739:, “Combined treatments (thinning + burning) tended to have the greatest effect on reducing surface fuels and stand density, and raising modeled crowning and torching indices, as compared to burning or thinning alone.” Thinning and burning also must be continued through follow up maintenance, according to the Western Watersheds Project, but this follow up rarely happens. Forest thinning has brought up concerns that it could increase fire severity, as the sun can reach the lower vegetation and cause additional moisture loss. With climate change already making the ground less humid, according to the NIDIS, “cause of the rapid increase of wildfires over the western U.S. is the rapid increase of surface air vapor pressure deficit, or VPD, a measure of how thirsty the atmosphere is.”
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572:
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209:, for lookouts, communications, escape routes, safety zones). This allows the firefighters to engage a fire with options for a retreat should their current situation become unsafe. Although other safety zones should be designated, areas already burned generally provide a safe refuge from fire provided they have cooled sufficiently, are accessible, and have burned enough fuels so as to not reignite. Briefings may be done to inform new fire resources of hazards and other pertinent information.
94:
36:
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out the fuel load may be met with opposition due to the desirability of forested areas. Wildland goals may be further resisted because of endangered species protections and habitat preservation. The ecological benefit of fire is often overridden by the economic benefits of protecting structures and lives. Additionally, federal policies that cover wildland areas usually differ from local and state policies that govern urban lands.
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policies. They found that the average fire size was generally smaller in areas of aggressive policy. One report, written in 1998 by Stocks and Weber, said; "Use of fire as a management tool recognizes the natural role of fire and is applied judiciously for ecosystem maintenance and restoration in selected areas." A later 2005 study concluded that "Fire suppression is (functionally) effective insofar as it reduces area burned".
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781:
186:
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810:, where urban or suburban development borders wild land. The second happens at the mixed wildland–urban interface, where homes or small communities are interspersed throughout a wild area, and the boundary between developed and non-developed land is undefined. The third occurs in the occluded wildland–urban interface, where pockets of wild land are enclosed within cities.
343:, made up primarily of coniferous trees. More than 90 percent of Canadian forest land is publicly owned, and the provincial and territorial governments are responsible for fire-suppression activities. The Federal Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC) provides operational fire-control services and links to all provincial and territorial fire agencies.
420:
repeaters). NICC also serves as clearing house for the dispatch ordering system. Reporting to NICC are 10 Geographic Area
Coordination Centers (Alaska, Great Basin, Northern Rockies, Rocky Mountains, Southern California, Northern California, Eastern, Southern, Southwest and Northwest). Under each GACC are several dispatch zones.
672:
planning. It may allow for more ideally placed firelines in lighter fuels using natural barriers to fire and for safer firefighter working conditions in less smoke filled and cooler areas. However, it may also allow for more burned acreage, larger hotter fires, and the possibility of wasted time constructing unused firelines.
351:
about ninety percent of forest fires are fought. Generally fires near communities, industrial infrastructure, and forests with high commercial and recreation value are given high priority for suppression efforts. In remote areas and wilderness parks, fires may be left to burn as part of the natural ecological cycle.
162:
161:
124:. Firefighting efforts depend on many factors such as the available fuel, the local atmospheric conditions, the features of the terrain, and the size of the wildfire. Because of this wildfire suppression in wild land areas usually requires different techniques, equipment, and training from the more familiar
549:
company is based in
Florida, U.S., and holds many contracts with various government entities. The other up-and-coming company entering this niche market is Midland Radio. Its U.S. headquarters is in the midwest (Kansas City, Missouri), and it manufacturers many radio models, including mobiles and portables.
167:
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236:. In Australia, firefighters rarely carry fireshelters (commonly referred to as "Shake 'N' Bake" shelters); rather, training is given to locate natural shelters or use hand tools to create protection; or, in the instance of 'burnover' in a tanker or other fire appliance, 'fire overrun' training is used.
166:
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Fuel buildup can result in costly, devastating fires as more new houses and ranches are built adjacent to wilderness areas. However, the population growth in these fringe areas discourages the use of current fuel management techniques. Smoke from fires is an irritant and a pollutant. Attempts to thin
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Another method for controlling fires is forest thinning. According to the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, “Mechanical thinning of forests is a multifaceted process and often involves piling brush, pruning branches, and creating fuel breaks. ” Mechanical forest thinning combined with controlled ground
388:
broke out on the morning of
October 8, 1871. It burned for three days, and while estimates vary, the consensus is that it killed more than 1,200 people – making it the deadliest wildfire in American history to this day. In addition to the number of people killed, the fire burned more than 1.2 million
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However, any method can fail in the face of erratic or high-intensity winds and changing weather. Changing winds may cause fires to change direction and miss control lines. High-intensity winds may cause jumping or spotting as burning embers are carried through the air over a fireline. Burning trees
246:
Personal safety is also vital to wildland firefighting. The proper use of PPE (personal protective equipment) and firefighting equipment will help minimise accidents. At the very minimum, wildland firefighters should have proper fire-retardant clothing (such as Nomex), protective headgear, wildland
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Preparatory suppression tactics used a distance away from the oncoming fire are considered indirect. Firelines may be built in this manner as well. Fuel reduction, indirect firelines, contingency firelines, backburning and wetting unburnt fuels are examples. This method may allow for more effective
419:
The
National Interagency Fire Center hosts the National Interagency Coordination Center (NICC). NICC's primary responsibility is positioning and managing national resources (i.e. Hotshot Crews, smokejumpers, air tankers, incident management teams, National Caterers, mobile shower units, and command
548:
Radio communication is very typical for communication during a wildfire. This is due to the wide coverage provided and the ability to communicate in a one-to-many format. One of the most popular radio manufacturers for this application is Relm
Wireless (also known as Bendix King and BK Radio). The
415:
Across the United States, wildfire suppression is administered by land management agencies including the U.S. Forest
Service, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, the Army Corps of Engineers, and state departments of forestry.
350:
In Canada, two-thirds of all forest fires are caused by people, while lightning causes the remaining third. Despite this, lightning fires account for over 85 percent of the area burned in Canada, largely because many of the lightning-caused fires occur in remote, inaccessible areas. Currently
922:
Other studies have concluded that the 20th century change in the fire cycle is a result of climate change. A 1993 study by
Bergeron & Archambault said: "post-'Little Ice Age' climate change has profoundly decreased the frequency of fires in the northwestern Québec boreal forest". Critics have
918:
The success of wildfire suppression techniques is debated amongst the scientific community. A number of studies (produced during the 1990s) using
Ontario government fire records compared either the number of fires or the average fire size between areas with and without aggressive fire suppression
448:
aid on larger fire incidents to meet more complex priorities and objectives of the incident commander. It provides support staff to handle duties such as communication, fire behavior modeling, and map- and photo-interpretation. Again in the U.S., management coordination between fires is primarily
346:
During a typical year there are over 9,000 forest fires in Canada, burning an average of 2.5 million hectares (ha) or 9,700 square miles (25,000 km). The number of fires and area burned can vary dramatically from year to year. Average suppression costs are $ 500 million to $ 1 billion
2225:
676:
164:
1216:
In: Keane, Robert E.; Jolly, Matt; Parsons, Russell; Riley, Karin. Proceedings of the Large
Wildland Fires Conference; May 19–23, 2014; Missoula, MT. Proc. RMRS-P-73. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. P.
