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August, weeds or no weeds; this allows the trees to ripen for winter. The question whether to cultivate old orchards or not must be answered by observing the trees. If the clover of the leaves is good and they grow well and bear fine fruit they are doing well enough even if in grass. But if the leaves are pale, the annual growth less than a foot on a twelve trees, and the fruit small and poor, something is the matter, and they are suffering for want of cultivation, or manure, or both. To judge of the condition of an apple is like judging of the condition of sheep in a pasture. Look at the sheep, and if they are plump and fat, they are all right."
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He described the college as “young, poor, and small”. Due to a lack of faculty, Beal taught a wide range of subjects. In addition to teaching his passion of botany, he also taught
English, history, and civil engineering. His successor at the Michigan Agricultural College, P.G. Holden, is quoted as praising Beal’s work by saying “From his original experiment has come to the Twentieth Century Miracle - hybrid corn.”
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them all as a young student from
Michigan. Groundbreaking research by Darwin and the writings of Emerson, Lowell, Holmes, and Thoreau were probably inspirations to a young Beal as he transitioned from studying at Harvard to conducting his research at the Michigan Agricultural College. Darwin’s research on inheritance especially seems to have influenced Beal’s development of hybrid corn.
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Beal first visited the
Michigan Agricultural College in 1870. He was to teach a botany class during the summer. At that time, Lansing had a population of 1,541 residents and the addition of a new hall on campus allowed the college to accept 150 students, up from the previous 82 student accommodation.
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His research at the MAC involved using cross-fertilization to increase the yield from 8 rowed Indian corn to 24 rowed hybrid corn. His contributions planted him as “one of the pioneers in the development of hybrid corn” in the late 19th century. Using his techniques, Beal was able to produce crops
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of
Hartford, Conn, on Dec 3, 1881: "If you have money to fool away, seed down your young orchard to clover and timothy, or sow a crop of wheat or oats. If you want the trees to thrive, cultivate well till they are seven or ten years old. Spread ashes, manue, or salt broadcast. Stop cultivating in
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Beal's work was inspired by many influential scientists of the late 19th century. He arrived at
Harvard to complete an undergraduate degree 3 years after Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species. Emerson, Lowell, and Holmes were writing and lecturing, and Thoreau was still alive. Beal heard
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In 1879 Beal started one of the longest-running experiments in botany. He filled 20 bottles with a mixture of sand and seeds, with each bottle containing 50 seeds from 21 species of plant. Then the bottles were buried, their necks pointing down to exclude water. The goal of the experiment was to
235:, to William and Rachel (Comstock) Beal, His parents were pioneering Quaker settlers/farmers from New York state. Beal grew up in forested land surrounded by native plant and animal life. He married Hannah Proud in 1863. He retired to Amherst, Massachusetts, and died there in 1924.
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that bloomed earlier, were hardier, had more vigor, and had “better qualities” than traditionally grown varieties. He began conducting these experiments in 1878. He also conducted the first turfgrass experiments at the college in 1880.
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unearth one of the bottles every five years, plant the seeds, and observe the number that would sprout. Later caretakers extended the experiment by opening a bottle once every decade, and later, every two decades.
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for two years during 1883-1884. He also served as director of the state
Forestry Commission (1889-1892). He was a key leader of the experimental movement of agricultural botany at the college.
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After briefly serving as professor of botany at the
University of Chicago in 1868-70, Beal went on to Michigan Agricultural College (MAC, now
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Kivilaan, A. & Bandurski, R. S. 1981. The one-hundred-year period for Dr. Beal's seed viability experiment. Am. J. Bot. 68:1290-1292.
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863:. Vol. 1, no. 3. Hartford, Connecticut: Chronicling America. Library of Congress. December 3, 1881. p. 2
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Telewski, F. W. and
Zeevaart, J. 2002. The 120th year of the Beal seed viability study. Am. J. Bot. 89(8): 1285-1288.
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Darlington, H.T. 1941. The sixty-year period for Dr. Beal's seed viability experiment. Am. J. Bot. 28:271-273.
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439:"Merely learning the name of a plant or parts of a plant can no longer be palmed off as valuable training."
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829:"Life devoted to College is concluded: Teacher, scholar, philosopher, combined in qualities of Dr Beal"
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522:(Summer 2017). "William J. beal: Pioneer applied botanical scientist and research society builder".
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History of the
Michigan Agricultural College: And Biographical Sketches of Trustees and Professors
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in 1877, making it the oldest continuously operated botanical garden in the United States.
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Beal, W. J. 1884. The vitality of seeds. Proc. Soc. Promot. Agric. Sci. 5:44-46.
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Beal, William J. (Summer 2017). "Horticulture at the
Agricultural College".
665:"Welcome to the W.J. Beal Botanical Garden – Research & Teaching"
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653:– via Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections.
638:– via Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections.
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The experiment is still running, with the bottles buried on the campus of
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579:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 384–385, 388.
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A bottle was unearthed in 2000, and 2 of the 21 plant species sprouted.
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760:"One of the World's Oldest Science Experiments Comes Up From the Dirt"
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Beal, William J. (Summer 2017). "Notes for Beal's History of M.A.C.".
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883:"Historical Marker - L2211 - Mount Hope Cemetery (Marker ID#:L2211)"
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created "Collegeville", the first neighborhood in what later became
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The latest test occurred in 2021, after a delay caused by the
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Between 1858 and 1861 he was a teacher of Natural Sciences at
781:"142-year-old experiment on seed germination lives on at MSU"
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Beal, W.J. 1905. The vitality of seeds. Bot. Gaz. 38:140-143.
