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455:"Conceive of a spacious building resembling the palace of a peer, airy, and elevated, and elegant, surrounded by extensive and swelling grounds and gardens. The interior is fitted up with galleries, and workshops, and music-rooms. The sun and air are allowed to enter at every window, the view of the shrubberies and fields, and groups of labourers, is unobstructed by shutters or bars; all is clean, quiet and attractive. The inmates all seem to be motivated by the common impulse of enjoyment, all are busy, and delighted by being so. The house and all around appears a hive of industry"....
197:"Mr Browne then read his paper on organization as connected with Life and Mind in which he endeavoured to establish the following propositions: 1. That all matter is organised. 2. That it is the gradually increased perfection in the arrangement of the parts constituting organization, which is the ?cause /?source of the distinctions perceptible in the various objects of nature, and not specific differences. 3. That life is the abstract of the qualities inherent in these modes of arranging matter. 4. That
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616:"There is in this community no compulsion, no chains, no corporal chastisement, simply because these are proved to be less effectual means of carrying any point than persuasion, emulation, and the desire of earning gratification... such is a faithful picture of what may be seen in many institutions, and of what might be seen in all, were asylums conducted as they ought to be."
519:"....Browne persisted, even insisting on the first lighting of the Montrose asylum with gas in 1836, an event which prompted the assembly of a crowd at the gate to witness and perhaps to enjoy the conflagration which was expected inevitably to follow.... The asylum did not burn down. On the contrary, it flourished in Browne's hands as never before...."
443:(1840–1938), an eminent psychiatrist of the later Victorian period. Browne gave frequent lectures on the reform of mental institutions, often expressing himself in surprisingly political/reformist terms – like a sociological visionary. In 1837, five lectures he had delivered before the Managers of Montrose Lunatic Asylum were published under the title
81:"Browne was one of the reformers of the asylum care of the insane whose improvements and innovations were chronicled in his annual reports from The Crichton Royal Institution, but who in addition published almost on the threshold of his career a sort of manifesto of what he wished to see accomplished...." Richard Hunter and Ida Macalpine (1963)
219:"Browne, the fiery radical, gave such an inflammatory harangue on matter and mind that it sparked a raging debate. He provoked the students by arguing that mind and consciousness are not spiritual entities, separate from the body; they are simple spin-offs from brain activity. Such a notion raised dreadful questions...."
359:, Regius Professor of Natural History) took the extraordinary step of deleting the minutes of this heretical part of the discussion. The deletion, however, was incomplete and has allowed a final restoration of the discussion. The extreme impact of these events is indicated by the fact that a friend of Browne's –
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was there to hear on both occasions. In this way, Browne was a pivotal figure in the mutual engagement of psychiatry and evolutionary theory. Browne's son, James
Crichton Browne, greatly extended his work in psychiatry and medical psychology. In his correspondence with Crichton-Browne, Charles Darwin
354:
with a presentation that mind and consciousness were simply aspects of brain activity. This programme of three papers presented an ascending view of life's complexities from the marine invertebrates beloved of Grant to the ultimate mysteries of human consciousness, all on a scientific platform of
277:, where he took part in vigorous debates concerning phrenology and early evolutionary theories and became one of the five joint presidents of this student club. The leader of the phrenologists, George Combe, toasted Browne for his success in popularising phrenology with other medical students.
