Wife selling (English custom)

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yours will bring 5 or 6s per pound because she is beautiful, young, and very tender and will fetch a good price in her condition." With the rise in popularity of newspapers, reports of the practice become more frequent in the second half of the 18th century. In the words of 20th-century writer Courtney Kenny, the ritual was "a custom rooted sufficiently deeply to show that it was of no recent origin". Writing in 1901 on the subject of wife selling, James Bryce stated that there was "no trace at all in our law of any such right", but he also observed that "everybody has heard of the odd habit of selling a wife, which still occasionally recurs among the humbler classes in England".

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officer claimed that the man had gathered a "crowd of all sorts of vagabonds together, who appeared to listen to his ditty, but were in fact, collected to pick pockets." The defendant, however, replied that he had "not the most distant idea of selling his wife, who was, poor creature, at home with her hungry children, while he was endeavouring to earn a bit of bread for them by the strength of his lungs." He had also printed copies of the song, and the story of a wife sale, to earn money. Before releasing him, the Lord Mayor, judging the case, cautioned Johnson that the practice could not be allowed, and must not be repeated. In 1833 the sale of a woman was reported at

638: 1157:(1864), author Robert Chambers wrote about a case of wife selling in 1832, and noted that "the occasional instances of wife-sale, while remarked by ourselves with little beyond a passing smile, have made a deep impression on our continental neighbours, constantly cite it as an evidence of our low civilisation." Embarrassed by the practice, a legal handbook of 1853 enabled English judges to dismiss wife selling as a myth: "It is a vulgar error that a husband can get rid of his wife by selling her in the open market with a halter round her neck. Such an act on his part would be severely punished by the local magistrate." Originally published in 1869, 721:, while staying at a small country inn, saw the ostler beating his wife in a most cruel manner; he interfered and literally bought her for half a crown. She was a young and pretty woman; the Duke had her educated; and on the husband's death he married her. On her death-bed, she had her whole household assembled, told them her history, and drew from it a touching moral of reliance on Providence; as from the most wretched situation, she had been suddenly raised to one of the greatest prosperity; she entreated their forgiveness if at any time she had given needless offence, and then dismissed them with gifts; dying almost in the very act. 966: 1080:

protested that it represented "a threat and insult to their sex". JPs in Quarter Sessions became more active in punishing those involved in wife selling, and some test cases in the central law courts confirmed the illegality of the practice. Newspaper accounts were often disparaging: "a most disgusting and disgraceful scene" was the description in a report of 1832, but it was not until the 1840s that the number of cases of wife selling began to decline significantly. Thompson discovered 121 published reports of wife sales between 1800 and 1840, as compared to 55 between 1840 and 1880.

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hundred pounds. You will probably tell me that you have never had a thousand farthings of your own in the world; but, prisoner, that makes no difference. Sitting here as an English Judge, it is my duty to tell you that this is not a country in which there is one law for the rich and one for the poor. You will be imprisoned for one day. Since you have been in custody since the commencement of the Assizes you are free to leave." This affirmation later contributed to the passing of the 1857 Act.

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involved would often attempt further to legitimate the sale by forcing the winning bidder to sign a contract, recognising that the seller had no further liability for his wife. In 1735, a successful wife sale in St Clements was announced by the common cryer, who wandered the streets ensuring that local traders were aware of the former husband's intention not to honour "any debts she should contract". The same point was made in an advertisement placed in the

1151:. Commenting on the drama and contemporary French attitudes on the custom, in 1846 the writer Angus B. Reach complained: "They reckon up a long and visionary list of our failings would as readily give up their belief in the geographical and physical existence of London, as in the astounding fact that in England a husband sells his wife exactly as he sells his horse or his dog." Such complaints were still commonplace nearly 20 years later; in 620:, a formal ceremony of marriage before a clergyman was not a legal requirement in England, and marriages were unregistered. All that was required was for both parties to agree to the union, so long as each had reached the legal age of consent, which was 12 for girls and 14 for boys. Women were completely subordinated to their husbands after marriage, the husband and wife becoming one legal entity, a legal status known as 2893: 877:

Parsons, doth sell, assign, and set over unto the said John Tooker, Ann Parsons, wife of the said John Parsons; with all right, property, claim, services, and demands whatsoever, that he, the said John Parsons, shall have in or to the said Ann Parsons, for and during the term of the natural life of her, the said Ann Parsons. In witness whereof I, the said John Parsons, have set my hand the day and year first above written.

