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found this distasteful, especially as he was expected to share in the killing. The scientific output from the voyage was, in Bruce's words "a miserable show". In a letter to the Royal
Geographical Society he wrote: "The general bearing of the master (Captain Fairweather) was far from being favourable to scientific work". Bruce was denied access to charts, so was unable to establish the accurate location of phenomena. He was required to work "in the boats" when he should have been making meteorological and other observations, and no facilities were allowed him for the preparation of specimens, many of which were lost through careless handling by the crew. Nevertheless, his letter to the RGS ends: "I have to thank the Society for assisting me in what has been, despite all drawbacks, an instructive and delightful experience." In a further letter to Mill he outlined his wishes to go South again, adding: "the taste I have had has made me ravenous".
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that its experimental work had showed this part of the globe to be crucially important to the world's climate. According to the oceanographer Tony Rice, it fulfilled a more comprehensive programme than any other
Antarctic expedition of its day. At the time its reception in Britain was relatively muted; although its work was highly praised within sections of the scientific community, Bruce struggled to raise the funding to publish his scientific results, and blamed Markham for the lack of national recognition.
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that "Markham had much to answer for". After
Markham's death in 1916 Bruce sent a long letter to his Member of Parliament, Charles Price, detailing Sir Clements's malice towards him and the Scottish expedition, ending with a heartfelt cry on behalf of his old comrades: "Robertson is dying without his well won white ribbon! The Mate is dead!! The Chief Engineer is dead!!! Everyone as good men as have ever served on any Polar Expedition, yet they did not receive the white ribbon." No action followed this plea.
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prospects to get married. His bride was Jessie
Mackenzie, who had worked as a nurse in Samuel Bruce's London surgery. Bruce's marriage took place in the United Free Church of Scotland, in Chapelhill within the Parish of Nigg on 20 January 1901, being attended and witnessed by their parents. Perhaps, due to Bruce's secretive nature presenting limited details even among his circle of close friends and colleagues, little information about the wedding has been recorded by his biographers.
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968:, and showed no interest in Bruce's plans. No rich private benefactors came forward, and persistent and intensive lobbying of the government for financial backing failed. Bruce suspected that his efforts were, as usual, being undermined by the aged but still influential Markham. Finally accepting that his venture would not take place, he gave generous support and advice to Ernest Shackleton, who in 1913 announced plans, similar to Bruce's, for his
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of coal and iron ore were discovered. Thereafter Bruce was too ill to continue with his involvement. The new company had expended most of its capital on these prospecting ventures, and although it continued to exist, under various ownerships, until 1952, there is no record of profitable extraction. Its assets and claims were finally acquired by a rival concern.
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1146:, an award for young polar scientists. Thereafter his name continued to be respected in scientific circles, but Bruce and his achievements were forgotten by the general public. Occasional mentions of him, in polar histories and biographies of major figures such as Scott and Shackleton, tended to be dismissive and inaccurate.
916:. His main task was masterminding the preparation of the SNAE scientific reports. These, at considerable cost and much delay, were published between 1907 and 1920, except for one volume—Bruce's own log—that remained unpublished until 1992, after its rediscovery. Bruce maintained a wide correspondence with experts, including
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ship was now assured, making his first explicit references to a "Scottish
Expedition". This alarmed Markham, who replied with some anger: "Such a course will be most prejudicial to the Expedition A second ship is not in the least required I do not know why this mischievous rivalry should have been started".
694:, in the first of a series of addresses in that area. They named their house "Antarctica". A son, Eillium Alastair, was born in April 1902, and a daughter, Sheila Mackenzie, was born seven years later. During these years Bruce founded the Scottish Ski Club and became its first president. He was also a co-founder of
1062:. The honour that eluded him was the Polar Medal, awarded by the Sovereign on the recommendation of the Royal Geographical Society. The Medal was awarded to the members of every other British or Commonwealth Antarctic expedition during the early 20th century, but the SNAE was the exception; the medal was withheld.
1178:: "We never heard him once grumble about himself, though he was neither to hold or bend when he thought some injustice was being done to, or slight cast on, his men, on his colleagues, on his laboratory, on his Scotland. Then one got glimpses of the volcano which his gentle spirit usually kept sleeping."
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The same author considers reasons why Bruce's efforts to capitalise on this success met with failure, and suggests a combination of his shy, solitary, uncharismatic nature and his "fervent" Scottish nationalism. Bruce seemingly lacked public relations skills and the ability to promote his work, after
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Bruce continued to lobby for recognition, highlighting the distinctions between the treatment of SNAE and that of
English expeditions. When the war finished he attempted to revive his various interests, but his health was failing, forcing him to close his laboratory. On the 1920 voyage to Spitsbergen
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In 1914 discussions began toward finding more permanent homes, both for Bruce's collection and, following the death that year of oceanographer Sir John Murray, for the specimens and library of the
Challenger expedition. Bruce proposed that a new centre should be created as a memorial to Murray. There
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During his year at Cape Flora Bruce collected around 700 zoological specimens, in often very disagreeable conditions. According to
Jackson: "It is no pleasant job to dabble in icy-cold water, with the thermometer some degrees below zero, or to plod in the summer through snow, slush and mud many miles
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prevented further immediate developments. Early in 1919 the old syndicate was replaced by a larger and better-financed company. Bruce had now fixed his main hopes on the discovery of oil, but scientific expeditions in 1919 and 1920 failed to provide evidence of its presence; substantial new deposits
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Shackleton's expedition was an epic adventure, but failed completely in its main endeavour of a transcontinental crossing. Bruce was not consulted by the
Shackleton relief committee about that expedition's rescue, when the need arose in 1916. "Myself, I suppose," he wrote, "because of being north of
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On 21 March 1900 Bruce reminded
Markham that he had applied a year earlier, and went on to reveal that he "was not without hopes of being able to raise sufficient capital whereby I could take out a second British ship". He followed this up a few days later, and reported that the funding for a second
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regions, both for scientific and for commercial purposes. His failure to mount any major exploration ventures after the SNAE is usually attributed to his lack of public relations skills, powerful enemies, and his Scottish nationalism. By 1919 his health was failing, and he experienced several spells
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After Bruce's death his long-time friend and colleague Robert Rudmose Brown wrote, in a letter to Bruce's father: "His name is imperishably enrolled among the world's great explorers, and the martyrs to unselfish scientific devotion." Rudmose Brown's biography was published in 1923, and in the same
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voyage and later Bruce's first biographer, wrote in a 1913 letter to the President of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society that this neglect was "a slight to Scotland and to Scottish endeavour". Bruce wrote in March 1915 to the President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, who agreed in his reply
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Bruce replied by return, denying rivalry, and asserting: "If my friends are prepared to give me money to carry out my plans I do not see why I should not accept it there are several who maintain that a second ship is highly desirable". Unappeased, Markham wrote back: "As I was doing my best to get
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he wrote: "While 'Science' was the talisman of the Expedition, 'Scotland' was emblazoned on its flag". This insistence on emphasising the Scottish character of his enterprises could be irksome to those who did not share his passion. He retained the respect and devotion of those whom he led, and of
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This expedition assembled a large collection of animal, marine and plant specimens, and carried out extensive hydrographic, magnetic and meteorological observations. One hundred years later it was recognised that the expedition's work had "laid the foundation of modern climate change studies", and
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On his return from Franz Josef Land in 1897, Bruce worked in Edinburgh as an assistant to his former mentor John Arthur Thomson, and resumed his duties at the Ben Nevis observatory. In March 1898 he received an offer to join Major Andrew Coats on a hunting voyage to the Arctic waters around Novaya
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The relatively short expedition—Bruce was back in Scotland in May 1893—failed in its main purpose, and gave only limited opportunities for scientific work. No right whales were found, and to cut the expedition's losses a mass slaughter of seals was ordered, to secure skins, oil and blubber. Bruce
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Bruce replied formally, saying that the funds he had raised in Scotland would not have been forthcoming for any other project. There was no further correspondence between the two, beyond a short conciliatory note from Markham, in February 1901, which read "I can now see things from your point of
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It is uncertain how Bruce was employed after his return from Spitsbergen in late 1899. In his whole life he rarely had settled salaried work, and usually relied on patronage or on influential acquaintances to find him temporary posts. Early in 1901 he evidently felt sufficiently confident of his
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The early years of the 21st century have seen a reassessment of Bruce's work. Contributory factors have been the SNAE centenary, and Scotland's renewed sense of national identity. A 2003 expedition, in a modern research ship "Scotia", used information collected by Bruce as a basis for examining
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wife Mary, née Lloyd. His middle name came from another branch of the family; its unusual spelling, as distinct from the more common "Spiers", tended to cause problems for reporters, reviewers and biographers. William passed his early childhood in the family's London home at 18 Royal Crescent,
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tabled a motion relating to the SNAE centenary, which concluded: "The Polar Medal Advisory Committee should recommend the posthumous award of the Polar Medal to Dr William Speirs Bruce, in recognition of his status as one of the key figures in early 20th century polar scientific exploration".
