728:, “Combined treatments (thinning + burning) tended to have the greatest effect on reducing surface fuels and stand density, and raising modeled crowning and torching indices, as compared to burning or thinning alone.” Thinning and burning also must be continued through follow up maintenance, according to the Western Watersheds Project, but this follow up rarely happens. Forest thinning has brought up concerns that it could increase fire severity, as the sun can reach the lower vegetation and cause additional moisture loss. With climate change already making the ground less humid, according to the NIDIS, “cause of the rapid increase of wildfires over the western U.S. is the rapid increase of surface air vapor pressure deficit, or VPD, a measure of how thirsty the atmosphere is.”
5404:
561:
624:
5432:
198:, for lookouts, communications, escape routes, safety zones). This allows the firefighters to engage a fire with options for a retreat should their current situation become unsafe. Although other safety zones should be designated, areas already burned generally provide a safe refuge from fire provided they have cooled sufficiently, are accessible, and have burned enough fuels so as to not reignite. Briefings may be done to inform new fire resources of hazards and other pertinent information.
83:
25:
877:
5472:
4300:
3602:
5390:
148:
5482:
3650:
834:
out the fuel load may be met with opposition due to the desirability of forested areas. Wildland goals may be further resisted because of endangered species protections and habitat preservation. The ecological benefit of fire is often overridden by the economic benefits of protecting structures and lives. Additionally, federal policies that cover wildland areas usually differ from local and state policies that govern urban lands.
5460:
924:
908:
policies. They found that the average fire size was generally smaller in areas of aggressive policy. One report, written in 1998 by Stocks and Weber, said; "Use of fire as a management tool recognizes the natural role of fire and is applied judiciously for ecosystem maintenance and restoration in selected areas." A later 2005 study concluded that "Fire suppression is (functionally) effective insofar as it reduces area burned".
5418:
3638:
3626:
5376:
4344:
770:
175:
3784:
4322:
3614:
5446:
799:, where urban or suburban development borders wild land. The second happens at the mixed wildland–urban interface, where homes or small communities are interspersed throughout a wild area, and the boundary between developed and non-developed land is undefined. The third occurs in the occluded wildland–urban interface, where pockets of wild land are enclosed within cities.
332:, made up primarily of coniferous trees. More than 90 percent of Canadian forest land is publicly owned, and the provincial and territorial governments are responsible for fire-suppression activities. The Federal Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC) provides operational fire-control services and links to all provincial and territorial fire agencies.
409:
repeaters). NICC also serves as clearing house for the dispatch ordering system. Reporting to NICC are 10 Geographic Area
Coordination Centers (Alaska, Great Basin, Northern Rockies, Rocky Mountains, Southern California, Northern California, Eastern, Southern, Southwest and Northwest). Under each GACC are several dispatch zones.
661:
planning. It may allow for more ideally placed firelines in lighter fuels using natural barriers to fire and for safer firefighter working conditions in less smoke filled and cooler areas. However, it may also allow for more burned acreage, larger hotter fires, and the possibility of wasted time constructing unused firelines.
340:
about ninety percent of forest fires are fought. Generally fires near communities, industrial infrastructure, and forests with high commercial and recreation value are given high priority for suppression efforts. In remote areas and wilderness parks, fires may be left to burn as part of the natural ecological cycle.
151:
150:
113:. Firefighting efforts depend on many factors such as the available fuel, the local atmospheric conditions, the features of the terrain, and the size of the wildfire. Because of this wildfire suppression in wild land areas usually requires different techniques, equipment, and training from the more familiar
538:
company is based in
Florida, U.S., and holds many contracts with various government entities. The other up-and-coming company entering this niche market is Midland Radio. Its U.S. headquarters is in the midwest (Kansas City, Missouri), and it manufacturers many radio models, including mobiles and portables.
156:
154:
149:
225:. In Australia, firefighters rarely carry fireshelters (commonly referred to as "Shake 'N' Bake" shelters); rather, training is given to locate natural shelters or use hand tools to create protection; or, in the instance of 'burnover' in a tanker or other fire appliance, 'fire overrun' training is used.
155:
833:
Fuel buildup can result in costly, devastating fires as more new houses and ranches are built adjacent to wilderness areas. However, the population growth in these fringe areas discourages the use of current fuel management techniques. Smoke from fires is an irritant and a pollutant. Attempts to thin
723:
Another method for controlling fires is forest thinning. According to the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, “Mechanical thinning of forests is a multifaceted process and often involves piling brush, pruning branches, and creating fuel breaks. ” Mechanical forest thinning combined with controlled ground
377:
broke out on the morning of
October 8, 1871. It burned for three days, and while estimates vary, the consensus is that it killed more than 1,200 people – making it the deadliest wildfire in American history to this day. In addition to the number of people killed, the fire burned more than 1.2 million
719:
However, any method can fail in the face of erratic or high-intensity winds and changing weather. Changing winds may cause fires to change direction and miss control lines. High-intensity winds may cause jumping or spotting as burning embers are carried through the air over a fireline. Burning trees
235:
Personal safety is also vital to wildland firefighting. The proper use of PPE (personal protective equipment) and firefighting equipment will help minimise accidents. At the very minimum, wildland firefighters should have proper fire-retardant clothing (such as Nomex), protective headgear, wildland
660:
Preparatory suppression tactics used a distance away from the oncoming fire are considered indirect. Firelines may be built in this manner as well. Fuel reduction, indirect firelines, contingency firelines, backburning and wetting unburnt fuels are examples. This method may allow for more effective
408:
The
National Interagency Fire Center hosts the National Interagency Coordination Center (NICC). NICC's primary responsibility is positioning and managing national resources (i.e. Hotshot Crews, smokejumpers, air tankers, incident management teams, National Caterers, mobile shower units, and command
537:
Radio communication is very typical for communication during a wildfire. This is due to the wide coverage provided and the ability to communicate in a one-to-many format. One of the most popular radio manufacturers for this application is Relm
Wireless (also known as Bendix King and BK Radio). The
404:
Across the United States, wildfire suppression is administered by land management agencies including the U.S. Forest
Service, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, the Army Corps of Engineers, and state departments of forestry.
339:
In Canada, two-thirds of all forest fires are caused by people, while lightning causes the remaining third. Despite this, lightning fires account for over 85 percent of the area burned in Canada, largely because many of the lightning-caused fires occur in remote, inaccessible areas. Currently
911:
Other studies have concluded that the 20th century change in the fire cycle is a result of climate change. A 1993 study by
Bergeron & Archambault said: "post-'Little Ice Age' climate change has profoundly decreased the frequency of fires in the northwestern Québec boreal forest". Critics have
907:
The success of wildfire suppression techniques is debated amongst the scientific community. A number of studies (produced during the 1990s) using
Ontario government fire records compared either the number of fires or the average fire size between areas with and without aggressive fire suppression
437:
aid on larger fire incidents to meet more complex priorities and objectives of the incident commander. It provides support staff to handle duties such as communication, fire behavior modeling, and map- and photo-interpretation. Again in the U.S., management coordination between fires is primarily
335:
During a typical year there are over 9,000 forest fires in Canada, burning an average of 2.5 million hectares (ha) or 9,700 square miles (25,000 km). The number of fires and area burned can vary dramatically from year to year. Average suppression costs are $ 500 million to $ 1 billion
2214:
665:
153:
1205:
In: Keane, Robert E.; Jolly, Matt; Parsons, Russell; Riley, Karin. Proceedings of the Large
Wildland Fires Conference; May 19–23, 2014; Missoula, MT. Proc. RMRS-P-73. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. P.
396:, the U.S. Forest Service received considerable recognition for its firefighting efforts, including a doubling of its budget from Congress. The fire is often considered a significant impetus in the development of early wildfire prevention and suppression strategies.
