wireless LANs utilizing Wi-Fi technology".
434:
363:
527:
is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location
2925:
2847:
2786:
2493:
1408:
1274:
1013:
895:
64:
882:
The wireless spectrum is a limited resource and shared by all nodes in the range of its transmitters.
2697:
2658:
2503:
2403:
2332:
2265:
2092:
454:
402:
305:
259:
212:
1514:
925:
655:
In a general sense, wireless networks offer a vast variety of uses by both business and home users.
195:). Most of the essential elements of wireless networks are built from MOSFETs, including the mobile
72:. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model network structure.
3056:
2298:
2233:
2186:
2146:
1669:
1643:
1486:
987:
867:
743:
The telecommunications network at the physical layer also consists of many interconnected wireline
1298:
2895:
2880:
2724:
2675:
2598:
2498:
2176:
2062:
2057:
1360:
891:
871:
755:
493:
438:
1104:
750:
Wireless NEs are the products and devices used by a wireless carrier to provide support for the
2817:
2603:
2418:
2363:
2358:
2171:
2136:
1540:"Generic Requirements for Network Elements Used in Wireless Networks – Physical Layer Criteria"
991:
485:
442:
1199:
346:"virtual Wi-Fi" capabilities have made Wi-Fi PANs simpler and easier to set up and configure.
2719:
2523:
2488:
2408:
2388:
2310:
2198:
2119:
1996:
1043:
1008:
848:
844:
763:
Generic
Requirements for Network Elements Used in Wireless Networks – Physical Layer Criteria
728:
430:
426:
323:
188:
2052:
1268:
2633:
2593:
2563:
2320:
2255:
2077:
1361:"Connected dominating sets in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks – A comprehensive survey"
1038:
1028:
937:
883:
268:
263:– Satellites communicate via microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's
951:
Under Linux, the
Central Regulatory Domain Agent (CRDA) controls the setting of channels.
8:
2643:
2583:
2342:
2304:
2102:
2087:
847:(AP), but not from other nodes communicating with that AP. This leads to difficulties in
836:
606:
155:
69:
2870:
2827:
2758:
2628:
2558:
2533:
2468:
2315:
2036:
1832:
1621:
1033:
979:
732:
410:
208:
204:
76:
1609:
2910:
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2746:
2729:
2692:
2538:
2368:
2337:
2203:
2097:
1959:
1915:
1896:
1877:
1858:
1839:
1818:
1781:
1762:
1743:
1613:
1566:
1463:
1278:
1249:
1209:
1173:
1136:
1068:
903:
840:
638:
220:
165:
2578:
1625:
1561:. In Thomas Magedanz; Athanasius Gavras; Huu Thanh Nguyen; Jeffrey S. Chase (eds.).
768:
What are especially important are the NEs that are located on the cell tower to the
393:
links between computers or networks at two distant locations, often using dedicated
2875:
2855:
2822:
2751:
2709:
2623:
2478:
2463:
2438:
2413:
2373:
2223:
2082:
2067:
1810:
1605:
1372:
1241:
1169:
1159:
1003:
899:
811:
554:
506:
52:
358:
Wireless LANs are often used for connecting to local resources and to the Internet
292:
defines a common flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology known as
2543:
2398:
2166:
2141:
2129:
1986:
1558:
1376:
1163:
902:(UIL) may be an alternative solution to ever upgrading to newer technologies for
744:
414:
367:
283:
192:
173:
113:
2741:
2613:
2588:
2548:
2518:
2393:
2228:
2181:
2156:
2114:
1725:
1245:
983:
489:
386:
247:
Computers are very often connected to networks using wireless links, e.g. WLANs
826:
3101:
2890:
2663:
2653:
2568:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2428:
2250:
2109:
1981:
1822:
1253:
1018:
707:
622:
33:
1390:
2768:
2608:
2553:
2483:
2448:
2383:
2282:
2272:
2124:
1617:
1339:"Wi-Fi Personal Area Networks get a boost with Windows 7 and Intel My WiFi"
859:
769:
711:
703:
610:
536:
477:
200:
180:
60:
1430:
515:
Example of frequency reuse factor or pattern, for four frequencies (F1-F4)
2968:
2618:
2528:
2513:
2473:
2433:
2292:
887:
528:
465:
398:
378:
289:
196:
1559:"Towards Maximising Wireless Testbed Utilization Using Spectrum Slicing"
1359:
Yu, Jiguo; Wang, Nannan; Wang, Guanghui; Yu, Dongxiao (1 January 2013).