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is to be distinguished from life, being neither one of the functions or combination of qualities, by the concatenation of which life is constituted – nor a term indicating a similar idea. And 5. That mind as far as one individual sense, and consciousness are concerned, is material." The
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at his lectures for a time, and was also for some years one of the
Henderson trustees – I have dipped into that old controversy and....this I will say, that from our point of view today, the phrenologists, notwithstanding their egregious errors, had the best of it both in argument and
495:. Browne – rather surprisingly – supported the idea that insanity was most prevalent amongst the highest rank of society and he concluded that "the agricultural population..... is to a great degree exempt from insanity". He speculated that insanity was common in America because
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evolutionary development. In addition, Browne appeared to present a view of the world which was politically and morally at odds with the opinions of the educational establishment. A furious debate ensued, and subsequently someone (probably the crypto-Lamarckian
743:, setting out his views on mental illness and the effect it had on established artists. Browne's last years were clouded by the death of his wife in January 1882 and by his increasing blindness; but he lived to hear of his son's achievements in
869:(1866), Browne's reputation rested substantially on his achievements as an asylum reformer – with acute responsiveness to the psychological lives of his patients. Browne's early writings on asylum management – including his celebrated
169:
in 1826 and the Spring of 1827. Here, Browne presented materialist concepts of the mind as a process of the brain. Browne's amalgamation of phrenology with
Lamarckian concepts of evolution anticipated – by some years – the approach of
505:
He also suggested that the higher incidence of mental illness amongst women was the result of inequalities and poorer education. On the basis of his studies of inmates of his hospital, he asserted that those canonised in the past as
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as we recede, step by step, from the simple... manners of our ancestors, and advance in industry and knowledge and happiness, this malignant persecutor strides onward, signalizing every era... by an increase, a new hecatomb, of
649:. He made regular records of his patients' dreams, and of their social activities and groupings. Elizabeth Crichton would have monthly meetings with him. In 1855, the Crichton was visited by the celebrated American reformer
680:, Browne was involved in a road accident which resulted in his resignation as Commissioner in Lunacy, and, later, in increasing problems with his eyesight. He may have been suffering some ophthalmic problems, probably
324:
Browne argued that these anatomical differences were lacking and that such essential differences between human beings and animals did not exist. Forty-five years later, Darwin pursued an identical argument in his
251:, asserting that the mind was an outcome of material properties of the brain. Through phrenological meetings, Browne became acquainted with a remarkable group of secular and interdisciplinary thinkers, including
308:, that the Creator had endowed human beings with a unique facial musculature which enabled them to express their higher moral nature in a way which was impossible in animals. Bell's aphorism on the subject was:
447:, setting out his ideas of the ideal asylum of the future and, in many ways, Browne sought to arrest – or even to reverse – the social consequences of the widespread industrialisation which had disrupted the
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In 1839, Browne had initiated one of the first collections of art by mental patients in institutions, gathering a large amount of work which he had bound into three volumes, in many ways a forerunner to
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and an atheist, welcoming the changes in revolutionary France, and supporting democratic reform to overturn the Church, monarchy, and aristocracy. In addition, Browne was an outspoken advocate of
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and she seems to have struck up a positive relationship with
Magdalene Browne, taking an interest in her traditional Scottish cuisine, before moving on to her Edinburgh friends, Mr and Mrs
387:"One is tempted to believe phrenologists are right about habitual exercise of the mind altering form of head, & thus these qualities become hereditary...." Charles Darwin (1838)
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the refuse of other nations has been poured forth. ... the tide of population, which has been flowing for so many years uninterruptedly towards
America, has been impure and poisoned.
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at the
Edinburgh Association which was formed in 1832 by the town's tradesmen. He also travelled in continental Europe. In 1832–1834, Browne published a lengthy paper in the
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1213:"Crichton [née Grierson], Elizabeth (1779–1862), founder of the Crichton Royal Hospital, Dumfries | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
884:– on the youthful Charles Darwin as a medical student in Edinburgh in 1826/1827. In December 1826, Browne delivered an inflammatory harangue to the
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In this influential book, Browne agreed with the contemporary perception that insanity was associated with the social upheavals consequent upon the
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1450:
892:. On 27 March 1827, Browne spelled out the full implications of a materialistic theory of the mind at the Plinian Society – and the 18-year-old
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641:. Here he encouraged his patients with writing, art and drama and a host of other activities, long anticipating the clinical approaches of
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of the old
Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary....it is of interest to note that this patient recovers five years later, in May 1844...."