912:
also pointed out that small fires are virtually unreported in areas without aggressive fire suppression policies, where detection often relies on reports from settlements or commercial aircraft, leading to incorrect average fire size data for those regions.
143:
In the United States and other countries, aggressive wildfire suppression aimed at minimizing fires has often protected and saved significant wildlands, but has sometimes contributed to accumulation of fuel loads, increasing the risk of large, catastrophic
614:
Fuel models are specific fuel designations determined by energy burning potential. Placed into 13 classes, they range from "short grass" (model 1) to "logging slash" (model 13). Low-numbered models burn at lower intensities than those at the higher end.
193:
Protection of human life is first priority for firefighters. Since 1995, when arriving on a scene, a fire crew will establish safety zones and escape routes, verify communication is in place, and designate lookouts (known in the U.S. by the acronym
2220:
697:. The resultant fires are extinguished by firefighters or, ideally, directed in such a way that they meet the main fire front, at which point both fires run out of flammable material and are thus extinguished. Additionally, the use of long-term
837:
In North America, the belief that fire suppression has substantially reduced the average annual area burned is widely held by resource managers, and is often thought to be self-evident. However, this belief has been the focus of vocal
244:
Other resources are ranked according to importance and/or value. These include but are not limited to human health and safety, construction cost, ecological impacts, social and legal consequences and the costs of protection.
724:
fire is an effective method for wildfire suppression. Forest thinning and ground burn are more effective in reducing wildfire risk together rather than just thinning or burning. According to an article in the journal of
583:, firefighters may only suppress fire that has become uncontrollable. Conversely, fires or portions of a fire that have previously been engaged by firefighters may be treated as fire use situation and be left to burn.
639:
Direct attack is any treatment applied directly to burning fuel such as wetting, smothering, or chemically quenching the fire, or by physically separating the burning from not burned fuel. This includes the work of
2260:
740:
heavy fuels may continue to burn unnoticed for days after flaming. It is during this phase that either the burn area exterior or the complete burn area of a fire is cooled so as to not reignite another fire.
152:
309:
830:, South Africa, lies on the fringe of the Table Mountain National Park. In the western United States from the 1990s to 2007, over 8.5 million new homes were constructed on the wildland–urban interface.
2325:
2350:
Yves Bergeron; Sylvain Archambault (1993). "Decreasing frequency of forest fires in the southern boreal zone of Québec and its relation to global warming since the end of the 'Little Ice Age'".
2295:
1082:
Marlon, J. R.; Bartlein, P. J.; Gavin, D. G.; Long, C. J.; Anderson, R. S.; Briles, C. E.; Brown, K. J.; Colombaroli, D.; Hallett, D. J.; Power, M. J.; Scharf, E. A.; Walsh, M. K. (2012).
510:
serve as management on branches and divisions, respectively, as the need for these divisions arise. Investigators may be called to ascertain the fire's cause. Prevention officers such as
221:. In this inescapable situation, the shelter will provide limited protection from radiant and convective heat, as well as superheated air. Entrapment within a fire shelter is called a
590:(such as lake, rock slide, road or other natural or artificial fire break). From an anchor point firefighters can work to contain a wild land fire without the fire outflanking them.
1223:
Haugo, Ryan D.; Kellogg, Bryce S.; Cansler, C. Alina; Kolden, Crystal A.; Kemp, Kerry B.; Robertson, James C.; Metlen, Kerry L.; Vaillant, Nicole M.; Restaino, Christina M. (2019).
300:, has played a major role in Australia due to arid conditions. Notable fire services tasked with wildfire suppression include NPWS (National Parks and Wildlife Service, NSW), the
593:
Large fires often become extended campaigns. Incident command posts (ICPs) and other temporary fire camps are constructed to provide food, showers, and rest to fire crews.
5019:
2272:
611:
relates fuels to how quickly they could ignite and to what percentage they should burn. The Lightning Activity Level (LAL) ranks lightning potential into six classes.
2186:
381:
As a result of the 1871 fire breakouts, the federal government saw that it needed to act. This led in 1876 to the creation of the Office of Special Agent in the
1015:
Parisien, Marc-André; Barber, Quinn E.; Hirsch, Kelvin G.; Stockdale, Christopher A.; Erni, Sandy; Wang, Xianli; Arseneault, Dominique; Parks, Sean A. (2020).
378:
acres of land and spread to nearby towns, where it caused even more damage. The entire town of Peshtigo was destroyed within an hour of the start of the fire.
4790:
2076:
534:
system provides symbols used to communicate from ground to air, while aircraft may use wing tilting, motor gunning or circling to communicate air-to-ground.
498:
Specific agencies and different incident management teams may include a number of different individuals with various responsibilities and varying titles. A
3529:
313:
2552:
2108:
136:, and extinguish flames and areas of heat in order to protect resources and natural wilderness. Wildfire suppression also addresses the issues of the
370:, the Fire destroyed more than 17,000 buildings across the Windy City, upended thousands of lives and devastated their thriving business community.
4785:
839:
236:
firefighting-specific boots, gloves, water for hydration, fire shelters, eye protection, and some form of communication (most commonly a radio).
1945:
249:
is also considered, as more effort will need to be expended on saving a house with a wooden-shake roof than one with a tile roof, for example.
35:
607:(BI) relates flame length to fire spread speed and temperature. The Haines Index (HI) tracks stability and humidity of air over a fire. The
4829:
3882:
3447:
1979:
1730:
851:
526:
Information may be communicated on fires in many forms. Radios, vocals, visual signals such as flagging and mirrors, literature such as an
356:
4498:
3279:
958:
228:
Hazards beyond the fire are posed as well. A very small sample of these include: unstable/hazardous trees, animals, electrical cables,
1876:"Do thinning and/or burning treatments in western USA ponderosa or Jeffrey pine-dominated forests help restore natural fire behavior?"
2005:
1392:
348:
3688:
1789:
5521:
4390:
2628:
Stocks, B. J.; R. B. Street (1983), "Forest fire weather and wildfire occurrence in the boreal forest of northwestern Ontario",
205:, a situation where escape from the fire is impossible. Prevention of this situation is reinforced with two training protocols,
4400:
2810:
2720:
1763:
433:, as well as the complexity of the incident and threats to developed areas, will later dictate the class-level of IC required.
1422:
2619:
2439:
2433:
2335:
2044:
1314:
680:
679:: boundaries that contain no combustible material. These may be constructed by physically removing combustible material with
652:
directly to the burning fuel. For most agencies, the objective is to make a fireline around all fire meant to be suppressed.
328:
Canada contains approximately 3,964,000 km (1,531,000 sq mi) of forest land. Seventy-five percent of this is
305:
4800:
3437:
1819:
1576:
814:
firefighting measures and the rebuilding of structures destroyed by fires has been met with criticism. Communities such as
712:
may be used. Such compounds reduce the flammability of materials by either blocking the fire physically or by initiating a
2031:
4365:
1133:
Parks, Sean A.; Miller, Carol; Parisien, Marc-André; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Dobrowski, Solomon Z.; Abatzoglou, John (2015).
2393:
Miyanishi, K; E. A. Johnson (2001), "Comment—A re-examination of the effects of fire suppression in the boreal forest",
4491:
4449:
4335:
3900:
3284:
3085:
2931:
2785:
2683:
425:
designates this as being the first on scene providing they have sufficient training. The size of the fire, measured in
301:
2663:
257:
While wildfire suppression serves human safety and resource protection, the lack of natural fires can be the cause of
4723:
4703:
405:
All of these groups contribute to the National Wildfire Coordinating Group and the National Interagency Fire Center.
69:
160:
The Global Fire Weather Database is designed to analyze and suppress the underlying conditions that drive wildfires.