1029:, among other areas. A sum of £4,000 (out of a target of £6,000) was subscribed to finance the costs of a detailed prospecting expedition in 1909, in a chartered vessel with a full scientific team. The results were "disappointing", and the voyage absorbed almost all of the syndicate's funds.
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on 2 November 1902, and headed south towards Antarctica, where Bruce intended to set up winter quarters in the Weddell Sea quadrant, "as near to the South Pole as is practicable". On 22 February the ship reached 70°25′S, but could proceed no further because of heavy ice. She retreated to
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Bruce's chosen life as an explorer, his unreliable sources of income and his frequent extended absences, all placed severe strains on the marriage, and the couple became estranged around 1916. They continued to live in the same house until Bruce's death. Eillium became a
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ran aground on a submerged rock and appeared stranded, Prince Albert instructed Bruce to begin preparations for a winter camp, in the belief that it might be impossible for the ship to escape. Fortunately she floated free, and was able to return to Tromsø for repairs.
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in the hospital before his death in 1921, after which he was almost totally forgotten. In recent years, following the centenary of the Scottish Expedition, efforts have been made to give fuller recognition to his role in the history of scientific polar exploration.
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in 2011 contrasted his meticulous science with his rivals' aim of enhancing imperial prestige. A new biographer, Peter Speak (2003), claims that the SNAE was "by far the most cost-effective and carefully planned scientific expedition of the Heroic Age".
957:, while the Ross Sea party pushed south to meet them and assist them home. The expedition would also carry out extensive oceanographical and other scientific work. Bruce estimated that the total cost would be about £50,000 (2024 value about £6,450,000).
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was unanimous agreement to proceed, but the project was curtailed by the outbreak of war, and not revived. The Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory continued until 1919, when Bruce, in poor health, was forced to close it, dispersing its contents to the
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The tone of Markham's letter, and particularly the "mischievous rivalry" jibe, rankled with Bruce long after. He refers to the term in a 1917 letter to his MP, Charles Edward Price, when Bruce was still campaigning for the awards of Polar Medals. See
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you appointed (to the National Antarctic Expedition) I had a right to think you would not take such a step without at least consulting me". He continued: "You will cripple the National Expedition in order to get up a scheme for yourself".
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in northeastern Norway to reprovision for the voyage to Spitsbergen. In a letter to Mill, Bruce reported: "This is a pure yachting cruise and life is luxurious". But his scientific work was unabated: "I have been taking 4-hourly observations in
1012:, an island unvisited during the earlier voyages. Here Bruce found further deposits of coal, and indications of iron. On the basis of these finds, Bruce set up a mineral prospecting company, the Scottish Spitsbergen Syndicate, in July 1909.
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On 17 March 1910 Bruce presented proposals to the Royal Scottish Geographical Society (RSGS) for a new Scottish Antarctic expedition. His plan envisaged a party wintering in or near Coats Land, while the ship took another group to the
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climate change in South Georgia. This expedition predicted "dramatic conclusions" relating to global warming from its research, and saw this contribution as a "fitting tribute to Britain's forgotten polar hero, William Speirs Bruce".
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the fashion of Scott and Shackleton; a lifelong friend described him as being "as prickly as the Scottish thistle itself". On occasion he behaved tactlessly, as with Jackson over the question of the specimens brought back from
371:. The experience of Granton, and the contact with some of the foremost contemporary natural scientists, convinced Bruce to stay in Scotland. He abandoned his place at UCL, and enrolled instead in the medical school at the
745:, then in its early planning stages. Markham's reply was a non-committal one-line acknowledgement, after which Bruce heard nothing for a year. He was then told, indirectly, to apply for a scientific assistant's post.
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with the expedition's other finds. This "tendency towards scientific conceit", and lack of tact in interpersonal dealings, were early demonstrations of character flaws that in later life would be held against him.
375:. This enabled him to maintain contact with mentors such as Geddes and Thomson, and also gave him the opportunity to work during his free time in the Edinburgh laboratories where specimens brought back from the
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summit meteorological station, where he gained further experience in scientific procedures and with meteorological instruments. In June 1896, again on the recommendation of Mill, he left this post to join the
588:. This offer had originally been made to Mill, who was unable to obtain leave from the Royal Geographical Society, and once again suggested Bruce as a replacement. Andrew Coats was a member of the prosperous
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Bruce's collection of specimens, gathered from more than a decade of Arctic and Antarctic travel, required a permanent home. Bruce himself needed a base from which the detailed scientific reports of the
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led him instead to organise his own expedition, and earned him the permanent enmity of the geographical establishment in London. Although Bruce received various awards for his polar work, including an
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Within these premises Bruce housed his meteorological and oceanographic equipment, in preparation for future expeditions. He also met there with fellow-explorers, including Nansen, Shackleton, and
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after him, on the northern edge of Northbrook Island, at 80°55′N. Jackson was less pleased with Bruce's proprietorial attitude to his personal specimens, which he refused to entrust to the
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Within months he was making proposals for a scientific expedition to South Georgia, but the RGS would not support his plans. In early 1896 he considered collaboration with the Norwegians
439:, an acquaintance from Granton who was now librarian to the Royal Geographical Society in London. Although it would finally curtail his medical studies, Bruce did not hesitate; with
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in 1904; the Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1910; the Neill prize and Medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1913, and the Livingstone Medal of the
964:, the University of Edinburgh, and other Scottish organisations, but the timing was wrong; the Royal Geographical Society in London was fully occupied with Robert Scott's
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The largely unexplored Antarctica continent had been divided by the RGS for convenience into four distinct geographic quadrants: Ross, Victoria, Enderby and Weddell Sea.
1021:—rights to mine and extract could be established simply by registering a claim. Bruce's syndicate registered claims on Prince Charles Foreland and on the islands of
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and his assistant John Young Buchanan, and gained a deeper understanding of oceanography and invaluable experience in the principles of scientific investigation.
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On the basis of this honorary degree Bruce was usually described thereafter as "Dr Bruce", although this style is not generally used in Britain for doctorates
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Bruce's association with this family would be of great future benefit to him, through their financial backing for his main Antarctic venture a few years later.
909:, with the ultimate ambition that it should become the Scottish National Oceanographic Institute. It was officially opened by Prince Albert of Monaco in 1906.