265:
176:
137:) in December 1805. After this upheaval, Browne was brought up on his maternal grandparents' farm at Polmaise, near Stirling, attending
873:– brought him international recognition, with honorary doctorates from Heidelberg and Wisconsin. He was also elected a Fellow of the
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for membership of the
Plinian Society. On the same evening, Browne announced a paper which he presented in December 1826, contesting
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684:, from years earlier. Browne retired to his home in Dumfries and worked on a series of medico-literary projects, including the
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Towards the end of his career, Browne returned to the relationships of language, psychosis and brain injury in his 1872 paper
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45:(1838–1857), Browne introduced activities for patients including writing, group activity and drama, pioneered early forms of
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537:"Dr Browne's Annual Reports form the only Reports of the Institution during his period of office. They are printed by the
435:. On 24 June 1834, Browne married Magdalene Balfour, from one of Scotland's foremost scientific families and sister of
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657:. Browne remained at the Crichton until 1857 when his outstanding reputation resulted in his appointment as the first
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367:"troubled with doubts arising from certain Materialist views which are, alas, all too common among medical students."
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304:. Bell, the son of a clergyman and an enormously influential neurologist, claimed, in line with the principles of
57:. In an age which rewarded self-control, Browne encouraged self-expression and may therefore be counted alongside
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396:"I have been making immense use almost every day of your manuscript – the book ought to be called by Darwin
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concerning the relationship of language to mental disorder and in 1834 he was appointed superintendent of
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Browne presented
Plinian papers on various subjects, including plants he had collected, the habits of the
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for
Scotland and, in 1866, he was elected President of the Medico-Psychological Association, now the
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Art in Madness: Dr W.A.F. Browne's Collection of Patient Art at Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries
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Art in Madness: Dr W A F Browne's Collection of Patient Art at Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries
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Masters of the mind exploring the story of mental illness from ancient times to the new millennium
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29:(1805–1885) was one of the most significant British asylum doctors of the nineteenth century. At
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Universally regarded as a superb asylum superintendent and as a distinguished President of the
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has identified Browne's career with the institutional climax of nineteenth century psychiatry.
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The Asylum as Utopia: W.A.F. Browne and the Mid-Nineteenth Century Consolidation of Psychiatry
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The Asylum as Utopia: W.A.F. Browne and the Mid-Nineteenth Century Consolidation of Psychiatry
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688:(1877) in which he re-explored the territories of psychopathology and the spiritual outlook.
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persuaded Browne to accept the position of physician superintendent of her newly constructed
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587:"Moved by early predilection – my father, a phrenologist of the old school, was assistant to
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927:"British Outsider Art Exhibitions, John Joseph Sheehy London and Group Show in Paris 2008"
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210:, Regius Professor of Natural History. First quoted by Paul H. Barrett (1974, 1980) (in)
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Browne ?" Charles Darwin to James Crichton Browne, concerning the composition of
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Metaphysics, Materialism and the Evolution of Mind – early writings of Charles Darwin
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188:, then aged 17/18, of the growing tensions between science and religious beliefs.
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of the insane and he hated any suggestion of prejudice against the mentally ill.
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Later, at a Plinian meeting on 27 March 1827, Browne followed Darwin's paper on
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for their hyperactive organ of veneration would now be categorised as insane.
363:– developed an emotional disturbance which his doctor attributed to his being
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1334:
The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London
703:. At this time, Crichton-Browne was concluding a lengthy correspondence with
545:.... The first patient is admitted on 4 June 1839 – a female pauper from the
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1173:"Psychiatry in pictures – 186 (1): 1-a1 – The British Journal of Psychiatry"
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that one of his main purposes was to discredit the slippery rhetoric of Sir
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439:(1808–1884), and they were to have eight children, the second of whom was
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The invisible plague: the rise of mental illness from 1750 to the present
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206:, The Plinian Society, Edinburgh, 27 March 1827. Suppressed, probably by
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Browne was the son of an army officer – Lieutenant William Browne of the
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convinced him that mind and consciousness were aspects of brain activity.
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rewarded by his election – in 1883 – as a Fellow of the Royal Society.
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1150:. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press. pp. 62, 99, 239.
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After graduating at Edinburgh, Browne travelled to Paris and studied
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Browne is now considered as an important influence – along with
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to the Scottish asylums. In 1861 he was elected a member of the
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concerning emotional expression – contesting the doctrines of
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507:
1071:
Meagher, Sarah E; Millon, Theodore; Grossman, Seth (2004).