4477:
439:
417:
Managing any number of resources over varying-size areas in often very rugged terrain is extremely challenging. An
2085:
4795:
4330:
3244:
953:
5380:
4347:
3641:
3524:
2795:
789:
608:
382:
359:. Greater impact on people's lives led to government intervention and changes to how wildfires were addressed.
810:
is a primary reason for the catastrophic structural losses experienced in wildfires. Continued development of
5516:
5506:
4868:
3617:
3334:
2901:
2467:
Understory fuel load and structure eight to nine years after prescribed burning in Mediterranean pine forests
1946:"Study Finds Climate Change to Blame For Record-Breaking California Wildfires | August 8, 2023 | Drought.gov"
725:
2561:
362:
One of the first turning points for firefighting philosophies in the U.S. happened in October 1871 with the
3681:
3539:
3534:
3514:
1731:"An Integration of Remote Sensing, GIS, and Information Distribution for Wildfire Detection and Management"
888:
796:
137:
795:
Wildfires can pose risks to human settlement in three main scenarios. The first can happen at the classic
4678:
4484:
4313:
3309:
3264:
2693:
988:
Busenberg, George (2004). "Wildfire Management in the United States: The Evolution of a Policy Failure".
675:
Attempts to control wildfires may also include by controlling the area that it can spread to by creating
1602:
5192:
4834:
4470:
3557:
3289:
3228:
2713:
2240:
Ward, P.C.; A.G. Tithecott (1993), "The impact of fire management on the boreal landscape of Ontario",
2114:
669:
132:, and using various firefighting techniques, wildfire-trained crews work to suppress flames, construct
2637:
2466:
2450:
Arno, S.F.; Worrall, J; Carlson, C.E. (1995), "Larix lyallii: Colonist of tree-line and talus sites",
1875:
750:
5526:
5511:
5155:
4975:
4844:
4505:
4405:
3830:
3269:
2800:
47:
3922:
530:
or incident action plan, whistles and mobile touch-screen computer terminals are some examples. The
5294:
4980:
4588:
4553:
4135:
4035:
4030:
3629:
3587:
3304:
3198:
3110:
2836:
2540:, Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station
1305:
Pyne, S. J. (1996). "Wild Hearth A Prolegomenon to the Cultural Fire History of Northern Eurasia".
600:
560:
434:
274:
51:
4930:
5123:
5014:
4910:
4905:
4370:
4360:
4355:
4308:
4225:
3674:
3653:
3274:
3183:
781:
749:
Constructed firelines, breaks, safety zones and other items may damage soil systems, encouraging
422:
213:, which warn firefighters of potentially dangerous situations, developed in the aftermath of the
1985:
1745:
355:., wildfires started to trigger unprecedented destruction of property and sometimes resulted in
4900:
4895:
4775:
4763:
4442:
4395:
4385:
3845:
3519:
3412:
3100:
3080:
2911:
2896:
2863:
2481:
1921:
1168:"We're Not Doing Enough Prescribed Fire in the Western United States to Mitigate Wildfire Risk"
706:
385:
to assess the quality and conditions of forests in the United States. As the forerunner of the
317:
291:
2459:
43:
5408:
5394:
5065:
4375:
3815:
3605:
3457:
3039:
2805:
2706:
1874:
Fulé, Peter Z.; Crouse, Joseph E.; Roccaforte, John Paul; Kalies, Elizabeth L. (2012-04-01).
1705:
1225:"The missing fire: quantifying human exclusion of wildfire in Pacific Northwest forests, USA"
785:
761:, the addition of plants and debris to exposed soils and other measures help to reduce this.
757:
formation. The loss of plant life from the fire also contributes to erosion. Construction of
5002:
2673:
599:
and fuel conditions are large factors in the decisions made on a fire. Within the U.S., the
5284:
5024:
4965:
4935:
4805:
4593:
4415:
4410:
4120:
3498:
3452:
2876:
2871:
2770:
2587:
2496:
2359:
2143:
1887:
1277:
1236:
1028:
856:
Wildfire suppression requires specialist personnel and equipment. Notable examples include
720:
may fall and burning materials may roll across the line, effectively negating the barrier.
645:
2011:
1679:
1398:
8:
5485:
4856:
4673:
4641:
4380:
3912:
3890:
3357:
3213:
3203:
3070:
2999:
2979:
2187:"Cal Poly researchers ready to tackle California's catastrophic fires with new institute"
1849:
1017:"Fire deficit increases wildfire risk for many communities in the Canadian boreal forest"
943:
777:
386:
229:
118:
2591:
2500:
2363:
2147:
1891:
1476:
1281:
1240:
1201:"Ecological fire use for ecological fire management: Managing large wildfires by design"
1032:
389:, this was the first time that wildfire management was placed under government purview.
5436:
4955:
4950:
4780:
4743:
4698:
4651:
4558:
4548:
4230:
4205:
3397:
3382:
3178:
3055:
2906:
2843:
2750:
2512:
2508:
2375:
2161:
1797:
1110:
1083:
1059:
1016:
709:
702:
418:
393:
367:
363:
87:
2531:"Science Basis for Changing Forest Structure to Modify Wildfire Behavior and Severity"
1424:
Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy
1344:
623:
5475:
5236:
4758:
4738:
4728:
4713:
4618:
4435:
4235:
4215:
3850:
3761:
3736:
3562:
3422:
3417:
3019:
2994:
2964:
2615:
2429:
2379:
2331:
2040:
1903:
1310:
1115:
1064:
1046:
1001:
938:
713:
352:
125:
2516:
2165:
1769:
1431:
1363:
1200:
5351:
5336:
5098:
5055:
4890:
4748:
4733:
4708:
4165:
4067:
3895:
3792:
3259:
2954:
2641:
2595:
2504:
2470:
2402:
2367:
2307:
2151:
1895:
1454:
1285:
1244:
1179:
1146:
1105:
1095:
1054:
1036:
997:
2599:
117:
fighting found in populated areas. Working in conjunction with specially designed
5361:
5219:
5204:
5060:
5007:
4990:
4693:
4661:
4631:
4583:
4568:
4543:
3840:
3704:
3362:
3254:
3223:
3208:
3004:
2886:
2831:
2765:
2745:
2688:
2645:
2474:
2134:
van Wagtendonk, Jan W. (2007), "The History and Evolution of Wildland Fire Use",
1899:
572:
515:
214:
186:
2156:
1827:
1582:
555:
373:
The same day as the Chicago Fire, a much larger, more deadly fire occurred. The
5422:
5346:
5341:
5274:
5182:
5170:
5135:
5093:
5041:
5036:
4960:
4878:
4770:
4613:
4603:
4210:
4105:
3997:
3938:
3810:
3666:
3442:
3392:
3294:
3218:
3143:
3095:
3065:
2984:
2916:
2530:
2371:
2050:
1041:
698:
649:
564:
502:(PIOF) generally provides fire-related information to the public, for example.
430:
129:
114:
91:
2608:
2170:
2169:(U.S. Government public domain material published in Association journal. See
1290:
1265:
685:
5500:
5450:
5431:
5356:
5316:
5269:
5108:
5080:
4945:
4883:
4822:
4817:
4626:
4578:
4275:
4260:
4255:
4140:
4130:
3932:
3825:
3730:
3717:
3712:
3582:
3432:
3299:
3173:
3148:
3133:
3090:
3029:
2462:, Terrorism and Political Violence, pages 1–13, Published online: 11 Jul 2017
1907:
1820:"Midland Radio - Midland Radio | Communication Solutions for Your World"
1050:
604:
511:
374:
4280:
2084:, Parliament House, Canberra: Bushfire CRC, 27 February 2007, archived from
1654:
1630:
1100:
5464:
5299:
4995:
4985:
4970:
4940:
4863:
4839:
4753:
4718:
4683:
4598:
4573:
4529:
4220:
4182:
4172:
4125:
4057:
4042:
3987:
3867:
3835:
3820:
3767:
3751:
3488:
3473:
3372:
3163:
3128:
3014:
2989:
2974:
2949:
2944:
2921:
2848:
2775:
2755:
2729:
2327:
Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest
1135:"Wildland fire deficit and surplus in the western United States, 1984–2012"
1119:
1068:
948:
929:
803:
628:
551:
547:
262:
218:
106:
2689:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Fighting Wildfires
2638:
Assessing the impact of prescribed burning on the growth of European pines
2554:
Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia
1342:
82:
5331:
5311:
5304:
5264:
5231:
4812:
4563:
4285:
4077:
3992:
3872:
3805:
3800:
3725:
3493:
3168:
3153:
3060:
3034:
3024:
2959:
2939:
2881:
2826:
2780:
2737:
2443:
1528:
1151:
1134:
857:
641:
1264:
Schultz, Courtney A.; Thompson, Matthew P.; McCaffrey, Sarah M. (2019).