308:
is used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices.
164:(MOS transistor) wireless technology enabled the development of digital
2973:
2680:
2378:
2287:
2243:
2213:
2191:
1270:
Nanowire Transistors: Physics of Devices and Materials in One Dimension
785:
Compared to wired systems, wireless networks are frequently subject to
722:
For homeowners, wireless technology is an effective option compared to
550:
264:
216:
1956:
Networking Fundamentals – Wide, Local and Personal Area Communications
1814:
1666:"Health Protection Agency announces further research into use of WiFi"
549:
Although originally intended for cell phones, with the development of
104:
The first professional wireless network was developed under the brand
2958:
2423:
2238:
2005:
1205:
660:
634:
532:
394:
343:
327:
88:
1391:"Facts About WiMAX And Why Is It "The Future of Wireless Broadband""
457:
are a type of wireless network that connects several wireless LANs.
2953:
2943:
2860:
2685:
2508:
723:
331:
304:
uses visible or invisible light for communications. In most cases,
243:
105:
56:
511:
2948:
2933:
2151:
1232:
O'Neill, A. (2008). "Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS".
334:
light provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop.
169:
109:
1131:
Miao, Guowang; Zander, Jens; Sung, Ki Won; Slimane, Ben (2016).
32:
For radio broadcast affiliations and two-way radio systems, see
2978:
2938:
2260:
2000:
815:
573:
335:
161:
131:
84:
2963:
2900:
2208:
557:
routinely carry data in addition to telephone conversations:
543:
461:
406:
382:
339:
293:
184:
135:
87:
networks, satellite communication networks, and terrestrial
2905:
1556:
944:
930:
870:
is when a node on one network is unable to send because of
371:
176:
142:
80:
1069:"A New Clusterings Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks"
1794:
1733:(2nd ed.). Hacker Friendly LLC. 2007. p. 425.
686:
682:
678:
674:
492:
on the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz band, rather than
232:
228:
224:
124:
39:
354:
267:. The satellites are stationed in space, typically in
1953:
1852:
1130:
1855:
Principles of Wireless Networks – a Unified Approach
1201:
5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies
960:use, whether nodes employ power control and so on.
943:One can greatly increase channel capacity by using
409:using a mobile device, one can use a device like a
1928:
1831:
1105:"Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology"
464:is a type of Wireless MAN and is described by the
1954:Pahlavan, Kaveh; Krishnamurthy, Prashant (2009).
1853:Pahlavan, Kaveh; Krishnamurthy, Prashant (2002).
1557:Anadiotis, Angelos-Christos; et al. (2010).
3099:
1874:Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice
1798:IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
1737:
854:
1431:"Mobile Broadband Wireless connections (MBWA)"
1267:Colinge, Jean-Pierre; Greer, James C. (2016).
27:Computer network not fully connected by cables
2021:
1227:
1225:
312:
1909:
1658:
1358:
1266:
1234:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter
874:from a node that is on a different network.
792:
738:
3036:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1738:Pahlavan, Kaveh; Levesque, Allen H (1995).
1457:
1231:
921:Channel capacity in wireless communications
425:A wireless ad hoc network, also known as a
3072:
2028:
2014:
1589:
1462:(5th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.
1260:
1222:
994:does not add up to an indictment of WiFi.
877:
580:
420:
1871:
1775:
1509:
1507:
731:connected directly to the Internet via a
1990:) is being considered for deletion. See
1532:
1481:
1479:
1154:
1152:
1126:
1124:
1122:
924:
858:
825:
673:gives room for expansions, such as from
510:
353:
242:
149:
38:
1829:
1689:
1632:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1407:. GSM Association. 2010. Archived from
839:occurs in some types of network when a
562:Global System for Mobile Communications
14:
3100:
2035:
1912:Fundamentals of Wireless Communication
1910:Tse, David; Viswanath, Pramod (2005).
1890:
1595:
1504:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1158:
974:Wireless electronic devices and health
929:Understanding of SISO, SIMO, MISO and
821:
600:
381:WLAN standards are marketed under the
75:Examples of wireless networks include
2009:
1756:
1476:
1149:
1119:
1083:"Overview of Wireless Communications"
417:capability of another mobile device.