407:, the U.S. Forest Service received considerable recognition for its firefighting efforts, including a doubling of its budget from Congress. The fire is often considered a significant impetus in the development of early wildfire prevention and suppression strategies.
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also pointed out that small fires are virtually unreported in areas without aggressive fire suppression policies, where detection often relies on reports from settlements or commercial aircraft, leading to incorrect average fire size data for those regions.
154:
In the United States and other countries, aggressive wildfire suppression aimed at minimizing fires has often protected and saved significant wildlands, but has sometimes contributed to accumulation of fuel loads, increasing the risk of large, catastrophic
625:
Fuel models are specific fuel designations determined by energy burning potential. Placed into 13 classes, they range from "short grass" (model 1) to "logging slash" (model 13). Low-numbered models burn at lower intensities than those at the higher end.
204:
Protection of human life is first priority for firefighters. Since 1995, when arriving on a scene, a fire crew will establish safety zones and escape routes, verify communication is in place, and designate lookouts (known in the U.S. by the acronym
2231:
708:. The resultant fires are extinguished by firefighters or, ideally, directed in such a way that they meet the main fire front, at which point both fires run out of flammable material and are thus extinguished. Additionally, the use of long-term
848:
In North America, the belief that fire suppression has substantially reduced the average annual area burned is widely held by resource managers, and is often thought to be self-evident. However, this belief has been the focus of vocal
255:
Other resources are ranked according to importance and/or value. These include but are not limited to human health and safety, construction cost, ecological impacts, social and legal consequences and the costs of protection.
735:
fire is an effective method for wildfire suppression. Forest thinning and ground burn are more effective in reducing wildfire risk together rather than just thinning or burning. According to an article in the journal of
594:, firefighters may only suppress fire that has become uncontrollable. Conversely, fires or portions of a fire that have previously been engaged by firefighters may be treated as fire use situation and be left to burn.
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Direct attack is any treatment applied directly to burning fuel such as wetting, smothering, or chemically quenching the fire, or by physically separating the burning from not burned fuel. This includes the work of
2271:
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heavy fuels may continue to burn unnoticed for days after flaming. It is during this phase that either the burn area exterior or the complete burn area of a fire is cooled so as to not reignite another fire.
163:
320:
841:, South Africa, lies on the fringe of the Table Mountain National Park. In the western United States from the 1990s to 2007, over 8.5 million new homes were constructed on the wildland–urban interface.
2336:
2361:
Yves Bergeron; Sylvain Archambault (1993). "Decreasing frequency of forest fires in the southern boreal zone of Québec and its relation to global warming since the end of the 'Little Ice Age'".
2306:
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Marlon, J. R.; Bartlein, P. J.; Gavin, D. G.; Long, C. J.; Anderson, R. S.; Briles, C. E.; Brown, K. J.; Colombaroli, D.; Hallett, D. J.; Power, M. J.; Scharf, E. A.; Walsh, M. K. (2012).
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serve as management on branches and divisions, respectively, as the need for these divisions arise. Investigators may be called to ascertain the fire's cause. Prevention officers such as
232:. In this inescapable situation, the shelter will provide limited protection from radiant and convective heat, as well as superheated air. Entrapment within a fire shelter is called a
601:(such as lake, rock slide, road or other natural or artificial fire break). From an anchor point firefighters can work to contain a wild land fire without the fire outflanking them.
1234:
Haugo, Ryan D.; Kellogg, Bryce S.; Cansler, C. Alina; Kolden, Crystal A.; Kemp, Kerry B.; Robertson, James C.; Metlen, Kerry L.; Vaillant, Nicole M.; Restaino, Christina M. (2019).
311:, has played a major role in Australia due to arid conditions. Notable fire services tasked with wildfire suppression include NPWS (National Parks and Wildlife Service, NSW), the
604:
Large fires often become extended campaigns. Incident command posts (ICPs) and other temporary fire camps are constructed to provide food, showers, and rest to fire crews.
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relates fuels to how quickly they could ignite and to what percentage they should burn. The Lightning Activity Level (LAL) ranks lightning potential into six classes.
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392:
As a result of the 1871 fire breakouts, the federal government saw that it needed to act. This led in 1876 to the creation of the Office of Special Agent in the
1026:
Parisien, Marc-André; Barber, Quinn E.; Hirsch, Kelvin G.; Stockdale, Christopher A.; Erni, Sandy; Wang, Xianli; Arseneault, Dominique; Parks, Sean A. (2020).
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acres of land and spread to nearby towns, where it caused even more damage. The entire town of Peshtigo was destroyed within an hour of the start of the fire.
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system provides symbols used to communicate from ground to air, while aircraft may use wing tilting, motor gunning or circling to communicate air-to-ground.
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Specific agencies and different incident management teams may include a number of different individuals with various responsibilities and varying titles. A
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324:
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147:, and extinguish flames and areas of heat in order to protect resources and natural wilderness. Wildfire suppression also addresses the issues of the
381:, the Fire destroyed more than 17,000 buildings across the Windy City, upended thousands of lives and devastated their thriving business community.
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850:
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firefighting-specific boots, gloves, water for hydration, fire shelters, eye protection, and some form of communication (most commonly a radio).
1956:
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is also considered, as more effort will need to be expended on saving a house with a wooden-shake roof than one with a tile roof, for example.
46:
618:(BI) relates flame length to fire spread speed and temperature. The Haines Index (HI) tracks stability and humidity of air over a fire. The
4840:
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Information may be communicated on fires in many forms. Radios, vocals, visual signals such as flagging and mirrors, literature such as an
367:
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969:
239:
Hazards beyond the fire are posed as well. A very small sample of these include: unstable/hazardous trees, animals, electrical cables,
1887:"Do thinning and/or burning treatments in western USA ponderosa or Jeffrey pine-dominated forests help restore natural fire behavior?"
2016:
1403:
359:
17:
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1800:
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Stocks, B. J.; R. B. Street (1983), "Forest fire weather and wildfire occurrence in the boreal forest of northwestern Ontario",
216:, a situation where escape from the fire is impossible. Prevention of this situation is reinforced with two training protocols,
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444:, as well as the complexity of the incident and threats to developed areas, will later dictate the class-level of IC required.
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690:: boundaries that contain no combustible material. These may be constructed by physically removing combustible material with
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directly to the burning fuel. For most agencies, the objective is to make a fireline around all fire meant to be suppressed.
339:
Canada contains approximately 3,964,000 km (1,531,000 sq mi) of forest land. Seventy-five percent of this is
316:
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firefighting measures and the rebuilding of structures destroyed by fires has been met with criticism. Communities such as
723:
may be used. Such compounds reduce the flammability of materials by either blocking the fire physically or by initiating a
2042:
4376:
1144:
Parks, Sean A.; Miller, Carol; Parisien, Marc-André; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Dobrowski, Solomon Z.; Abatzoglou, John (2015).