1184:
1167:
876:
736:
The threat of wildfires does not cease after the flames have passed, as
5326:
5321:
5047:
4668:
4265:
3966:
3773:
3746:
3402:
3188:
3158:
3138:
3075:
3045:
3009:
2853:
2760:
2216:
The extent and impact of forest fires in northern circumpolar countries
1554:
968:
737:
683:, or portions may be naturally occurring. Lines may also be created by
133:
2007:
City of West Covina Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan: Section 9 Wildfire
1249:
1224:
421:(IC) is charged with overall command of an incident. In the U.S., the
5209:
5187:
5088:
5030:
4646:
4512:
4245:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4110:
4100:
3917:
3907:
3862:
3857:
3756:
3427:
3407:
3387:
3377:
3367:
3249:
3193:
3123:
3118:
2969:
827:
823:
819:
690:
568:
297:
266:
265:
is accordingly not as simple as many might assume. Across the global
258:
95:
2578:
Mitchell, Joseph W. (September 2006), "Wind-enabled ember dousing",
2406:
2311:
1981:
Effects of Fire on Soils and Erosion: Erosion and Mass Soil Movement
5289:
5259:
5254:
5214:
5160:
5150:
5070:
4458:
4240:
4200:
4115:
4052:
4025:
3961:
3956:
3927:
3697:
3483:
3478:
3319:
2891:
2790:
861:
807:
758:
273:
ecosystems, fire suppression is frequently found to be a driver of
121:
110:
2529:
Graham, Russell; McCaffrey, Sarah; Jain, Theresa B. (April 2004),
1430:, National Interagency Fire Council, June 20, 2003, archived from
826:
have been built within highly flammable forest fuels. The city of
518:
and prevent some human-caused fires from happening to begin with.
232:, hazardous materials, rolling and falling debris, and lightning.
5279:
5175:
5145:
5140:
5128:
5118:
5103:
4656:
4250:
4160:
4092:
4082:
4062:
4047:
4020:
4015:
3977:
3741:
2261:"Forest Fires and Sustainability in the Boreal Forests of Canada"
2078:
Are Big Fires Inevitable? A Report on the National Bushfire Forum
596:
270:
182:
5459:
3783:
2349:
923:
769:
174:
5113:
4851:
4688:
4636:
4535:
4270:
4177:
3982:
2698:
815:
664:
632:
2658:
1266:"Forest Service fire management and the elusiveness of change"
164:
5445:
5165:
4072:
3050:
2039:, National Academy of Public Administration, September 2002,
1502:
1352:, National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG), pp. i–101
1014:
963:
754:
694:
631:
into a pool before dropping the water on a wildfire close to
603:(ERC) is a scale relating fuel energy potential to area. The
426:
329:
1132:
5224:
5199:
4873:
4427:
3971:
3700:
2449:
2191:
1343:
Incident Operations Standards Working Team (January 2006),
774:
178:
1873:
4007:
3948:
1364:"Standard Firefighting Orders and 18 Watchout Situations"
1222:
34:
deal primarily with North America and do not represent a
2668:
1263:
764:
2678:
2010:, City of West Covina (California, USA), archived from
1084:"Long-term perspective on wildfires in the western USA"
1081:
217:. As a last resort, many wildland firefighters carry a
2674:
British Columbia Ministry of Forests Protection Branch
2479:
2392:
2242:
Aviation, Flood and Fire Management Branch Publication
1984:, eWater CRC's Bushfire and Catchments, archived from
1581:, Natural Resources Canada, 2008-06-05, archived from
261:
changes, as can the size of fires when they do occur.
2452:
Ecology and Management of Larix Forests: A Look Ahead
2033:
Wildfire Suppression: Strategies for Containing Costs
1628:
140:, where populated areas border with wild land areas.
919:
201:
A great emphasis is placed on safety and preventing
2669:
The Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC)
2560:, Project FireFight South East Asia, archived from
2528:
860:(firefighters who parachute into remote areas) and
668:Plowing a control line in advance of a wildfire in
314:
Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning
2627:
2607:
2480:de Souza Costa, Fernando; Sandberg, David (2004),
2423:
2239:
586:All fire suppression activities are based from an
5498:
3696:
2426:Timberline. Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers
1922:"Why Thinning Forests is Poor Wildfire Strategy"
1547:
1477:"New South Wales Rural Fire Service, Operations"
648:, fire personnel and aircraft applying water or
2258:
1397:, onearth.org, December 1, 2007, archived from
1088:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
514:may patrol their jurisdictional areas to teach
349:Indigenous communities embraced fire as an ally
16:Firefighting tactics used to suppress wildfires
2679:United States National Interagency Fire Center
2659:The International Association of Wildland Fire
2465:Casals P, Valor T, Besalú A, Molina-Terrén D.
2386:
2296:"Effective fire suppression in boreal forests"
2133:
1738:Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
806:and other human activity in areas adjacent to
90:, United States in 2002. Methods here include
4443:
3682:
2714:
2343:
32:The examples and perspective in this article
3448:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
2317:
852:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
579:Operating in the U.S. within the context of
2330:, Cambridge University Press, p. 144,
2206:
1744:(10): 977–985, October 1998, archived from
1555:"Natural Resources Canada Statistical Data"
1417:
1415:
165:Issues in Implementing Wildfire Suppression
4450:
4436:
3689:
3675:
3280:International Association of Fire Fighters
2721:
2707:
2630:Resources and Dynamics of the Boreal Zone.
2252:
2071:
2069:
959:International Association of Wildland Fire
845:
689:creating small, low-intensity fires using
567:dispersed aerially onto brush adjoining a
2664:Canadian Wildland Fire Information System
2636:Valor T, González-Olabarria JR, Piqué M.
2460:Forest Fires as the New Form of Terrorism
2233:
2155:
1387:
1385:
1356:
1289:
1248:
1198:
1183:
1150:
1109:
1099:
1058:
1040:
987:
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
2694:Proposed Wildfire Suppression Technology
2577:
2482:"Mathematical model of a smoldering log"
1412:
1309:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 21–44.
768:
663:
622:
559:
353:populations began to grow across the U.S
211:Eighteen Situations That Shout Watch Out
173:
146:
81:
2323:
2293:
2287:
2066:
1529:"South Australian Country Fire Service"
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
5499:
2212:
2127:
2110:Extreme Events: Wild & Forest Fire
1447:
1382:
1370:. US Forest Service. 29 September 2015
1165:
239:
4431:
3670:
2702:
2605:
2550:
2184:
1672:
1631:"The Great Midwest Wildfires of 1871"
1624:
1622:
1533:South Australian Country Fire Service
765:Fires at the wildland–urban interface
306:South Australian Country Fire Service
296:Wildland fire, known in Australia as
4321:
3613:
3438:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
2424:Arno, S. F.; R. P. hammerly (1984),
2101:
1323:
1307:Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia
1304:
871:
252:
86:A wildfire suppression operation in
18:
5375:
4343:
2428:, Mountaineers Books, p. 304,
2395:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
2300:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
1850:"Thinning the Forest for the Trees"
1768:, Wildfire Magazine, archived from
840:debate in the scientific literature
13:
3086:Self-contained breathing apparatus
2786:Firefighter assist and search team
2509:10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.07.009
2417:
2259:Weber, MG; Stocks, BJ (Nov 1998),
1619:
964:National Fire Danger Rating System
655:
580:
302:New South Wales Rural Fire Service
14:
5538:
4724:Global Forest Information Service
2652:
1969:de Sousa Costa and Sandberg, 227.