3082:
1444:
1197:
1133:Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks
99:
81:wireless local area networks (WLANs)
63:. Wireless networking allows homes,
1690:Daniels, Nicki (11 December 2006).
1519:Wireless Center commercial web site
1186:
898:is more and more likely to happen.
805:
500:
24:
1718:
1313:"Wireless Network Industry Report"
964:linearly with population density.
637:to communicate across the world.
25:
3119:
1994:to help reach a consensus. ›
1973:
1929:Kostas Pentikousis (March 2005).
1610:10.1097/01.HP.0000248117.74843.34
497:they can be stand alone systems.
238:
3081:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3050:
2671:Free-space optical communication
616:
301:Free-space optical communication
1893:The Wireless Internet Explained
1683:
1550:
1423:
1397:
1383:
1352:
1331:
1305:
780:
775:
714:, which can also be expensive.
568:Personal Communications Service
472:
448:
349:
317:
1914:. Cambridge University Press.
1780:. Cambridge University Press.
1692:"Wi-fi: should we be worried?"
1291:
1135:. Cambridge University Press.
1097:
1075:
1061:
1024:Wireless LAN client comparison
667:
592:
13:
1:
1979:
1740:Wireless Information Networks
1054:
855:Exposed terminal node problem
645:
112:product family, developed by
3057:Telecommunication portal
2838:Telecommunications equipment
1872:Rappaport, Theodore (2002).
1377:10.1016/j.comcom.2012.10.005
1049:Wireless mobility management
787:electromagnetic interference
7:
2574:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1807:IEEE Communications Society
1487:"Wireless LAN Technologies"
997:
909:
555:cellular telephone networks
478:Wireless wide area networks
435:Associativity-Based Routing
364:wireless local area network
65:telecommunications networks
10:
3124:
2278:Telecommunications history
1776:Goldsmith, Andrea (2005).
1460:Network+ Guide to Networks
1275:Cambridge University Press
1246:10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694
1014:Wireless community network
971:
954:
918:
914:
650:
504:
455:metropolitan area networks
313:Types of wireless networks
213:telecommunication circuits
153:
94:
31:
3045:
2987:
2924:
2886:Public Switched Telephone
2846:
2810:
2767:
2708:
2698:telecommunication circuit
2659:Fiber-optic communication
2642:
2404:Francis Blake (telephone)
2351:
2199:Optical telecommunication
2043:
1935:Internet Protocol Journal
1830:Molisch, Andreas (2005).
1742:. John Wiley & Sons.
967:
793:Absorption and reflection
739:Wireless network elements
306:line-of-sight propagation
260:Communications satellites
59:data connections between
2797:Orbital angular-momentum
2234:Satellite communications
2073:Communications satellite
1992:templates for discussion
1931:"Wireless Data Networks"
1670:Health Protection Agency
1644:Health Protection Agency
1165:Silicon RF Power MOSFETS
988:Health Protection Agency
868:exposed terminal problem
693:
494:omnidirectional antennas
275:Cellular and PCS systems
138:" protocol first release
2676:Molecular communication
2499:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2328:Undersea telegraph line
2063:Cable protection system
1834:Wireless Communications
1778:Wireless Communications
1365:Computer Communications
878:Shared resource problem
872:co-channel interference
756:mobile switching center
717:
628:
581:Private LTE/5G networks
439:distance-vector routing
421:Wireless ad hoc network
168:. The wide adoption of
2818:Communication protocol
2604:Charles Sumner Tainter
2419:Walter Houser Brattain
2364:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2172:Information revolution
1405:"GSM World statistics"
982:. The position of the
934:
863:
832:
665:
516:
443:Dynamic Source Routing
389:technology implements
359:
324:personal area networks
248:
223:, in networks such as
44:
2792:Polarization-division
2524:Narinder Singh Kapany
2489:Erna Schneider Hoover
2409:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2389:Alexander Graham Bell
2120:online video platform
1891:Rhoton, John (2001).
1044:Wireless mesh network
1009:Wireless access point
928:
862:
849:medium access control
845:wireless access point
829:
797:Some materials cause
754:network as well as a
729:wireless access point
657:
514:
431:mobile ad hoc network
427:wireless mesh network
357:
253:Terrestrial microwave
246:
150:Underlying technology
120:1973 – Ethernet 802.3
42:
2634:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2594:Almon Brown Strowger
2564:Charles Grafton Page
2219:Prepaid mobile phone
2147:Electrical telegraph
1838:. Wiley-IEEE Press.