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voyage could be prepared for publication. He obtained premises in Nicolson Street, Edinburgh, in which he established a laboratory and museum, naming it the
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after the expedition's chief backers. On 14 March, at 74°01′S and in danger of becoming icebound, Scotia turned north. The long voyage back to Scotland, via
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and possibly oil. In the summers of 1906 and 1907 he again accompanied the Prince to the archipelago, with the primary purpose of surveying and mapping
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972:. Shackleton not only received £10,000 from the government, but raised large sums from private sources, including £24,000 from Scottish industrialist
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to be scattered on the southern sea. Despite his irregular income and general lack of funds, his estate realised £7,000 (2024 value about £390,000).
860:, the site has been continuously in operation since then, and provides the longest historical meteorological series of Antarctica. In January 1904
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As to his nationalism, he wished to see Scotland on an equal footing with other nations. His national pride was intense; in a Preparatory Note to
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William Speirs Bruce was born at 43 Kensington Gardens Square in London, the fourth child of Samuel Noble Bruce, a Scottish physician, and his
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In fact, Bruce never resumed his medical studies and did not qualify as a physician. His later title of "Doctor" came from an honorary D. Litt.
856:, Bruce negotiated an agreement with the government whereby Omond House became a permanent weather station, under Argentinian control. Renamed
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Bruce, and those close to him, blamed Markham for this omission. The matter was raised, repeatedly, with anyone thought to have influence.
499:, which had been discovered, though not properly mapped, during an Austrian expedition 20 years earlier. Jackson's party was based at
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those who had known him longest. John Arthur Thomson, who had known Bruce since Granton, wrote of him when reviewing Rudmose Brown's 1923
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arrived at Cape Flora on 25 July where Bruce found that Jackson's expedition party had been joined by Fridtjof Nansen and his companion
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sailed south again, to explore the Weddell Sea. On 6 March, new land was sighted, part of the sea's eastern boundary; Bruce named this
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and temperature of the sea surface have tested salinity with Buchanan's hydrometer; my tow-nets have been going almost constantly."
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view, and wish you success"—a sentiment apparently not reflected in Markham's subsequent attitude towards the Scottish expedition.
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1105:, and spent four months there, but the venture failed. On his return to Britain he finally secured a minor post at the Admiralty.
953:, on the opposite side of the continent. During the second season the Coats Land party would cross the continent on foot, via the
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Swinney, Geoffrey N. (2002). "The Training of a Polar Scientist: Patrick Geddes and the Student Career of William Speirs Bruce".
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in the north. During the latter stages of the voyage Bruce was placed in charge of the voyage's scientific observations.
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Swinney, Geoffrey N. (2007). "The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902 1904) and the Founding of Base Orcadas".
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in the region. Scientific observations and oceanographic research would also be carried out in the four whaling ships:
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sailed for Spitsbergen, but was stopped by ice, so she returned to Tromsø. Here she encountered the research ship
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he travelled in an advisory role, unable to participate in the detailed work. On return, he was confined in the
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The following year Bruce was invited to join Prince Albert on another oceanographic cruise to Spitsbergen. At
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After the outbreak of war in 1914, Bruce's prospecting ventures were on hold. He offered his services to the
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During his Spitsbergen visits with Prince Albert in 1898 and 1899, Bruce had detected the presence of coal,
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to attend a pair of vacation courses in natural sciences. The six-week courses, at the recently established
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In 1879, at the age of 12, William was sent to a progressive boarding school, Norfolk County School (later
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to the Weddell Sea; this, too, got trapped in sea-ice and returned without ever reaching the land".
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under Capt. Alexander Fairweather. The four ships sailed from Dundee on 6 September 1892.
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Scotland's People, Scotlandspeople.gov.uk Statutory Marriages 078/1 1901 Bruce, William S
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in search of animal life, as I have known Mr Bruce frequently to do". Jackson named
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3338:
3261:
3226:
3086:
2731:
1077:
No award had been made nearly a century later, when the matter was raised in the
973:
809:
803:
775:
707:
518:
243:
184:
160:
4605:
1289:(part of Coats Land previously named by Bruce), and by the naming of the whaler
620:
214:
to Antarctica as a scientific assistant. This was followed by Arctic voyages to
6056:
6039:
5992:
5951:
5941:
5910:
5769:
5759:
5651:
5601:
5466:
5416:
5389:
5334:
5130:
5125:
4974:
4827:
4681:
4643:
4600:
4533:
4507:
4461:
4434:
4407:
4377:
4320:
4278:
4268:
4148:
4141:
4038:
4018:
3830:
3790:
3721:
3517:
3492:
3447:
3411:
3405:
3397:
3357:
3352:
3326:
3306:
3074:
2761:
913:
589:
550:
514:
356:
352:
82:
2958:
1420:
724:
6115:
6019:
5961:
5956:
5946:
5896:
5891:
5867:
5811:
5688:
5682:
5677:
5276:
5187:
5180:
4935:
4730:
4709:
4577:
4355:
4325:
4293:
4288:
4125:
4031:
3914:
3709:
3522:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3362:
3271:
3106:
2382:
1195:
1017:
830:
826:
788:
703:
695:
651:
312:
303:, Norfolk. He remained there until 1885, and then spent two further years at
215:
2753:
2620:
2484:
1341:, p. 52. She writes: "There was Bruce's venture shortly to sail in the
1022:
884:
6050:
6044:
5656:
5620:
5486:
5313:
5263:
5202:
5056:
4744:
4695:
4545:
4367:
4330:
4310:
4251:
3785:
3773:
3716:
3644:
3545:
3442:
3436:
3333:
3321:
3194:
3172:
3096:
3049:
857:
849:
300:
281:
276:
183:. Among other achievements, the expedition established the first permanent
168:
164:
780:
6087:
5987:
5935:
5753:
5540:
5328:
4703:
4635:
4397:
4256:
4219:
4119:
4111:
3919:
3255:
2938:
2896:"Scottish Parliament Business Bulletin No. 156/2002 Section F: S1M=3530#"
2839:
1286:
1154:
1033:
662:
655:
625:
612:
579:
533:
496:
455:
416:
404:
251:
219:
180:
1032:
Bruce paid two further visits to Spitsbergen, in 1912 and 1914, but the
5886:
5789:
5773:
5615:
5548:
5449:
4858:
4807:
4767:
4089:
3815:
3743:
3685:
3078:
3046:
1142:
year a joint committee of Edinburgh's learned societies instituted the
1102:
954:
865:
500:
200:
188:
1281:
This contribution was worth at least £1.5 million in 2008 terms (
1189:
1026:
1000:), showing the islands Prince Charles Foreland, Barentsøya and Edgeøya
5408:
4245:
3797:
3580:
1517:
Letter to "Secretaries of the Royal Geographical Society", quoted in
1175:
869:
853:
475:
340:
308:
196:
69:
2990:
2872:"William Speirs Bruce, Scotland, polar meteorology and oceanography"
5340:
997:
950:
841:), was established as part of a full programme of scientific work.
795:
With financial support from the Coats family, Bruce had acquired a
616:
571:
399:
327:
2678:
Scotland and the Antarctic, Section 6: After the Scotia expedition
5967:
5347:
3612:
3588:
3576:
2894:
2830:
2388:
2014:
728:
Sir Clements Markham, President of the Royal Geographical Society
368:
4134:
2674:
2237:
686:
In 1907 the Bruces settled in a house at South Morton Street in
203:
were abandoned because of lack of public and financial support.
4213:
3538:
1015:
At that time, in international law Spitsbergen was regarded as
1005:
977:
799:
796:
364:
258:
199:, but his plans for a transcontinental Antarctic march via the
32:
2985:
William Speirs Bruce Collection at the University of Edinburgh
1776:
1153:
An hour-long BBC television documentary on Bruce presented by
1129:
816:. He then appointed an all-Scottish crew and scientific team.