1190:, and subsequently led her by the halter to her buyer's house, the last case in which the use of a halter is mentioned. The most recent case of an English wife sale was reported in 1913, when a woman giving evidence in a Leeds police court during a maintenance case claimed that her husband had sold her to one of his workmates for £1 (equivalent to about £120 in 2024). The manner of her sale is unrecorded. 758:, where in January 1815 John Osborne planned to sell his wife at the local market. However, as no market was held that day, the sale took place instead at "the sign of 'The Coal-barge,' in Earl Street", where "in a very regular manner", his wife and child were sold for £1 to a man named William Serjeant. In July the same year a wife was brought to Smithfield market by coach, and sold for 50 1121:. She was sold for 2s. 6d., with a duty of 6d. Once sober, and placed before the Justices of the Peace, the husband claimed that he had been forced into marriage by the parish authorities, and had "never since lived with her, and that she had lived in open adultery with the man Bradley, by whom she had been purchased". He was imprisoned for "having deserted his wife". 1037:

to return "his" wife. He was given the outstanding sum by two generous bystanders, and paid the husband—who promptly "gave the Woman a modest Salute wishing her well, and his Brother Sterling much Joy of his Bargain." An account in 1781 of a William Collings of South Carolina records that he sold his wife for "two dollars and half dozen bowls of grogg".

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the 158 cases in which occupation can be established, the largest group (19) was involved in the livestock or transport trades, fourteen worked in the building trade, five were blacksmiths, four were chimney-sweeps, and two were described as gentlemen, suggesting that wife selling was not simply a peasant custom. The most high-profile case was that of

1147:(1886). A bad-tempered, impulsive and cruel husband, feeling burdened by his wife, Henchard sells her to a stranger for five guineas. He becomes a successful businessman and rises to the position of mayor, but the return of his wife many years later prompts his fall back into penury. The custom was also referred to in the 19th-century French play, 834:, dated 1782: "Amie Daughter of Moses Stebbing by a bought wife delivered to him in a Halter". A jury in Lincolnshire ruled in 1784 that a man who had sold his wife had no right to reclaim her from her purchaser, thus endorsing the validity of the transaction. In 1819 a magistrate who attempted to prevent a sale at Ashbourne, 780:

following an altercation, offered to purchase the wife. The shopkeeper agreed, and in this instance the sale may have been an acceptable method of resolving the situation. However, the sale was sometimes spontaneous, and the wife could find herself the subject of bids from total strangers. In March 1766, a carpenter from

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misunderstood the social context of the transaction. Markets were favoured not because livestock was traded there, but because they offered a public venue where the separation of husband and wife could be witnessed. Sales often took place at fairs, in front of public houses, or local landmarks such as the obelisk at

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described the process in detail. "I will tell you what you ought to have done; ... You ought to have instructed your attorney to bring an action against the seducer of your wife for criminal conversation. That would have cost you about a hundred pounds. When you had obtained judgment for (though

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On Friday a butcher exposed his wife to Sale in Smithfield Market, near the Ram Inn, with a halter about her neck, and one about her waist, which tied her to a railing, when a hog-driver was the happy purchaser, who gave the husband three guineas and a crown for his departed rib. Pity it is, there is

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wrote in 1753: "the very being, or legal existence of the woman, is suspended during the marriage, or at least is consolidated and incorporated into that of her husband: under whose wing, protection and cover, she performs everything". Married women could not own property in their own right, and were

