172:
362:
Adelaide a number of printed and digital books have been produced for use in schools and in the wider community. In 2005 the Far West
Languages Centre was established in Ceduna. The centre supports and promotes the use of the Wirangu language as well as other extremely endangered local languages, such as Gugada/Kokatha and
361:
A Wirangu language revitalisation program has been underway at Ceduna and surrounding areas since 2004. This has involved the recording of
Wirangu language from the last two recognised full speakers of the language, Gladys and Doreen Miller. With the assistance of linguists from the University of
379:
Wirangu has three phonemic vowels (a, i, u). Vowel length is not usually considered phonemic in
Wirangu, as vowel length is normally short, although it is predictably long in all monosyllabic words (Wirangu 'ma' , 'wa' , 'mil' , etc.), borrowings from other languages ('maatha' < English
329:
Because of the intensive culture contacts in the southern half of South
Australia, which brought dislocation and culture change, traditional lifestyles and traditional ways of speaking declined during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In the case of Wirangu, the establishment of the
350:. Neighbouring languages often borrow words from one another, and the new intense contacts at Koonibba led to a significant influx of Kokatha words which have become part of present-day Wirangu.
695:
144:
439:, with six series of stops and nasals. Voicing is not phonemic in the Wirangu stop series, and many stops are either unvoiced or semivoiced. Wirangu also has two
846:
Monaghan, Paul (2016). "37. Tracing the new: processes of translation and transculturation in
Wirangu". In Austin, Peter K.; Koch, Harold; Simpson, Jane (eds.).
880:
708:
358:
Although there are very few fully fluent
Wirangu speakers left, many Aboriginal people in the Ceduna area remember parts of the language.
873:
800:
866:
198:
1709:
1581:
819:
380:"master"), and cases of initial consonant loss across phonological boundaries ('marna' + '(k)artu' = 'marnaartu' ).
2555:
1969:
339:
188:
243:
2826:
1086:
259:
158:
650:
641:
636:
622:
598:
593:
588:
583:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
422:
410:
405:
2567:
1281:
2461:
2260:
2116:
2104:
1919:
1617:
1284:
1253:
889:
436:
343:
80:
1732:
1560:
1171:
750:
Hercus, pp. 26; L.A. Hercus uses the voiced stop equivalents "b", "d", "g", etc. in her orthography.
2527:
1489:
1362:
1238:
1076:
935:
920:
2318:
2290:
1438:
1114:
1071:
1004:
255:
2491:
2481:
1812:
1797:
1751:
1679:
1637:
263:
2701:
2394:
2381:
2193:
2010:
1769:
1186:
1066:
1014:
631:
2589:
2722:
2630:
2576:
2430:
2366:
2229:
2078:
2050:
2045:
1860:
1789:
1774:
1704:
1699:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1642:
1555:
1461:
1446:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1207:
1176:
1024:
1019:
451:
287:
271:
85:
8:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2620:
2506:
2371:
2224:
2201:
2178:
2035:
1727:
1629:
1542:
1502:
1469:
1405:
1385:
1296:
1124:
1050:
930:
925:
691:
493:
150:
2792:
2764:
2754:
2681:
2594:
2410:
2206:
2147:
2139:
2124:
2101:
2068:
1992:
1982:
1959:
1888:
1883:
1802:
1764:
1694:
1614:
1550:
1527:
1522:
1512:
1479:
1474:
1370:
1314:
1258:
1217:
1145:
1099:
1094:
1029:
955:
488:
303:
2473:
829:
136:
2779:
2746:
2727:
2717:
2666:
2656:
2425:
2313:
2308:
2300:
2257:
2216:
2129:
2073:
2060:
2040:
2020:
1977:
1939:
1916:
1870:
1847:
1827:
1817:
1759:
1658:
1652:
1497:
1352:
1347:
1309:
1233:
1212:
1181:
1119:
1045:
999:
940:
815:
796:
574:
483:
456:
240:
435:
The consonantal phonemic inventory of
Wirangu is very similar to that of many other
194:
2769:
2732:
2671:
2599:
2584:
2501:
2351:
2346:
2336:
2328:
2285:
2183:
2157:
2025:
2005:
2000:
1954:
1944:
1893:
1878:
1855:
1517:
1428:
1423:
1337:
1319:
1304:
1248:
1166:
1161:
1140:
1009:
950:
945:
786:
776:
478:
468:
461:
440:
363:
335:
331:
60:
2797:
2787:
2759:
2691:
2661:
2651:
2532:
2511:
2496:
2486:
2415:
2361:
2341:
2280:
2234:
2165:
2030:
2015:
1949:
1931:
1832:
1807:
1719:
1666:
1591:
1576:
1532:
1507:
1451:
1418:
1329:
1243:
1104:
981:
965:
960:
902:
767:
609:
473:
295:
251:
72:
43:
163:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2437:
2272:
1586:
1413:
1375:
1202:
605:
500:
247:
177:
53:
670:
2820:
1822:
1779:
1342:
991:
347:
315:
307:
267:
775:. Pacific Linguistics Series C, Volume 150. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
763:
709:"Kokatha Mula and Yabi Dinah - Hidden Categories in "Against Native Title""
120:
858:
388:
769:
A Grammar of the
Wirangu Language from the West Coast of South Australia
847:
791:
675:
537:
400:
393:
346:, but while Wirangu is a Thura-Yura language, Kokatha is defined as a
781:
726:
696:
Australian
Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
417:
299:
129:
113:
32:
334:
in 1898 brought intense contact with other languages, in particular
319:
291:
206:
202:
849:
In
Language, land & song: Studies in honour of Luise Hercus
323:
311:
236:
171:
810:
Miller, Gladys (2005). "Wardugu Wirn: Hunting for Wombat".
205:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
713:
Journal of the Anthropological Society of South Australia
694:
Wirangu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
274:, and some older sources placed it in a subgroup called
443:, an alveolar flap/trill and a more retroflex rhotic.
286:
The Wirangu language is most closely related to the
342:, the two languages share a common ancestor in the
288:
Thura–Yura group of Australian Aboriginal languages
262:, stretching west approximately to the head of the
2818:
281:
290:, which are spoken from the West Coast to the
874:
888:
881:
867:
353:
302:. The best-known relatives of Wirangu are
170:
2100:
1613:
790:
780:
2256:
1915:
1280:
845:
706:
2554:
199:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2819:
2459:
809:
762:
685:
2553:
2458:
2255:
2099:
1914:
1612:
1279:
900:
862:
448:
254:across a region encompassing modern
901:
13:
852:. EL Publishing. pp. 555–566.
756:
744:
664:
180:(1974), adapted from Hercus (1999)
14:
2838:
707:Monaghan, Paul (1 January 2020).
838:Includes extensive bibliography.
65:2 semi-speakers reported in 2007
340:Aboriginal Australian languages
719:
700:
250:, living on the west coast of
244:Australian Aboriginal language
16:Australian Aboriginal language
1:
430:
282:Classification and influences
369:
246:traditionally spoken by the
7:
10:
2843:
270:. It is a language of the
235:, and also known by other
2778:
2745:
2710:
2644:
2608:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2549:
2520:
2472:
2468:
2454:
2403:
2327:
2299:
2271:
2267:
2251:
2215:
2192:
2156:
2138:
2115:
2111:
2095:
2059:
1991:
1968:
1930:
1926:
1910:
1869:
1846:
1788:
1750:
1718:
1665:
1651:
1628:
1624:
1608:
1569:
1541:
1488:
1460:
1437:
1404:
1361:
1328:
1295:
1291:
1275:
1226:
1195:
1154:
1133:
1085:
1059:
1038:
990:
974:
913:
909:
896:
731:Far West Languages Centre
635:
630:
604:
573:
536:
499:
460:
455:
450:
421:
374:
185:
176:Tribal boundaries, after
169:
157:
143:
127:
111:
106:
69:
59:
49:
38:
28:
23:
658:
681:(subscription required)
354:Language revitalisation
2420:old Wangkumara/Garlali
2389:new Wangkumara/Garlali
890:Pama–Nyungan languages
812:University of Adelaide
437:Pama Nyungan languages
294:area and north to the
264:Great Australian Bight
187:This article contains
1710:Woiwurrung–Taungurung
2827:Thura-Yura languages
2770:Gangalidda (Yukulta)
834:Mobile Language Team
2556:Macro-Pama–Nyungan?