3599:
2807:
William Speirs Bruce: Polar Explorer and Scottish Nationalist
2485:
BBC, The Last Explorers, Episode 2 of 4, William Speirs Bruce
821:
741:
at the RGS, offering himself for the scientific staff of the
2854:
2650:
Scotland and the Antarctic, Section 5: Voyage of the Scotia
1295:, in which Shackleton made his open-boat rescue journey to
2760:
2706:
Scotland and the Antarctic, Section 7: The legacy of Bruce
2549:
2158:
2156:
1924:
1335:
1058:
in 1920. He also received an honorary LLD degree from the
833:
chain, and wintered there in a bay he named Scotia Bay. A
2646:
1677:
1334:
An example of Bruce's treatment by English writers is in
1137:: Piper Gilbert Kerr, with penguin, photographed by Bruce
992:
719:
382:
were being examined and classified. Here he worked under
2702:
2561:
2105:
1991:
1979:
1879:
1773:
Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directories 1907 onwards
1581:
1579:
16:
Scottish marine biologist and polar explorer (1867–1921)
4804:
2601:. Home university library of modern knowledge. London:
2153:
1936:
1903:
1867:
924:
in 1839–43, and to whom Bruce dedicated his short book
808:, which he transformed into a fully equipped Antarctic
615:, the dual islands of Novaya Zemlya, and the island of
2898:. Scottish Parliament. 4 November 2002. Archived from
2204:
2143:
2141:
2062:
2060:
2058:
895:
611:, Norway in May 1898, for a cruise which explored the
257:
Between 1907 and 1920 Bruce made many journeys to the
2030:
2028:
2026:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1661:
1659:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1576:
1542:
1540:
1052:
Gold Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society
474:
From September 1895 to June 1896 Bruce worked at the
2594:
2090:
1390:
1388:
1363:
1361:
1185:
1050:
During his lifetime Bruce received many awards: the
592:
family of thread manufacturers, who had founded the
511:, on which Bruce sailed from London on 9 June 1896.
234:, but delays over this appointment and clashes with
2418:
2394:
2370:
2346:
2324:
2322:
2295:
2246:
2216:
2192:
2180:
2138:
2055:
2914:
2045:
2043:
2023:
1967:
1843:
1819:
1800:
1788:
1782:
1734:
1710:
1698:
1656:
1632:
1603:
1591:
1552:
1537:
1275:
1259:For full listing of ship's and shore parties, see
1447:
1385:
1358:
1230:
987:
206:In 1892 Bruce gave up his medical studies at the
6113:
2573:
2537:
2525:
2466:
2442:
2430:
2406:
2358:
2334:
2319:
2307:
2283:
2258:
2168:
2114:
2072:
469:
159:(1 August 1867 – 28 October 1921) was a British
2513:
2489:
2454:
2126:
2040:
1891:
1855:
1831:
1755:
1722:
1686:
1644:
1620:
1564:
1483:
1302:
960:The RSGS supported these proposals, as did the
2501:
1471:
1459:
1435:
1373:
315:that would admit him to the medical school at
3006:
1921:Exploring Polar Frontiers, by William J Mills
1501:Letter to H. R. Mill, 31 May 1893, quoted in
435:. Bruce was recommended to the expedition by
403:A drawing illustrating the size of a typical
6167:People educated at University College School
394:
2853:
2162:
1530:Letter to H. R. Mill, June 1893, quoted in
1513:
1511:
1282:
1221:
1204:List of recipients of the W. S. Bruce Medal
677:
3013:
2999:
1266:
996:Map of Spitsbergen archipelago (now named
943:
920:, who had travelled to the Antarctic with
483:, then in its third year in the Arctic on
339:During mid-1887, Bruce travelled north to
335:, Scotland, named for William Speirs Bruce
6162:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2782:
2555:
1997:
1985:
1942:
1930:
1909:
1885:
1315:
940:(RSGS), and the University of Edinburgh.
443:as an assistant he took up his duties on
6071:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
2857:. Institute for the Measurement of Worth
1508:
1128:
1045:
991:
883:
879:
852:for repair and reprovisioning. While in
779:
723:
561:
513:
398:
326:
114:Naturalist, polar scientist and explorer
5646:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2963:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society.
2956:
2786:; Pirie, J. H.; Mossman, R. C. (2002).
2709:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society.
2681:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society.
2653:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society.
1954:
1406:
1253:
1209:
760:
732:
6114:
1328:
1135:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
770:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
720:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
648:hydrographic survey around Spitsbergen
173:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
6172:People educated at Watts Naval School
6152:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
4790:
3032:
3020:
2994:
2768:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
2389:Scottish Parliament Business Bulletin
690:near the coastal Edinburgh suburb of
407:, in relation to the size of a person
2980:– via Glasgow Digital Library.
2870:Swinney, G. N. (12 September 2002).
2730:
2726:– via Glasgow Digital Library.
2698:– via Glasgow Digital Library.
2670:– via Glasgow Digital Library.
2210:
2198:
1239:
466:. This, too, failed to materialise.
6147:Academics of Heriot-Watt University
5432:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
3629:Norse colonization of North America
2869:
2627:
2132:
1597:
1585:
970:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
938:Royal Scottish Geographical Society
907:Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory
896:Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory
193:Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory
13:
4961:United States Exploring Expedition
2876:Museum of the World Ocean Congress
2738:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
491:and financed by newspaper magnate
270:
14:
6218:
6035:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
5403:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2931:
2804:
2579:
2567:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2264:
2252:
2222:
2186:
2174:
2147:
2120:
2078:
2066:
2049:
2034:
1973:
1897:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1794:
1761:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1665:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1531:
1518:
1502:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1394:
1379:
1367:
1260:
1247:
872:, was completed on 21 July 1904.
706:officer, eventually captaining a
557:
6202:Scottish people of Welsh descent
5929:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5322:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2916:"William Speirs Bruce 1867–1921"
1188:
737:On 15 March 1899 Bruce wrote to
710:which, by chance, bore the name
566:Prince Albert of Monaco, aboard
389:
31:
6122:19th-century British biologists
2478:
2270:
1948:
1915:
1767:
1746:
1524:
1495:
131:
6127:19th-century British explorers
1400:
988:Scottish Spitsbergen syndicate
355:, were under the direction of
1:
5308:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
5243:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
4791:
2809:. Edinburgh: NMS Publishing.
1957:Scottish Geographical Journal
1409:Scottish Geographical Journal
1321:Thomas Robertson, captain of
1124:
1092:
1056:American Geographical Society
1040:
984:the Tweed, they think dead".
743:National Antarctic Expedition
481:Jackson–Harmsworth Expedition
470:Jackson–Harmsworth Expedition
265:
81:Ashes scattered in the South
6132:19th-century Scottish people
5665:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
5481:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
5287:French Antarctic Expeditions
5217:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
5103:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
3221:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
1352:
322:
7:
4750:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
4429:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
3294:Andrée's balloon expedition
2939:"William S Bruce 1867–1921"
2878:. vitiaz.ru. Archived from
2790:. Edinburgh: Mercat Press.
2240:After the Scotia expedition
1181:
837:, Omond House (named after
462:in an attempt to reach the
441:William Gordon Burn Murdoch
363:, and included sections on
85:off the southern shores of
10:
6223:
6182:Scottish marine biologists
3951:Franklin's lost expedition
3651:Christian IV's expeditions
3033:
2960:Scotland and the Antarctic
2957:Goodlad, James A. (2003).
2703:Goodlad, James A. (2003).
2675:Goodlad, James A. (2003).
2647:Goodlad, James A. (2003).
2595:Bruce, William S. (1911).