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that "Among other things I have ordered you a beautiful girl to be your wife ... If you do not like her after you have experimented with her for a while you can sell her and I think at a better price than a man received for his wife last week in London where he sold her for four sous a pound; I think

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By choosing a market as the location for the sale, the couple ensured a large audience, which made their separation a widely witnessed fact. The use of the halter was symbolic; after the sale, it was handed to the purchaser as a signal that the transaction was concluded, and in some instances, those

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sold his wife "in a fit of conjugal indifference at the alehouse". Once sober, the man asked his wife to return, and after she refused he hanged himself. A domestic fight might sometimes precede the sale of a wife, but in most recorded cases the intent was to end a marriage in a way that gave it the

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It is unclear when the ritualised custom of selling a wife by public auction began, but it seems likely to have been some time towards the end of the 17th century. In November 1692 "John, the son of Nathan Whitehouse, of Tipton, sold his wife to Mr. Bracegirdle", although the manner of the

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of conveyance. Although initially much less common than sale by auction, the practice became more widespread after the 1850s, as popular opinion turned against the market sale of a wife. The issue of the commonly perceived legitimacy of wife selling was also brought to the government. In 1881, Home

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reported on 15 March 1736 an argument between two men "and a certain woman, each one claiming her as his Wife, but so it was that one of them had actually disposed of his Right in her to the other for Fifteen Shillings". The purchaser had, apparently, refused to pay in full, and had attempted

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It was believed during the mid-19th century that wife selling was restricted to the lowest levels of labourers, especially to those living in remote rural areas, but an analysis of the occupations of husbands and purchasers reveals that the custom was strongest in "proto-industrial" communities. Of

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Although some 19th-century wives objected, records of 18th-century women resisting their sales are non-existent. With no financial resources, and no skills on which to trade, for many women a sale was the only way out of an unhappy marriage. Indeed, the wife is sometimes reported as having insisted

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which would have rendered you free and legally competent to marry the person whom you have taken on yourself to marry with no such sanction. The Bill might possibly have been opposed in all its stages in both Houses of Parliament, and together you would have had to spend about a thousand or twelve

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Justice of the Peace in 1758, by a wife who about 18 months earlier had been sold by her husband for £6 6s "for the support of his extravagancy". The petition does not object to the sale, but complains that the husband returned three months later to demand more money from his wife and her new

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Wife selling in its "ritual form" appears to be an "invented custom" that originated at about the end of the 17th century, although there is an account from 1302 of someone who "granted his wife by deed to another man". The practice was common enough in the 17th century for the English philosopher

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Although the custom had no basis in law and frequently resulted in prosecution, particularly from the mid-19th century onwards, the attitude of the authorities was equivocal. At least one early 19th-century magistrate is on record as stating that he did not believe he had the right to prevent wife

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A contemporary French print of an 1820 English caricature of a wife sale. The scene is set at a cattle market, which places it in the context of livestock sales and implies that the wife already has a lover, as the husband is shown apparently "wearing horns", a traditional symbol that he has been

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became law in 1857, divorce in England was only possible, if at all, by the complex and costly procedure of a private Act of Parliament. Although the divorce courts set up in the wake of the 1857 Act made the procedure considerably cheaper, divorce remained prohibitively expensive for the poorer

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market, for 2s. 6d. In 1825 a man named Johnson was charged with "having sung a song in the streets describing the merits of his wife, for the purpose of selling her to the highest bidder at Smithfield." Such songs were not unique; in about 1842 John Ashton wrote "Sale of a Wife". The arresting

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In most reports the sale was announced in advance, perhaps by advertisement in a local newspaper. It usually took the form of an auction, often at a local market, to which the wife would be led by a halter (usually of rope but sometimes of ribbon) around her neck, or arm. Often the purchaser was