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Miyanishi, K; E. A. Johnson (2001), "Comment—A re-examination of the effects of fire suppression in the boreal forest",
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designates this as being the first on scene providing they have sufficient training. The size of the fire, measured in
312:
2674:
268:
While wildfire suppression serves human safety and resource protection, the lack of natural fires can be the cause of
4734:
4714:
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All of these groups contribute to the National Wildfire Coordinating Group and the National Interagency Fire Center.
80:
171:
The Global Fire Weather Database is designed to analyze and suppress the underlying conditions that drive wildfires.
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Managing any number of resources over varying-size areas in often very rugged terrain is extremely challenging. An
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370:. Greater impact on people's lives led to government intervention and changes to how wildfires were addressed.
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is a primary reason for the catastrophic structural losses experienced in wildfires. Continued development of
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Understory fuel load and structure eight to nine years after prescribed burning in Mediterranean pine forests
1957:"Study Finds Climate Change to Blame For Record-Breaking California Wildfires | August 8, 2023 | Drought.gov"
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373:
One of the first turning points for firefighting philosophies in the U.S. happened in October 1871 with the
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1742:"An Integration of Remote Sensing, GIS, and Information Distribution for Wildfire Detection and Management"
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148:
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Wildfires can pose risks to human settlement in three main scenarios. The first can happen at the classic
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4495:
4324:
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2704:
999:
Busenberg, George (2004). "Wildfire Management in the United States: The Evolution of a Policy Failure".
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Attempts to control wildfires may also include by controlling the area that it can spread to by creating
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3568:
3300:
3239:
2724:
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Ward, P.C.; A.G. Tithecott (1993), "The impact of fire management on the boreal landscape of Ontario",
2125:
680:
143:, and using various firefighting techniques, wildfire-trained crews work to suppress flames, construct
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2477:
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Arno, S.F.; Worrall, J; Carlson, C.E. (1995), "Larix lyallii: Colonist of tree-line and talus sites",
1886:
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or incident action plan, whistles and mobile touch-screen computer terminals are some examples. The
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2551:, Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station
1316:
Pyne, S. J. (1996). "Wild Hearth A Prolegomenon to the Cultural Fire History of Northern Eurasia".
611:
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62:
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Constructed firelines, breaks, safety zones and other items may damage soil systems, encouraging
433:
224:, which warn firefighters of potentially dangerous situations, developed in the aftermath of the
1996:
1756:
366:., wildfires started to trigger unprecedented destruction of property and sometimes resulted in
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1932:
1179:"We're Not Doing Enough Prescribed Fire in the Western United States to Mitigate Wildfire Risk"
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to assess the quality and conditions of forests in the United States. As the forerunner of the
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54:
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1885:
Fulé, Peter Z.; Crouse, Joseph E.; Roccaforte, John Paul; Kalies, Elizabeth L. (2012-04-01).
1716:
1236:"The missing fire: quantifying human exclusion of wildfire in Pacific Northwest forests, USA"
796:
772:, the addition of plants and debris to exposed soils and other measures help to reduce this.
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formation. The loss of plant life from the fire also contributes to erosion. Construction of
5013:
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610:
and fuel conditions are large factors in the decisions made on a fire. Within the U.S., the
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Wildfire suppression requires specialist personnel and equipment. Notable examples include
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may fall and burning materials may roll across the line, effectively negating the barrier.
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8:
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2198:"Cal Poly researchers ready to tackle California's catastrophic fires with new institute"
1860:
1028:"Fire deficit increases wildfire risk for many communities in the Canadian boreal forest"
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129:
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1212:"Ecological fire use for ecological fire management: Managing large wildfires by design"
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400:, this was the first time that wildfire management was placed under government purview.
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98:
2542:"Science Basis for Changing Forest Structure to Modify Wildfire Behavior and Severity"
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Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy
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fighting found in populated areas. Working in conjunction with specially designed
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van Wagtendonk, Jan W. (2007), "The History and Evolution of Wildland Fire Use",
1910:
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225:
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The same day as the Chicago Fire, a much larger, more deadly fire occurred. The
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513:(PIOF) generally provides fire-related information to the public, for example.
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102:
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2180:(U.S. Government public domain material published in Association journal. See
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2473:, Terrorism and Political Violence, pages 1–13, Published online: 11 Jul 2017
1918:
1831:"Midland Radio - Midland Radio | Communication Solutions for Your World"
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2095:, Parliament House, Canberra: Bushfire CRC, 27 February 2007, archived from
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Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest
1146:"Wildland fire deficit and surplus in the western United States, 1984–2012"
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562:
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117:
2700:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Fighting Wildfires
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Assessing the impact of prescribed burning on the growth of European pines
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Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia
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868:
652:
1275:
Schultz, Courtney A.; Thompson, Matthew P.; McCaffrey, Sarah M. (2019).
1195:
1178:
887:
747:
The threat of wildfires does not cease after the flames have passed, as
5337:
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5058:
4679:
4276:
3977:
3784:
3757:
3413:
3199:
3169:
3149:
3086:
3056:
3020:
2864:
2771:
2227:
The extent and impact of forest fires in northern circumpolar countries
1565:
979:
748:
694:, or portions may be naturally occurring. Lines may also be created by
144:
2018:
City of West Covina Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan: Section 9 Wildfire
1260:
1235:
432:(IC) is charged with overall command of an incident. In the U.S., the
5220:
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5099:
5041:
4657:
4523:
4256:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4121:
4111:
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3767:
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3260:
3204:
3134:
3129:
2980:
838:
834:
830:
701:
579:
308:
277:
276:
is accordingly not as simple as many might assume. Across the global
269:
106:
2589:
Mitchell, Joseph W. (September 2006), "Wind-enabled ember dousing",
2417:
2322:
1992:
Effects of Fire on Soils and Erosion: Erosion and Mass Soil Movement
5300:
5270:
5265:
5225:
5171:
5161:
5081:
4469:
4251:
4211:
4126:
4063:
4036:
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3967:
3938:
3708:
3494:
3489:
3330:
2902:
2801:
872:
818:
769:
284:
ecosystems, fire suppression is frequently found to be a driver of
132:
121:
2540:
Graham, Russell; McCaffrey, Sarah; Jain, Theresa B. (April 2004),
1441:, National Interagency Fire Council, June 20, 2003, archived from
837:
have been built within highly flammable forest fuels. The city of
529:
and prevent some human-caused fires from happening to begin with.
243:, hazardous materials, rolling and falling debris, and lightning.
