Wind farm - Knowledge

1500: 225:(ISOs) in the United States such as the California ISO and Midcontinent ISO use interconnection request queues to allow developers to propose a new generation for a specific given area and grid interconnection. These request queues have both deposit costs at the time of request and ongoing costs for the studies the ISO will make for up to years after the request was submitted to ascertain the viability of the interconnection due to factors such as ATC. Larger corporations who can afford to bid the most queues will most likely have market power as to which sites with the most resource and opportunity are eventually developed. After the deadline to request a place in the queue has passed, many firms will withdraw their requests after gauging the competition in order to make back some of the deposit for each request that is determined too risky in comparison to other larger firms' requests. 1699:

regions of Sindh and Balochistan. The Zorlu Energy Putin Power Plant is the first wind power plant in Pakistan. The wind farm is being developed in Jhimpir, by Zorlu Energy Pakistan the local subsidiary of a Turkish company. The total cost of the project is $ 136 million. Completed in 2012, it has a total capacity of around 56MW. Fauji Fertilizer Company Energy Limited, has built a 49.5 MW wind Energy Farm at Jhimpir. Contract of supply of mechanical design was awarded to Nordex and Descon Engineering Limited. Nordex is a German wind turbine manufacturer. In the end of 2011 49.6 MW was expected to be completed. The Pakistani government also issued a Letter Of Interest in a 100 MW Wind power plant to FFCEL. The Pakistani government had plans to achieve electric power generation of up to 2500 MW by the end of 2015 from wind energy to bring down an energy shortage.

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further integration of two interconnected areas without significant upgrades to existing transmission lines and substations. Significant equipment upgrades have substantial costs, potentially undermining the viability of a project within a location, regardless of wind resource availability. Once a list of capable areas is constructed, the list is refined based on long term wind measurements, among other environmental or technical limiting factors such as proximity to load and land procurement.

1543: 1625: 7582: 1851: 2343: 2052: 7606: 1582: 1342: 1978: 1724: 1638: 1433: 1234: 2237:. The large, rapidly moving blades of the turbines can return signals to the radar that can be mistaken as an aircraft or weather pattern. Actual aircraft and weather patterns around wind farms can be accurately detected, as there is no fundamental physical constraint preventing that, but aging radar infrastructure is significantly challenged with the task. The US military is using wind turbines on some bases, including 7570: 7594: 1803:

metres (135 ft) long blades, with a rotor diameter of 82 metres (269 ft) and a wind swept area of 5,281 square metres (56,840 sq ft). Phase II was completed in August 2008, and added 5 more wind turbines with the same capacity, and brought the total capacity to 33 MW. All 20 turbines describes a graceful arc reflecting the shoreline of Bangui Bay.

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increases the costs of roads and power cables, and raises the amount of land needed to install a specific capacity of turbines. As a result of these factors, turbine spacing varies by site. Generally speaking, manufacturers require a minimum of 3.5 times the turbine's rotor diameter of clear space between each adjacent turbine's respective spatial envelope.

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blade tips can be moving at nearly aircraft velocity. Studies are currently being performed to determine the level of this interference and will be used in future site planning. Issues include masking (shadowing), clutter (noise), and signal alteration. Radar issues have stalled as much as 10,000 MW of projects in the USA.

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Habitat loss and fragmentation are the greatest potential impacts on wildlife of onshore wind farms, but they are small and can be mitigated if proper monitoring and mitigation strategies are implemented. The worldwide ecological impact is minimal. Thousands of birds and bats, including rare species,

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Pakistan has wind corridors in Jhimpir, Gharo and Keti Bundar in Sindh province and is currently developing wind power plants in Jhimpir and Mirpur Sakro (District Thatta). The government of Pakistan decided to develop wind power energy sources due to problems supplying energy to the southern coastal

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Morocco has undertaken a vast wind energy program, to support the development of renewable energy and energy efficiency in the country. The Moroccan Integrated Wind Energy Project, spanning over a period of 10 years with a total investment estimated at $ 3.25 billion, will enable the country to bring

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had a total installed wind capacity of 93,957 MW. Germany had the third-largest capacity in the world (after China and the United States), with an installed capacity of 29,060 MW at the end of 2011. Spain had 21,674 MW, and Italy and France each had between 6,000 and 7,000 MW. By January 2014, the UK

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for lifting components, but few can lift sizes above 5 MW. Service vessels have to be operated nearly 24/7 (availability higher than 80% of time) to get sufficient amortisation from the wind turbines. Therefore, special fast service vehicles for installation (like Wind Turbine Shuttle) as well as for

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approximately 20 km from shore and over 400 MW in size. Other Canadian projects include one on the Pacific west coast. In 2010, there were no offshore wind farms in the United States, but projects were under development in wind-rich areas of the East Coast, Great Lakes, and Pacific coast; and in

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Often in heavily saturated energy markets, the first step in site selection for large-scale wind projects, before wind resource data collection, is finding areas with adequate available transfer capability (ATC). ATC is the measure of the remaining capacity in a transmission system available for

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The wind blows faster at higher altitudes because of the reduced influence of drag. The increase in velocity with altitude is most dramatic near the surface and is affected by topography, surface roughness, and upwind obstacles such as trees or buildings. At altitudes of thousands of feet/hundreds of

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Wind turbines also generate noise. At a distance of 300 metres (980 ft) this may be around 45 dB, which is slightly louder than a refrigerator. At 1.5 km (1 mi) distance they become inaudible. There are anecdotal reports of negative health effects on people who live very close to

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In July 2022 Brazil reached 22 GW of installed wind power in about 750 wind farms In 2021 Brazil was the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21 GW), and the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind China, USA and Germany. The largest wind farm in the

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wind data alone is usually not sufficient for accurate siting of a large wind power project. Collection of site specific data for wind speed and direction is crucial to determining site potential in order to finance the project. Local winds are often monitored for a year or more, detailed wind maps

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states that although the symptoms are real for those who suffer from the condition, doctors need to first eliminate known causes (such as pre-existing cancers or thyroid disease) before reaching definitive conclusions with the caveat that new technologies often bring new, previously unknown health

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Currently four wind farms are operational (Fauji Fertilizer 49.5 MW (subsidiary of Fauji Foundation), Three Gorges 49.5 MW, Zorlu Energy Pakistan 56 MW, Sapphire Wind Power Company Limited 52.6 MW) and six are under construction phase ( Master Wind Energy Limited 52.6 MW, Sachal Energy Development

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being installed in Denmark in 1991. As of 2010, there were 39 offshore wind farms in waters off Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom, with a combined operating capacity of 2,396 MW. More than 100 GW (or 100,000 MW) of offshore projects

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The faster the average wind speed, the more electricity the wind turbine will generate, so faster winds are generally economically better for wind farm developments. The balancing factor is that strong gusts and high turbulence require stronger more expensive turbines, otherwise there is a risk of

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crops in the central areas of the United States noted that the microclimate generated by wind turbines improves crops as it prevents the late spring and early autumn frosts, and also reduces the action of pathogenic fungi that grow on the leaves. Even at the height of summer heat, the lowering of

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The level of interference is a function of the signal processors used within the radar, the speed of the aircraft and the relative orientation of wind turbines/aircraft with respect to the radar. An aircraft flying above the wind farm's turning blades could become impossible to detect because the

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Sri Lanka has received funding from the Asian Development Bank amounting to $ 300 million to invest in renewable energies. From this funding as well as $ 80 million from the Sri Lankan Government and $ 60 million from France's Agence Française de Développement, Sri Lanka was expected to build two

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are known for their abundant wind resource capacity and capability for large-scale wind farms. These types of passes were the first places in the 1980s to have heavily invested large-scale wind farms after approval for wind energy development by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. From these wind

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and some only had a lifetime of 10 to 20 years. Previously, there was no market for recycling these old blades, and they were commonly disposed of in landfills. Because blades are hollow, they take up a large volume compared to their mass. Since 2019, some landfill operators have begun requiring

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maintenance (including heave compensation and heave compensated working platforms to allow the service staff to enter the wind turbine also at difficult weather conditions) are required. So-called inertial and optical based Ship Stabilization and Motion Control systems (iSSMC) are used for that.