1491:Source Daddy website
1458:Dean Tamara (2010).
1299:"Will 5G kill human"
1208:. pp. 128–134.
1039:Optical mesh network
1029:Wireless site survey
884:Bandwidth allocation
330:radio and invisible
269:geosynchronous orbit
3108:Wireless networking
2584:Johann Philipp Reis
2343:Wireless revolution
2305:The Telephone Cases
2162:Hydraulic telegraph
1757:Geier, Jim (2001).
1198:Asif, Saad (2018).
837:hidden node problem
822:Hidden node problem
607:global area network
601:Global area network
437:, Ad hoc on-demand
377:Products using the
209:RF power amplifiers
156:Wireless revolution
77:cell phone networks
70:radio communication
18:Wireless networking
2782:Frequency-division
2759:Telephone exchange
2629:Charles Wheatstone
2559:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2534:Innocenzo Manzetti
2469:Reginald Fessenden
2204:Optical telegraphy
2037:Telecommunications
1319:on 29 October 2008
1034:Network simulation
980:inverse-square law
935:
864:
843:is visible from a
833:
639:Emergency services
517:
360:
249:
221:radio transceivers
127:cell phone network
45:
3095:
3094:
2833:Store and forward
2828:Data transmission
2742:Network switching
2693:Transmission line
2539:Guglielmo Marconi
2504:Internet pioneers
2369:Mohamed M. Atalla
2338:Whistled language
1965:978-0-470-99290-6
1895:. Digital Press.
1876:. Prentice Hall.
1857:. Prentice Hall.
1815:10.1109/49.926371
1646:. 26 October 2009
1469:978-1-4239-0245-4
1160:Baliga, B. Jayant
938:Shannon's theorem
904:over-provisioning
166:wireless networks
100:Wireless networks
16:(Redirected from
3115:
3085:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3065:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3053:
2926:Notable networks
2916:Wireless network
2856:Cellular network
2848:Types of network
2823:Computer network
2710:Network topology
2624:Thomas A. Watson
2479:Oliver Heaviside
2464:Philo Farnsworth
2439:Daniel Davis Jr.
2414:Charles Bourseul
2374:John Logie Baird
2083:Data compression
2078:Computer network
2030:
2023:
2016:
2007:
2006:
1969:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1925:
1906:
1887:
1868:
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1380:
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1345:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1315:. Archived from
1309:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1195:
1184:
1183:
1170:World Scientific
1156:
1147:
1146:
1128:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1004:Rendezvous delay
900:User-in-the-loop
812:multipath fading
806:Multipath fading
745:network elements
521:cellular network
507:cellular network
501:Cellular network
490:parabolic dishes
53:computer network
49:wireless network
21:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3051:
3049:
3041:
2983:
2920:
2842:
2806:
2763:
2712:
2704:
2645:
2638:
2544:Robert Metcalfe
2399:Tim Berners-Lee
2347:
2167:Information Age
2039:
2034:
1995:
1976:
1966:
1944:
1942:
1922:
1903:
1884:
1865:
1846:
1788:
1769:
1750:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:Further reading
1716:
1715:
1701:
1699:
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1684:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
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1633:
1594:
1590:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1555:
1551:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1515:"WLAN Benefits"
1513:
1512:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1456:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1411:on 19 July 2011
1403:
1402:
1398:
1393:. 20 June 2009.
1389:
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1230:
1223:
1216:
1196:
1187:
1180:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1129:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1085:. cambridge.org
1081:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1000:
976:
970:
957:
923:
917:
912:
896:capacity crunch
880:
857:
824:
808:
795:
783:
778:
741:
720:
696:
670:
653:
648:
631:
619:
603:
595:
583:
509:
503:
486:microwave links
475:
451:
423:
415:private hotspot
411:wireless router
368:spread-spectrum
352:
320:
315:
284:spread spectrum
241:
174:radio frequency
158:
152:
102:
97:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3093:
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3079:
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3017:
3012:
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3010:
3005:
2997:
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2820:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:Space-division
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2614:Camille Tissot
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2589:Claude Shannon
2586:
2581:
2579:Tivadar Puskás
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Antonio Meucci
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:Charles K. Kao
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:Harold Hopkins
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:Emile Berliner
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2333:Videotelephony
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2290:
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2280:
2275:
2270:
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2263:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2231:
2229:Radiotelephone
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:Internet video
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1975:
1974:External links
1972:
1971:
1970:
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1720:
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1714:
1713:
1682:
1657:
1631:
1604:(3): 280–289.