2021:Ngarluma-Kariyarra
344:Pama–Nyungan group
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2741:
2740:
2609:Mangarrayi-Marran
2568:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
1970:Kanyara–Mantharta
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1746:
1745:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1254:Mbariman-Gudhinma
802:978-0-85883-505-4
679:(18th ed., 2015)
656:
655:
428:
427:
213:
212:
195:rendering support
191:phonetic symbols.
2834:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2551:
2550:
2470:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2269:
2268:
2253:
2252:
2113:
2112:
2097:
2096:
1928:
1927:
1912:
1911:
1737:Kuurn Kopan Noot
1733:Dhauwurd Wurrung
1663:
1662:
1626:
1625:
1610:
1609:
1561:Pallanganmiddang
1293:
1292:
1277:
1276:
1172:Aghu Tharrnggala
911:
910:
898:
897:
883:
876:
869:
860:
859:
853:
837:
825:
806:
794:
784:
782:10.15144/pl-c150
774:
751:
748:
742:
741:
739:
737:
723:
717:
716:
704:
698:
689:
683:
682:
668:
652:
643:
638:
624:
600:
595:
590:
585:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
446:
445:
424:
412:
407:
383:
382:
332:Koonibba Mission
272:Thura-Yura group
217:Wirangu language
174:
153:
139:
123:
116:
75:
21:
20:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2802:
2774:
2737:
2706:
2640:
2604:
2558:
2537:
2516:
2464:
2442:
2399:
2376:Wangka-Yutjurru
2323:
2295:
2263:
2239:
2211:
2188:
2152:
2134:
2107:
2083:
2055:
1987:
1964:
1922:
1898:
1865:
1842:
1784:
1742:
1714:
1680:Dja Dja Wurrung
1661:
1647:
1620:
1596:
1565:
1537:
1484:
1456:
1433:
1400:
1357:
1324:
1287:
1263:
1239:Flinders Island
1222:
1191:
1150:
1129:
1081:
1077:Guugu Yimidhirr
1055:
1034:
986:
970:
936:Arritinngithigh
921:Adithinngithigh
905:
903:Paman languages
892:
887:
828:
822:
803:
772:
759:
757:Further reading
754:
749:
745:
735:
733:
725:
724:
720:
705:
701:
690:
686:
680:
669:
665:
661:
433:
377:
372:
356:
296:Flinders Ranges
284:
252:South Australia
219:, also written
193:Without proper
181:
149:
135:
119:
112:
102:
76:
73:Language family
71:
44:South Australia
17:
12:
11:
5:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2528:Lower Burdekin
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2466:
2465:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2319:Lower Arrernte
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2291:Western Desert
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2109:
2108:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1622:
1621:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1587:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:Kuuk Thaayorre
1112:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
996:
994:
988:
987:
985:
984:
978:
976:
972:
971:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
917:
915:
907:
906:
894:
893:
886:
885:
878:
871:
863:
857:
856:
854:
842:
841:
839:
826:
820:
807:
801:
758:
755:
753:
752:
743:
718:
699:
684:
662:
660:
657:
654:
653:
648:
646:
644:
639:
634:
628:
627:
625:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
579:
577:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
497:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
432:
429:
426:
425:
420:
414:
413:
408:
403:
397:
396:
391:
386:
376:
373:
371:
368:
355:
352:
283:
280:
248:Wirangu people
211:
210:
197:, you may see
183:
182:
175:
167:
166:
161:
155:
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727:"Who Are We?"
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19:
2702:Anindilyakwa
2462:Pama–Nyungan
2416:Bulloo River
2395:Yandruwandha
2382:Wilson River
2261:Pama–Nyungan
2173:Yindjilandji
2117:Ngumpin–Yapa
2105:Pama–Nyungan
2046:Yindjibarndi
2011:Martuthunira
1920:Pama–Nyungan
1837:
1752:Lower Murray
1618:Pama–Nyungan
1285:Pama–Nyungan
1067:Barrow Point
848:
833:
811:
768:
764:Hercus, L.A.