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Phase I of the NorthWind power project in Bangui Bay consists of 15 wind turbines, each capable of producing electricity up to a maximum capacity of 1.65 MW, for a total of 24.75 MW. The 15 on-shore turbines are spaced 326 metres (1,070 ft) apart, each 70 metres (230 ft) high, with 41

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and spacing requirements, wind farms typically need to be spread over more land than other power stations. Their network of turbines, access roads, transmission lines, and substations can result in "energy sprawl"; although land between the turbines and roads can still be used for agriculture.

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as the wind accelerates over a ridge. The additional wind speeds gained in this way can increase energy produced because more wind goes through the turbines. The exact position of each turbine matters, because a difference of 30 metres could potentially double output. This careful placement is

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A major factor in wind-farm design is the spacing between the turbines, both laterally and axially (with respect to the prevailing winds). The closer the turbines are together, the more the upwind turbines block wind from their rear neighbors (wake effect). However, spacing turbines far apart

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In a 2009 report about "Rural Wind Farms", a Standing Committee of the Parliament of New South Wales, Australia, recommended a minimum setback of two kilometres between wind turbines and neighboring houses (which can be waived by the affected neighbor) as a precautionary approach.

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Closer spacing is possible depending on the turbine model, the conditions at the site, and how the site will be operated. Airflows slow as they approach an obstacle, known as the 'blockage effect', reducing available wind power by 2% for the turbines in front of other turbines.

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Offshore wind turbines are less obtrusive than turbines on land, as their apparent size and noise is mitigated by distance. Because water has less surface roughness than land (especially deeper water), the average wind speed is usually considerably higher over open water.

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In just five years, China leapfrogged the rest of the world in wind energy production, going from 2,599 MW of capacity in 2006 to 62,733 MW at the end of 2011. However, the rapid growth outpaced China's infrastructure and new construction slowed significantly in 2012.

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Wind farms consisting of diverse wind turbines have been proposed in order to efficiently use wider ranges of wind speeds. Such wind farms are proposed to be projected under two criteria: maximization of the energy produced by the farm and minimization of its costs.

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Utility-scale wind farms must have access to transmission lines to transport energy. The wind farm developer may be obliged to install extra equipment or control systems in the wind farm to meet the technical standards set by the operator of a transmission line.

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In the Gharo wind corridor, two wind farms (Foundation Energy 1 & II each 49.5 MW) are operational while two wind farms Tenaga Generasi Limited 49.5 MW and HydroChina Dawood Power Pvt. Limited 49.5 are under construction and expected to achieve COD in 2017.

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generates a small proportion of the country's electricity. It has been estimated that Japan has the potential for 144 gigawatts (GW) for onshore wind and 608 GW of offshore wind capacity. As of 2023, the country had a total installed capacity of 5.2 GW.

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along with most major foreign wind turbine manufacturers. China also increased production of small-scale wind turbines to about 80,000 turbines (80 MW) in 2008. Through all these developments, the Chinese wind industry appeared unaffected by the

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By the end of 2008, at least 15 Chinese companies were commercially producing wind turbines and several dozen more were producing components. Turbine sizes of 1.5 MW to 3 MW became common. Leading wind power companies in China were

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Mountain passes are ideal locations for wind farms under these conditions. Mountain passes channel wind, blocked by mountains, through a tunnel like pass towards areas of lower pressure and flatter land. Passes used for wind farms like the

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farms, developers learned much about turbulence and crowding effects of large-scale wind projects, which were previously unresearched, in the U.S. due to the lack of operational wind farms large enough to conduct these types of studies.

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Location is critical to the overall success of a wind farm. Additional conditions contributing to a successful wind farm location include: wind conditions, access to electric transmission, physical access, and local electricity prices.

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have been killed by wind turbine blades, as around other manmade structures, though wind turbines are responsible for far fewer bird deaths than fossil-fuel infrastructure. This can be mitigated with proper wildlife monitoring.

6432: 6038: 130:). Wind farms can interfere with radar, although in most cases, according to the US Department of Energy, "siting and other mitigations have resolved conflicts and allowed wind projects to co-exist effectively with radar". 156:

damage. The average power in the wind is not proportional to the average wind speed. For this reason, the ideal wind conditions would be strong but consistent winds with low turbulence coming from a single direction.

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A 2010 study found that in the immediate vicinity of wind farms, the climate is cooler during the day and slightly warmer during the night than the surrounding areas due to the turbulence generated by the blades.

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installed capacity was 10,495 MW. But energy production can be different from capacity – in 2010, Spain had the highest European wind power production with 43 TWh compared to Germany's 35 TWh. In addition to the '

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There have been multiple scientific, peer-reviewed studies into wind farm noise, which have concluded that infrasound from wind farms is not a hazard to human health and there is no verifiable evidence for

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Loren D. Knopper, Christopher A. Ollson, Lindsay C. McCallum, Melissa L. Whitfield Aslund, Robert G. Berger, Kathleen Souweine, and Mary McDaniel, Wind Turbines and Human Health, . June 19, 2014; 2: 63.

2090:, unlike fossil fuel power sources. The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months. 2310:

There are also reports of negative effects on radio and television reception in wind farm communities. Potential solutions include predictive interference modelling as a component of site selection.

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Offshore windfarms, including floating windfarms, provide a small but growing fraction of total windfarm power generation. Such power generation capacity must grow substantially to help meet the

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The wind farm uses 20 units of 70-metre (230 ft) high Vestas V82 1.65 MW wind turbines, arranged on a single row stretching along a nine-kilometre shoreline off Bangui Bay, facing the

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turbine installations in hilly or mountainous regions tend to be on ridges generally three kilometres or more inland from the nearest shoreline. This is done to exploit the

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Growth in 2008 channeled some $ 17 billion into the economy, positioning wind power as one of the leading sources of new power generation in the country, along with

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the next low appears off the coast of Ireland. Therefore, while it is true that the wind is not blowing everywhere all of the time, it will tend to be blowing somewhere.

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Airborne wind farms have been envisaged. Such wind farms are a group of airborne wind energy systems located close to each other connected to the grid at the same point.

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Lema, Adrian & Ruby, K. "Towards a policy model for climate change mitigation: China's experience with wind power development and lessons for developing countries".

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Xydis, G.; Koroneos, C.; Loizidou, M. (2009). "Exergy analysis in a wind speed prognostic model as a wind farm sitting selection tool: a case study in Southern Greece".