903:(1872) – that it should be regarded as authored "by Darwin
180:(1844). The furious arguments which Browne provoked at the
1278:. Library of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
514:
Crichton Royal: Moral Treatment and Therapeutic Approaches
214:
London and Chicago: University of Chicago Press, page 219.
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In some ways, Browne anticipated the French psychiatrist
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Lecture delivered in Edinburgh, Friday 29 February 1924.
255:(an evolutionary thinker and friend of Charles Darwin),
541:, except for the 13th Report (for 1852) printed by the
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expression is to the passions as language is to thought
1118:"THB 23/18/1 'What Asylums Were, Are and Ought to Be'"
741:
Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology
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Impairment of Language, the Result of Cerebral Disease
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564:"Where there is a work of art, there is no madness."
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London and New York: Tavistock/Routledge, page xiv.
472:– and claimed that insanity was increasing because
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1222:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
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1097:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Browne, W. A. F."
157:on 1 April 1824, and taking an active part in the
145:. As a medical student, Browne was fascinated by
900:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
710:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
403:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
328:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
191:
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97:. He was the father of the eminent psychiatrist
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1006:"Psychiatry in descent: Darwin and the Brownes"
1421:History of mental health in the United Kingdom
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1461:Members of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh
1456:People associated with Dumfries and Galloway
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789:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
665:. In 1866, he was elected President of the
556:The Chronicle of Crichton Royal (1833–1936)
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266:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
247:had developed into a form of philosophical
177:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
83:Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry 1535–1860
1259:A Record of the Edinburgh Harveian Society
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707:during the preparation and publication of
697:West Riding Lunatic Asylum Medical Reports
1411:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1361:. London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group.
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853:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1256:Watson Wemyss, Herbert Lindesay (1933).
1146:Miller, Judy; Torrey, E. Fuller (2001).
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623:What Asylums Were, Are, and Ought To Be.
608:Browne was a passionate advocate of the
577:, quoted by Dr Maureen Park (2010) (in)
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17:
1401:People educated at Stirling High School
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1219:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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491:were published in his 1857 masterpiece
462:What Asylums Were, Are and Ought To Be.
445:What Asylums Were, Are, and Ought To Be
1451:People associated with Angus, Scotland
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897:suggested – during the preparation of
871:What Asylums Were, Are and Ought To Be
1406:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
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1275:Minute Books of the Harveian Society
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787:adding citations to reliable sources
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554:Charles Cromhall Easterbrook (1940)
302:Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression
1292:Dumfries and Galloway Health Board.
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676:In 1870, while visiting asylums in
629:In 1838 the wealthy philanthropist
292:. On 21 November 1826, he proposed
235:As a medical student, Browne was a
184:in 1826/1827 gave ample warning to
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1177:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1122:Archive Services Online Catalogue
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1075:. New York: Wiley. p. 102.
867:Medico-Psychological Association
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667:Medico-Psychological Association
27:William Alexander Francis Browne
1338:. University of Chicago Press.
1310:Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging
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1266:
1262:. T&A Constable, Edinburgh.
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377:Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol
155:Edinburgh Phrenological Society
73:of mental illness. Sociologist
1416:Heads of psychiatric hospitals
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419:in 1830, and gave lectures on
192:Student atheism and radicalism
95:Royal College of Psychiatrists
89:In 1857, Browne was appointed
69:as one of the pioneers of the
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1171:Allan Beveridge, ed. (2005).
739:was published in 1880 in the
663:Harveian Society of Edinburgh
415:Browne became a physician at
273:led to his membership of the
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1243:UK public library membership
724:Artistry of the Mentally Ill
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950:London: Tavistock/Routledge
621:William A.F. Browne (1837)
487:whose clinical theories of
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875:Royal Society of Edinburgh
727:and the academic study of
257:William Ballantyne Hodgson
1312:. London: Jonathan Cape.
