1603:. Usually, they are represented in romanizations with one diacritical sign or another. Unlike Arabic, this diacritics does not signify any changes in Persian pronunciation. The motive for this is backward conversion: one could restore the original Persian spelling from a romanization. But if the original spelling for a Persian word is already provided, there is no reason to write these diacritical signs, so you do not have to use them.
63:
160:
The
Persian language has been written with a number of different scripts, including Old Persian cuneiform, Pahlavi (Middle Persian) and Avestan. After the Islamic conquest of the Persian Sassanian Empire in 651 AD, Arabic replaced Middle Persian as the language of government, culture and especially
258:
It is expected that the readers of
Knowledge have no linguistic background, so simplified romanization is advised for usage in articles. Original Persian spelling in parenthesis is enough for those who need it. However, the semi-strict romanization may be written alongside (usually after) Persian
1921:
It is up to the writer to decide whether to represent or not these linguistic peculiarities in the articles concerning
Afghanistan. An advice here: be consistent and do not mix up two varieties. Articles concerning Classical (pre-modern) periods may follow the romanization of the sources cited.
1472:
At the beginning of words the combination ⟨خو⟩ was pronounced /xw/ or /xʷ/ in
Classical Persian. In modern varieties the glide /ʷ/ has been lost, though the spelling has not been changed. It may be still heard in Dari as a relict pronunciation. The combination /xʷa/ was changed to
1808:⟩ that represented either /xʷ/ or /xw/ in Classical Persian has been simplified into /x/ in Modern Persian. It is advised not to transliterate this mute letter but in some cases it may be represented with ⟨ʷ⟩ (U+02B7 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL W). E.g.
168:
In the Tajik Soviet
Socialist Republic of the former USSR the Tajik language has been created on the basis of the local dialects. In 1928–1939 it was shortly written with Latin script, and since 1939 with the Tajik version of Cyrillic alphabet.
164:
Written
Persian reappeared during the 9th and 10th centuries. Since then it has been written in a modified version of the Arabic script with additional letters. The period of the 13th–15th centuries is known as Classical Persian.
2185:
Use simplified romanization for
Persian names and words whenever possible. The first time you introduce a Persian name or word, provide the Persian script and the semi-strict transliteration in parenthesis. Example:
262:
The scientific (strict) column is given rather for reference. If you need a more precise transliteration, use the semi-strict one: it is precise enough but uses less diacritical signs and more intuitive.
2291:
Tajik has two historically "long" vowels: ⟨ӣ⟩ and ⟨ӯ⟩. Since Tajik pronunciation differs from Farsi and Dari, it is better not to drop the macron to prevent any confusion:
214:
generally follows the above principles but uses both diacritical signs and digraphs. However, the use of digraphs may lead to a confusion when combinations such as
1930:
For Old and Middle
Persian use transliteration schemes established by scientific community and/or try to follow the sources. Some simplifications may be applied:
1967:
in parenthesis, the latter gives a reader a general hint how the name or word is pronounced by native speakers. The
Persian script may be enclosed in either
1703:
in Modern
Persian (either Farsi or Dari, but not Tajik), there is no need in such redundant notation. In simplified romanization the macron over the stable
2145:, if the name has an accepted English form, then use it everywhere: in the name of the article, in the lead paragraph and in the article itself, e.g. use
2177:
All common transliterations should redirect to the article. There may often be many redirects, but this is intentional and does not represent a problem.
23:
183:
There exist several romanization schemes for Persian. None of them can be seen as ultimate and universal. Although, three strategies can be concluded:
194:" and avoids digraphs but favours diacritical signs. Examples of such schemes: by the German Oriental Society (Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft,
2135:
246:
employs only the letters of the English alphabet. This generally follows digraphic romanization schemes but drops out any diacritical signs.