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Because they require no fuel, wind farms have less impact on the environment than many other forms of power generation and are often referred to as a good source of

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as a key growth component of the country's economy. With its large land mass and long coastline, China has exceptional wind resources. Researchers from Harvard and

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The blades are composite, those are not recyclable, those can't be sold," Linowes said. "The landfills are going to be filled with blades in a matter of no time.

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According to a USAID report, Pakistan has the potential of producing 150,000 megawatts of wind energy, of which the Sindh corridor can produce 40,000 megawatts.

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manufacturer. In 2018, US wind power provided enough electricity to power approximately 25 million homes, avoiding the emissions of 200 million tons of carbon.

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Installation and service / maintenance of off-shore wind farms are a challenge for technology and economic operation of a wind farm. As of 2015, there are 20

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nature of wind power can pose complications for maintaining a stable power grid when wind farms provide a large percentage of electricity in any one region.

126:, and a drop in tourism. Some critics claim that wind farms have adverse health effects, but most researchers consider these claims to be pseudoscience (see 6265: 5456:

Energiewende und Landschaftsästhetik. Versachlichung ästhetischer Bewertungen von Energieanlagen durch Bezugnahme auf drei intersubjektive Landschaftsideale

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U.S. wind power installed capacity in September 2019 exceeded 100,125 MW and supplies 6.94% of the nation's electricity. The majority of wind farms in the

84:. Wind farms vary in size from a small number of turbines to several hundred wind turbines covering an extensive area. Wind farms can be either onshore or 1566:

As of 2018, government targets for wind power deployment were relatively low when compared to other countries, at 1.7% of electricity production by 2030.

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The Philippines has the first windfarm in Southeast Asia. Located in the northern part of the country's biggest island, Luzon, alongside the seashore of

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state (7253 MW). Wind power accounts nearly 8.5% of India's total installed power generation capacity, and it generates 1.6% of the country's power.

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permanent committee passed a law that requires the Chinese energy companies to purchase all the electricity produced by the renewable energy sector.

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Limited 49.5 MW, Yunus Energy Limited 49.5 MW, Gul Energy 49.5 MW, Metro Energy 49.5 MW, Tapal Energy) and were expected to achieve COD in 2017.

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India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world. As of 31 March 2014, the installed capacity of wind power was 21136.3

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The capacity of the world's first wind farm was 0.6 MW, produced by 20 wind turbines rated at 30 kilowatts each, installed on the shoulder of

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However wind farms are more resistant to military attack than thermal power plants as many missiles are needed to destroy them not just one.

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coastline. Eskom has constructed one small scale prototype windfarm at Klipheuwel in the Western Cape and another demonstrator site is near

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blades to be crushed before being landfilled. Blades manufactured in the 2020s are more likely to be designed to be completely recyclable.

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have now both expressed concerns about environmental aspects of wind turbines, particularly the potential danger they impose for birds.

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Parisé, J.; Walker, T. R. (2017). "Industrial wind turbine post-construction bird and bat monitoring: A policy framework for Canada".

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Parisé, J.; Walker, T. R. (2017). "Industrial wind turbine post-construction bird and bat monitoring: A policy framework for Canada".

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generated by wind farms. In most locations the wind blows only part of the time, which means that there has to be back-up capacity of

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Guezuraga, Begoña; Zauner, Rudolf; Pölz, Werner (January 2012). "Life cycle assessment of two different 2 MW class wind turbines".

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to hide the turbines while still tracking aircraft over the wind farm, and a similar method mitigates the false returns. England's

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is using a short-term mitigation; to "blank" the turbines on the radar map with a software patch. Wind turbine blades using

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The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services

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Experimental wind farms consisting of a single wind turbine for testing purposes have been built. One such installation is

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2.5–3 degrees above the crops due to turbulence caused by the blades can make a difference for the cultivation of corn.

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Many of the largest operational onshore wind farms are located in China, India, and the United States. For example, the

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Greenhouse gas emissions per energy source. Wind energy is one of the sources with the least greenhouse gas emissions.

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are constructed, along with rigorous grid capability studies conducted, before any wind generators are installed.

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Onshore (on-land) wind farms can have a significant visual impact and impact on the landscape. Due to a very low

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followed with 50 and 27 wind turbines with a capacity of 3 MW each for a Total of 150 MW and 81 MW respectively.

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capacity to cover periods that the wind is not blowing. To address this issue it has been proposed to create a "

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is the leading state in terms of wind energy accounting for nearly 40% of total energy production in 2019. The

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to avoid flight within 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) at all altitudes from wind turbine farms.

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in Jordan was inaugurated in December 2015, and is the first large scale wind farm project in the region.

176:, and validated with on-site wind measurements via long term or permanent meteorological-tower data using 147: 7598: 7508: 7486: 7259: 6453: 4238: 4000:"Wind Farm Energy and Costs Optimization Algorithm under Uncertain Parameters of Wind Speed Distribution" 2998:"A ENEL GREEN POWER INAUGURA O PARQUE EÓLICO LAGOA DOS VENTOS, O MAIOR DA AMÉRICA DO SUL | Petronotícias" 1946: 1907:

As of September 2015, a number of sizable wind farms have been constructed in South Africa mostly in the

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Conflicts arise especially in scenic and culturally-important landscapes. Siting restrictions (such as

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Summary of main conclusions reached in 25 reviews of the research literature on wind farms and health

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metres above sea level, the power in the wind decreases proportional to the decrease in air density.

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Map of available wind power over the United States. Colour codes indicate wind power density class.

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in China is the largest wind farm in the world, with a target capacity of 20,000 MW by 2020.

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have been significant supporters of Australian wind farms, however the party's previous leader

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coastline, in Scotland, it has 114 turbines that generate 1.1 gigawatts (GW) of electricity.

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General Purpose Standing Committee No. 5, Parliament of New South Wales (16 December 2009).

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which was for some time the biggest wind farm in the world. The idea is that by the time a

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Dunnett, Sebastian; Holland, Robert A.; Taylor, Gail; Eigenbrod, Felix (8 February 2022).

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Dunnett, Sebastian; Holland, Robert A.; Taylor, Gail; Eigenbrod, Felix (8 February 2022).

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have found that China could meet all of their electricity demands from wind power by 2030.

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the blockage effect of turbines deeper in the wind farm can even affect those in front it

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Hosansky, David (1 April 2011). "Wind Power: Is wind energy good for the environment?".

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Wind Energy – The Facts: A Guide to the Technology, Economics and Future of Wind Power

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At the end of 2019, about 114,000 people were employed in the U.S. wind industry, and

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by 2012, with a goal of 20,000 MW by 2020. As of December 2020, the 1218 MW

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is the largest wind farm in the U.S. in terms of the number of individual turbines.

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100MW wind farms from 2017 due to be completed by late 2020 in northern Sri Lanka.

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the installed capacity, from wind energy, from 280 MW in 2010 to 2000 MW in 2020.

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wind turbines. Peer-reviewed research has generally not supported these claims.