5290:
5186:
5156:
5151:
5139:
5129:
5114:
4667:
4261:
4171:
4103:
4093:
4073:
4058:
4031:
4026:
3988:
3752:
2272:"Forest Fires and Sustainability in the Boreal Forests of Canada"
2089:
Are Big Fires Inevitable? A Report on the National Bushfire Forum
607:
281:
193:
5470:
3794:
2360:
934:
780:
185:
5124:
4862:
4699:
4647:
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3993:
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826:
675:
643:
2669:
1277:"Forest Service fire management and the elusiveness of change"
175:
5456:
5176:
4083:
3061:
2050:, National Academy of Public Administration, September 2002,
1513:
1363:, National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG), pp. i–101
1025:
974:
765:
705:
642:
into a pool before dropping the water on a wildfire close to
614:(ERC) is a scale relating fuel energy potential to area. The
437:
340:
1143:
5235:
5210:
4884:
4438:
3982:
3711:
2460:
2202:
1354:
Incident Operations Standards Working Team (January 2006),
785:
189:
1884:
4018:
3959:
1375:"Standard Firefighting Orders and 18 Watchout Situations"
1233:
45:
deal primarily with North America and do not represent a
2679:
1274:
775:
2689:
2021:, City of West Covina (California, USA), archived from
1095:"Long-term perspective on wildfires in the western USA"
1092:
228:. As a last resort, many wildland firefighters carry a
2685:
British Columbia Ministry of Forests Protection Branch
2490:
2403:
2253:
Aviation, Flood and Fire Management Branch Publication
1995:, eWater CRC's Bushfire and Catchments, archived from
1592:, Natural Resources Canada, 2008-06-05, archived from
272:
changes, as can the size of fires when they do occur.
2463:
Ecology and Management of Larix Forests: A Look Ahead
2044:
Wildfire Suppression: Strategies for Containing Costs
1639:
151:, where populated areas border with wild land areas.
930:
212:
A great emphasis is placed on safety and preventing
2680:
The Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC)
2571:, Project FireFight South East Asia, archived from
2539:
871:(firefighters who parachute into remote areas) and
679:Plowing a control line in advance of a wildfire in
325:
Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning
2638:
2618:
2491:de Souza Costa, Fernando; Sandberg, David (2004),
2434:
2250:
597:All fire suppression activities are based from an
5509:
3707:
2437:Timberline. Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers
1933:"Why Thinning Forests is Poor Wildfire Strategy"
1558:
1488:"New South Wales Rural Fire Service, Operations"
659:, fire personnel and aircraft applying water or
2269:
1408:, onearth.org, December 1, 2007, archived from
1099:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
525:may patrol their jurisdictional areas to teach
360:Indigenous communities embraced fire as an ally
27:Firefighting tactics used to suppress wildfires
2690:United States National Interagency Fire Center
2670:The International Association of Wildland Fire
2476:Casals P, Valor T, Besalú A, Molina-Terrén D.
2397:
2307:"Effective fire suppression in boreal forests"
2144:
1749:Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
817:and other human activity in areas adjacent to
101:, United States in 2002. Methods here include
4454:
3693:
2725:
2354:
43:The examples and perspective in this article
3459:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
2328:
863:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
590:Operating in the U.S. within the context of
2341:, Cambridge University Press, p. 144,
2217:
1755:(10): 977–985, October 1998, archived from
1566:"Natural Resources Canada Statistical Data"
1428:
1426:
176:Issues in Implementing Wildfire Suppression
4461:
4447:
3700:
3686:
3291:International Association of Fire Fighters
2732:
2718:
2641:Resources and Dynamics of the Boreal Zone.
2263:
2082:
2080:
970:International Association of Wildland Fire
856:
700:creating small, low-intensity fires using
578:dispersed aerially onto brush adjoining a
2675:Canadian Wildland Fire Information System
2647:Valor T, González-Olabarria JR, Piqué M.
2471:Forest Fires as the New Form of Terrorism
2244:
2166:
1398:
1396:
1367:
1300:
1259:
1209:
1194:
1161:
1120:
1110:
1069:
1051:
998:
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
2705:Proposed Wildfire Suppression Technology
2588:
2493:"Mathematical model of a smoldering log"
1423:
1320:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 21–44.
779:
674:
633:
570:
364:populations began to grow across the U.S
222:Eighteen Situations That Shout Watch Out
184:
157:
92:
2334:
2304:
2298:
2077:
1540:"South Australian Country Fire Service"
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
14:
5510:
2223:
2138:
2121:Extreme Events: Wild & Forest Fire
1458:
1393:
1381:. US Forest Service. 29 September 2015
1176:
250:
4442:
3681:
2713:
2616:
2561:
2195:
1683:
1642:"The Great Midwest Wildfires of 1871"
1635:
1633:
1544:South Australian Country Fire Service
776:Fires at the wildland–urban interface
317:South Australian Country Fire Service
307:Wildland fire, known in Australia as
4332:
3624:
3449:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
2435:Arno, S. F.; R. P. hammerly (1984),
2112:
1334:
1318:Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia
1315:
882:
263:
97:A wildfire suppression operation in
29:
5386:
4354:
2439:, Mountaineers Books, p. 304,
2406:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
2311:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
1861:"Thinning the Forest for the Trees"
1779:, Wildfire Magazine, archived from
851:debate in the scientific literature
24:
3097:Self-contained breathing apparatus
2797:Firefighter assist and search team
2520:10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.07.009
2428:
2270:Weber, MG; Stocks, BJ (Nov 1998),
1630:
975:National Fire Danger Rating System
666:
591:
313:New South Wales Rural Fire Service
25:
5549:
4735:Global Forest Information Service
2663:
1980:de Sousa Costa and Sandberg, 227.
1772:
1717:"Interagency Hotshot Crews (IHC)"
1640:US Department of Commerce, NOAA.
755:
5491:
5482:
5481:
5469:
5455:
5441:
5427:
5413:
5399:
5385:
4353:
4331:
4310:
4309:
3793:
3659:
3647:
3635:
3623:
3612:
3611:
2822:Fire department ranks by country
2739:
1013:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2004.00066.x
933:
886:
629:
532:
451:National Interagency Fire Center
354:
218:Ten Standard Firefighting Orders
34:
5492:
3660:
3296:International Firefighters' Day
3256:Candidate Physical Ability Test
2196:Healy, Megan (March 12, 2019).
2189:
2035:
2009:
1983:
1974:
1949:
1925:
1878:
1853:
1823:
1793:
1766:
1734:
1709:
1658:
1606:
1580:
1532:
1506:
1480:
965:Glossary of wildland fire terms
410:
362:in preserving nature, but once
5533:Occupational safety and health
2807:Special operations firefighter
2625:, Twenty-First Century Books,
1357:Incident Response Pocket Guide
1309:
1268:
1227:
1203:
1170:
1137:
1086:
1019:
992:
801:Los Angeles County, California
784:Water Tender ANF 10, from the
394:U.S. Department of Agriculture
13:
1:
3346:Wildfire emergency management
2913:Hazardous materials apparatus
2611:10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.04.002
2183:WERC Highlights -- April 2008
1891:Forest Ecology and Management
986:
737:Forest Ecology and Management
423:
377:. Six years removed from the
192:flow on the coastal plain of
4468:
2695:Wildfire History and Ecology
2657:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.02.002
2549:Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-120
2486:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.050
2282:(7): 545–550, archived from
1911:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.12.025
1514:"Country Fire Authority, Op"
296:
105:drops and the bulldozing of
7:
3321:World Police and Fire Games
3276:Fire protection engineering
2230:, MIT Press, archived from
2168:10.4996/fireecology.0302003
1801:"RELM Wireless Corporation"
1614:"Great Chicago Fire begins"
1210:Ingalsbee, Timothy (2015).