2588:
962:Royal Society of Edinburgh
891:, an early mentor to Bruce
773:
767:
487:. This expedition, led by
236:Royal Geographical Society
191:. Bruce later founded the
171:who organised and led the
5768:
5499:
5086:
4826:
4803:
4799:
4786:
4305:Great Northern Expedition
4199:
3981:Rae–Richardson expedition
3730:
3575:
3181:British Arctic Expedition
3073:
3045:
3041:
3028:
2836:"Diary of Climate Change"
1421:10.1080/00369220218737152
1133:An enduring image of the
1111:Edinburgh Royal Infirmary
640:Prince Albert I of Monaco
413:Dundee Whaling Expedition
395:Dundee Whaling Expedition
317:University College London
313:matriculation examination
305:University College School
212:Dundee Whaling Expedition
141:
118:
110:
100:
92:
77:
58:
39:
30:
23:
6207:Scottish polar explorers
5589:British Antarctic Survey
5583:Captain Arturo Prat Base
4828:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2918:. Gazetteer for Scotland
2788:The Voyage of the Scotia
2632:. London: Granta Books.
2628:Fleming, Fergus (2001).
1214:
1171:The Voyage of the Scotia
678:Marriage and family life
489:Frederick George Jackson
331:The Speirs Bruce Way in
6197:Scottish oceanographers
6157:Explorers of Antarctica
6065:Pole of inaccessibility
5728:Antarctic Treaty System
4069:2nd Grinnell expedition
2987:. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
2017:Diary of Climate Change
1010:Prince Charles Foreland
944:Further Antarctic plans
708:Fisheries Research Ship
582:, in the private yacht
373:University of Edinburgh
345:Scottish Marine Station
288:, and sometimes to the
208:University of Edinburgh
175:(SNAE, 1902–04) to the
105:University of Edinburgh
6177:People from Kensington
2766:Scott of the Antarctic
2570:, pp. 97 and 131.
1876:, pp. 75 and 122.
1783:Gazetteer for Scotland
1338:Scott of the Antarctic
1138:
1060:University of Aberdeen
1001:
892:
835:meteorological station
792:
729:
619:, before a retreat to
574:
539:dash to the North Pole
521:
408:
336:
290:Natural History Museum
248:University of Aberdeen
6187:Scottish nationalists
5735:Transglobe Expedition
5634:Operation Deep Freeze
5043:Challenger expedition
3909:Coppermine expedition
3430:Drifting ice stations
2832:Collingridge, Vanessa
2805:Speak, Peter (2003).
1132:
1081:. On 4 November 2002
1046:Polar Medals withheld
995:
966:Terra Nova Expedition
934:Royal Scottish Museum
887:
880:Post-expedition years
783:
774:Further information:
727:
565:
517:
402:
330:
6192:Scottish naturalists
2882:on 25 September 2006
2784:Rudmose Brown, R. N.
2630:Ninety Degrees North
2603:Williams and Norgate
1680:Voyage of the Scotia
1210:Notes and references
1144:Bruce Memorial Prize
1069:, chronicler of the
1067:Robert Rudmose Brown
739:Sir Clements Markham
733:Dispute with Markham
638:, purpose-built for
460:Carsten Borchgrevink
311:, preparing for the
299:) in the village of
240:Sir Clements Markham
232:Discovery Expedition
177:South Orkney Islands
152:William Speirs Bruce
25:William Speirs Bruce
5905:South magnetic pole
4571:Brusilov expedition
3680:Danish colonization
3118:North magnetic pole
2108:The legacy of Bruce
1079:Scottish Parliament
839:Robert Traill Omond
570:, with a dissected
464:South Magnetic Pole
361:John Arthur Thomson
228:Robert Falcon Scott
5596:Operation Windmill
5577:Operation Highjump
4552:Rusanov expedition
4457:A. E. Nordenskiöld
4201:North East Passage
4005:McClure expedition
2427:, pp. 125–26.
2403:, pp. 131–34.
2379:, pp. 129–31.
2355:, pp. 128–31.
2304:, pp. 106–07.
2255:, pp. 104–07.
2225:, pp. 124–25.
2213:, pp. 376–77.
2189:, pp. 122–23.
2150:, pp. 118–23.
2069:, pp. 97–101.
1588:, pp. 261–62.
1250:, pp. 129–31.
1139:
1002:
893:
793:
730:
575:
522:
409:
337:
333:Granton, Edinburgh
297:Watts Naval School
286:Kensington Gardens
244:honorary doctorate
6109:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
5563:Operation Tabarin
5425:Far Eastern Party
5271:Nimrod Expedition
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4341:M. Pronchishcheva
4263:Siberian Cossacks
3732:Northwest Passage
3065:Research stations
3022:Polar exploration
2902:on 3 October 2011
2855:"Measuring Worth"
2598:Polar Exploration
2093:Polar Exploration
2037:, pp. 14–16.
1976:, pp. 85–86.
1933:, pp. 56–65.
1852:, pp. 73–74.
1828:, pp. 71–72.
1816:, pp. 69–74.
1797:, pp. 61–63.
1743:, pp. 59–63.
1719:, pp. 56–57.
1707:, pp. 54–55.
1668:, pp. 52–57.
1641:, pp. 50–51.
1617:, pp. 49–51.
1561:, pp. 41–45.
1549:, pp. 38–40.
1521:, pp. 34–35.
1456:, pp. 28–30.
1397:, pp. 24–25.
1370:, pp. 21–23.
1263:, pp. 67–68.
1115:Liberton Hospital
1113:and later in the
926:Polar Exploration
918:Sir Joseph Hooker
844:In November 1903
594:Coats Observatory
505:Northbrook Island
493:Alfred Harmsworth
149:
148:
6214:
5610:Ronne Expedition
5095:
5089:
4953:Dumont d'Urville
4801:
4800:
4788:
4787:
4336:V. Pronchishchev
3043:
3042:
3030:
3029:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2820:
2801:
2779:
2757:
2732:Huntford, Roland
2727:
2725:
2723:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2643:
2624:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2470:
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2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2021:
2012:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1346:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1164:Franz Josef Land
922:James Clark Ross
529:Hjalmar Johansen
485:Franz Josef Land
437:Hugh Robert Mill
238:(RGS) president
224:Franz Josef Land
158:
135:
133:
124:Jessie Mackenzie
65:
49:
47:
35:
21:
20:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6097:
5772:
5764:
5640:McMurdo Station
5509:Modern research
5507:
5495:
5230:O. Nordenskjöld
5093:
5087:
5082:
4998:Ross expedition
4822:
4795:
4774:
4203:
4195:
3736:Northern Canada
3734:
3726:
3579:
3571:
3077:
3069:
3037:
3024:
3019:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2947:
2945:
2937:
2934:
2921:
2919:
2905:
2903:
2885:
2883:
2860:
2858:
2844:
2842:
2817:
2798:
2776:
2762:Huxley, Elspeth
2746:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2640:
2613:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2558:, p. xiii.
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2163:Measuring Worth
2161:
2154:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2104:
2100:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2056:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2024:
2013:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:, pp. 6–7.
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1283:Measuring Worth
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1127:
1095:
1086:Michael Russell
1048:
1043:
1034:outbreak of war
990:
974:Sir James Caird
946:
898:
889:Sir John Murray
882:
778:
776:Scotia (barque)
772:
766:
735:
722:
680:
671:Princesse Alice
644:Princesse Alice
636:Princesse Alice
568:Princesse Alice
560:
519:Fridtjof Nansen
472:
397:
392:
325:
273:
271:Home and school
268:
210:and joined the
185:weather station
154:
137:
134: 1901)
129:
125:
73:
67:
63:
62:28 October 1921
54:
53:London, England
51:
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6220:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6057:Vostok Station
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6008:Cherry-Garrard
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5848:Southern Cross
5844:
5843:
5842:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5778:
5776:
5770:Farthest South
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5731:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5685:
5680:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5642:
5637:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5592:
5585:
5580:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5531:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5467:Ross Sea party
5463:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5428:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5332:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5267:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5251:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5161:Southern Cross
5154:Southern Cross
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5098:
5096:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5019:
5013:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4900:Bellingshausen
4890:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4797:
4796:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4759:
4747:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4209:
4207:
4205:Russian Arctic
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4021:
4016:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3962:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3647:
3642:
3640:Snæbjörn galti
3637:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3542:
3535:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3507:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3433:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3075:Farthest North
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2969:
2954:
2943:south_pole.com
2933:
2932:External links
2930:
2929:
2928:
2912:
2892:
2867:
2851:
2834:(9 May 2003).