7503: 7491: 7440: 6449: 5607: 5411: 5042: 4213:"Maior parque eólico do Brasil e América Latina será ampliado pela segunda vez" 4185: 3667:"Ørsted fully commissions Borssele 1 & 2 offshore wind farm in Netherlands" 3282: 3218:"China – Dabancheng Wind Farm now has a combined generating capacity of 500 MW" 2171:

A 2014 paper suggests that the 'Wind Turbine Syndrome' is mainly caused by the

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Most future wind farms in South Africa are earmarked for locations along the

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in the United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 659

7513: 7274: 7212: 7114: 7018: 6511: 6367: 6256: 6212: 6179:"Health, Economy, and Environment: Sustainable Energy Choices for a Nation" 6033: 6010: 5934: 5864: 5821: 5692:"Department defends 500ft windfarm in protected Area of Outstanding Beauty" 5379: 3803:"London Array's own website announcement of commencement of offshore works" 3489: 3117:"Drilling Down: What Projects Made 2008 Such a Banner Year for Wind Power?" 2412: 2023: 1964: 1923: 1908: 1789: 1402: 1122: 994: 907: 824: 181: 123: 77: 7129: 6629: 5642: 5551: 5549: 4019: 3869: 2913:"Winds of change blow through China as spending on renewable energy soars" 1418: 1286:, onshore with a current capacity of 1,000 MW being expanded to 1,500 MW. 761: 7354: 6598:"'Energy war': Ukraine tries to protect electricity supply before winter" 6326:"How loud is the underwater noise from operating offshore wind turbines?" 6094: 6092: 6017: 5321: 5319: 3342: 2129: 1971: 1624: 1233: 1184: 1082: 1076: 1049: 1008: 972: 843: 185: 6666:

Wind turbine or airplane? New radar could cut through the signal clutter

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Winds Of Change Blow Through China As Spending On Renewable Energy Soars

835:(utilisation rates) are considerably higher than for onshore locations. 7518: 7349: 7179: 7171: 6822:

Wind turbines and aviation interests – European experience and practice

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Tougaard, Jakob; Hermannsen, Line; Madsen, Peter T. (1 November 2020).

5546: 5539: 4937:"Jordan News Agency (Petra) |King inaugurates Tafila Wind Farm Project" 3577:"China's largest offshore wind farm is now fully connected to the grid" 2695: 2361: 2288: 2175:

effect and other psychological mechanisms. Australian science magazine

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in Port Elisabeth, was developed by the Belgian company Electrawinds.

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announced plans to install up to 45 GW of offshore wind power by 2040.

269:, the largest onshore wind farm in the UK and second-largest in Europe 115:, resulting in fewer turbines being needed for the same total output. 7359: 6727:"DHS asks Raytheon to study impact of wind turbines on radar systems" 6062:"Retiring worn-out wind turbines could cost billions that nobody has" 4189: 2371: 2055: 2019: 1581: 1518: 1504: 1461: 1341: 1260: 7119: 2416:, 19 March 2012, revised on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2012. 2342: 1977: 1723: 1637: 7425: 7224: 5664:"Permission to build five turbine wind farm at Kilranelagh refused" 5627: 5592: 4919:"Japan plans to install up to 45 GW of offshore wind power by 2040" 3411:"Slik utstyres de norske skipene for å takle nye gigant-vindmøller" 2720:"Business Practice Manual for Generator Interconnection Procedures" 2392:

Wind Power Plants: Fundamentals, Design, Construction and Operation

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Newcastle airport radar develops fix for wind turbine interference

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Power-eng.com: "Intermitten dinw problems and a possible solution"

4137: 1330:(GW) of electricity generating capacity, and China has identified 1283: 7435: 7412: 7407: 6967:"Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control. Section 5. Surveillance Systems" 6928: 6881: 6792:"Air Force: Cape Wind farm would have no impact on radar station" 6261: 5949:"Wind turbines are friendlier to birds than oil-and-gas drilling" 5506:

Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment

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Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment

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advises aircraft without position-reporting technologies such as

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to Ireland, and further south to France and Spain especially in

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At the end of 2009, wind power in China accounted for 25.1

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country is the Complexo eólico Lagoa dos Ventos in the State of

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134 × (seven different models from four domestic manufacturers)

7450: 7445: 7430: 7317: 6288:"Wind Turbine Sound and Health Effects: An Expert Panel Review" 4886: 4780:"Scotland's biggest offshore wind farm to generate first power" 4123:"Brasil atinge 21 GW de capacidade instalada de energia eólica" 2431: 2172: 1590: 676: 496: 464: 210: 6863:

QinetiQ and Vestas test 'stealth technology' for wind turbines

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are being developed to mitigate radar reflection problems for

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than for the average unit of electricity, so wind power helps

7140: 6994:"Town Councilor regrets High Sheldon Wind Farm (Sheldon, NY)" 5767: 5325: 4470: 2698:"Available Transfer Capability Definitions and Determination" 2620: 2323: 2222: 1817:

Two other wind farms were built outside of Ilocos Norte, the

1026: 736: 539: 524: 481: 432: 348: 331: 4686:"ČEZ says its wind farm in Romania is the biggest in Europe" 4630:. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 3485:"World's largest offshore windfarm opens off Cumbrian coast" 2257:

Some very long range radars are not affected by wind farms.

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set a target of 40 GW installed by 2020 and 150 GW by 2030.

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4C Offshore's Global Wind Farm Interactive Map and Database

6886: 6777: 4378: 4346:"Wind power becomes Europe's fastest growing energy source" 4242: 3747:"Seajacks, Van Oord to Install East Anglia ONE Foundations" 3163:"The Largest Wind Farm in Europe Goes into Trial Operation" 2803:. U.S. Department of Energy. 9 October 2008. Archived from 2735:"Studies, Study Results, & Project Cost Responsibility" 2464: 2113:

in areas known for natural landscapes and panoramic views.

2000: 3607:"Largest Offshore Wind Farm in China Fully Grid Connected" 3722:"Borssele III and IV Offshore Wind Farm, the Netherlands" 3459:"World's Largest Offshore Wind Farm Fully Up and Running" 2472:"World's largest offshore wind farm fully up and running" 2419: 1967:, with slow expansion into other regions of the country. 1550:, one of the largest wind farms in Japan with 33 turbines 6323: 6134:. GE Reports (2 August 2014). Retrieved on 20 July 2016. 4876:"GE Says Japan Has More Potential to Harness Wind Power" 4567:. Global Wind energy council. March 2010. Archived from 2011:

is the nation's largest wind farm in terms of capacity.

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with phase 1 completed. The first commercial wind farm,

5465:, in: Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung 46 (1): 10–16. 3517:"Triton Knoll reaches turbine commissioning completion" 2890:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

2827:"Wind Energy Center Alumni and the Early Wind Industry" 1204: 4845:"Ministry of New and Renewable Energy – Achievements" 2427:

In Pictures: The World's Biggest Green Energy Projects

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Wind farm interference (in yellow circle) on radar map

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Map of best places for Wind Turbines around the world

7104: 7041:"IMPACT OF WIND FARMS ON RADIOCOMMUNICATION SERVICES" 5719:"Building wind farms 'could destroy Welsh landscape'" 5533:

Nathan F. Jones, Liba Pejchar, Joseph M. Kiesecker. "

5066:"Belgium company plans R1,2bn Eastern Cape wind farm" 3949:

Zaken, Ministerie van Economische (27 January 2017).