1177:Kolden, Crystal A. (2019).
926:
878:
586:in California, in July 2021
57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
5554:
4846:Growth and yield modelling
3569:Glossary of wildfire terms
3301:List of firefighting films
2749:Personnel and organization
2383:10.1177/095968369300300307
2335:Johnson, Edward A (1996),
1937:Western Watersheds Project
1568:. Natural Resources Canada
1053:10.1038/s41467-020-15961-y
860:
681:Georgetown, South Carolina
620:Keetch–Byram drought index
556:
552:
321:Parks and Wildlife Service
300:
291:
200:, generated this wildfire.
5420:Earth sciences portal
5406:Climate change portal
5381:
5258:
5090:
4987:Great Green Wall (Africa)
4932:
4623:
4533:
4476:
4305:
4204:
4102:
4017:
3958:
3892:
3842:Hemispherical photography
3802:
3791:
3722:
3607:
3586:
3561:
3518:
3477:
3359:
3338:
3329:
3281:Geography of firefighting
3248:
3120:
2941:
2873:
2830:
2812:Volunteer fire department
2747:
1691:"The Big Burn-Transcript"
1302:10.1186/s42408-019-0028-x
1001:Review of Policy Research
764:from surface run-off and
742:
567:Firefighter § Duties
446:Incident management teams
334:
319:, the Western Australian
180:
120:tactics used to suppress
18:Wildland fire suppression
4992:Great Green Wall (China)
4565:Close to nature forestry
4402:Machine and metalworking
4147:Lombard Steam Log Hauler
3599:Template:Fire protection
3316:World Firefighters Games
3210:Gaseous fire suppression
2224:Stocks, Brian J (1991),
823:wildland–urban interface
808:wildland–urban interface
612:Energy Release Component
511:fire information officer
403:In the aftermath of the
149:wildland–urban interface
5026:Million Tree Initiative
4412:Measuring and alignment
3286:History of firefighting
1697:. PBS. February 3, 2015
1112:10.1073/pnas.1112839109
857:Equipment and personnel
793:Angeles National Forest
543:USFS Visual Signal Code
434:Incident Command System
135:, fire engines, tools,
5448:Environment portal
4880:Sustainable management
4775:Trillion Tree Campaign
3424:Firefighting apparatus
3112:Thermal imaging camera
3092:Secure information box
2908:Firefighting apparatus
2562:Karki, Sameer (2002),
2305:Cumming, S.G. (2005),
1518:Country Fire Authority
1492:NSW Rural Fire Service
803:
718:superabsorbent polymer
683:
647:
638:A helicopter dips its
587:
329:Country Fire Authority
303:Bushfires in Australia
201:
172:
110:
5373:Wood process engineer
5077:Urban forest inequity
3469:Wildland water tender
3051:Hydraulic rescue tool
2817:Women in firefighting
2617:Sayre, A. P. (1994),
1589:Forest Fire in Canada
1448:on September 16, 2008
1032:Nature Communications
797:San Gabriel Mountains
783:
727:that stops the fire.
678:
657:wildland fire engines
637:
574:
457:U.S. fire size class
188:
170:
96:
5528:Forestry occupations
5518:Wildfire suppression
5036:Shifting cultivation
4977:Forest fragmentation
4947:Carbon sequestration
4817:Woodland Carbon Code
4782:Forest certification
4690:Even-aged management
4605:Sustainable forestry
4377:Cutting and abrasive
4359:WikiProject Forestry
3510:Wildland fire module
3464:Wildland fire engine
3351:Wildfire suppression
2888:Fire command vehicle
2883:Airport crash tender
2782:Retained firefighter
2500:Combustion and Flame
1467:Wildland Fire Policy
1163:10.1890/ES15-00294.1
114:Wildfire suppression
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
4841:Formally designated
4685:Ecological thinning
4595:Plantation forestry
4503:Research institutes
3902:Aerial firefighting
3369:Aerial firefighting
3225:Stop, drop and roll
3215:Multiple-alarm fire
3082:Portable water tank
2991:Fire proximity suit
2603:2006FirSJ..41..444M
2591:Fire Safety Journal
2512:2004CoFl..139..227D
2375:1993Holoc...3..255B
2159:2007FiEco...3b...3V
2102:on 26 February 2009
1903:2012ForEM.269...68F
1695:American Experience
1470:, US Forest Service
1293:2019FiEco..15a..13S
1252:2019Ecosp..10E2702H
1196:10.3390/fire2020030
1044:2020NatCo..11.2121P
955:Aerial firefighting
789:U.S. Forest Service
714:fire-fighting foams
692:tools and equipment
458:
398:U.S. Forest Service
368:massive death tolls
251:Resource protection
241:unexploded ordnance
196:, on the island of
130:aerial firefighting
5434:Ecology portal
4967:Forest degradation
4962:Ecosystem services
4570:Community forestry
4242:Hydraulic debarker
4217:Firewood processor
3409:Fire retardant gel
3394:Fire lookout tower
3067:New York roof hook
2918:Light and air unit
2855:Fire lookout tower
2762:Chief fire officer
898:. You can help by
873:helicopter support
804:
684:
648:
608:Weather conditions
588:
456:
430:incident commander
405:Great Fire of 1910
375:Great Chicago Fire
286:woody encroachment
202:
173:
137:firefighting foams
111:
5505:
5504:
5462:Plants portal
5248:green woodworking
4436:
4435:
4247:Log house moulder
3773:Tree planting bar
3748:Groasis Waterboxx
3675:
3674:
3582:
3581:
3574:List of wildfires
3434:Helicopter bucket
3429:Firefighting foam
3031:Hard suction hose
2976:Fire extinguisher
2966:Fire brigade keys
2632:978-0-80-502830-0
2446:978-0-89886-085-6
2348:978-0-521-34943-7
2057:978-1-57744-094-9
1865:US Forest Service
1721:US Forest Service
1670:US Forest Service
1520:. CFA (Australia)
1405:Our Trial by Fire
1327:978-94-015-8737-2
1261:10.1002/ecs2.2702
950:List of wildfires
916:
915:
725:chemical reaction
507:
506:
327:(DELWP), and the
264:Ecosystem changes
168:
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
5545:
5538:Wildfire ecology
5523:Fire suppression
5495:
5494:
5485:
5484:
5476:Trees portal
5474:
5473:
5460:
5459:
5446:
5445:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5404:
5403:
5402:
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5388:
5110:Forest gardening
5067:Timber recycling
5014:Invasive species
4902:Tree measurement
4463:
4456:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4357:
4356:
4335:
4334:
4313:
4312:
4292:Wood-drying kiln
4227:Forestry mulcher
4177:Washington Winch
4079:Portable sawmill
3894:Fire suppression
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3663:
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3651:
3650:
3639:
3638:
3627:
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3336:
3335:
3271:Fire photography
3053:("Jaws of life")
3011:Fireman's switch
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2004:
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1837:. Archived from
1835:midlandradio.com
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1807:. Archived from
1797:
1791:
1790:
1789:
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1773:Hoose, Michael,
1770:
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1494:. NSW Government
1484:
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1462:
1456:
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1453:
1447:
1440:
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1417:
1412:on June 30, 2008
1400:
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1105:(9): E535–E543.