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was postponed "owing to the crowd which such an extraordinary occurrence had gathered together", suggesting that wife sales were relatively rare events, and therefore popular. Estimates of the frequency of the ritual usually number about 300 between 1780 and 1850, relatively insignificant

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It is this day agreed on between John Parsons, of the parish of Midsummer Norton, in the county of Somerset, clothworker, and John Tooker, of the same place, gentleman, that the said John Parsons, for and in consideration of the sum of six pounds and six shillings in hand paid to the said John

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says that "after several biddings she was knocked down for 5s; but not liking the purchaser, she was put up again for 3s and a quart of ale". Frequently the wife was already living with her new partner. In one case in 1804 a London shopkeeper found his wife in bed with a stranger to him, who,

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Reports of wife selling rose from two per decade in the 1750s, to a peak of fifty in the 1820s and 1830s. As the number of cases increased so did opposition to the practice. It became seen as one of a number of popular customs that the social elite believed it their duty to abolish, and women

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produced in the crowd "a great silence", and "a feeling of uneasiness in the gathering". When a labourer offered his wife for sale on Smithfield market in 1806, "the public became incensed at the husband, and would have severely punished him for his brutality, but for the interference of some

683:(1777) observed that, for the poor, wife selling was viewed as a "method of dissolving marriage", when "a husband and wife find themselves heartily tired of each other, and agree to part, if the man has a mind to authenticate the intended separation by making it a matter of public notoriety". 842:

Although the real object of my sending the constables was to prevent the scandalous sale, the apparent motive was that of keeping the peace ... As to the act of selling itself, I do not think I have a right to prevent it, or even oppose any obstacle to it, because it rests upon a custom

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Wife selling appears to have been widespread throughout England, but relatively rare in neighbouring Wales, where only a few cases were reported, and in Scotland where only one has been discovered. The English county with the highest number of cases between 1760 and 1880 was Yorkshire, with

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Menefee argued that the ritual mirrored that of a livestock sale—the symbolic meaning of the halter; wives were even occasionally valued by weight, just like livestock. Although the halter was considered central to the "legitimacy" of the sale, Thompson has suggested that Menefee may have

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There were very few reported sales of husbands, and from a modern perspective, selling a wife like a chattel is degrading, even when considered as a form of divorce. Nevertheless, most contemporary reports hint at the women's independence and sexual vitality: "The women are described as

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married, but the attitude of officialdom towards wife selling was equivocal. Rural clergy and magistrates knew of the custom, but seemed uncertain of its legitimacy, or chose to turn a blind eye. Entries have been found in baptismal registers, such as this example from Perleigh in

679:. Desertion or elopement was also possible, whereby the wife was forced out of the family home, or the husband simply set up a new home with his mistress. Finally, the less popular notion of wife selling was an alternative but illegitimate method of ending a marriage. 1025:

Along with other English customs, settlers arriving in the American colonies during the late 17th and early 18th centuries took with them the practice of wife selling, and the belief in its legitimacy as a way of ending a marriage. In 1645 "The P'ticular Court" of

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considered many of Menefee's cases to be "vague and dubious", and that some double-counting had taken place, but he nevertheless agreed that about three hundred were authentic, which when combined with his own research resulted in about four hundred reported cases.

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indeed themselves the property of their husbands. But Blackstone went on to observe that "even the disabilities the wife lies under are, for the most part, intended for her protection and benefit. So great a favourite is the female sex of the laws of England".

825:. According to authors Wade Mansell and Belinda Meteyard, money seems usually to have been a secondary consideration; the more important factor was that the sale was seen by many as legally binding, despite it having no basis in law. Some of the new couples 749:

lately adopted", suggesting that even if it was by then established in some parts of the country it was only slowly spreading to others. It persisted in some form until the early 20th century, although by then in "an advanced state of decomposition".