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933:(home of W. J. Beal, now the MSU president's house)
422:is used to indicate this person as the author when
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690:"Experiments That Keep Going And Going And Going"
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207:(March 11, 1833 – May 12, 1924) was an American
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577:Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin
270:Research at the Michigan Agricultural College
251:, 1865, an M.S. degree in biology from the
1285:Michigan–Michigan State ice hockey rivalry
1280:Michigan–Michigan State basketball rivalry
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255:, 1875, and a number of honorary degrees.
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211:. He was a pioneer in the development of
926:William J. Beal and the Botanical Garden
405:History of Michigan Agricultural College
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376:. The end of the study is due in 2100.
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547:"MSU’S ICONIC PROFESSORS" by Bob Bao,
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16:American botanist (1833–1924)
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1540:University Research Corridor
488:Beal, William James (1915).
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961:(public domain audiobooks)
955:Works by William James Beal
937:Works by William James Beal
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340:W. J. Beal Botanical Garden
319:to work as an assistant to
217:W. J. Beal Botanical Garden
140:W. J. Beal Botanical Garden
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1515:Kellogg Biological Station
920:William James Beal Society
854:"Cultivate Young Orchards"
795:"William James Beal Works"
575:Dupree, A. Hunter (1988).
349:In 1887, he and Professor
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613:. Alfred A. Knopf Inc.
605:Fussell, Betty (1992).
264:Union Springs, New York
215:and the founder of the
1753:East Lansing, Michigan
1520:Life Sciences Corridor
1214:Drayton McLane Stadium
1017:East Lansing, Michigan
651:William J. Beal Papers
361:Germination experiment
245:University of Michigan
116:University of Michigan
1622:Spartan Marching Band
391:He was the author of
253:University of Chicago
175:University of Chicago
124:University of Chicago
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1375:Horticulture Gardens
1086:Osteopathic Medicine
1051:Hospitality Business
469:Long-term experiment
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1311:Zeke the Wonder Dog
1260:Game of the Century
1101:Veterinary Medicine
842:(30). May 19, 1924.
457:Mount Hope Cemetery
455:Beal was buried at
413:author abbreviation
338:Beal founded MSU's
317:Liberty Hyde Bailey
277:Comparison of corns
93:Mount Hope Cemetery
1723:American botanists
1475:Joseph R. Williams
1440:William James Beal
1355:Demonstration Hall
1275:Paul Bunyan Trophy
1270:Old Brass Spittoon
1194:Jenison Fieldhouse
1133:Women's Basketball
914:Photo of W.J. Beal
562:"Michigan Alumnus"
351:Rolla C. Carpenter
325:Harvard University
249:Harvard University
205:William James Beal
120:Harvard University
25:William James Beal
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1265:Land Grant Trophy
1209:Old College Field
941:Project Gutenberg
836:The M.A.C. Record
609:The Story of Corn
586:978-0-801-83741-8
381:COVID-19 pandemic
227:Beal was born in
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155:Scientific career
149:Hannah Proud Beal
97:Lansing, Michigan
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1470:Saints' Rest
1445:College Hall
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1435:Walter Adams
1360:East Lansing
1350:Cowles House
1294:Other topics
1158:Men's soccer
1148:Field Hockey
1071:Lyman Briggs
1011:
931:Cowles House
916:(circa 1920)
893:. Retrieved
889:
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865:. Retrieved
861:The Examiner
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672:. Retrieved
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290:8 rowed corn
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171:Institutions
154:
71:(1924-05-12)
69:May 12, 1924
18:
1763:1924 deaths
1758:1833 births
1570:Mark Hollis
1560:Rick Comley
1390:Observatory
1335:Beal Garden
1041:Engineering
895:October 31,
867:January 11,
403:(1898) and
213:hybrid corn
138:Founder of
135:hybrid corn
104:Nationality
1717:Categories
1565:Mel Tucker
1235:Basketbowl
1219:Volleyball
1177:Facilities
1168:Volleyball
1153:Ice hockey
1012:Located in
814: Beal
549:MSU Alumni
475:References
46:1833-03-11
1687:Endowment
1580:Ron Mason
1410:MSU Union
1250:Clockgate
1112:Athletics
1091:Packaging
1027:Academics
765:April 22,
530:: S4–S10.
435:Quotation
239:Education
223:Biography
189:Signature
1683:: 49,809
1681:Students
1575:Tom Izzo
1496:Research
1405:The Rock
1395:Pavilion
1255:Cold War
1163:Softball
1143:Football
959:LibriVox
700:Archived
463:See also
399:(1887),
395:(1882),
321:Asa Gray
233:Michigan
209:botanist
165:Botanist
107:American
58:Michigan
1675:Founded
1610:Housing
1426:History
1385:Library
1081:Nursing
948:at the
564:. 1909.
407:(1915).
77:Amherst
1700:Images
1677:: 1855
1662:MSUFCU
1641:WKAR (
1551:People
1460:MISTIC
1326:Campus
1306:Sparty
1301:Izzone
1228:Events
1121:Sports
617:
583:
424:citing
229:Adrian
161:Fields
146:Spouse
99:, U.S.
83:, U.S.
60:, U.S.
54:Adrian
886:(PDF)
857:(PDF)
832:(PDF)
451:Death
1632:WDBM
1465:MSUG
1096:RCAH
897:2021
869:2022
767:2021
676:2018
615:ISBN
581:ISBN
418:Beal
66:Died
40:Born
1066:Law
957:at
939:at
695:NPR
528:100
496:414
323:at
262:at
1719::
1651:TV
1647:FM
1643:AM
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