1761:
1706:"Interagency Hotshot Crews (IHC)"
1629:US Department of Commerce, NOAA.
744:
5480:
5471:
5470:
5458:
5444:
5430:
5416:
5402:
5388:
5374:
4342:
4320:
4299:
4298:
3782:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3601:
3600:
2811:Fire department ranks by country
2728:
1002:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2004.00066.x
922:
875:
618:
521:
440:National Interagency Fire Center
343:
207:Ten Standard Firefighting Orders
23:
5481:
3649:
3285:International Firefighters' Day
3245:Candidate Physical Ability Test
2185:Healy, Megan (March 12, 2019).
2178:
2024:
1998:
1972:
1963:
1938:
1914:
1867:
1842:
1812:
1782:
1755:
1723:
1698:
1647:
1595:
1569:
1521:
1495:
1469:
954:Glossary of wildland fire terms
399:
351:in preserving nature, but once
5522:Occupational safety and health
2796:Special operations firefighter
2614:, Twenty-First Century Books,
1346:Incident Response Pocket Guide
1298:
1257:
1216:
1192:
1159:
1126:
1075:
1008:
981:
790:Los Angeles County, California
773:Water Tender ANF 10, from the
383:U.S. Department of Agriculture
1:
3335:Wildfire emergency management
2902:Hazardous materials apparatus
2600:10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.04.002
2172:WERC Highlights -- April 2008
1880:Forest Ecology and Management
975:
726:Forest Ecology and Management
412:
366:. Six years removed from the
181:flow on the coastal plain of
4457:
2684:Wildfire History and Ecology
2646:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.02.002
2538:Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-120
2475:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.050
2271:(7): 545–550, archived from
1900:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.12.025
1503:"Country Fire Authority, Op"
285:
94:drops and the bulldozing of
7:
3310:World Police and Fire Games
3265:Fire protection engineering
2219:, MIT Press, archived from
2157:10.4996/fireecology.0302003
1790:"RELM Wireless Corporation"
1603:"Great Chicago Fire begins"
1199:Ingalsbee, Timothy (2015).
1166:Kolden, Crystal A. (2019).
915:
867:
575:in California, in July 2021
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
5543:
4835:Growth and yield modelling
3558:Glossary of wildfire terms
3290:List of firefighting films
2738:Personnel and organization
2372:10.1177/095968369300300307
2324:Johnson, Edward A (1996),
1926:Western Watersheds Project
1557:. Natural Resources Canada
1042:10.1038/s41467-020-15961-y
849:
670:Georgetown, South Carolina
609:Keetch–Byram drought index
545:
541:
310:Parks and Wildlife Service
289:
280:
189:, generated this wildfire.
5409:Earth sciences portal
5395:Climate change portal
5370:
5247:
5079:
4976:Great Green Wall (Africa)
4921:
4612:
4522:
4465:
4294:
4193:
4091:
4006:
3947:
3881:
3831:Hemispherical photography
3791:
3780:
3711:
3596:
3575:
3550:
3507:
3466:
3348:
3327:
3318:
3270:Geography of firefighting
3237:
3109:
2930:
2862:
2819:
2801:Volunteer fire department
2736:
1680:"The Big Burn-Transcript"
1291:10.1186/s42408-019-0028-x
990:Review of Policy Research
753:from surface run-off and
731:
556:Firefighter § Duties
435:Incident management teams
323:
308:, the Western Australian
169:
109:tactics used to suppress
4981:Great Green Wall (China)
4554:Close to nature forestry
4391:Machine and metalworking
4136:Lombard Steam Log Hauler
3588:Template:Fire protection
3305:World Firefighters Games
3199:Gaseous fire suppression
2213:Stocks, Brian J (1991),
812:wildland–urban interface
797:wildland–urban interface
601:Energy Release Component
500:fire information officer
392:In the aftermath of the
138:wildland–urban interface
5015:Million Tree Initiative
4401:Measuring and alignment
3275:History of firefighting
1686:. PBS. February 3, 2015
1101:10.1073/pnas.1112839109
846:Equipment and personnel
782:Angeles National Forest
532:USFS Visual Signal Code
423:Incident Command System
124:, fire engines, tools,
5437:Environment portal
4869:Sustainable management
4764:Trillion Tree Campaign
3413:Firefighting apparatus
3101:Thermal imaging camera
3081:Secure information box
2897:Firefighting apparatus
2551:Karki, Sameer (2002),
2294:Cumming, S.G. (2005),
1507:Country Fire Authority
1481:NSW Rural Fire Service
792:
707:superabsorbent polymer
672:
636:
627:A helicopter dips its
576:
318:Country Fire Authority
292:Bushfires in Australia
190:
161:
99:
5362:Wood process engineer
5066:Urban forest inequity
3458:Wildland water tender
3040:Hydraulic rescue tool
2806:Women in firefighting
2606:Sayre, A. P. (1994),
1578:Forest Fire in Canada
1437:on September 16, 2008
1021:Nature Communications
786:San Gabriel Mountains
772:
716:that stops the fire.