2825:Online sources
2822:
2821:
2815:
2802:
2796:
2780:
2774:
2758:
2744:
2728:
2715:
2700:
2687:
2672:
2659:
2644:
2638:
2625:
2611:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2534:, p. 128.
2524:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2477:
2475:, p. 135.
2465:
2453:
2451:, p. 134.
2441:
2439:, p. 133.
2429:
2417:
2415:, p. 132.
2405:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2367:, p. 129.
2357:
2345:
2343:, p. 108.
2333:
2331:, p. 138.
2318:
2316:, p. 117.
2306:
2294:
2292:, p. 105.
2282:
2280:, p. 110.
2269:
2267:, p. 104.
2257:
2245:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2201:, p. 367.
2191:
2179:
2177:, p. 120.
2167:
2152:
2137:
2125:
2123:, p. 101.
2113:
2098:
2083:
2081:, p. 100.
2071:
2054:
2039:
2022:
2015:Collingridge,
2002:
2000:, p. 122.
1990:
1988:, p. 121.
1978:
1966:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1766:
1754:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1670:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1602:
1600:, p. 261.
1590:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1536:
1523:
1507:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1415:(4): 263 282.
1399:
1384:
1372:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1327:
1314:
1301:
1274:
1265:
1252:
1238:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1183:
1180:
1126:
1123:
1094:
1091:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
989:
986:
945:
942:
914:Roald Amundsen
897:
894:
881:
878:
787:, anchored at
768:Main article:
765:
761:Voyage of the
759:
734:
731:
721:
718:
679:
676:
559:
558:Arctic voyages
556:
551:British Museum
471:
468:
396:
393:
391:
388:
384:Dr John Murray
367:and practical
357:Patrick Geddes
353:Firth of Forth
324:
321:
272:
269:
267:
264:
167:scientist and
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
127:
123:
122:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
83:Atlantic Ocean
79:
75:
74:
68:
66:(aged 54)
60:
56:
55:
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6219:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5188:Discovery Hut
5186:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5092:
5085:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4718:A. Sibiryakov
4715:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4690:Glavsevmorput
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3992:J. Richardson
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:M. Corte-Real
3752:
3750:
3749:G. Corte-Real
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3672:C. Richardson
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3481:Georgiy Sedov
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Riiser-Larsen
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2972:
2970:0-904049-04-3
2966:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2917:
2913:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2856:
2852:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2816:1-901663-71-X
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2797:1-84183-044-5
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2775:0-297-77433-6
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2745:0-340-25007-0
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2718:
2716:0-904049-04-3
2712:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2690:
2688:0-904049-04-3
2684:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2662:
2660:0-904049-04-3
2656:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2639:1-86207-449-6
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2612:0-665-80788-0
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2582:, p. 59.
2581:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2556:Rudmose Brown
2552:
2546:, p. 16.
2545:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2522:, p. 15.
2521:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2498:, p. 14.
2497:
2492:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2463:, p. 62.
2462:
2457:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2052:, p. 96.
2051:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1998:Rudmose Brown
1994:
1987:
1986:Rudmose Brown
1982:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1945:, p. 98.
1944:
1943:Rudmose Brown
1939:
1932:
1931:Rudmose Brown
1927:
1918:
1912:, p. 33.
1911:
1910:Rudmose Brown
1906:
1900:, p. 79.
1899:
1894:
1887:
1886:Rudmose Brown
1882:
1875:
1870:
1864:, p. 75.
1863:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1840:, p. 72.
1839:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1770:
1764:, p. 60.
1763:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1731:, p. 57.
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1695:, p. 54.
1694:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1653:, p. 51.
1652:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1629:, p. 50.
1628:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1573:, p. 44.
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1534:, p. 36.
1533:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1505:, p. 34.
1504:
1498:
1492:, p. 33.
1491:
1486:
1480:, p. 31.
1479:
1474:
1468:, p. 29.
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1444:, p. 25.
1443:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1382:, p. 23.
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1310:honoris causa
1305:
1298:
1297:South Georgia
1294:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:Oceans portal
1191:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1119:South Georgia
1116:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1018:terra nullius
1013:
1011:
1007:
999:
994:
985:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
956:
952:
941:
939:
935:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
890:
886:
877:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:retreated to
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
831:South Orkneys
828:
827:Laurie Island
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:research ship
807:
806:
801:
798:
790:
789:Laurie Island
786:
782:
777:
771:
764:
758:
754:
750:
746:
744:
740:
726:
717:
715:
714:
709:
705:
704:Merchant Navy
699:
697:
696:Edinburgh Zoo
693:
689:
684:
675:
672:
668:
667:latitude 80°N
664:
659:
657:
653:
652:Adventfjorden
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
627:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:Bruce joined
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:
581:
573:
569:
564:
555:
552:
548:
542:
540:
536:
535:
530:
526:
520:
516:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
467:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
401:
390:First voyages
387:
385:
381:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
329:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
278:
263:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:Novaya Zemlya
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:oceanographer
166:
162:
157:
153:
144:
140:
121:
117:
113:
111:Occupation(s)
109:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
87:South Georgia
84:
80:
78:Resting place
76:
71:
61:
57:
50:1 August 1867
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
6063:
6051:Pole of Cold
6049:
5975:
5966:
5934:
5927:
5903:
5874:
5860:
5854:Borchgrevink
5846:
5833:
5818:
5798:
5783:
5752:
5733:
5726:
5710:
5696:
5687:
5670:
5663:
5644:
5632:
5608:
5594:
5587:
5575:
5561:
5547:
5533:
5526:
5487:
5479:
5465:
5458:
5456:
5438:
5430:
5423:
5410:
5401:
5363:
5355:
5346:
5339:
5327:
5320:
5306:
5294:Pourquoi-Pas
5293:
5285:
5277:
5269:
5264:Orcadas Base
5262:
5254:
5248:
5241:
5235:C. A. Larsen
5223:
5215:
5201:
5194:
5181:
5173:
5167:Borchgrevink
5160:
5152:
5109:
5101:
5076:C. A. Larsen
5069:
5050:
5041:
5023:
5005:
4996:
4983:
4968:
4959:
4946:
4907:
4893:
4886:
4867:
4852:
4762:
4755:
4738:
4731:
4717:
4702:
4688:
4675:
4650:
4636:
4634:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4576:
4569:
4550:
4516:
4514:
4500:
4498:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4448:
4446:
4427:
4303:
4261:
4244:
4212:
4176:
4174:
4154:
4153:
4133:
4132:
4118:
4105:
4090:
4076:
4067:
4054:
4025:
4013:Investigator
4012:
4003:
3979:
3966:
3958:
3949:
3936:
3907:
3884:
3869:
3854:
3824:
3809:
3779:
3698:
3678:
3649:
3645:Erik the Red
3627:
3605:
3598:
3555:submersibles
3552:
3546:Arktika 2007
3544:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3511:
3502:
3499:
3480:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3435:
3428:
3404:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3379:
3345:
3343:
3314:
3311:
3300:S. A. Andrée
3292:
3279:
3254:
3246:
3243:
3219:
3201:
3188:
3179:
3161:
3152:
3150:
3116:
2974:. Retrieved
2959:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:
2920:. Retrieved
2904:. Retrieved
2900:the original
2884:. Retrieved
2880:the original
2875:
2859:. Retrieved
2843:. Retrieved
2824:
2823:
2806:
2787:
2765:
2735:
2720:. Retrieved
2705:
2692:. Retrieved
2677:
2664:. Retrieved
2649:
2629:
2597:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2510:, p. 8.