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5231:spruce-pine-fir
5204:Christmas trees
5086:
5002:Illegal logging
4934:
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4643:Controlled burn
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4600:Social forestry
4580:Energy forestry
4560:Bamboo forestry
4555:Analog forestry
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4047:safety features
4042:safety clothing
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3235:Two-in, two-out
3190:Fireman's carry
3116:
3016:Flame retardant
2937:
2898:Fire motorcycle
2869:
2843:Fire department
2826:
2777:Station officer
2757:Battalion chief
2743:
2738:
2666:
2633:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2532:
2530:
2495:
2447:
2431:
2429:Further reading
2426:
2418:10.1139/x01-073
2402:
2398:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2333:
2329:
2323:10.1139/x04-174
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2286:on 4 April 2012
2268:
2264:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2235:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2194:
2190:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2026:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1961:www.drought.gov
1955:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1811:on 27 July 2012
1799:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1784:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1646:www.weather.gov
1638:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1379:Risk Management
1373:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1335:
1328:
1314:
1310:
1273:
1269:
1232:
1228:
1208:
1204:
1175:
1171:
1142:
1138:
1091:
1087:
1024:
1020:
997:
993:
989:
984:
939:
932:
929:
912:
906:
903:
896:needs expansion
881:
865:
859:
778:
758:
745:
710:fire retardants
669:
667:Indirect attack
632:
584:Tumbleweed Fire
582:to contain the
569:
555:
535:
527:fire prevention
519:division chiefs
500:1000–4999 acres
426:
413:
357:
337:
305:
299:
294:
266:
253:
226:Mann Gulch fire
183:
178:
158:
141:fire retardants
87:
76:
70:
67:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5551:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5489:
5479:
5465:
5451:
5437:
5423:
5409:
5395:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5363:Timber cruiser
5360:
5358:Shingle weaver
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5196:
5194:Rail transport
5191:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5135:pulp and paper
5132:
5127:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5105:Forest farming
5102:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5053:slash-and-char
5050:
5048:slash-and-burn
5045:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5011:
5010:
5009:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4972:Forest dieback
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4615:Urban forestry
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4466:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4367:Types of tools
4363:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4222:Forest railway
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:Feller buncher
4114:
4108:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4009:Splitting maul
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3936:
3934:Fire retardant
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3822:Biltmore stick
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3720:
3719:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3404:Fire retardant
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Structure fire
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:Door breaching
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3107:Smoke detector
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:Fireman's pole
3003:
2998:
2996:Fire retardant
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2928:Rescue vehicle
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2664:External links
2662:
2661:
2660:
2645:
2636:
2631:
2614:
2597:(6): 444–458,
2586:
2559:
2537:
2506:(3): 227–238,
2488:
2474:
2467:
2458:
2445:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2396:
2369:(3): 255–259.
2353:
2347:
2327:
2317:(4): 772–786,
2297:
2262:
2243:
2216:
2188:
2137:
2111:
2076:
2056:
2034:
2008:
1982:
1973:
1948:
1924:
1877:
1852:
1822:
1792:
1765:
1733:
1708:
1682:
1657:
1629:
1605:
1579:
1557:
1531:
1505:
1479:
1457:
1422:
1392:
1366:
1333:
1326:
1308:
1267:
1226:
1202:
1169:
1156:(12): art275.
1136:
1085:
1018:
1007:(2): 145–156.
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
946:
945:
944:
928:
925:
914:
913:
893:
891:
880:
877:
861:Main article:
858:
855:
777:
774:
757:
756:Rehabilitation
754:
744:
741:
668:
665:
661:fire retardant
631:
628:
576:Fire retardant
554:
551:
534:
531:
523:forest rangers
505:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
425:
422:
412:
409:
356:
353:
336:
333:
298:
295:
293:
290:
265:
262:
252:
249:
182:
179:
177:
174:
126:structure fire
116:is a range of
103:fire retardant
89:
88:
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5550:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5498:
5490:
5488:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5353:Rubber tapper
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5281:Choker setter
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5120:Manufacturing
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:Deforestation
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:Environmental
4931:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4834:reforestation
4832:
4830:
4829:afforestation
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:Arboriculture
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:Permaforestry
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Whoopie sling
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4272:Chainsaw mill
4270:
4268:
4267:Stump grinder
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
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3990:
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3837:Diameter tape
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3751:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3729:afforestation
3725:
3724:Tree planting
3721:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3691:
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3684:
3683:
3680:
3668:
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3622:
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3610:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:Template:Fire
3592:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:United States
3534:
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3527:
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3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
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3503:
3501:
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3405:
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3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:Saint Florian
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:Miscellaneous
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Fire triangle
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Dead man zone
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
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3080:
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3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:Heat detector
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
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2979:
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2957:
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2946:
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2926:
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2916:
2914:
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2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
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2889:
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2866:
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2836:
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2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
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2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2578:on 2007-07-30
2574:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2234:on 2012-04-04
2233:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2128:on 2009-01-14
2127:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2098:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2067:on 2007-10-31
2063:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2025:on 2008-10-22
2024:
2020:
2019:
2012:
1999:on 2007-08-30
1998:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1841:on 2 May 2012
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1783:on 2011-07-18
1782:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1762:on 2009-08-16
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1671:
1667:
1666:"Our History"
1661:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1596:on 2009-05-30
1595:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1567:
1561:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1493:
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1411:
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1399:
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1380:
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1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:(4): e02702.