667:
646:wildland fire engines
626:
563:
446:U.S. fire size class
177:
159:
85:
5517:Forestry occupations
5507:Wildfire suppression
5025:Shifting cultivation
4966:Forest fragmentation
4936:Carbon sequestration
4806:Woodland Carbon Code
4771:Forest certification
4679:Even-aged management
4594:Sustainable forestry
4366:Cutting and abrasive
4348:WikiProject Forestry
3499:Wildland fire module
3453:Wildland fire engine
3340:Wildfire suppression
2877:Fire command vehicle
2872:Airport crash tender
2771:Retained firefighter
2489:Combustion and Flame
1456:Wildland Fire Policy
1152:10.1890/ES15-00294.1
103:Wildfire suppression
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
4830:Formally designated
4674:Ecological thinning
4584:Plantation forestry
4492:Research institutes
3891:Aerial firefighting
3358:Aerial firefighting
3214:Stop, drop and roll
3204:Multiple-alarm fire
3071:Portable water tank
2980:Fire proximity suit
2592:2006FirSJ..41..444M
2580:Fire Safety Journal
2501:2004CoFl..139..227D
2364:1993Holoc...3..255B
2148:2007FiEco...3b...3V
2091:on 26 February 2009
1892:2012ForEM.269...68F
1684:American Experience
1459:, US Forest Service
1282:2019FiEco..15a..13S
1241:2019Ecosp..10E2702H
1185:10.3390/fire2020030
1033:2020NatCo..11.2121P
944:Aerial firefighting
778:U.S. Forest Service
703:fire-fighting foams
681:tools and equipment
447:
387:U.S. Forest Service
357:massive death tolls
240:Resource protection
230:unexploded ordnance
185:, on the island of
119:aerial firefighting
5423:Ecology portal
4956:Forest degradation
4951:Ecosystem services
4559:Community forestry
4231:Hydraulic debarker
4206:Firewood processor
3398:Fire retardant gel
3383:Fire lookout tower
3056:New York roof hook
2907:Light and air unit
2844:Fire lookout tower
2751:Chief fire officer
887:. You can help by
862:helicopter support
793:
673:
637:
597:Weather conditions
577:
445:
419:incident commander
394:Great Fire of 1910
364:Great Chicago Fire
275:woody encroachment
191:
162:
126:firefighting foams
100:
5494:
5493:
5451:Plants portal
5237:green woodworking
4425:
4424:
4236:Log house moulder
3762:Tree planting bar
3737:Groasis Waterboxx
3664:
3663:
3571:
3570:
3563:List of wildfires
3423:Helicopter bucket
3418:Firefighting foam
3020:Hard suction hose
2965:Fire extinguisher
2955:Fire brigade keys
2621:978-0-80-502830-0
2435:978-0-89886-085-6
2337:978-0-521-34943-7
2046:978-1-57744-094-9
1854:US Forest Service
1710:US Forest Service
1659:US Forest Service
1509:. CFA (Australia)
1394:Our Trial by Fire
1316:978-94-015-8737-2
1250:10.1002/ecs2.2702
939:List of wildfires
905:
904:
714:chemical reaction
496:
495:
316:(DELWP), and the
253:Ecosystem changes
157:
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
5534:
5527:Wildfire ecology
5512:Fire suppression
5484:
5483:
5474:
5473:
5465:Trees portal
5463:
5462:
5449:
5448:
5435:
5434:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5378:
5377:
5099:Forest gardening
5056:Timber recycling
5003:Invasive species
4891:Tree measurement
4452:
4445:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4346:
4345:
4324:
4323:
4302:
4301:
4281:Wood-drying kiln
4216:Forestry mulcher
4166:Washington Winch
4068:Portable sawmill
3883:Fire suppression
3786:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3652:
3651:
3640:
3639:
3628:
3627:
3616:
3615:
3604:
3603:
3325:
3324:
3260:Fire photography
3042:("Jaws of life")
3000:Fireman's switch
2723:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2633:
2624:
2613:
2602:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2486:
2458:Besenyo, Janos:
2455:
2446:
2412:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2159:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2113:, archived from
2105:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2049:, archived from
2038:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1826:. Archived from
1824:midlandradio.com
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1796:. Archived from
1786:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1762:Hoose, Michael,
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1483:. NSW Government
1473:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1401:on June 30, 2008
1389:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1340:
1321:
1320:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1103:
1094:(9): E535–E543.
1079:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1044:
1012:
1006:
1005:
985:
932:
927:
926:
900:
897:
879:
872:
448:
444:
312:, the Victorian
158:
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5457:
5443:
5429:
5417:
5415:
5403:
5401:
5389:
5387:
5366:
5243:
5220:spruce-pine-fir
5193:Christmas trees
5075:
4991:Illegal logging
4923:
4917:
4632:Controlled burn
4617:
4608:
4589:Social forestry
4569:Energy forestry
4549:Bamboo forestry
4544:Analog forestry
4518:
4461:
4456:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4290:
4189:
4087:
4036:safety features
4031:safety clothing
4002:
3943:
3877:
3841:Increment borer
3787:
3778:
3716:
3707:
3695:
3665:
3660:
3637:
3625:
3592:
3567:
3546:
3503:
3462:
3363:Controlled burn
3350:
3344:
3314:
3255:Fire engine red
3233:
3224:Two-in, two-out
3179:Fireman's carry
3105:
3005:Flame retardant
2926:
2887:Fire motorcycle
2858:
2832:Fire department
2815:
2766:Station officer
2746:Battalion chief
2732:
2727:
2655:
2622:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2521:
2519:
2484:
2436:
2420:
2418:Further reading
2415:
2407:10.1139/x01-073
2391:
2387:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2322:
2318:
2312:10.1139/x04-174
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2275:on 4 April 2012
2257:
2253:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2224:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2183:
2179:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1950:www.drought.gov
1944:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1800:on 27 July 2012
1788:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1635:www.weather.gov
1627:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1586:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1368:Risk Management
1362:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1324:
1317:
1303:
1299:
1262:
1258:
1221:
1217:
1197:
1193:
1164:
1160:
1131:
1127:
1080:
1076:
1013:
1009:
986:
982:
978:
973:
928:
921:
918:
901:
895:
892:
885:needs expansion
870:
854:
848:
767:
747:
734:
699:fire retardants
658:
656:Indirect attack
621:
573:Tumbleweed Fire
571:to contain the
558:
544:
524:
516:fire prevention
508:division chiefs
489:1000–4999 acres
415:
402:
346:
326:
294:
288:
283:
255:
242:
215:Mann Gulch fire
172:
167:
147:
130:fire retardants
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5540:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5468:
5454:
5440:
5426:
5412:
5398:
5384:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5352:Timber cruiser
5349:
5347:Shingle weaver
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5185:
5183:Rail transport
5180:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5124:pulp and paper
5121:
5116:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5094:Forest farming
5091:
5085:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5044:
5042:slash-and-char
5039:
5037:slash-and-burn
5034:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4961:Forest dieback
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4604:Urban forestry
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4356:Types of tools
4352:
4351:
4350:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4211:Forest railway
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4106:Feller buncher
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3998:Splitting maul
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3925:
3923:Fire retardant
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3811:Biltmore stick
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3709:
3708:
3694:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3393:Fire retardant
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3219:Structure fire
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:Door breaching
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3096:Smoke detector
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2995:Fireman's pole
2992:
2987:
2985:Fire retardant
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2917:Rescue vehicle
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2653:External links
2651:
2650:
2649:
2634:
2625:
2620:
2603:
2586:(6): 444–458,
2575:
2548:
2526:
2495:(3): 227–238,
2477:
2463:
2456:
2447:
2434:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2385:
2358:(3): 255–259.
2342:
2336:
2316:
2306:(4): 772–786,
2286:
2251:
2232:
2205:
2177:
2126:
2100:
2065:
2045:
2023:
1997:
1971:
1962:
1937:
1913:
1866:
1841:
1811:
1781:
1754:
1722:
1697:
1671:
1646:
1618:
1594:
1568:
1546:
1520:
1494:
1468:
1446:
1411:
1381:
1355:
1322:
1315:
1297:
1256:
1215:
1191:
1158:
1145:(12): art275.
1125:
1074:
1007:
996:(2): 145–156.
979:
977:
974:
972:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
935:
934:
933:
917:
914:
903:
902:
882:
880:
869:
866:
850:Main article:
847:
844:
766:
763:
746:
745:Rehabilitation
743:
733:
730:
657:
654:
650:fire retardant
620:
617:
565:Fire retardant
543:
540:
523:
520:
512:forest rangers
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
414:
411:
401:
398:
345:
342:
325:
322:
287:
284:
282:
279:
254:
251:
241:
238:
171:
168:
166:
163:
115:structure fire
105:is a range of
92:fire retardant
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5539:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5487:
5479:
5477:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5342:Rubber tapper
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5270:Choker setter
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5109:Manufacturing
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4946:Deforestation
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4922:Environmental
4920:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4823:reforestation
4821:
4819:
4818:afforestation
4816:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:Arboriculture
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Permaforestry
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4276:Whoopie sling
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:Chainsaw mill
4259:
4257:
4256:Stump grinder
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Diameter tape
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3718:afforestation
3714:
3713:Tree planting
3710:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3657:
3656:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Template:Fire
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3525:United States
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:Saint Florian
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:Miscellaneous
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Fire triangle
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Dead man zone
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3030:Heat detector
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2567:on 2007-07-30
2563:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2223:on 2012-04-04
2222:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2117:on 2009-01-14
2116:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2087:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2056:on 2007-10-31
2052:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2014:on 2008-10-22
2013:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1988:on 2007-08-30
1987:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1966:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1830:on 2 May 2012
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1772:on 2011-07-18
1771:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1751:on 2009-08-16
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1660:
1656:
1655:"Our History"
1650:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1585:on 2009-05-30
1584:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1556:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:(4): e02702.