746:
734:. Retrieved
730:
721:
712:
702:
687:
674:
666:
434:
378:
360:
357:
338:. Like most
328:
285:
275:
266:and east to
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
214:
186:
128:
93:
81:Pama–Nyungan
18:
2723:Kungarakany
2645:Gunwinyguan
2631:Warndarrang
2431:Barranbinja
2367:Pitta Pitta
2230:Mayi-Kutuna
2194:Kalkatungic
2079:Nyangumarta
2051:Yinhawangka
1861:Ngadjunmaya
1775:Yitha-Yitha
1705:Wemba Wemba
1690:Madhi-Madhi
1685:Ledji-Ledji
1556:Gunaikurnai
1447:Kumbainggar
1208:Mbara-Yanga
1177:Ikarranggal
1025:Wik-Ngathan
1020:Wik-Mungkan
1005:Kugu-Muminh
792:1885/146617
632:Approximant
260:Streaky Bay
201:instead of
2697:Nunggubuyu
2687:Rembarrnga
2677:Kunbarlang
2621:Mangarrayi
2577:Maningrida
2386:Bundhamara
2372:Wanggamala
2356:Yarluyandi
2225:Mayi-Kulan
2202:Kalkatungu
2179:Warluwarra
2158:Warluwaric
2036:Nyiyaparli
1790:Thura-Yura
1728:Bungandidj
1700:Wathaurong
1582:Bandjalang
1503:Darkinjung
1490:Yuin–Kuric
1470:Gamilaraay
1462:Wiradhuric
1363:Waka–Kabic
1259:Umbindhamu
1125:Yir-Yoront
1109:Ogh-Undjan
1051:Morrobolam
931:Anguthimri
926:Andjingith
676:Ethnologue
452:Peripheral
431:Consonants
86:Thura-Yura
2793:Gunindiri
2755:Kayardild
2682:Ngalakgan
2667:Kunwinjku
2595:Gurr-goni
2590:Ndjébbana
2507:Ritharrŋu
2411:Baagandji
2207:Yalarnnga
2148:Warumungu
2140:Warumungu
2069:Karajarri
1983:Mantharta
1960:Yinggarda
1889:Natingero
1884:Kalaamaya
1803:Barngarla
1765:Ngayawung
1695:Wadi-Wadi
1659:Kolakngat
1630:Yotayotic
1551:Dhudhuroa
1543:Gippsland
1523:Ngunnawal
1513:Dhanggati
1480:Wiradjuri
1475:Ngiyambaa
1406:Durubalic
1381:Gabi-Gabi
1371:Barunggam
1315:Warrgamay
1297:Dyirbalic
1218:Walangama
1100:Kok Thawa
1095:Koko-Bera
1087:Southwest
1039:Lamalamic
1030:Wik-Ompom
1015:Wik-Me'nh
975:Northeast
956:Ndrangith
830:"Wirangu"
494:Retroflex
370:Phonology
304:Barngarla
300:Lake Eyre
130:Glottolog
114:ISO 639-3
50:Ethnicity
33:Australia
2821:Category
2728:Wardaman
2718:Gaagudju
2657:Uwinymil
2426:Muruwari
2314:Kaytetye
2309:Arrernte
2102:Northern
2041:Panyjima
1993:Ngayarta
1940:Badimaya
1828:Ngadjuri
1818:Narungga
1675:Bunurong
1643:Yotayota
1615:Southern
1528:Tharawal
1498:Awabakal
1396:Wuliwuli
1391:Wakawaka
1353:Warrongo
1310:Nyawaygi
1249:Kok Narr
1234:Djabugay
1213:Mbabaram
1196:Southern
1120:Kuuk Yak
1060:Yalanjic
1046:Lamalama
1000:Ayabadhu
941:Awngthim
766:(1999).