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1164:
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1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
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1108:
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1100:
1096:
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1077:
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1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
991:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
942:
936:
931:
924:
920:
910:
901:
897:
894:This section
892:
889:
885:
884:
876:
874:
870:
864:
854:
852:
846:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
802:
798:
794:
790:
787:
782:
773:
771:
767:
763:
753:
750:
740:
738:
732:
728:
726:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:
693:
689:
688:control lines
682:
677:
673:
664:
662:
658:
654:
645:
641:
636:
630:Direct attack
627:
623:
621:
617:
616:Burning Index
613:
609:
605:
602:
600:
595:
593:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
564:
560:
550:
546:
544:
540:
533:Communication
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Branch chiefs
512:
502:
499:
497:300–999 acres
496:
494:100–299 acres
493:
490:
487:
484:
483:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
460:
454:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
421:
417:
408:
406:
401:
399:
395:
390:
387:
386:Peshtigo Fire
382:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
355:United States
352:
348:
344:
342:
341:boreal forest
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
304:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
261:
259:
258:Defendability
248:
244:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
199:
195:
191:
187:
156:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
108:
104:
100:
95:
85:
82:
74:
71:February 2013
64:
60:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5467:
5453:
5439:
5425:
5411:
5397:
5390:
5368:Tree planter
5348:Resin tapper
5328:Truck driver
5323:River driver
5072:Tree hugging
5057:
5040:
5007:timber mafia
4997:High grading
4982:Ghost forest
4952:Clearcutting
4875:Silviculture
4851:Horticulture
4695:Fire ecology
4610:Urban forest
4585:Mycoforestry
4545:
4541:Agroforestry
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4489:Forest areas
4487:
4480:
4336:
4314:
4232:Hand compass
4184:Steam donkey
4069:Lumber edger
4054:Crosscut saw
3999:Log splitter
3924:Fire flapper
3879:Tree caliper
3847:Inclinometer
3832:Cruising rod
3781:(Tuley tube)
3779:Tree shelter
3775:(dibble bar)
3763:Root trainer
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3526:Ancient Rome
3500:Hotshot crew
3485:Fire lookout
3384:Fire flapper
3350:
3175:Fire control
3140:Chimney fire
3026:Halligan bar
3001:Fire shelter
2986:Fire hydrant
2961:Fire blanket
2956:Escape chair
2933:Water tender
2860:Fire station
2787:Fire marshal
2767:Fire captain
2741:Firefighting
2640:
2620:
2594:
2590:
2580:, retrieved
2573:the original
2564:
2553:, retrieved
2548:
2545:(2.79MB PDF)
2531:, retrieved
2503:
2499:
2462:
2436:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2366:
2363:The Holocene
2362:
2356:
2337:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2288:, retrieved
2284:the original
2279:
2275:
2265:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2236:, retrieved
2232:the original
2226:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2201:
2191:
2182:
2150:
2147:Fire Ecology
2146:
2140:
2130:, retrieved
2126:the original
2120:
2114:
2104:, retrieved
2097:the original
2088:
2069:, retrieved
2062:the original
2043:
2037:
2027:, retrieved
2023:the original
2017:
2011:
2001:, retrieved
1997:the original
1991:
1985:
1976:
1965:. Retrieved
1963:. 2023-08-08
1960:
1951:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1867:. 2021-08-19
1864:
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:the original
1834:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1809:the original
1805:www.relm.com
1804:
1795:
1785:, retrieved
1781:the original
1776:Tech Tactics
1775:
1768:
1757:the original
1752:
1748:
1736:
1725:. Retrieved
1723:. 2016-12-21
1720:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1674:. Retrieved
1672:. 2015-10-02
1669:
1660:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1598:, retrieved
1594:the original
1588:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1543:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1517:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1491:
1482:
1472:, retrieved
1466:
1460:
1450:, retrieved
1443:the original
1434:
1414:, retrieved
1410:the original
1404:
1383:. Retrieved
1378:
1369:
1356:
1317:
1311:
1284:
1281:Fire Ecology
1280:
1270:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1220:
1215:
1205:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1004:
1000:
994:
960:Fire ecology
941:Trees portal
921:
917:
904:
900:adding to it
895:
869:smokejumpers
866:
847:
843:
822:
815:urbanization
812:
805:
759:
746:
733:
729:
695:
687:
685:
670:
649:
624:
606:
603:
599:anchor point
598:
596:
589:
563:Firefighting
559:Fire control
547:
542:
538:
536:
518:
514:
510:
508:
488:1/4–10 acres
449:done by the
427:
418:
414:
411:Organization
402:
391:
383:
372:
358:
349:
345:
338:
306:
274:Fire ecology
267:
257:
254:
245:
238:
233:
230:fire shelter
221:
217:
213:
211:
206:
203:
153:
118:firefighting
113:
112:
77:
68:
44:
5392:WikiProject
5316:smokejumper
5296:Firefighter
5259:Occupations
5243:Woodworking
4824:Forestation
4755:restoration
4710:informatics
4575:Ecoforestry
4427:Woodworking
4297:Woodchipper
4089:Two-man saw
4004:Marking axe
3985:(shake axe)
3884:Wedge prism
3857:Rangefinder
3817:Angle gauge
3804:Mensuration
3737:Caulk boots
3519:By location
3505:Smokejumper
3362:and tactics
3240:Ventilation
3180:Fire safety
3165:False alarm
3122:Terminology
3072:PASS device
3046:Hose bridge
3036:Hazmat suit
2971:Fire bucket
2951:Bunker gear
2893:Fire engine
2838:Drill tower
2792:Fire police
2412:(8): 1462,
2153:(2): 3–17,
1701:January 23,
1550:15 February
1524:15 February
1498:15 February
1038:(1): 2121.
907:August 2010
702:driptorches
697:backfiring:
491:10–99 acres
5512:Categories
5338:Lumberjack
5333:Log scaler
5216:engineered
5167:non-timber
5140:sawmilling
5092:Industries
5059:svedjebruk
4770:transition
4750:protection
4740:old-growth
4725:governance
4680:Dendrology
4630:management
4496:Ministries
4315:Categories
4137:Helicopter
3978:Brush hook
3812:3D scanner
3785:Tree spade
3758:Pottiputki
3551:Washington
3546:California
3414:Fire trail
3360:Equipment
3200:Flash fire
3170:Fire class
3150:Deluge gun
3087:Rotary saw
3057:Kelly tool
3021:Fog nozzle
2865:Hose tower
2831:Facilities
2772:Fire chief
2643:: 249–265.
2582:2009-02-13
2555:2009-02-06
2533:2009-02-06
2455:0898860857
2238:2010-08-05
2132:2009-01-07
2106:2009-01-09
2071:2009-01-21
2029:2009-07-14
2003:2009-01-08
1967:2023-12-05
1942:2023-12-05
1871:2023-12-05
1845:13 January
1815:13 January
1787:2009-01-21
1727:2021-07-15
1676:2021-12-30
1651:2021-12-30
1623:2021-12-30
1600:2009-05-01
1474:2008-12-21
1452:2008-12-21
1416:January 7,
1385:12 October
1287:(1): 13–.
1223:: 120–127.
987:References
980:Tanker 910
813:Expansive
749:smoldering
557:See also:
485:0–1/4 acre
424:Management
347:annually.
301:See also:
214:entrapment
145:fire lines
107:firebreaks
99:Washington
5286:Ecologist
5199:Tree farm
5100:Coppicing
5042:chitemene
4942:Acid rain
4890:allometry
4812:SmartWood
4760:secondary
4745:pathology
4720:inventory
4658:driftwood
4524:Arbor Day
4347:equipment
4325:equipment
4277:Tree tyer
4257:Log flume
4237:Hand hook
4167:Skid cone
4162:Pike pole
4157:Pickaroon
4142:Log truck
4132:Harvester
4122:Forwarder
4112:Cant hook
3946:(rakehoe)
3929:Fire rake
3919:Driptorch
3874:Relascope
3869:Microtome
3768:Seed trap
3716:equipment
3531:Australia
3478:Personnel
3439:Hose pack
3419:Firebreak
3399:Fire rake
3389:Fire hose
3379:Driptorch
3331:Wildfires
3261:Fire camp
3205:Flashover
3135:Barn fire
3130:Backdraft
2981:Fire hose
2943:Equipment
2875:Apparatus
2391:140187485
1919:0378-1127
1897:: 68–81.
1572:16 August
1240:Ecosphere
1189:(2): 30.