1598:Health Physics
1588:
1571:
1549:
1531:
1503:
1475:
1468:
1443:
1422:
1396:
1382:
1371:(2): 121–134.
1351:
1330:
1304:
1290:
1283:
1259:
1221:
1214:
1185:
1178:
1148:
1142:978-1107143210
1141:
1118:
1107:. informit.com
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1021:
1016:
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984:United Kingdom
969:
966:
956:
953:
919:Main article:
916:
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851:(collisions).
823:
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525:mobile network
505:Main article:
502:
499:
483:point to point
474:
471:
470:
469:
450:
447:
422:
419:
391:point-to-point
387:Fixed wireless
351:
348:
342:"My WiFi" and
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
309:
297:
279:
272:
256:
240:
239:Wireless links
237:
191:in the 2000s (
154:Main article:
151:
148:
147:
146:
141:1999 – 803.11
139:
128:
121:
101:
98:
96:
93:
26:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2802:Code-division
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Time-division
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
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2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:and switching
2711:
2707:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2664:optical fiber
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Coaxial cable
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2632:
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2627:
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2622:
2620:
2617:
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2610:
2607:
2605:
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2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Radia Perlman
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
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2527:
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2517:
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2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Lee de Forest
2457:
2455:
2454:Thomas Edison
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Donald Davies
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Claude Chappe
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
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2302:
2300:
2297:
2294:
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2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:Smoke signals
2271:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:Semiconductor
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
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2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
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2200:
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2135:
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2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
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2112:
2111:
2110:Digital media
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
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2050:
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2031:
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2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1921:0-521-84527-0
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1902:1-55558-257-5
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1883:0-13-042232-0
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1864:0-13-093003-2
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1845:0-470-84888-X
1841:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:: 1153–1163.
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1787:0-521-83716-2
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1768:0-672-32058-4
1764:
1760:
1759:Wireless LANs
1755:
1751:
1749:0-471-10607-0
1745:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1728:
1723:
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1710:
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1572:9783642178504
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1318:
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1300:
1294:
1286:
1284:9781107052406
1280:
1277:. p. 2.
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1215:9780429881343
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1179:9789812561213
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1022:
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1019:Wireless grid
1017:
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1007:
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890:equipment or
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623:Space Network
617:Space network
614:
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611:wireless LANs
608:
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403:line of sight
400:
397:or modulated
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82:
78:
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66:
62:
61:network nodes
58:
54:
50:
43:Wireless icon
41:
35:
34:radio network
30:
19:
2915:
2769:Multiplexing
2644:Transmission
2609:Nikola Tesla
2599:Henry Sutton
2554:Samuel Morse
2484:Robert Hooke
2449:Amos Dolbear
2384:John Bardeen
2303:
2283:Telautograph
2187:Mobile phone
2142:Edholm's law
2125:social media
2058:Broadcasting
1985:
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1938:
1934:
1911:
1892:
1873:
1854:
1833:
1802:
1796:
1777:
1758:
1739:
1726:
1707:
1702:16 September
1700:. Retrieved
1695:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1660:
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1634:
1601:
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1576:. Retrieved
1562:
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1543:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1518:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:
1459:
1434:. Retrieved
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:the original
1399:
1385:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:the original
1307:
1293:
1269:
1262:
1240:(1): 57–58.
1237:
1233:
1200:
1164:
1132:
1109:. Retrieved
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1077:
1063:
977:
962:
958:
950:
942:
936:
881:
865:
834:
809:
796:
784:
781:Interference
776:Difficulties
770:base station
767:
762:
760:
749:
742:
721:
712:fiber-optics
701:
697:
671:
658:
654:
632:
620:
604:
596:
588:
584:
548:
541:
537:base station
524:
520:
518:
476:
473:Wireless WAN
452:
449:Wireless MAN
424:
385:brand name.