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
980:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
931:
925:
920:
913:
909:
899:
890:
886:
883:This section
881:
878:
874:
873:
865:
863:
859:
853:
843:
841:
835:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:
771:
762:
760:
756:
752:
742:
739:
729:
727:
721:
717:
715:
711:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:
682:
678:
677:control lines
671:
666:
662:
653:
651:
647:
643:
634:
630:
625:
619:Direct attack
616:
612:
610:
606:
605:Burning Index
602:
598:
594:
591:
589:
584:
582:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
553:
549:
539:
535:
533:
529:
522:Communication
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:Branch chiefs
501:
491:
488:
486:300–999 acres
485:
483:100–299 acres
482:
479:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
449:
443:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
410:
406:
397:
395:
390:
388:
384:
379:
376:
375:Peshtigo Fire
371:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
344:United States
341:
337:
333:
331:
330:boreal forest
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
293:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
250:
248:
247:Defendability
237:
233:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
188:
184:
180:
176:
145:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
97:
93:
89:
84:
74:
71:
63:
60:February 2013
53:
49:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
5456:
5442:
5428:
5414:
5400:
5386:
5379:
5357:Tree planter
5337:Resin tapper
5317:Truck driver
5312:River driver
5061:Tree hugging
5046:
5029:
4996:timber mafia
4986:High grading
4971:Ghost forest
4941:Clearcutting
4864:Silviculture
4840:Horticulture
4684:Fire ecology
4599:Urban forest
4574:Mycoforestry
4534:
4530:Agroforestry
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4478:Forest areas
4476:
4469:
4325:
4303:
4221:Hand compass
4173:Steam donkey
4058:Lumber edger
4043:Crosscut saw
3988:Log splitter
3913:Fire flapper
3868:Tree caliper
3836:Inclinometer
3821:Cruising rod
3770:(Tuley tube)
3768:Tree shelter
3764:(dibble bar)
3752:Root trainer
3654:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3515:Ancient Rome
3489:Hotshot crew
3474:Fire lookout
3373:Fire flapper
3339:
3164:Fire control
3129:Chimney fire
3015:Halligan bar
2990:Fire shelter
2975:Fire hydrant
2950:Fire blanket
2945:Escape chair
2922:Water tender
2849:Fire station
2776:Fire marshal
2756:Fire captain
2730:Firefighting
2629:
2609:
2583:
2579:
2569:, retrieved
2562:the original
2553:
2542:, retrieved
2537:
2534:(2.79MB PDF)
2520:, retrieved
2492:
2488:
2451:
2425:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2355:
2352:The Holocene
2351:
2345:
2326:
2319:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2277:, retrieved
2273:the original
2268:
2264:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2225:, retrieved
2221:the original
2215:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2190:
2180:
2171:
2139:
2136:Fire Ecology
2135:
2129:
2119:, retrieved
2115:the original
2109:
2103:
2093:, retrieved
2086:the original
2077:
2058:, retrieved
2051:the original
2032:
2026:
2016:, retrieved
2012:the original
2006:
2000:
1990:, retrieved
1986:the original
1980:
1974:
1965:
1954:. Retrieved
1952:. 2023-08-08
1949:
1940:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:
1916:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1858:. Retrieved
1856:. 2021-08-19
1853:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:the original
1823:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1798:the original
1794:www.relm.com
1793:
1784:
1774:, retrieved
1770:the original
1765:Tech Tactics
1764:
1757:
1746:the original
1741:
1737:
1725:
1714:. Retrieved
1712:. 2016-12-21
1709:
1700:
1688:. Retrieved
1683:
1674:
1663:. Retrieved
1661:. 2015-10-02
1658:
1649:
1638:. Retrieved
1634:
1610:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1587:, retrieved
1583:the original
1577:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1532:
1523:
1511:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1480:
1471:
1461:, retrieved
1455:
1449:
1439:, retrieved
1432:the original
1423:
1403:, retrieved
1399:the original
1393:
1372:. Retrieved
1367:
1358:
1345:
1306:
1300:
1273:
1270:Fire Ecology
1269:
1259:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1209:
1204:
1194:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1024:
1020:
1010:
993:
989:
983:
949:Fire ecology
930:Trees portal
910:
906:
893:
889:adding to it
884:
858:smokejumpers
855:
836:
832:
811:
804:urbanization
801:
794:
748:
735:
722:
718:
684:
676:
674:
659:
638:
613:
595:
592:
588:anchor point
587:
585:
578:
552:Firefighting
548:Fire control
536:
531:
527:
525:
507:
503:
499:
497:
477:1/4–10 acres
438:done by the
416:
407:
403:
400:Organization
391:
380:
372:
361:
347:
338:
334:
327:
295:
263:Fire ecology
256:
246:
243:
234:
227:
222:
219:fire shelter
210:
206:
202:
200:
195:
192:
142:
107:firefighting
102:
101:
66:
57:
33:
5381:WikiProject
5305:smokejumper
5285:Firefighter
5248:Occupations
5232:Woodworking
4813:Forestation
4744:restoration
4699:informatics
4564:Ecoforestry
4416:Woodworking
4286:Woodchipper
4078:Two-man saw
3993:Marking axe
3974:(shake axe)
3873:Wedge prism
3846:Rangefinder
3806:Angle gauge
3793:Mensuration
3726:Caulk boots
3508:By location
3494:Smokejumper
3351:and tactics
3229:Ventilation
3169:Fire safety
3154:False alarm
3111:Terminology
3061:PASS device
3035:Hose bridge
3025:Hazmat suit
2960:Fire bucket
2940:Bunker gear
2882:Fire engine
2827:Drill tower
2781:Fire police
2401:(8): 1462,
2142:(2): 3–17,
1690:January 23,
1539:15 February
1513:15 February
1487:15 February
1027:(1): 2121.
896:August 2010
691:driptorches
686:backfiring:
480:10–99 acres
5501:Categories
5327:Lumberjack
5322:Log scaler
5205:engineered
5156:non-timber
5129:sawmilling
5081:Industries
5048:svedjebruk
4759:transition
4739:protection
4729:old-growth
4714:governance
4669:Dendrology
4619:management
4485:Ministries
4304:Categories
4126:Helicopter
3967:Brush hook
3801:3D scanner
3774:Tree spade
3747:Pottiputki
3540:Washington
3535:California
3403:Fire trail
3349:Equipment
3189:Flash fire
3159:Fire class
3139:Deluge gun
3076:Rotary saw
3046:Kelly tool
3010:Fog nozzle
2854:Hose tower
2820:Facilities
2761:Fire chief
2632:: 249–265.
2571:2009-02-13
2544:2009-02-06
2522:2009-02-06
2444:0898860857
2227:2010-08-05
2121:2009-01-07
2095:2009-01-09
2060:2009-01-21
2018:2009-07-14
1992:2009-01-08
1956:2023-12-05
1931:2023-12-05
1860:2023-12-05
1834:13 January
1804:13 January
1776:2009-01-21
1716:2021-07-15
1665:2021-12-30
1640:2021-12-30
1612:2021-12-30
1589:2009-05-01
1463:2008-12-21
1441:2008-12-21
1405:January 7,
1374:12 October
1276:(1): 13–.
1212:: 120–127.
976:References
969:Tanker 910
802:Expansive
738:smoldering
546:See also:
474:0–1/4 acre
413:Management
336:annually.