1150:Ecosphere
1062:2041-1723
839:Cape Town
835:Australia
831:Melbourne
819:wildlands
770:waterbars
580:firebreak
379:Civil War
309:bush fire
297:Australia
278:grassland
270:ecosystem
122:wildfires
59:talk page
5487:Category
5301:handcrew
5271:Arborist
5266:Forester
5226:mahogany
5172:palm oil
5162:charcoal
5147:Products
5082:Wildfire
4895:breeding
4856:GM trees
4705:dynamics
4517:Journals
4510:Colleges
4470:Forestry
4382:Forestry
4372:Cleaning
4252:Log pond
4212:Denailer
4127:Go-devil
4064:Head saw
4037:Chainsaw
3973:Broadaxe
3968:Billhook
3939:Helitack
3744:(hoedag)
3709:Forestry
3642:Glossary
3618:Category
3587:See also
3495:Helitack
3490:Handcrew
3220:Rollover
3195:Firewall
2903:Fireboat
2802:Handcrew
2528:10499171
2465:: 72–78.
2209:12 March
2177:85841606
1131:22334650
1080:32358496
927:See also
879:Efficacy
646:, Italy.
592:fire use
453:(NIFC).
234:burnover
133:aircraft
53:You may
5497:Outline
5311:lookout
5306:hotshot
5187:tanbark
5157:biomass
5152:biochar
5130:plywood
5115:Logging
5019:wilding
4668:log jam
4625:Ecology
4407:Masonry
4397:Kitchen
4337:Commons
4262:Machete
4172:Skidder
4104:Logging
4094:Whipsaw
4074:Polesaw
4059:Dragsaw
4032:Bucksaw
4027:Bow saw
3989:Hatchet
3950:Pulaski
3753:Mattock
3666:Outline
3630:Commons
3541:History
3454:Pulaski
3339:General
3077:The pig
2599:Bibcode
2508:Bibcode
2371:Bibcode
2155:Bibcode
1899:Bibcode
1618:HISTORY
1546:. SACFS
1289:Bibcode
1248:Bibcode
1217:120-127
1122:3295264
1071:7195457
1040:Bibcode
795:in the
762:erosion
553:Tactics
292:History
282:savanna
194:KÄ«lauea
5343:Ranger
5291:Feller
5276:Bucker
5182:rubber
5125:lumber
4935:topics
4922:volume
4917:height
4863:i-Tree
4700:Forest
4653:coarse
4648:Debris
4547:dehesa
4417:Mining
4387:Garden
4282:Tsakat
4189:Yarder
4152:Peavey
3994:Labrys
3944:McLeod
3742:Hoedad
3444:McLeod
3306:Muster
2629:
2526:
2453:
2443:
2389:
2345:
2290:8 July
2175:
2054:
1917:
1324:
1129:
1119:
1078:
1068:
1060:
827:Sydney
743:Mop-up
716:, and
706:flares
644:Naples
640:bucket
565:, and
503:5000+
442:chains
335:Canada
315:, the
198:Hawaii
181:Safety
155:fires.
5177:rayon
4912:girth
4907:crown
4868:urban
4765:stand
4673:slash
4663:large
4534:Types
4482:Index
4422:Power
4342:tools
4320:tools
4205:Other
4194:swing
4084:Resaw
3907:DC-10
3862:laser
3827:Chain
3712:tools
3654:Index
3562:Lists
3160:Draft
3102:Siren
3062:Nomex
2923:Quint
2621:Taiga
2576:(PDF)
2569:(PDF)
2524:S2CID
2496:(PDF)
2387:S2CID
2276:Ambio
2173:S2CID
2100:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
2065:(PDF)
2048:(PDF)
1760:(PDF)
1745:(PDF)
1446:(PDF)
1439:(PDF)
1361:(PDF)
766:gully
653:urban
438:acres
61:, or
5236:teak
5221:fuel
5211:Wood
5031:REDD
4885:Tree
4802:PEFC
4787:ATFS
4392:Hand
4019:Saws
3983:Froe
3960:Axes
3912:UAVs
3714:and
2848:list
2627:ISBN
2451:ASIN
2441:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2292:2010
2211:2019
2203:KSBY
2052:ISBN
1915:ISSN
1847:2022
1817:2022
1703:2019
1574:2019
1552:2014
1526:2014
1500:2014
1418:2009
1387:2015
1322:ISBN
1183:Fire
1127:PMID
1076:PMID
1058:ISSN
829:and
786:USDA
721:gels
655:and
517:and
280:and
220:and
207:LCES
190:Lava
4807:SFI
4797:FSC
4792:CFS
4730:law
4715:IPM
4627:and
2653:doi
2607:doi
2516:doi
2504:139
2482:doi
2414:doi
2379:doi
2319:doi
2257:305
2163:doi
1907:doi
1895:269
1297:doi
1256:doi
1191:doi
1158:doi
1117:PMC
1107:doi
1103:109
1066:PMC
1048:doi
1009:doi
902:.
833:in
799:of
704:or
539:IAP
440:or
5514::
2651:.
2605:,
2595:41
2593:,
2547:,
2522:,
2514:,
2502:,
2498:,
2480:.
2449:,
2410:31
2408:,
2385:.
2377:.
2365:.
2315:35
2313:,
2309:,
2280:27
2278:,
2274:,
2255:,
2200:.
2171:,
2161:,
2149:,
2079:^
1959:.
1935:.
1913:.
1905:.
1893:.
1889:.
1863:.
1833:.
1803:.
1753:64
1751:,
1747:,
1719:.
1693:.
1668:.
1644:.
1632:^
1616:.
1542:.
1516:.
1490:.
1425:^
1395:^
1377:.
1336:^
1295:.
1285:15
1283:.
1279:.
1254:.
1244:10
1242:.
1238:.
1221:73
1219:.
1214:.
1185:.
1181:.
1152:.
1148:.
1125:.
1115:.
1101:.
1097:.
1074:.
1064:.
1056:.
1046:.
1036:11
1034:.
1030:.
1005:21
1003:.
875:.
853:.
791:,
712:,
561:,
480:G
331:.
288:.
139:,
4462:e
4455:t
4448:v
3726:,
3701:e
3694:t
3687:v
2733:e
2726:t
2719:v
2659:.
2655::
2609::
2601::
2518::
2510::
2484::
2422:{
2420:.
2416::
2393:.
2381::
2373::
2367:3
2321::
2294:.
2259:.
2213:.
2186:)
2165::
2157::
2151:3
1970:.
1945:.
1921:.
1909::
1901::
1874:.
1849:.
1819:.
1730:.
1705:.
1679:.
1654:.
1626:.
1576:.
1554:.
1528:.
1502:.
1389:.
1330:.
1305:.
1299::
1291::
1264:.
1258::
1250::
1199:.
1193::
1187:2
1166:.
1160::
1154:6
1133:.
1109::
1082:.
1050::
1042::
1015:.
1011::
909:)
905:(
477:F
474:E
471:D
468:C
465:B
462:A
109:.
84:)
78:(
73:)
69:(
51:.
20:)
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