2503:
2491:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2239:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2128:
2116:
2107:
2101:
2092:
2086:
2074:
2016:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1790:
1778:
1769:
1757:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1679:
1673:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1593:
1566:
1554:
1526:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1375:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1291:
1277:
1268:
1255:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1107:
1096:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1049:
1031:
1016:
1014:
1003:
982:
959:
947:
930:
925:
911:
902:
899:
874:
861:
858:Orcadas Base
850:Buenos Aires
845:
843:
817:
813:
804:
794:
784:
762:
755:
751:
747:
736:
712:
700:
685:
681:
670:
660:
643:
635:
631:
630:
604:
602:
584:
576:
567:
543:
532:
524:
523:
508:
473:
453:
449:
444:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:right whales
410:
377:
338:
301:North Elmham
294:
282:Holland Park
274:
256:
205:
151:
150:
64:(1921-10-28)
18:
6142:1921 deaths
6137:1867 births
5754:Lake Vostok
5704:Tryoshnikov
5626:Schlossbach
5517:Christensen
5459:James Caird
5380:E. R. Evans
5146:Dobrowolski
5116:de Gerlache
4818:Expeditions
4704:Aviaarktika
4658:Samoylovich
4529:Kolomeitsev
4423:Middendorff
4383:Gedenshtrom
3803:I. Fyodorov
3565:Chilingarov
3453:E. Fyodorov
3060:Expeditions
2840:BBC Radio 4
1963:(1): 48 67.
1292:James Caird
1287:Caird Coast
1155:Neil Oliver
656:Smeerenburg
626:meteorology
613:Barents Sea
580:Spitsbergen
578:Zemlya and
497:archipelago
456:Henryk Bull
405:right whale
252:Polar Medal
220:Spitsbergen
181:Weddell Sea
93:Nationality
6116:Categories
5977:Terra Nova
5882:Shackleton
5825:J. C. Ross
5784:Resolution
5774:South Pole
5549:New Swabia
5473:Mackintosh
5445:Shackleton
5364:Terra Nova
5357:Terra Nova
5091:Heroic Age
5051:Challenger
5011:J. C. Ross
4921:Bransfield
4853:Resolution
4768:icebreaker
4732:Chelyuskin
4473:expedition
4451:Expedition
4393:Matyushkin
4351:Kh. Laptev
4346:Chelyuskin
4240:Heemskerck
4230:Chancellor
4225:Willoughby
4220:Koch boats
4163:Stefansson
4097:McClintock
4061:Inglefield
3903:J. C. Ross
3810:Resolution
3662:Cunningham
3560:Sagalevich
3249:expedition
3208:Stephenson
3168:C. F. Hall
3155:expedition
3129:J. C. Ross
3092:Heemskerck
3079:North Pole
2976:10 October
2922:10 October
2906:10 October
2736:Shackleton
2722:10 October
2694:10 October
2666:10 October
1125:Assessment
1103:Seychelles
1093:Last years
1041:Later life
1023:Barentsøya
955:South Pole
866:Coats Land
812:, renamed
692:Portobello
632:Blencathra
605:Blencathra
585:Blencathra
547:Cape Bruce
501:Cape Flora
433:Polar Star
380:expedition
378:Challenger
266:Early life
201:South Pole
189:Antarctica
161:naturalist
72:, Scotland
46:1867-08-01
6076:Tolstikov
5862:Discovery
5832:HMS
5817:HMS
5799:Adventure
5797:HMS
5782:HMS
5718:Tolstikov
5439:Endurance
5224:Antarctic
5209:Drygalski
5182:Discovery
5175:Discovery
5136:Arctowski
5049:HMS
5022:HMS
5016:Abernethy
5004:HMS
4982:USS
4969:Vincennes
4967:USS
4947:Astrolabe
4887:San Telmo
4868:Adventure
4866:HMS
4851:HMS
4846:Kerguelen
4808:Continent
4793:Antarctic
4670:Urvantsev
4628:Vilkitsky
4481:Jeannette
4479:USS
4471:Jeannette
4435:Weyprecht
4413:Pakhtusov
4363:Chichagov
4356:D. Laptev
4299:Permyakov
4274:Stadukhin
4269:Perfilyev
4246:Mangazeya
4184:H. Larsen
4149:Rasmussen
4104:HMS
4075:USS
4024:HMS
4011:HMS
3975:Collinson
3965:HMS
3957:HMS
3935:HMS
3883:HMS
3868:HMS
3853:HMS
3838:Mackenzie
3825:Discovery
3823:HMS
3808:HMS
3780:Discovery
3759:Frobisher
3722:Rasmussen
3635:Gunnbjörn
3581:Greenland
3510:USS
3501:USS
3373:Ellsworth
3315:Roosevelt
3245:Nansen's
3202:Discovery
3200:HMS
3187:HMS
3134:Abernethy
3102:Marmaduke
2238:Goodlad,
2106:Goodlad,
1678:Goodlad,
1429:140688820
1353:Citations
1176:biography
1099:Admiralty
870:Cape Town
854:Argentina
797:Norwegian
476:Ben Nevis
341:Edinburgh
323:Edinburgh
309:Hampstead
246:from the
197:Edinburgh
101:Education
70:Edinburgh
6088:A. Fuchs
6045:V. Fuchs
6025:McKinley
5988:E. Evans
5947:Bjaaland
5942:Amundsen
5892:Marshall
5805:Furneaux
5657:V. Fuchs
5621:E. Ronne
5616:F. Ronne
5555:Ritscher
5409:SY
5397:Filchner
5341:Framheim
5335:Amundsen
5141:Racoviță
5126:Amundsen
5121:Lecointe
4990:Ringgold
4984:Porpoise
4874:Furneaux
4710:Shevelev
4665:Begichev
4644:Amundsen
4606:Nagórski
4584:Brusilov
4578:Sv. Anna
4492:Melville
4462:Palander
4418:Tsivolko
4378:Sannikov
4373:Billings
4316:Chirikov
4235:Barentsz
4177:St. Roch
4168:Bartlett
4142:Amundsen
4126:Sverdrup
4026:Resolute
3915:Franklin
3843:Kotzebue
3710:Sverdrup
3693:Scoresby
3667:Lindenov
3518:Plaisted
3503:Nautilus
3448:Shirshov
3422:Belyakov
3417:Baydukov
3391:Nautilus
3353:Amundsen
3313:SS
3272:Sverdrup
3267:Johansen
3237:Brainard
3232:Lockwood
3087:Barentsz
2764:(1977).
2754:13108800
2734:(1985).