3892:"Kriegers Flak Offshore Wind Farm – Power Technology" 3451: 2518: 2402: 2400: 5650:

Wind Power in Europe: Politics, Business and Society

5502:"What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?" 5476:"What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?" 2779:"Will wind-wake slow industry's ambitions offshore?" 2338: 5417: 2438: 1593:, is the first large scale wind farm in the region. 803:Europe is the leader in offshore wind energy, with 6878:'Stealth' wind turbine blade may end radar problem 6630:Wind farm interference showing up on Doppler radar 6145: 5080: 4184: 3777:"East Anglia One Now Officially Fully Operational" 3726:Power Technology | Energy News and Market Analysis 2621:"WINData LLC – Wind energy engineering since 1991" 2447:"Gansu Wind Farm – The World's Biggest Wind Farms" 2397: 196: 7059:Impacts of wind farms on surface air temperatures 6477: 6100:"These bike shelters are made from wind turbines" 5626:. British Wind Energy Association. Archived from 5591:. British Wind Energy Association. Archived from 5035: 4125:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Valor. 21 January 2022 3379: 808:are proposed or under development in Europe. The 213:, United States with a turbine under construction 7630: 6330:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5057: 3319:Offshore wind development hits a snag in Ontario 1429:, Scotland which has a total capacity of 539 MW. 7063:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6907:, 2 November 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2010. 6889:, 27 January 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010. 6868:, 26 October 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2010. 6308:"The Underwater Sound from Offshore Wind Farms" 5774:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5332:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2498:"WINDExchange: Wind Turbine Radar Interference" 2305: 6853:, 17 November 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2011. 6708:MCLB Barstow wind turbine a Marine Corps first 6673:, 3 September 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2011. 5543:, Volume 65, Issue 3, March 2015. pp. 290–301. 5151: 5149: 5017:"ADB grants $ 300 m to boost renewable energy" 4894:"Japan behind on wind power | The Japan Times" 4739: 4464:"Renewables Global Status Report: 2009 Update" 3261: 2892:"CDM: Gansu Guazhou 300 MW Wind Power Project" 2512: 2064:environmental impact of electricity generation 1444:An important limiting factor of wind power is 1315:The Pubnico Wind Farm taken from Beach Point, 842:is pursuing several proposed locations in the 111:. Individual wind turbine designs continue to 7156: 6781:, 9 February 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2011. 5251:Annual Wind Industry Report, Year Ending 2008 5174: 2783:Recharge | Renewable energy news and articles 2696:North American Electric Reliability Council. 2322:In another study, an analysis carried out on 172:Usually sites are screened on the basis of a 7091:, 16 December 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2011. 6442: 5980: 5834: 5394:"How Wind Energy Can Help Us Breathe Easier" 5182:"AWEA 3rd quarter 2019 Public Market Report" 5118:"AWEA 3rd quarter 2019 Public Market Report" 5110: 4740:Cifuentes, David & Rodríguez, Victor M. 3255: 2954:"Suzlon creates country's largest wind park" 2208: 2086:. Wind power consumes no fuel, and emits no 2078:per unit of electricity generated: far less 1456:" to connect national grids together across 7078:Wind turbines on farmland may benefit crops 6715:, 27 March 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2011. 5146: 4107:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4083:"Eólica supera 22 GW em operação no Brasil" 3385: 3343:"Ontario to approve Great Lakes wind power" 3262:Garvine, Richard; Kempton, Willett (2008). 3236: 3234: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 2951: 2829:. University of Massachusetts Amherst. 2010 2592: 2490: 1752:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1666:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1460:, ranging from Denmark across the southern 109:the largest offshore wind farm in the world 99:in China had a capacity of over 6,000 7163: 7149: 7069: 7066:, 4 October 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2011. 7051: 6655:, January 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2011. 6143: 3331:, April 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011. 2866:"2014 China Wind Power Review and Outlook" 2593:Association, European Wind Energy (2012). 884:The world's 10 largest offshore wind farms 7115:Database of projects throughout the World 6814: 6774:Wind turbines cause radar cone of silence 6501: 6349: 6202: 5811: 5793: 5369: 5351: 5249:American Wind Energy Association (2009). 5088:"15-megawatt wind farm planned for Kouga" 5063: 4018: 3047:AWEA: U.S. Wind Energy Projects – Indiana 2945: 2435:, 9 January 2010. 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(December 2009) 5275:American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) 5161:American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) 3981:, March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014. 3851:, 8 March 2011. Accessed: 8 March 2011. 3144:AWEA: U.S. Wind Energy Projects – Texas 2754: 2676:Windpower Engineering & Development 2672:"How to calculate power output of wind" 2183: 1955:List of wind farms in the United States 787:Lists of offshore wind farms by country 14: 7631: 6991: 6856: 6744: 6718: 6640: 6407: 6176: 6059: 5899:Environmental Science & Technology 5294: 5127:(AWEA). September 2019. Archived from 4874:Watanabe, Chisaki (27 February 2014). 4391: 4040: 3951:"Aansluiting Windpark op zee – Gemini" 3408: 3312: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3042: 3040: 2444: 2390:Robert Gasch, Jochen Twele (editors). 2162:further research might still be useful 1863:List of power stations in South Africa 805:the first offshore wind farm (Vindeby) 7144: 6910: 6892: 6838: 6784: 6700: 6658: 6422: 6074:from the original on 5 September 2019 6041:from the original on 24 November 2021 6026: 5299:. Uinta County Herald. Archived from 5243: 4821:. Indianwindpower.com. Archived from 4458: 4456: 3948: 3677:from the original on 29 November 2021 3647:from the original on 19 November 2018 3497:from the original on 6 September 2018 3386:Rosa-Aquino, Paola (29 August 2021). 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2789:from the original on 5 November 2019. 2732: 2717: 2570: 2406:Watts, Jonathan & Huang, Cecily. 2221:Wind farms can interfere with ground 2120:Many wind turbine blades are made of 1436:A wind farm in a mountainous area in 280:, an onshore wind farm, in West Texas 7593: 6524: 6268:from the original on 18 October 2012 6250:Hamilton, Tyler (15 December 2009). 6240:School of Public Health, April 2015. 5689: 5661: 4490: 4394:"China Could Replace Coal with Wind" 4364: 4305: 3617:from the original on 29 January 2022 3587:from the original on 29 January 2022 3557:from the original on 19 January 2022 3527:from the original on 13 January 2022 3409:Nilsen, Jannicke (15 January 2016). 3398:from the original on 30 August 2021. 3184:Nossa empresa – Complexo Eólico Chuí 2777:Snieckus, Darius (2 November 2019). 