2321: 1178:, in which a man sold his wife for a quart of beer. Harcourt replied: "no impression exists anywhere in England that the selling of wives is legitimate", and "that no such practice as wife selling exists", but as late as 1889, a member of the 816:

Prices paid for wives varied considerably, from a high of £100 plus £25 each for her two children in a sale of 1865 (equivalent to about £18,100 in 2024) to a low of a glass of ale, or even free. The lowest amount of money exchanged was three

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in 1789: "no person or persons to intrust her with my name ... for she is no longer my right". Those involved in such sales sometimes attempted to legalise the transaction, as demonstrated by a bill of sale for a wife, preserved in the

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states that "publicly selling or buying a wife is clearly an indictable offence ... And many prosecutions against husbands for selling, and others for buying, have recently been sustained, and imprisonment for six months inflicted".

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For the husband, the sale released him from his marital duties, including any financial responsibility for his wife. For the purchaser, who was often the wife's lover, the transaction freed him from the threat of a legal action for

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and a horse. Once the sale was complete, "the lady, with her new lord and master, mounted a handsome curricle which was in waiting for them, and drove off, seemingly nothing loath to go." At another sale in September 1815, at

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sale is unrecorded. In 1696, Thomas Heath Maultster was fined for "cohabiteing in an unlawful manner with the wife of George ffuller of Chinner ... haueing bought her of her husband at 2d.q. the pound", and ordered by the

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were offered for the lot, no one choosing to contend with the bidder, for the fair object, whose merits could only be appreciated by those who knew them. This the purchaser could boast, from a long and intimate acquaintance."

2881: 699:'e turned shy, and tried to get out of the business, but Mattie mad' un stick to it. 'Er flipt her apern in 'er gude man's face, and said, 'Let be yer rogue. I wull be sold. I wants a change'." 2882: 2221: 576:, writing in 1901, wife sales were still occasionally taking place during his time. In one of the last reported instances of a wife sale in England, a woman giving evidence in a 2301: 2241: 745:

to perform public penance, but between 1690 and 1750 only eight other cases are recorded in England. In an Oxford case of 1789 wife selling is described as "the vulgar form of

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legitimacy of a divorce. In some cases the wife arranged for her own sale, and even provided the money for her agent to buy her out of her marriage, such as an 1822 case in

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were a regular venue for wife-selling, and alcohol often formed part of the payment. For example, when a man sold his wife at the Shoulder of Mutton and Cucumber in

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not necessarily actually recovered) substantial damages against him, you should have instructed your proctor to sue in the Ecclesiastical courts for a divorce

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Towards the end of the 18th century, some hostility towards wife selling began to manifest itself amongst the general population. One sale in 1756 in

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forty-four, considerably more than the nineteen reported for Middlesex and London during the same period, despite the French caricature of Milord

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Cross for five shillings. But after Kaye's death she returned to her husband, and the couple remained together for the next 30 years.

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members of society. An alternative was to obtain a "private separation", an agreement negotiated between both spouses, embodied in a

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was interrupted by a group of women who rescued the wife, following which the husband was given a mock trial and placed in the

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The "gas pillar" was a large cast iron vase erected in the early 19th century, in Bolton's market square, atop which was a

1171: 1018:'fine-looking', 'buxom', 'of good appearance', 'a comely-looking country girl', or as 'enjoying the fun and frolic heartily 1030:, reported the case of Baggett Egleston, who was fined 20 shillings for "bequething his wyfe to a young man". The 666:), on the grounds of adultery or life-threatening cruelty, but it did not allow a remarriage. From the 1550s, until the 2962: 806: 718: 48: 2992: 1350: 515: 253: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 178: 2925: 2486: 1083: 695:

in 1830 was quite determined that the transaction should go ahead, despite her husband's last-minute misgivings:

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A common cryer was a person whose responsibility it was to make public announcements on behalf of his employer.

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in England was a way of ending an unsatisfactory marriage that probably began in the late 17th century, when

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preserved by the people of which perhaps it would be dangerous to deprive them by any law for that purpose.