290:See also:
203:entrapment
134:fire lines
96:firebreaks
88:Washington
5275:Ecologist
5188:Tree farm
5089:Coppicing
5031:chitemene
4931:Acid rain
4879:allometry
4801:SmartWood
4749:secondary
4734:pathology
4709:inventory
4647:driftwood
4513:Arbor Day
4336:equipment
4314:equipment
4266:Tree tyer
4246:Log flume
4226:Hand hook
4156:Skid cone
4151:Pike pole
4146:Pickaroon
4131:Log truck
4121:Harvester
4111:Forwarder
4101:Cant hook
3935:(rakehoe)
3918:Fire rake
3908:Driptorch
3863:Relascope
3858:Microtome
3757:Seed trap
3705:equipment
3520:Australia
3467:Personnel
3428:Hose pack
3408:Firebreak
3388:Fire rake
3378:Fire hose
3368:Driptorch
3320:Wildfires
3250:Fire camp
3194:Flashover
3124:Barn fire
3119:Backdraft
2970:Fire hose
2932:Equipment
2864:Apparatus
2380:140187485
1908:0378-1127
1886:: 68–81.
1561:16 August
1229:Ecosphere
1178:(2): 30.
1139:Ecosphere
1051:2041-1723
828:Cape Town
824:Australia
820:Melbourne
808:wildlands
759:waterbars
569:firebreak
368:Civil War
298:bush fire
286:Australia
267:grassland
259:ecosystem
111:wildfires
48:talk page
5476:Category
5290:handcrew
5260:Arborist
5255:Forester
5215:mahogany
5161:palm oil
5151:charcoal
5136:Products
5071:Wildfire
4884:breeding
4845:GM trees
4694:dynamics
4506:Journals
4499:Colleges
4459:Forestry
4371:Forestry
4361:Cleaning
4241:Log pond
4201:Denailer
4116:Go-devil
4053:Head saw
4026:Chainsaw
3962:Broadaxe
3957:Billhook
3928:Helitack
3733:(hoedag)
3698:Forestry
3631:Glossary
3607:Category
3576:See also
3484:Helitack
3479:Handcrew
3209:Rollover
3184:Firewall
2892:Fireboat
2791:Handcrew
2517:10499171
2454:: 72–78.
2198:12 March
2166:85841606
1120:22334650
1069:32358496
916:See also
868:Efficacy
635:, Italy.
581:fire use
442:(NIFC).
223:burnover
122:aircraft
42:You may
5486:Outline
5300:lookout
5295:hotshot
5176:tanbark
5146:biomass
5141:biochar
5119:plywood
5104:Logging
5008:wilding
4657:log jam
4614:Ecology
4396:Masonry
4386:Kitchen
4326:Commons
4251:Machete
4161:Skidder
4093:Logging
4083:Whipsaw
4063:Polesaw
4048:Dragsaw
4021:Bucksaw
4016:Bow saw
3978:Hatchet
3939:Pulaski
3742:Mattock
3655:Outline
3619:Commons
3530:History
3443:Pulaski
3328:General
3066:The pig
2588:Bibcode
2497:Bibcode
2360:Bibcode
2144:Bibcode
1888:Bibcode
1607:HISTORY
1535:. SACFS
1278:Bibcode
1237:Bibcode
1206:120-127
1111:3295264
1060:7195457
1029:Bibcode
784:in the
751:erosion
542:Tactics
281:History
271:savanna
183:KÄ«lauea
5332:Ranger
5280:Feller
5265:Bucker
5171:rubber
5114:lumber
4924:topics
4911:volume
4906:height
4852:i-Tree
4689:Forest
4642:coarse
4637:Debris
4536:dehesa
4406:Mining
4376:Garden
4271:Tsakat
4178:Yarder
4141:Peavey
3983:Labrys
3933:McLeod
3731:Hoedad
3433:McLeod
3295:Muster
2618:
2515:
2442:
2432:
2378:
2334:
2279:8 July
2164:
2043:
1906:
1313:
1118:
1108:
1067:
1057:
1049:
816:Sydney
732:Mop-up
705:, and
695:flares
633:Naples
629:bucket
554:, and
492:5000+
431:chains
324:Canada
304:, the
187:Hawaii
170:Safety
144:fires.
5166:rayon
4901:girth
4896:crown
4857:urban
4754:stand
4662:slash
4652:large
4523:Types
4471:Index
4411:Power
4331:tools
4309:tools
4194:Other
4183:swing
4073:Resaw
3896:DC-10
3851:laser
3816:Chain
3701:tools
3643:Index
3551:Lists
3149:Draft
3091:Siren
3051:Nomex
2912:Quint
2610:Taiga
2565:(PDF)
2558:(PDF)
2513:S2CID
2485:(PDF)
2376:S2CID
2265:Ambio
2162:S2CID
2089:(PDF)
2082:(PDF)
2054:(PDF)
2037:(PDF)
1749:(PDF)
1734:(PDF)
1435:(PDF)
1428:(PDF)
1350:(PDF)
755:gully
642:urban
427:acres
50:, or
5225:teak
5210:fuel
5200:Wood
5020:REDD
4874:Tree
4791:PEFC
4776:ATFS
4381:Hand
4008:Saws
3972:Froe
3949:Axes
3901:UAVs
3703:and
2837:list
2616:ISBN
2440:ASIN
2430:ISBN
2332:ISBN
2281:2010
2200:2019
2192:KSBY
2041:ISBN
1904:ISSN
1836:2022
1806:2022
1692:2019
1563:2019
1541:2014
1515:2014
1489:2014
1407:2009
1376:2015
1311:ISBN
1172:Fire
1116:PMID
1065:PMID
1047:ISSN
818:and
775:USDA
710:gels
644:and
506:and
269:and
209:and
196:LCES
179:Lava
4796:SFI
4786:FSC
4781:CFS
4719:law
4704:IPM
4616:and
2642:doi
2596:doi
2505:doi
2493:139
2471:doi
2403:doi
2368:doi
2308:doi
2246:305
2152:doi
1896:doi
1884:269
1286:doi
1245:doi
1180:doi
1147:doi
1106:PMC
1096:doi
1092:109
1055:PMC
1037:doi
998:doi
891:.
822:in
788:of
693:or
528:IAP
429:or
5503::
2640:.
2594:,
2584:41
2582:,
2536:,
2511:,
2503:,
2491:,
2487:,
2469:.
2438:,
2399:31
2397:,
2374:.
2366:.
2354:.
2304:35
2302:,
2298:,
2269:27
2267:,
2263:,
2244:,
2189:.
2160:,
2150:,
2138:,
2068:^
1948:.
1924:.
1902:.
1894:.
1882:.
1878:.
1852:.
1822:.
1792:.
1742:64
1740:,
1736:,
1708:.
1682:.
1657:.
1633:.
1621:^
1605:.
1531:.
1505:.
1479:.
1414:^
1384:^
1366:.
1325:^
1284:.
1274:15
1272:.
1268:.
1243:.
1233:10
1231:.
1227:.
1210:73
1208:.
1203:.
1174:.
1170:.
1141:.
1137:.
1114:.
1104:.
1090:.
1086:.
1063:.
1053:.
1045:.
1035:.
1025:11
1023:.
1019:.
994:21
992:.
864:.
842:.
780:,
701:,
550:,
469:G
320:.
277:.
128:,
4451:e
4444:t
4437:v
3715:,
3690:e
3683:t
3676:v
2722:e
2715:t
2708:v
2648:.
2644::
2598::
2590::
2507::
2499::
2473::
2411:{
2409:.
2405::
2382:.
2370::
2362::
2356:3
2310::
2283:.
2248:.
2202:.
2175:)
2154::
2146::
2140:3
1959:.
1934:.
1910:.
1898::
1890::
1863:.
1838:.
1808:.
1719:.
1694:.
1668:.
1643:.
1615:.
1565:.
1543:.
1517:.
1491:.
1378:.
1319:.
1294:.
1288::
1280::
1253:.
1247::
1239::
1188:.
1182::
1176:2
1155:.
1149::
1143:6
1122:.
1098::
1071:.
1039::
1031::
1004:.
1000::
898:)
894:(
466:F
463:E
460:D
457:C
454:B
451:A
98:.
73:)
67:(
62:)
58:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