2265:Permanent problem solving include a 1870: 1750:adding citations to reliable sources 1717: 1664:adding citations to reliable sources 1631: 1421:, Romania with 600 MW capacity, and 1205:Experimental and proposed wind farms 6408:Pagano, Margareta (2 August 2009). 6297:, Canadian Wind Energy Association. 6177:Gohlke, J. M.; et al. (2008). 5983:Journal of Environmental Management 5837:Journal of Environmental Management 4392:Treacy, Megan (16 September 2009). 4343: 4325:Kroldrup, Lars (15 February 2010). 4239:"China's Revolution in Wind Energy" 3341:Hamilton, Tyler (15 January 2008). 3155: 3130: 3037: 2030:Impact on environment and landscape 1476:has moved away from Denmark to the 1371:, according to industry observers. 296:World's largest onshore wind farms 24: 7075:Takle, Gene and Lundquist, Julie. 6942:Mendick, Robert (27 August 2011). 6918:Stealth blades – a progress report 6835:, 2002. Retrieved 9 February 2011. 6798:. 17 November 2007. Archived from 6152:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 5756:Mountaineering Council of Scotland 5745:Wind farms and tourism in Scotland 5223:"American Wind Energy Association" 4493:Energy for Sustainable Development 4473:. 2009. p. 16. Archived from 4453: 4423:Federico, Caprotti (Spring 2009). 4210: 4144:RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021 4007:Studies in Informatics and Control 3902:from the original on 20 April 2018 3757:from the original on 20 April 2018 3066:"Meadow Lake Wind Farm Fact Sheet" 2841: 2357:Renewable energy commercialisation 2107:Mountaineering Council of Scotland 2070:is minor when compared to that of 2037:Environmental impact of wind power 1867:List of wind farms in South Africa 233: 142: 25: 7665: 7120:Wind Project Community Organizing 7098: 6992:Cramer, Glenn (30 October 2009). 6950:. London, England. Archived from 6725:Goodwin, Jacob (3 January 2011). 6652:Federation of American Scientists 6183:Environmental Health Perspectives 6060:Kelley, Rick (18 February 2018). 5893:Katovich, Erik (9 January 2024). 5569:from the original on 3 March 2016 5512:from the original on 22 June 2019 4967:"Invest in Morocco – Wind Energy" 4851:. 31 October 2013. Archived from 4692:. 12 October 2012. Archived from 4594:"UK Wind Energy Database (UKWED)" 4381:. September 2009. pp. 18–19. 4288:. 7 February 2012. Archived from 4192:; Rosado, Pablo (11 March 2024). 4080: 3194: 2755:Parnell, John (30 October 2019). 2109:concluded that wind farms harmed 1911:region. These include the 100 MW 1405:', an off-shore wind farm in the 505:Hongshagang, Town, Minqin County 370:M’Intyre & Herries Range QLD 7604: 7592: 7581: 7580: 7568: 7033: 7011: 6985: 6959: 6935: 6596:Harding, Luke (1 October 2023). 6589: 6578: 6549: 6518: 6471: 6430:"Final Report, Rural Wind Farms" 6401: 6382: 6317: 6300: 6280: 6252:"Wind Gets Clean Bill of Health" 6243: 6219: 6170: 6137: 6118: 6053: 5974: 5886: 5828: 5737: 5711: 5683: 5655: 5581: 5557:"Why Australia needs wind power" 5494: 5448: 5263: 5215: 5203: 5189:American Wind Energy Association 5125:American Wind Energy Association 5009: 4984: 4959: 4929: 4911: 4819:"Indian Wind Energy and Economy" 4540:European Wind Energy Association 4308:"Turbine makers take a breather" 2733:Singh, Abhishek (6 March 2018). 2341: 2140: 2035:This section is an excerpt from 1937: 1875: 1722: 1636: 1534:This section is an excerpt from 1211:Østerild Wind Turbine Test Field 810:European Wind Energy Association 458:Complexo Eólico Lagoa dos Ventos 7135:Biggest Wind Farms in the World 6971:Federal Aviation Administration 6389:'Wind Energy – The Facts', p. 1 6027:Sneve, Joe (4 September 2019). 5045:. 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Retrieved 22 September 2010. 5662:Dodd, Eimear (27 March 2021). 4664:"Fantanele-Cogealac Wind Park" 4344:Gow, David (3 February 2009). 3547:"Asset map | The Crown Estate" 3369:"Naikun Wind Development, Inc" 2564: 2539: 2533:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.03.017 2445:Kanter, Doug (20 April 2016). 2384: 1713: 257:Lists of wind farms by country 93:largest wind farm in the world 13: 1: 7477:Blade element momentum theory 7125:World Wind Energy Association 7110:World Wind Energy Association 6003:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.052 5857:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.052 5295:Buller, Erin (11 July 2008). 5235:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 5157:"Wind's Environmental Record" 4283:"Global Wind Statistics 2011" 4271:. Global Wind Energy Council. 4245:. 12 May 2015. Archived from 4041:Morton, Adam (15 July 2019). 2377: 2260: 1369:financial crisis of 2007–2008 7467:2020s in wind power research 6763:. Retrieved 9 February 2011. 6697:. Retrieved 9 February 2011. 6637:. Retrieved 9 February 2011. 6525:Swan, Norman (6 July 2015). 5442:10.1016/j.renene.2011.05.008 5092:Cacadu District Municipality 4747:. p. 11. Archived from 3862:"London Array – The Project" 3074:EDP Renewables North America 2306:Radio reception interference 2058:grazing near a wind turbine. 1836: 1415:Fântânele-Cogealac Wind Farm 1296:List of wind farms in Canada 1228: 1223: 795:Offshore wind turbines near 624:Fântânele-Cogealac Wind Farm 490:Complexo Eólico Rio do Vento 357:Urat Zhongqi, Bayannur City 223:independent system operators 7: 7487:Energy return on investment 6125:How Loud Is A Wind Turbine? 5690:Kula, Adam (9 April 2021). 2952:BS Reporter (11 May 2012). 2334: 2284:A mobile radar system, the 1947:San Gorgonio Pass wind farm 1806:Adjacent municipalities of 1628:Jhimpir Wind Farm, Pakistan 1613: 783:List of offshore wind farms 772: 38:San Gorgonio Pass wind farm 10: 7670: 6900:Stealth-Mode Wind Turbines 6712:United States Marine Corps 6454:"Wind Turbine Controversy" 6225:Professor Simon Chapman. " 5212:Altamont Pass, California. 4542:. February 2012. p. 4 4306:Yiyu, Liu (5 April 2012). 3283:10.1357/002224008788064540 3271:Journal of Marine Research 3165:(Press release). CEZ Group 2248: 2187: 2144: 2034: 1952: 1860: 1617: 1604: 1556:Japan's electricity sector 1548:Nunobiki Plateau Wind Farm 1533: 1510: 1389: 1380:National People's Congress 1376:Global Wind Energy Council 1304: 1293: 1274: 1248: 846:, including the suspended 776: 253:List of onshore wind farms 250: 246: 80:in the same location used 7562: 7534:Variable renewable energy 7459: 7398: 7370: 7273: 7240: 7178: 6683:About the R-2508 Airspace 6478:Rubin, G. J.; Burns, M.; 5750:21 September 2020 at the 5652:. Springer, 2007. p. 176. 5454:Thomas Kirchhoff (2014): 4648:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4562:"GLOBAL WIND 2009 REPORT" 4219:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 4089:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 4068:"Di Natale defends Brown" 3979:Airborne Wind Energy Labs 3052:18 September 2010 at the 3025:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 2599:. Earthscan. p. 32. 2209:Ground radar interference 2147:Health effects from noise 2080:greenhouse gas is emitted 2022:was the largest domestic 1884:This article needs to be 1576: 1385: 1289: 1270: 838:The province of Ontario, 827:(630 MW) also in the UK. 609:Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm 228: 7654:Sustainable technologies 7554:Wind resource assessment 6827:11 December 2010 at the 6751:Radars and radio signals 6646:Brenner, Michael et al. 6634:National Weather Service 6503:10.4103/1463-1741.132099 6148:Wind Energy Comes of Age 6130:15 December 2014 at the 5271:"Wind Facts at a Glance" 4716:"A Supergrid for Europe" 4157:"Global wind statistics" 3998:Romanuke, Vadim (2018). 