2820:
190:
thoroughly represents Persian pronunciation as well as Persian orthography, especially redundant Arabic letters. It follows the principle "
2142:
2255:
Since Tajik is written with a more or less phonetic alphabet, its romanization causes few difficulties. In general it follows the
99:
Persian is a member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. There are three closely-related varieties of Persian:
80:
1824:
Dari, the variety used in Afghanistan, is more conservative in many ways and retains many traits of Classical Persian:
2256:
2250:
2302:
Unlike Russian, Tajik has no palatalized consonants. The letters ⟨ё, ю, я⟩ are always represented by digraphs:
1819:
2795:
2782:
2768:
2755:
2742:
2729:
2716:
2703:
2690:
2677:
2664:
2651:
2638:
2625:
2612:
2599:
2586:
2573:
2560:
2547:
2534:
2521:
2508:
2495:
2482:
2469:
2456:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2404:
2391:
2378:
2365:
2352:
2815:
2331:
The obsolete Russian letters ⟨ц, щ, ы, ь⟩ may occur in some texts: they transliterated as for Russian.
17:
178:
2266:
Tajik has four additional consonants: ⟨ғ, қ, ҳ, ҷ⟩ (that correspond to the Perso-Arabic letters
200:
84:
1959:
All Persian-related articles should have a lead paragraph which includes the article title in
237:
250:
49:
8:
1679:. In modern varieties the distinction is between three unstable (formerly short) vowels:
1534:
233:
42:
75:
34:
1954:
1925:
2032:'''Kabul''' ({{lang-prs|کابل}}, ''{{unicode|Kābol}}'') is the capital of Afghanistan.
1981:
1523:
2213:
2197:
2115:
2045:
2001:
1971:
1722:
255:
This is a compromise version of romanization that combines the existing schemes.
2011:
2025:'''Tehran''' ({{lang-fa|تهران}}, ''{{unicode|Tehrān}}'') is the capital of Iran.
2809:
2063:
1991:
69:
This proposal has become dormant through lack of discussion by the community.
1862:. If you want to present this distinction, it is better to write the macron.
2172:
79:
interest. If you want to revive discussion on this subject, try using the
259:
script to give a clue to the native pronunciation of a name or a word.
1844:
respectively. E.g. the Persian words for "lion" and "milk" are written
1606:
2180:
2192:
1791:⟩ can signify any other final vowel than the above-mentioned ending.
2244:
1949:
1794:
1777:
1666:
172:
2092:
Ghiyās̱-ad-Din Abu-l-Fatḥ ‘Omar ebn Ebrāhim al-Khayyām Nishāpuri
94:
2328:
in other cases (at the start of a word, or following a vowel).
1748:
in Iranian Farsi. The tradition is to retain this mute letter
1647:
occur, a middle dot ⟨·⟩ or an apostrophe ⟨'⟩ may be employed:
2134:
The articles that are missing this information are listed at
2316:
The letter ⟨ё⟩ should never be confused with the letter ⟨е⟩.
1539:
Persian has seven redundant letters inherited from Arabic: ⟨
2169:(except in semi-strict romanization after Persian script).
2190:
An early epic poem of Persian classical literature is the
1850:
but pronounced differently in Dari and Classical Persian:
1687:. Sometimes a macron could be seen over the latter two:
1884:
Dari preserves different pronunciation of the letter ⟨
2234:
2226:
2206:
2124:
2090:
2141:
In accordance with the official Knowledge policy at
1671:
In Classical Persian there were three short vowels:
145:
2078:Some cases may require variations on this format.
1963:, along with the original Persian script and the
2807:
1836:, while in Iranian Persian they are merged with
212:Digraphic practical ("semi-strict") romanization
1716:
188:Monographic scientific ("strict") romanization
156:) is spoken in Tajikistan and the former USSR.
2267:
2097:
1912:
1895:
1894:, whereas in Iran the letter is merged with ⟨
1885:
1845:
1803:
1786:
1753:
1735:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1594:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1512:When used instead of ⟨ت⟩ at the end of words.
1460:Not transliterated at the beginning of words.