376:
361:
350:Wireless LAN
321:
318:Wireless PAN
299:
286:technologies
281:
274:
258:
252:
201:base station
197:transceivers
193:Edholm's law
181:power MOSFET
160:Advances in
159:
130:June 1997 –
103:
74:
48:
46:
29:
2969:NPL network
2681:Radio waves
2619:Alfred Vail
2529:Hedy Lamarr
2514:Dawon Kahng
2474:Elisha Gray
2434:Yogen Dalal
2359:Nasir Ahmed
2293:Teleprinter
2157:Heliographs
1980:‹ The
1650:27 December
1436:12 November
888:IEEE 802.11
668:Performance
593:Open Source
551:smartphones
529:transceiver
466:IEEE 802.16
401:beams over
399:laser light
379:IEEE 802.11
290:IEEE 802.11
217:RF circuits
145:integration
83:, wireless
3015:Antarctica
2974:Toasternet
2896:Television
2379:Paul Baran
2311:Television
2295:(teletype)
2288:Telegraphy
2266:transistor
2244:Phryctoria
2214:Photophone
2192:Smartphone
2182:Mass media
1111:8 February
1089:8 February
1055:References
972:See also:
799:absorption
646:Properties
635:satellites
282:Radio and
265:atmosphere
91:networks.
55:that uses
2999:Americas
2988:Locations
2959:Internet2
2720:Bandwidth
2424:Vint Cerf
2321:streaming
2299:Telephone
2239:Semaphore
2130:streaming
1958:. Wiley.
1945:29 August
1823:0733-8716
1696:The Times
1675:28 August
1524:29 August
1496:29 August
1254:1098-4232
1206:CRC Press
661:OSI model
533:cell site
468:standard.
453:Wireless
395:microwave
344:Windows 7
328:Bluetooth
322:Wireless
203:modules,
189:bandwidth
116:in 1986.
89:microwave
3102:Category
3067:Category
2954:Internet
2944:CYCLADES
2861:Ethernet
2811:Concepts
2735:terminal
2686:wireless
2509:Bob Kahn
2352:Pioneers
2177:Internet
2068:Cable TV
1997:Wireless
1982:template
1761:. Sams.
1698:. London
1626:22839684
1618:17293700
1544:Ericsson
1415:16 March
1344:27 April
1162:(2005).
998:See also
910:Capacity
752:backhaul
724:Ethernet
332:infrared
106:ALOHAnet
57:wireless
3087:Commons
3077:Outline
3030:Oceania
2949:FidoNet
2934:ARPANET
2747:circuit
2316:digital
2045:History
1984:below (
1578:19 July
955:Network
915:Channel
758:(MSC).
651:General
413:or the
205:routers
170:RF CMOS
123:1991 –
110:WaveLAN
95:History
3025:Europe
2995:Africa
2979:Usenet
2939:BITNET
2876:Mobile
2752:packet
2261:MOSFET
2256:device
2053:Beacon
2001:Curlie
1987:Curlie
1962:
1918:
1899:
1880:
1861:
1842:
1821:
1784:
1765:
1746:
1640:"WiFi"
1624:
1616:
1569:
1466:
1323:8 July
1281:
1252:
1212:
1176:
1139:
968:Safety
816:upfade
733:router
708:coaxes
574:D-AMPS
544:pagers
488:using
441:, and
336:Zigbee
231:, and
219:, and
162:MOSFET
132:802.11
85:sensor
3008:South
3003:North
2964:JANET
2901:Telex
2891:Radio
2730:Nodes
2725:Links
2646:media
2224:Radio
2209:Pager
2137:Drums
2103:video
2098:image
2088:audio
1805:(6).
1731:(PDF)
1622:S2CID
992:masts
710:, or
694:Space
681:and,
462:WiMAX
407:Wi-Fi
383:Wi-Fi
340:Intel
294:Wi-Fi
278:area.
185:LDMOS
136:Wi-Fi
51:is a
3020:Asia
2906:UUCP
2866:ISDN
1960:ISBN
1947:2011
1916:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1819:ISSN
1782:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1744:ISBN
1704:2007
1677:2008
1652:2009
1614:PMID
1580:2015
1567:ISBN
1526:2011
1498:2011
1464:ISBN
1438:2011
1417:2011
1346:2010
1325:2008
1279:ISBN
1250:ISSN
1210:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1113:2008
1091:2008
945:MIMO
931:MIMO
866:The
841:node
835:The
718:Home
685:and
629:Uses
372:OFDM
183:and
177:CMOS
143:VoIP
2911:WAN
2881:NGN
2871:LAN
2152:Fax
2093:DCT
1999:at
1941:(1)
1811:doi
1606:doi
1373:doi
1242:doi
986:'s
892:LTE
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810:In
765:).
704:TPs
677:to
535:or
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429:or
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