3671:www.power-technology.com 3149:29 December 2007 at the 2983:2 September 2015 at the 2394:. Springer, 2011. p. 11. 2160:, although some suggest 2076:global warming potential 1528: 1503:A wind farm overlooking 1494: 1300: 766:topographic acceleration 549:Shepherds Flat Wind Farm 6694:United States Air Force 6688:4 December 2008 at the 5919:10.1021/acs.est.3c03899 5795:10.1073/pnas.2104764119 5353:10.1073/pnas.2104764119 5068:. engineeringnews.co.za 3096:"Renewable Energy News" 2978:Terra-Gen Press Release 2958:Business Standard India 2349:Renewable energy portal 2013:Altamont Pass Wind Farm 2005:Alta Wind Energy Center 1995:with 8,965 MW and 1450:dispatchable generation 746:Panther Creek Wind Farm 442:Alta (Oak Creek-Mojave) 207:Biglow Canyon Wind Farm 7549:Wind profile power law 7544:Wind power forecasting 6866:Renewable Energy Focus 5758:. November 2017. p. 3. 5191:(AWEA). September 2019 4434:: 6–10. Archived from 3324:9 January 2012 at the 3246:"Offshore Wind Energy" 2218: 2059: 2048: 1985: 1950: 1858: 1629: 1620:Wind power in Pakistan 1594: 1568:In December 2020, the 1551: 1508: 1441: 1350: 1319: 1246: 995:Triton Knoll Wind Farm 871: 853:Block Island Wind Farm 800: 641:Fowler Ridge Wind Farm 411:Damao Qi, Baotou City 281: 270: 214: 152: 82:to produce electricity 57: 45: 27:Group of wind turbines 7575:Wind power portal 7057:Roy, Somnath Baidya. 7047:on 23 September 2015. 7021:. Broadcast Wind, LLC 6998:River City Malone.com 6973:. p. 4-5-1.b.(g) 6435:23 March 2011 at the 6395:27 March 2015 at the 5461:18 April 2016 at the 5256:20 April 2009 at the 5210:Encyclopedia of Earth 4798:"Wind atlas of India" 4720:MIT Technology Review 4020:10.24846/v27i2y201803 3922:"About Kriegers Flak" 2314:Impact on agriculture 2267:non-initiation window 2216: 2158:vibroacoustic disease 2154:Wind Turbine Syndrome 2095:surface power density 2054: 2046: 1980: 1945: 1853: 1627: 1584: 1545: 1521:mainly spread across 1502: 1435: 1344: 1314: 1236: 1069:Borssele III & IV 861: 848:Trillium Power Wind 1 794: 714:Buffalo Gap Wind Farm 564:Meadow Lake Wind Farm 276: 264: 204: 150: 134:Siting considerations 128:wind turbine syndrome 51: 35: 7380:Consulting companies 7188:Airborne wind energy 6820:P. Jago, N. Taylor. 6756:7 April 2011 at the 6664:Greenemeier, Larry. 6648:Wind Farms and Radar 6293:18 June 2020 at the 6104:World Economic Forum 5297:"Capturing the wind" 4690:Prague Daily Monitor 3613:. 27 December 2021. 3583:. 27 December 2021. 3493:. 6 September 2018. 3329:Alberta Oil Magazine 2705:Western Energy Board 2571:Kelly, Neil (1994). 2184:Effect on power grid 2084:limit climate change 1999:with 8,072 MW. 1746:improve this section 1660:improve this section 1392:Wind power in Europe 1277:Wind power in Brazil 729:Dabancheng Wind Farm 670:Complexo Eólico Chuí 656:Sweetwater Wind Farm 384:Markbygden Wind Farm 7609:Additional portals: 7539:Virtual power plant 7372:Wind power industry 7250:Lists of wind farms 7137:by Power-Technology 6923:8 June 2011 at the 6670:Scientific American 6342:2020ASAJ..148.2885T 6232:22 May 2019 at the 6144:Gipe, Paul (1995). 6067:Valley Morning Star 5995:2017JEnvM.201..252P 5911:2024EnST...58..323K 5849:2017JEnvM.201..252P 5786:2022PNAS..11904764D 5434:2012REne...37...37G 5344:2022PNAS..11904764D 4947:on 22 December 2015 4925:. 15 December 2020. 4754:on 3 December 2007. 4604:on 26 November 2015 3985:18 May 2015 at the 3872:on 21 February 2014 3523:. 13 January 2022. 2941:. 15 February 2018. 2243:radar test facility 2235:air traffic control 2007:(1,020 MW) in 1963:are located in the 1917:Gouda Wind Facility 1855:Gouda Wind Facility 1570:Japanese government 1536:Wind power in Japan 1513:Wind power in India 1464:to England and the 1336:Tsinghua University 1307:Wind power in China 1042:Borssele I & II 886: 779:Offshore wind power 685:Zarafara Wind Farm 474:Jaisalmer Wind Park 425:Muppandal Wind farm 297: 7084:6 May 2011 at the 6954:on 28 August 2011. 6844:Learmount, David. 6489:Noise & Health 6351:10.1121/10.0002453 6264:. pp. B1–B2. 5225:. 31 October 2019. 4992:"Energie Eolienne" 4742:"Renewable energy" 4404:on 15 October 2009 4331:The New York Times 4194:"Renewable Energy" 3844:2011-03-09 at the 3701:www.4coffshore.com 3637:"Borssele 1&2" 2761:greentechmedia.com 2547:"Prevailing Winds" 2367:Sustainable energy 2294:The United States 2275:stealth technology 2219: 2060: 2049: 1986: 1951: 1859: 1630: 1595: 1552: 1509: 1442: 1423:Whitelee Wind Farm 1351: 1320: 1263:and former leader 1247: 1009:Vestas V164 9.5 MW 882: 872: 823:, followed by the 801: 699:Whitelee Wind Farm 295: 292:in December 1980. 282: 271: 267:Whitelee Wind Farm 265:An aerial view of 215: 153: 70:wind power station 58: 46: 7626: 7625: 7218:on public display 6916:Appleton, Steve. 6904:Technology Review 6761:Wind Energy Facts 6238:Sydney University 6195:10.1289/ehp.11602 6163:978-0-471-10924-2 6106:. 19 October 2021 5725:. 4 November 2019 5669:Irish Independent 5134:on 5 January 2020 4825:on 17 August 2013 4786:. 23 August 2022. 4768:. 23 August 2022. 4628:Eolic Energy News 4352:. London, England 4198:Our World in Data 3976:AWES Farm Density 3465:. 30 January 2020 2606:978-1-84977-378-2 2527:(11): 2411–2420. 2478:. 30 January 2020 2425:Fahey, Jonathan. 2271:Newcastle Airport 2225:systems used for 2072:fossil fuel power 1905: 1904: 1823:Mindoro Wind Farm 1821:in Rizal and the 1819:Pililla Wind Farm 1782: 1781: 1774: 1696: 1695: 1688: 1474:low pressure area 1374:According to the 1360:Dongfang Electric 1265:Richard Di Natale 1257:Australian Greens 1239:Canunda Wind Farm 1202: 1201: 1096:East Anglia Array 922:Hornsea Wind Farm 855:was commissioned. 759: 758: 286:Crotched Mountain 162:San Gorgonio Pass 113:increase in power 105:Hornsea Wind Farm 16:(Redirected from 7661: 7613:Renewable energy 7608: 7596: 7595: 7584: 7583: 7573: 7572: 7419:GE Offshore Wind 7165: 7158: 7151: 7142: 7141: 7092: 7073: 7067: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6939: 6933: 6914: 6908: 6896: 6890: 6875: 6869: 6860: 6854: 6842: 6836: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6796:capecodtoday.com 6788: 6782: 6772:Levitan, David. 6770: 6764: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6722: 6716: 6704: 6698: 6680: 6674: 6662: 6656: 6644: 6638: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6593: 6587: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6561: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6537:on 19 April 2020 6533:. 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2395: 2388: 2351: 2346: 2345: 2134:noisy underwater 1900: 1897: 1891: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1831:Oriental Mindoro 1777: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1726: 1718: 1691: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1640: 1632: 1599:Tafila Wind Farm 1587:Tafila Wind Farm 1546:Turbines at the 1177:Gemini Wind Farm 949:Walney Wind Farm 887: 881: 833:Capacity factors 817:Walney Wind Farm 815:As of 2017, The 579:Roscoe Wind Farm 518:Kailu, Tongliao 298: 294: 278:Roscoe Wind Farm 76:, is a group of 74:wind power plant 68:, also called a 44:, United States. 21: 7669: 7668: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7567: 7558: 7529:Tip-speed ratio 7524:Net energy gain 7482:Capacity factor 7455: 7394: 7366: 7269: 7255:Community-owned 7236: 7174: 7169: 7101: 7096: 7095: 7089:Ames Laboratory 7086:Wayback Machine 7074: 7070: 7056: 7052: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7024: 7022: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6990: 6986: 6976: 6974: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6940: 6936: 6925:Wayback Machine 6915: 6911: 6898:Fairly, Peter. 