1411:
1398:
1380:
1367:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1181:
1168:
1144:
1131:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
981:
974:
956:
949:
942:
935:
917:
910:
903:
896:
224:
215:
111:
2099:غیاثالدین ابوالفتح عمر ابراهیم خیام نیشابورﻯ
151:
139:
2143:Knowledge:Naming conventions (use English)
127:
1865:Dari preserves the quality of diphthongs
1683:, and three stable (formerly long) ones:
1515:
152:
132:) is spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
2136:Articles needing Persian script or text
1499:
1456:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
14:
2808:
1907:Dari uses the semivowel pronunciation
1506:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
192:one letter (sign) to one letter (sign)
232:occur. Examples of such schemes: the
161:religion for the next two centuries.
2067:
1468:
1466:
1451:
1435:
128:
57:
2821:Knowledge style guideline proposals
2268:
2217:
2201:
2119:
2098:
2049:
1997:, while the romanization in either
1913:
1896:
1886:
1846:
1804:
1787:
1754:
1736:
1734:is written with the Arabic letter ⟨
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1595:
1589:
1579:
1573:
1563:
1557:
1547:
1541:
1476:
1412:
1399:
1381:
1368:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1182:
1169:
1145:
1132:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1020:
982:
975:
950:
911:
225:
216:
112:
30:
24:Knowledge:Manual of Style (Persian)
2102:) was a Persian poet and polymath.
1730:The Middle Persian nominal ending
31:
2832:
2251:Transliteration of Tajik Cyrillic
2020:Consider the following examples:
1744:in Classical Persian and Dari or
1463:
2074:) is the capital of Afghanistan.
61:
2224:between 977 and 1010 AD. (Not "
2126:Ḥakim Abu-l-Qāsem Ferdowsi Tusi
1828:Dari preserves two long vowels
2257:Knowledge guidance for Russian
13:
1:
1740:⟩ and pronounced either with
83:or start a discussion at the
7:
2272:). They are transliterated
2235:
2227:
2207:
2125:
2091:
1873:, whereas in Iran they are
1707:could be also ignored. For
1695:, but as there is no short
146:
10:
2837:
2248:
2120:حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی توسی
1820:Dari and Classical Persian
176:
32:
2056:) is the capital of Iran.
1802:The initial combination ⟨
1420:
1389:
1358:
1319:
1280:
1238:
1074:
1035:
1027:
1013:
1006:
996:
965:
957:
943:
936:
926:
918:
904:
897:
847:
830:
813:
796:
782:
768:
754:
740:
726:
712:
698:
684:
670:
656:
642:
625:
605:
588:
571:
554:
540:
523:
509:
492:
478:
461:
447:
433:
413:
399:
382:
365:
351:
337:
323:
309:
140:
18:Knowledge:Manual of Style
2081:Consider the following:
1965:semi-strict romanization
1858:, but the same in Iran:
1448:Used as a vowel as well.
1961:simplified romanization
244:Simplified romanization
179:Romanization of Persian
76:retained for historical
2220:). Ferdowsi wrote the
1926:Old and Middle Persian
1675:, and five long ones:
2130:) was a Persian poet.
1785:The word-final mute ⟨
1527:) are rarely written.
238:BGN/PCGN romanization
1768:Encyclopædia Iranica
1752:in romanization. So
201:Encyclopædia Iranica
116:) is spoken in Iran.
1521:Diacritical signs (
856:
268:
234:ALA-LC romanization
73:It is inactive but
2816:Knowledge archives
2324:after consonants,
1611:When combinations
854:
266:
251:Romanization table
2804:
2803:
1904:in pronunciation.