2621:53687410
2211:Huntford
2199:Huntford
1336:Huxley,
1182:See also
998:Svalbard
951:Ross Sea
617:Kolguyev
572:cetacean
525:Windward
509:Windward
179:and the
142:Children
6093:Messner
6040:Hillary
6020:Balchen
5968:Polheim
5962:Wisting
5840:Crozier
5812:Weddell
5790:J. Cook
5760:Kapitsa
5741:Fiennes
5683:Klenova
5652:Hillary
5602:Ketchum
5528:BANZARE
5503:·
5348:Polheim
5314:Shirase
5300:Charcot
5110:Belgica
5029:Crozier
4941:Morrell
4936:Weddell
4914:Lazarev
4859:J. Cook
4813:History
4763:Arktika
4739:Krassin
4724:Voronin
4696:Schmidt
4682:Ushakov
4621:Vaygach
4589:Albanov
4558:Rusanov
4539:Kolchak
4534:Matisen
4508:Makarov
4487:De Long
4388:Wrangel
4368:Lyakhov
4321:Malygin
4279:Dezhnev
4106:Pandora
4077:Advance
4044:Kennedy
4039:Belcher
4032:Kellett
4019:McClure
3943:Beechey
3937:Blossom
3930:Simpson
3898:Crozier
3891:Hoppner
3848:J. Ross
3816:J. Cook
3764:Gilbert
3657:J. Hall
3623:Ingólfr
3613:Naddodd
3607:Vikings
3594:Brendan
3589:Pytheas
3577:Iceland
3531:Arktika
3523:Herbert
3488:Badygin
3458:Krenkel
3443:Papanin
3412:Chkalov
3398:Wilkins
3363:Wisting
3307:F. Cook
3213:Markham
3173:Bessels
3162:Polaris
3153:Polaris
3124:J. Ross
3107:Carolus
3055:History
2948:10 June
2861:21 June
2589:Sources
2133:Swinney
2091:Bruce,
1598:Fleming
1586:Fleming
1027:Edgeøya
829:in the
663:Red Bay
598:Paisley
445:Balaena
421:Balaena
369:zoology
351:on the
349:Granton
136:
128:
96:British
6003:Bowers
5998:Wilson
5957:Hassel
5952:Helmer
5921:Mackay
5911:Mawson
5876:Nimrod
5834:Terror
5819:Erebus
5746:Burton
5541:Rymill
5417:Mawson
5411:Aurora
5390:Lashly
5375:Wilson
5278:Nimrod
5255:Scotia
5062:Murray
5037:Cooper
5024:Terror
5006:Erebus
4975:Wilkes
4926:Palmer
4894:Vostok
4841:Bouvet
4765:-class
4745:Gakkel
4613:Taymyr
4594:Konrad
4563:Kuchin
4501:Yermak
4408:Lavrov
4326:Ovtsyn
4311:Bering
4289:Ivanov
4252:Hudson
4214:Pomors
4191:Cowper
4156:Karluk
4055:Isabel
4049:Bellot
3999:Austin
3967:Terror
3959:Erebus
3855:Griper
3831:Clerke
3791:Baffin
3774:Hudson
3705:Nansen
3618:Garðar
3539:Barneo
3406:ANT-25
3382:Italia
3358:Nobile
3327:Henson
3286:Amedeo
3262:Nansen
3227:Greely
3097:Hudson
3035:Arctic
2967:
2886:3 June
2845:3 June
2813:
2794:
2772:
2752:
2742:
2713:
2685:
2657:
2636:
2619:
2609:
1427:
1343:Scotia
1323:Scotia
1071:Scotia
1006:gypsum
978:Dundee
936:, the
903:Scotia
862:Scotia
846:Scotia
818:Scotia
814:Scotia
800:whaler
791:. 1903
785:Scotia
763:Scotia
713:Scotia
609:Tromsø
537:for a
425:Active
365:botany
259:Arctic
119:Spouse
6083:Crary
6030:Dufek
5993:Oates
5983:Scott
5916:David
5897:Adams
5868:Barne
5689:Mirny
5678:Somov
5488:Quest
5385:Crean
5370:Scott
5249:Bruce
5203:Gauss
5196:Gauss
5070:Jason
5057:Nares
4931:Davis
4908:Mirny
4881:Smith
4836:Roché
4756:Lenin
4676:Sadko
4601:Wiese
4546:Sedov
4517:Zarya
4440:Payer
4403:Litke
4398:Anjou
4331:Minin
4294:Vagin
4284:Popov
4257:Poole
4112:Young
3925:Dease
3870:Hecla
3861:Parry
3786:Bylot
3769:Davis
3744:Cabot
3717:Peary
3699:Jason
3686:Egede
3600:Papar
3512:Skate
3493:Wiese
3473:NP-37
3466:NP-36
3346:Norge
3334:Sedov
3322:Peary
3280:Jason
3195:Nares
3189:Alert
3144:Hayes
3112:Parry
3050:Ocean
2580:Speak
2568:Speak
2544:Speak
2532:Speak
2520:Speak
2508:Speak
2496:Speak
2473:Speak
2461:Speak
2449:Speak
2437:Speak
2425:Speak
2413:Speak
2401:Speak
2377:Speak
2365:Speak
2353:Speak
2341:Speak
2329:Speak
2314:Speak
2302:Speak
2290:Speak
2278:Speak
2276:Map,
2265:Speak
2253:Speak
2223:Speak
2187:Speak
2175:Speak
2148:Speak
2121:Speak
2079:Speak
2067:Speak
2050:Speak
2035:Speak
1974:Speak
1898:Speak
1874:Speak
1862:Speak
1850:Speak
1838:Speak
1826:Speak
1814:Speak
1795:Speak
1762:Speak
1741:Speak
1729:Speak
1717:Speak
1705:Speak
1693:Speak
1666:Speak
1651:Speak
1639:Speak
1627:Speak
1615:Speak
1571:Speak
1559:Speak
1547:Speak
1532:Speak
1519:Speak
1503:Speak
1490:Speak
1478:Speak
1466:Speak
1454:Speak
1442:Speak
1425:S2CID
1395:Speak
1380:Speak
1368:Speak
1261:Speak
1248:Speak
1215:Notes
822:Troon
820:left
805:Hekla
688:Joppa
646:on a
621:Vardø
590:Coats
429:Diana
277:Welsh
165:polar
130:(
126:
6015:Byrd
5936:Fram
5887:Wild
5569:Marr
5535:BGLE
5522:Byrd
5450:Wild
5329:Fram
5131:Cook
4652:AARI
4637:Maud
4524:Toll
4449:Vega
4135:Gjøa
4120:Fram
4083:Kane
3920:Back
3885:Fury
3876:Lyon
3798:Munk
3437:NP-1
3339:Byrd
3256:Fram
3247:Fram
3139:Kane
2978:2011
2965:ISBN
2950:2008
2924:2011
2908:2011
2888:2008
2863:2008
2847:2008
2811:ISBN
2792:ISBN
2770:ISBN
2750:OCLC
2740:ISBN
2724:2011
2711:ISBN
2696:2011
2683:ISBN
2668:2011
2655:ISBN
2634:ISBN
2617:OCLC
2607:ISBN
1025:and
654:and
534:Fram
458:and
431:and
411:The
359:and
222:and
156:FRSE
59:Died
40:Born
5712:3rd
5698:2nd
5672:1st
5505:IGY
5501:IPY
4091:Fox
3987:Rae
3553:Mir
3529:NS
1961:123
1417:doi
1413:118
1083:MSP
976:of
607:at
600:.
596:at
503:on
347:at
230:'s
195:in
187:in
6118::
4617:/
2941:.
2874:.
2838:.
2748:.
2615:.
2605:.
2321:^
2230:^
2155:^
2140:^
2057:^
2042:^
2025:^
2005:^
1959:.
1802:^
1658:^
1605:^
1578:^
1539:^
1510:^
1423:.
1411:.
1387:^
1360:^
980:.
928:.
802:,
716:.
698:.
665:,
427:,
423:,
307:,
254:.
218:,
163:,
132:m.
5094:"
5088:"
5031:)
5027:(
5018:)
5009:(
3014:e
3007:t
3000:v
2952:.
2926:.
2910:.
2890:.
2865:.
2849:.
2819:.
2800:.
2778:.
2756:.
2642:.
2623:.
2391:.
2243:.
2165:.
2135:.
2111:.
2096:.
2020:.
1785:.
1683:.
1431:.
1419::
1325:.
1312:.
1299:.
145:2
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