6897: 6893: 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7367: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7330: 7328:Unconventional 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7293:Crosswind kite 7290: 7285: 7279: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7260:Offshore farms 7257: 7252: 7246: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7168: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7100: 7099:External links 7097: 7094: 7093: 7068: 7050: 7032: 7010: 6984: 6958: 6934: 6909: 6891: 6870: 6855: 6837: 6813: 6802:on 8 July 2011 6783: 6765: 6743: 6717: 6706:Hayes, Keith. 6699: 6675: 6657: 6639: 6622: 6588: 6577: 6548: 6517: 6482:(7 May 2014). 6480:Wessely, Simon 6470: 6441: 6421: 6400: 6381: 6316: 6299: 6279: 6242: 6218: 6169: 6162: 6136: 6117: 6088: 6052: 6016: 5973: 5940: 5905:(1): 323–332. 5885: 5870: 5827: 5760: 5736: 5710: 5682: 5654: 5641: 5615: 5606: 5580: 5545: 5523: 5493: 5482:. January 2018 5467: 5447: 5410: 5385: 5315: 5287: 5262: 5242: 5214: 5202: 5173: 5145: 5109: 5079: 5056: 5043:"Electrawinds" 5034: 5023:on 18 May 2015 5008: 4983: 4958: 4928: 4910: 4885: 4866: 4836: 4810: 4789: 4771: 4757: 4732: 4707: 4696:on 22 May 2013 4677: 4655: 4615: 4585: 4574:on 5 July 2010 4553: 4524: 4502: 4483: 4452: 4441:on 9 June 2011 4415: 4384: 4363: 4336: 4317: 4298: 4274: 4260: 4249:on 18 May 2015 4230: 4203: 4177: 4148: 4136: 4114: 4073: 4059: 4033: 4013:(2): 155–164. 3990: 3968: 3941: 3913: 3883: 3853: 3830: 3794: 3768: 3738: 3713: 3688: 3658: 3628: 3598: 3568: 3551:Thecrownestate 3538: 3508: 3476: 3450: 3420: 3401: 3378: 3360: 3333: 3311: 3277:(6): 751–773. 3254: 3230: 3209: 3187: 3176: 3154: 3129: 3101: 3087: 3057: 3036: 3010: 2989: 2970: 2944: 2930: 2904: 2882: 2840: 2818: 2807:on 27 May 2010 2792: 2769: 2747: 2725: 2718:CAISO (2016). 2710: 2688: 2663: 2646:"Introduction" 2637: 2612: 2605: 2585: 2563: 2538: 2521:Applied Energy 2511: 2500:. WINDExchange 2489: 2463: 2437: 2418: 2396: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2336: 2333: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2262: 2259: 2250: 2247: 2210: 2207: 2185: 2182: 2142: 2139: 2041: 2033: 2031: 2028: 1983:Iowa wind farm 1965:Central Plains 1953:Main article: 1939: 1936: 1913:Sere Wind Farm 1903: 1902: 1883: 1881: 1874: 1857:, South Africa 1847: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1780: 1779: 1730: 1728: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1694: 1693: 1644: 1642: 1635: 1618:Main article: 1615: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1578: 1575: 1540: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1511:Main article: 1496: 1493: 1483:In July 2022, 1458:western Europe 1446:variable power 1411:United Kingdom 1407:Thames Estuary 1398:European Union 1390:Main article: 1387: 1384: 1305:Main article: 1302: 1299: 1294:Main article: 1291: 1288: 1275:Main article: 1272: 1269: 1249:Main article: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1191:Siemens Gamesa 1187: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1164:Siemens Gamesa 1160: 1155: 1152: 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7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7400:Manufacturers 7397: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7385:Manufacturers 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7333:Vertical-axis 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7313:Pitch bearing 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7275:Wind turbines 7272: 7266: 7265:Onshore farms 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7203:Land vehicles 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7161: 7159: 7154: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7020: 7014: 6999: 6995: 6988: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6953: 6949: 6948:The Telegraph 6945: 6938: 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5113: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5067: 5060: 5044: 5038: 5022: 5018: 5012: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4972: 4971:invest.gov.ma 4968: 4962: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4799: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4665: 4659: 4651: 4645: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4570: 4563: 4557: 4541: 4534: 4528: 4512: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4380: 4373: 4367: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4270: 4264: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4124: 4118: 4110: 4104: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4063: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3930: 3923: 3917: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3783:. 3 July 2020 3782: 3781:Offshore Wind 3778: 3772: 3756: 3752: 3751:Offshore Wind 3748: 3742: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3464: 3463:Offshore Wind 3460: 3454: 3438: 3434: 3433:Offshore Wind 3430: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3258: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3235: 3219: 3213: 3198: 3191: 3185: 3180: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3097: 3091: 3076: 3075: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3024: 3020: 3014: 2999: 2993: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2940: 2934: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2893: 2886: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2828: 2822: 2806: 2802: 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1944: 1938:United States 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1899: 1887: 1882: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1827:Puerto Galera 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1776: 1773: 1765: 1762:November 2023 1755: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1731:This section 1729: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1687: 1679: 1676:November 2023 1669: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1645:This section 1643: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1621: 1611: 1602: 1600: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1544: 1537: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1506: 1501: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1348: 1345:Wind farm in 1343: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1297: 1287: 1285: 1278: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1150:Kriegers Flak 1148: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 992: 989: 986: 980: 976: 974: 970: 967: 963: 962: 960: 958: 955: 952: 950: 947: 946: 943: 940: 937: 933: 931: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 895: 892: 889: 888: 885: 880: 877: 869: 865: 860: 856: 854: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 828: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 806: 798: 793: 788: 784: 780: 770: 767: 763: 755: 753:United States 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 740: 738: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 723: 721:United States 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 708: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 683: 680: 678: 675: 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