1717:the section below
1535:Redundant letters
1425:
1424:
852:
851:
92:
91:
22:(Redirected from
2828:
2797:
2784:
2770:
2757:
2744:
2731:
2718:
2705:
2692:
2679:
2666:
2653:
2640:
2627:
2614:
2601:
2588:
2575:
2562:
2549:
2536:
2523:
2510:
2497:
2484:
2471:
2458:
2445:
2432:
2419:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2367:
2354:
2335:
2334:
2320:The letter ⟨е⟩:
2317:
2271:
2270:
2238:
2230:
2219:
2210:
2203:
2128:
2121:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2069:
2051:
2033:
2026:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1916:
1915:
1899:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1849:
1848:
1807:
1806:
1790:
1789:
1757:
1756:
1739:
1738:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1458:
1449:
1446:
1415:
1414:
1402:
1401:
1384:
1383:
1371:
1370:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1185:
1184:
1172:
1171:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1134:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:
985:
984:
978:
977:
960:
959:
953:
952:
946:
945:
939:
938:
921:
920:
914:
913:
907:
906:
900:
899:
857:
853:
269:
265:
228:
227:
219:
218:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
131:
130:
115:
114:
65:
64:
58:
52:
45:
27:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2806:
2805:
2315:
2253:
2247:
2212:) by Ferdowsi (
2183:
2175:
2031:
2024:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1957:
1955:Lead paragraphs
1952:
1928:
1911:of the letter ⟨
1822:
1800:
1783:
1728:
1669:
1609:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1436:
253:
181:
175:
124:Afghani Persian
97:
88:
62:
56:
55:
48:
41:
37:
29:
28:
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
2834:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2318:
2300:
2289:
2249:Main article:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2132:
2131:
2114:(full name in
2104:
2103:
2076:
2075:
2057:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2027:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1905:
1882:
1863:
1821:
1818:
1799:
1793:
1782:
1776:
1727:
1721:
1668:
1665:
1608:
1605:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1514:
1505:
1475:
1462:
1450:
1433:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
979:
972:
968:
967:
964:
961:
954:
947:
940:
933:
929:
928:
925:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
890:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
850:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
833:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
785:
784:
781:
778:
775:
771:
770:
767:
764:
761:
757:
756:
753:
750:
747:
743:
742:
739:
736:
733:
729:
728:
725:
722:
719:
715:
714:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
691:
687:
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
645:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
628:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
611:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
594:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
577:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
560:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
526:
525:
522:
519:
516:
512:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
495:
494:
491:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
467:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
450:
449:
446:
443:
440:
436:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
419:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
402:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
354:
353:
350:
347:
344:
340:
339:
336:
333:
330:
326:
325:
322:
319:
316:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
295:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
278:
276:
273:
252:
249:
248:
247:
241:
209:
177:Main article:
174:
171:
158:
157:
133:
117:
96:
93:
90:
89:
72:
71:
66:
54:
53:
46:
38:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2833:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:Romanization
2343:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2245:Tajik Cyrilic
2239:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2178:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2129:
2127:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:which gives:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1950:Practical use
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1798:
1792:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:ā, ē, ī, ō, ū
1674:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1604:
1602:
1586:
1570:
1554:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1469:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1366:
1364:U+064E U+06CC
1363:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1325:U+064E U+06CC
1324:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1286:U+064E U+0648
1285:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1244:U+0650 U+06CC
1243:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1202:U+064F U+0648
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1165:U+06CC U+0670
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1128:U+064E U+06CC
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1041:U+064E U+0627
1040:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
1001:
1000:
993:
990:
987:
980:
973:
971:U+0648 U+064F
970:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
931:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
892:
891:
887:
885:(semi-strict)
882:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
858:
844:
841:
838:
835:
834:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
793:
790:
787:
786:
779:
776:
773:
772:
765:
762:
759:
758:
751:
748:
745:
744:
737:
734:
731:
730:
723:
720:
717:
716:
709:
706:
703:
702:
695:
692:
689:
688:
681:
678:
675:
674:
667:
664:
661:
660:
653:
650:
647:
646:
639:
636:
633:
630:
629:
622:
619:
616:
613:
612:
608:
602:
599:
596:
595:
591:
585:
582:
579:
578:
574:
568:
565:
562:
561:
557:
551:
548:
545:
544:
537:
534:
531:
528:
527:
520:
517:
514:
513:
506:
503:
500:
497:
496:
489:
486:
483:
482:
475:
472:
469:
468:
464:
458:
455:
452:
451:
444:
441:
438:
437:
430:
427:
424:
421:
420:
416:
410:
407:
404:
403:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:
379:
376:
373:
372:
368:
362:
359:
356:
355:
348:
345:
342:
341:
334:
331:
328:
327:
320:
317:
314:
313:
306:
303:
300:
297:
296:
292:
290:(semi-strict)
287:
282:
279:
274:
271:
270:
264:
260:
256:
245:
242:
239:
235:
231:
222:
213:
210:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
189:
186:
185:
184:
180:
170:
166:
162:
148:
137:
134:
125:
121:
118:
109:
105:
102:
101:
100:
86:
82:
78:
77:
70:
67:
60:
59:
51:
47:
44:
40:
39:
36:
25:
19:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:⟨غ ,ق ,ه ,چ⟩
2261:
2254:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2205:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2123:
2111:
2107:
2089:
2086:Omar Khayyam
2085:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2059:
2053:
2041:
2036:
2019:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1943:
1939:
1936:Zarathushtra
1935:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1908:
1901:
1891:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1766:. Note that
1763:
1759:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1723:The ending -
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1610:
1600:
1584:
1568:
1552:
1538:
1522:
1517:
1508:
1427:
1426:
261:
257:
254:
243:
229:
220:
211:
205:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
173:Perso-Arabic
167:
163:
159:
135:
123:
119:
107:
103:
98:
85:village pump
74:
68:
888:Simplified
293:Simplified
267:Consonants
106:proper, or
95:Definitions
2810:Categories
2232:wrote the
1932:Zaraϑuštra
878:Scientific
283:Scientific
2222:Shahnameh
2208:Shāhnāmeh
2193:Shahnameh
2173:Redirects
1764:Shahnamah
1760:Shahnameh
883:Practical
288:Practical
81:talk page
50:WP:MOS-PE
35:Shortcuts
2338:Cyrillic
2236:Šāhnāmeh
2228:Ferdowsī
2112:Firdawsi
2108:Ferdowsi
1982:lang-prs
1810:Khʷārazm
1770:prefers
1607:Digraphs
1503:In Dari.
1390:–e, –ye
880:(strict)
872:Isolated
285:(strict)
198:) or by
2214:Persian
2202:شاهنامه
2198:Persian
2181:In text
2159:Esfahan
2155:Isfahan
2116:Persian
2046:Persian
2002:unicode
1972:lang-fa
1946:, etc.
1814:Khārazm
1755:شاهنامه
1685:ā, i, u
1681:a, e, o
1673:a, i, u
1593:⟩ for ⟨
1577:⟩ for ⟨
1561:⟩ for ⟨
1545:⟩ for ⟨
1524:harakat
1387:–e, –je
1359:ey, ay
1320:ow, aw
869:Initial
860:Unicode
855:Vowels
275:Persian
272:Unicode
104:Persian
43:WP:PMOS
2435:ye, e
2431:/je,e/
2262:Note:
2218:فردوسی
2167:Qondoz
2165:, not
2163:Kunduz
2157:, not
2149:, not
2110:, or
2088:(born
2054:Tehrān
2042:Tehran
2012:transl
1667:Vowels
1395:U+06C0
1275:iː, eː
1233:uː, oː
1083:U+0622
1002:U+0650
932:U+064F
893:U+064E
866:Medial
836:U+0626
819:U+0624
802:U+0621
788:U+06CC
774:U+0629
760:U+0647
746:U+0648
732:U+0646
718:U+0645
704:U+0644
690:U+06AF
676:U+06A9
662:U+0642
648:U+0641
631:U+063A
614:U+0639
597:U+0638
580:U+0637
563:U+0636
546:U+0635
529:U+0634
515:U+0633
498:U+0698
484:U+0632
470:U+0631
453:U+0630
439:U+062F
422:U+062E
405:U+062D
388:U+0686
374:U+062C
357:U+062B
343:U+062A
329:U+067E
315:U+0628
298:U+0627
277:letter
153:تاجیکی
147:Tojikī
141:Тоҷикӣ
2240:...")