1052:Desmond & Moore 1991
963:Desmond & Moore 1991
910:
735:). A paper by Browne on
574:Madness and Civilization
493:Treatise on Degeneration
411:Early psychiatric career
108:Browne's enthusiasm for
1446:Mental health activists
635:Crichton Royal Hospital
433:Montrose Lunatic Asylum
1396:Scottish psychiatrists
1228:10.1093/ref:odnb/73998
1190:10.1192/bjp.186.1.1-a1
1004:Walmsley, Tom (1993).
802:"William A. F. Browne"
751:W.A.F. Browne's legacy
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601:The Story of the Brain
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253:Hewett Cottrell Watson
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91:Commissioner in Lunacy
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1288:Park, Maureen (2010)
946:Scull, Andrew (1991)
701:James Crichton-Browne
686:Religio Psycho-Medici
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598:James Crichton-Browne
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429:Phrenological Journal
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333:Alfred Russel Wallace
331:(1872), confiding in
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99:James Crichton-Browne
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1126:University of Dundee
1023:10.1192/pb.17.12.748
1010:Psychiatric Bulletin
783:improve this section
699:, edited by his son
659:Medical Commissioner
643:occupational therapy
460:W.A.F.Browne (1837)
344:marine invertebrates
151:Lamarckian evolution
143:Edinburgh University
139:Stirling High School
55:psychiatric hospital
47:occupational therapy
437:John Hutton Balfour
348:Robert Edmund Grant
163:Robert Edmond Grant
125:– who drowned in a
123:Cameronian Regiment
1328:Desmond, Adrian J.
745:medical psychology
671:medical psychology
631:Elizabeth Crichton
451:of his childhood.
269:. His interest in
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1353:Desmond, Adrian;
1241:(Subscription or
907:Browne ? ".
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243:which George and
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271:natural history
261:Robert Chambers
204:Deleted Minutes
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172:Robert Chambers
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33:(1834–1838) in
31:Montrose Asylum
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186:Charles Darwin
167:Charles Darwin
153:, joining the
129:disaster (the
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1129:. Retrieved
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1042:, p. 87
1013:
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980:Desmond 1989
947:
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930:. Retrieved
904:
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890:Charles Bell
882:Robert Grant
879:
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781:Please help
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245:Andrew Combe
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75:Andrew Scull
67:John Conolly
59:William Tuke
26:
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1391:1885 deaths
1386:1805 births
1183:(1): 1–a1.
1040:Browne 1995
992:Browne 1995
737:Mad Artists
647:art therapy
547:North Block
381:Salpêtrière
249:materialism
225:James Moore
85:, page 865.
51:art therapy
37:and at the
1431:Lamarckism
1380:Categories
1299:References
1245:required.)
1196:9 February
1131:13 October
1102:19 January
1100:Retrieved
932:15 January
813:newspapers
581:, page xv.
558:, page 21.
421:physiology
373:psychiatry
241:phrenology
147:phrenology
117:Early life
110:phrenology
770:does not
127:troopship
1357:(1991).
1330:(1989).
1308:(1995).
733:art brut
682:glaucoma
639:Dumfries
619:—
595:—
592:temper."
567:—
552:—
522:—
478:victims.
458:—
417:Stirling
352:sea-mats
318:—
43:Dumfries
1233:6 March
827:scholar
791:removed
776:sources
527:(1991)
425:zoology
406:(1872).
379:at the
346:and Dr
237:Radical
227:(1991)
174:in his
133:on the
1365:
1359:Darwin
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508:saints
290:ghosts
288:, and
284:, the
282:cuckoo
229:Darwin
131:Aurora
911:Notes
834:JSTOR
820:books
375:with
161:with
35:Angus
1363:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1235:2020
1198:2009
1152:ISBN
1133:2014
1104:2009
1077:ISBN
934:2009
806:news
774:any
772:cite
645:and
423:and
259:and
223:and
199:mind
165:and
149:and
141:and
65:and
49:and
1224:doi
1185:doi
1181:186
1018:doi
905:and
785:by
721:'s
637:in
398:and
300:'s
41:in
25:Dr
1382::
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