489:Alveolar
320:Narangga
292:Adelaide
241:moribund
233:Wirangga
229:Wirrunga
221:Wirrongu
207:Help:IPA
137:wira1265
90:(Nangga)
2780:Garrwan
2747:Tangkic
2733:Wagiman
2672:Dalabon
2600:Nakkara
2585:Burarra
2352:Ngamini
2347:Mithaka
2337:Arabana
2301:Arandic
2258:Central
2184:Yanyuwa
2170:Bularnu
2130:Ngumbin
2125:Ngarrga
2074:Mangala
2061:Marrngu
2026:Nhuwala
2006:Kurrama
2001:Jurruru
1978:Kanyara
1955:Wajarri
1945:Malgana
1917:Western
1894:Nyungar
1879:Galaagu
1871:Nyungic
1856:Mirning
1848:Mirniny
1838:Wirangu
1770:Yaralde
1760:Keramin
1653:Kulinic
1518:Ngarigo
1429:Turrbal
1424:Nunukul
1348:Kingkel
1338:Bidjara
1320:Wulguru
1305:Dyirbal
1282:Eastern
1203:Agwamin
1187:Thaypan
1182:Takalak
1167:Angkula
1162:Alungul
1155:Thaypan
1146:Kuthant
1141:Kurtjar
1010:Pakanha
951:Mbiywom
946:Luthigh
736:1 March
671:Wirangu
575:Lateral
484:Palatal
457:Laminal
441:rhotics
364:Mirning
336:Kokatha
239:, is a
237:exonyms
225:Wirrung
203:Unicode
178:Tindale
164:Wirangu
145:AIATSIS
94:Wirangu
61:Extinct
24:Wirangu
2798:Waanyi
2788:Garrwa
2765:Minkin
2760:Lardil
2692:Ngandi
2652:Jawoyn
2533:Bindal
2502:Djinaŋ
2497:Djinba
2487:Dhuwal
2460:Other
2438:Yardli
2342:Diyari
2329:Karnic
2286:Wanman
2281:Ngardi
2235:Ngawun
2166:Wagaya
2031:Nyamal
2016:Ngarla
1950:Nhanda
1833:Nukunu
1813:Kuyani
1808:Kaurna
1592:Yidiny
1577:Anewan
1508:Dharug
1452:Yaygir
1419:Janday
1376:Dappil
1244:Gugadj
1134:Norman
1105:Kunjen
982:Umpila
966:Uradhi
961:Ngkoth
818:
799:
479:Dental
469:Labial
462:Apical
375:Vowels
324:Kaurna
312:Nukunu
276:Nangga
256:Ceduna
231:, and
39:Region
2711:Other
2662:Waray
2636:Yugul
2626:Marra
2616:Alawa
2521:Other
2512:Nhaŋu
2492:Djaŋu
2482:Dhaŋu
2474:Yolŋu
2404:Other
2362:Ngura
1932:Kartu
1720:Drual
1667:Kulin
1570:Other
1533:Wormi
1414:Guwar
1330:Maric
1227:Other
914:North
773:(PDF)
659:Notes
610:Trill
538:Nasal
474:Velar
389:Front
2273:Wati
2217:Mayi
1823:Nauo
1780:Yuyu
1343:Biri
816:ISBN
797:ISBN
738:2023
606:Flap
501:Stop
401:High
394:Back
322:and
308:Nauo
298:and
258:and
215:The
992:Wik
787:hdl
777:doi
673:at
608:or
418:Low
310:,
306:,
189:IPA
159:ELP
121:wgu
2823::
832:.
814:.
795:.
785:.
729:.
711:.
692:C1
584:l̪
553:n̪
516:t̪
366:.
326:.
318:,
314:,
278:.
227:,
223:,
151:C1
882:e
875:t
868:v
836:.
824:.
805:.
789::
779::
740:.
715:.
651:ɻ
642:j
637:w
623:r
599:ɭ
594:l
589:ʎ
568:ɳ
563:n
558:ɲ
548:ŋ
543:m
531:ʈ
526:t
521:c
511:k
506:p
423:a
411:u
406:i
209:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