2151:Kabol
2147:Kabul
2072:Kābol
2060:Kabul
2050:تهران
1944:Gatha
1795:Mute
1778:Mute
1558:ذ ظ ض
1473:/xo/.
1428:Notes
1356:ej~aj
1317:ow~aw
1281:i, ē
1239:u, ō
1188:ɑː~ɒː
1151:ɑː~ɒː
1117:ā, ʾā
1114:ɑː~ɒː
1072:ɑː~ɒː
863:Final
755:v, w
431:ḫ/ḵ/x
310:’, —
136:Tajik
122:, or
113:فارسی
108:Farsi
16:<
2796:/jæ/
2783:/ju/
2444:/jɒ/
2295:and
2068:کابل
2064:Dari
1992:lang
1940:Gāϑā
1877:and
1869:and
1860:shir
1856:shīr
1854:and
1852:shēr
1840:and
1832:and
1715:see
1711:and
1699:and
1691:and
1421:–ye
1278:ī, ē
1236:ū, ō
842:ʔ, ∅
825:ʔ, ∅
808:ʔ, ∅
780:∅, t
307:ʾ, —
304:ʔ, ∅
120:Dari
2800:ya
2792:Я я
2787:yu
2781:ju
2778:Ю ю
2769:/e/
2765:Э э
2756:/ʔ/
2752:Ъ ъ
2747:sh
2743:/ʃ/
2739:Ш ш
2730:/ʤ/
2726:Ҷ ҷ
2721:ch
2717:/ʧ/
2713:Ч ч
2704:/h/
2700:Ҳ ҳ
2695:kh
2691:/χ/
2687:Х х
2678:/f/
2674:Ф ф
2665:/ɵ/
2661:Ӯ ӯ
2652:/u/
2648:У у
2639:/t/
2635:Т т
2626:/s/
2622:С с
2613:/r/
2609:Р р
2600:/p/
2596:П п
2587:/ɒ/
2583:О о
2574:/n/
2570:Н н
2561:/m/
2557:М м
2548:/l/
2544:Л л
2535:/q/
2531:Қ қ
2522:/k/
2518:К к
2509:/j/
2505:Й й
2496:/i/
2492:Ӣ ӣ
2483:/ɪ/
2479:И и
2470:/z/
2466:З з
2461:zh
2457:/ʒ/
2453:Ж ж
2448:yo
2440:Ё ё
2427:Е е
2418:/d/
2414:Д д
2409:gh
2405:/ɣ/
2401:Ғ ғ
2392:/ɡ/
2388:Г г
2379:/v/
2375:В в
2366:/b/
2362:Б б
2353:/æ/
2349:А а
2341:IPA
2017:.
2007:or
1987:or
1847:شیر
1812:or
1762:or
1758:is
1732:-ag
1661:z·h
1657:s·h
1653:k·h
1649:g·h
1587:, ⟨
1571:, ⟨
1555:, ⟨
1542:ث ص
1418:–je
1351:◌َی
1344:اَﯾ
1337:◌َﯿ
1330:◌َﯽ
1312:◌َو
1305:اَو
1298:◌َﻮ
1291:◌َﻮ
1270:◌ِی
1263:اِﯾ
1256:◌ِﯿ
1249:◌ِﯽ
1228:◌ُو
1221:اُو
1214:◌ُﻮ
1207:◌ُﻮ
1183:◌یٰ
1170:◌ﯽٰ
1146:◌َی
1133:◌َﯽ
1067:◌َا
1053:◌َا
1046:◌َا
983:◌ﻮَ
976:◌ﻮَ
875:IPA
752:v~w
668:ɢ~ɣ
643:gh
640:ġ/ḡ
541:sh
510:zh
434:kh
400:ch
280:IPA
236:or
223:or
196:DMG
129:دری
126:, (
110:, (
2812::
2773:e
2760:’
2734:j
2708:h
2682:f
2669:ū
2656:u
2643:t
2630:s
2617:r
2604:p
2591:o
2578:n
2565:m
2552:l
2539:q
2526:k
2513:y
2500:ī
2487:i
2474:z
2422:d
2396:g
2383:v
2370:b
2357:a
2326:ye
2314:.
2312:ya
2310:,
2308:yu
2306:,
2304:yo
2284:,
2280:,
2276:,
2274:gh
2259:.
2216::
2204:,
2200::
2161:,
2153:,
2138:.
2122:,
2118::
2096:,
2070:,
2066::
2052:,
2048::
2015:}}
2009:{{
2005:}}
1999:{{
1995:}}
1989:{{
1985:}}
1979:{{
1977:,
1975:}}
1969:{{
1942:→
1938:,
1934:→
1917:⟩.
1902:gh
1900:⟩
1890:⟩
1879:ey
1875:ow
1871:aw
1867:ay
1816:.
1805:خو
1774:.
1772:-a
1725:eh
1719:.
1663:.
1659:,
1655:,
1651:,
1645:zh
1641:زه
1638:,
1636:sh
1632:سه
1629:,
1627:kh
1623:که
1620:,
1618:gh
1614:گه
1599:⟩
1583:⟩
1567:⟩
1551:⟩
1478:^
1465:^
1453:^
1437:^
1430::
1413:◌ﮤ
1400:◌ﮥ
1382:◌ی
1369:◌ﯽ
1197:a
1160:a
1123:a
1109:◌آ
1095:◌ﺂ
1088:◌ﺂ
1078:a
1036:e
1028:◌ِ
1021:اِ
1014:◌ِ
1007:◌ِ
997:o
966:o
958:◌ُ
951:اُ
944:◌ُ
937:◌ُ
927:a
919:◌َ
912:اَ
905:◌َ
898:◌َ
848:’
831:’
814:’
797:y
783:t
769:h
741:n
727:m
713:l
699:g
685:k
671:q
657:f
626:‘
609:z
592:t
575:z
558:s
524:s
493:z
479:r
465:z
448:d
417:h
394:tʃ
383:j
380:dʒ
369:s
366:s̱
352:t
338:p
324:b
230:zh
226:زه
221:sh
217:سه
208:).
206:EI
150:/
144:/
2322:e
2299:.
2297:ū
2293:ī
2288:.
2286:j
2282:h
2278:q
2196:(
2062:(
2044:(
1914:و
1909:w
1897:غ
1892:q
1887:ق
1881:.
1842:ū
1838:ī
1834:ō
1830:ē
1797:v
1788:ه
1780:h
1750:h
1746:e
1742:a
1737:ه
1713:ō
1709:ē
1705:a
1701:u
1697:i
1693:ū
1689:ī
1601:h
1596:ه
1590:ح
1585:t
1580:ت
1574:ط
1569:z
1564:ز
1553:s
1548:س
1408:—
1405:—
1377:—
1374:—
1194:ā
1191:á
1178:—
1175:—
1157:ā
1154:á
1141:—
1138:—
1120:ā
1102:آ
1075:ā
1060:أ
1033:e
994:o
991:—
988:—
963:o
924:æ
845:ʾ
839:ئ
828:ʾ
822:ؤ
811:ʾ
805:ء
794:j
791:ی
777:ة
766:h
763:ه
749:و
738:n
735:ن
724:m
721:م
710:l
707:ل
696:ɡ
693:گ
682:k
679:ک
665:ق
654:f
651:ف
637:ɣ
634:غ
623:ʿ
620:∅
617:ع
606:ẓ
603:z
600:ظ
589:ṭ
586:t
583:ط
572:ż
569:z
566:ض
555:ṣ
552:s
549:ص
538:š
535:ʃ
532:ش
521:s
518:س
507:ž
504:ʒ
501:ژ
490:z
487:ز
476:r
473:ر
462:ẕ
459:z
456:ذ
445:d
442:د
428:x
425:خ
414:ḥ
411:h
408:ح
397:č
391:چ
377:ج
363:s
360:ث
349:t
346:ت
335:p
332:پ
321:b
318:ب
301:ا
240:.
204:(
138:(
87:.
26:)
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