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Although the initiative was usually the husband's, the wife had to agree to the sale. An 1824 report from

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market and sold for one shilling, the parish paying for the cost of the journey and a "wedding dinner".

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compared to the instances of desertion, which in the Victorian era numbered in the tens of thousands.

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authorities forced the husband to sell his wife rather than have to maintain her and her child in the

821:(three-quarters of one penny), but the usual price seems to have been between 2s. 6d. and 5 754:

arranged in advance, and the sale was a form of symbolic separation and remarriage, as in a case from

2952: 2917: 1215:. That would have cost you two hundred or three hundred pounds more. When you had obtained a divorce 792:

Such "divorces" were not always permanent. In 1826 John Turton sold his wife Mary to William Kaye at

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Wife selling persisted in England in some form until the early 20th century; according to the

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was a practical impossibility for all but the very wealthiest. After parading his wife with a

1153: 1143: 1027: 793: 759: 704: 657: 558: 443: 388: 348: 243: 238: 128: 103: 2913: 707:, a claim by the husband for restitution of damage to his property, in this case his wife. 233: 133: 2781:

Reach, Angus B. (1846), Douglas William Jerrold (ed.), "The England of the French drama",

8: 2451: 1207: 1032: 1007: 653: 453: 378: 93: 76: 1921: 1747: 1485: 1477: 953: 738: 625: 602: 408: 248: 203: 2273:"Wife Selling at Smithfield: Authentic Case and a Ballad in which the Heroine is Sold" 2997: 2837: 2816: 2795: 2759: 2738: 2720: 2702: 2660: 2642: 2635: 2620: 2602: 2584: 2566: 2539: 2514: 2496: 2490: 2475: 2457: 1489: 1346: 1260:

Private sales have not been counted. Thompson, 1991, pp. 409–410 and see pp. 411–412.

933:(£50 in 2024) and 1 imperial quart (1.1 L) of beer. A sale a century earlier in 852: 848: 645: 617: 458: 413: 268: 198: 108: 88: 32: 1112:

reported one such case in 1818, in which a man was indicted for selling his wife at

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The return of a wife after 18 years results in Michael Henchard's downfall in

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forcing husbands to sell their wives, rather than having to maintain the family in

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The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class

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in 1913 claimed that she had been sold to one of her husband's workmates for £1.

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Sexual Revolution in Early America: Gender Relations in the American Experience

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Humour, Halters and Humiliation: Wife Sale as Theatre and Self-divorce (thesis)

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This article is about the English custom. For related practices elsewhere, see

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Public wife sales were sometimes attended by huge crowds. An 1806 sale in

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in 1790, a man who swapped his wife at the village inn for half a pint of

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was created from a revision of this article dated 20 April 2012

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17th–?19th-Cent custom for publicly ending an unsatisfactory marriage

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no stop put to such depraved conduct in the lower order of people.

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Burn's Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer: (V. 5a, 1869)

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FitzGerald, J. D. (2004). "Maule, Sir William Henry (1788–1858)".

1096:(1705–1793), viewed wife selling as conspiracy to commit adultery. 1014:'s "gas pillar" (1835), where crowds could be expected to gather. 543:

her to the highest bidder. Wife selling provides the backdrop for

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Cawte, E. C. (1985), "Precise Records of Some Marriage Customs",

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to write (apparently as a joke) in a letter to French scientist

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Women, Work & Sexual Politics in Eighteenth-century England

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Five distinct methods of breaking up a marriage existed in the

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In his 1844 judgement against a bigamist, at Warwick Assizes,

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The Laws Respecting Women, As They Regard Their Natural Rights

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until early the next morning. In about 1777, a wife sale in

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Bill of sale for a wife, contained within a petition of 1768

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around her neck, arm, or waist, a husband would publicly

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In some cases, such as that of Henry Cook in 1814, the

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Lay People and Religion in the Early Eighteenth Century

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The Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities

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Studies in history and jurisprudence, Volume II

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Thank you, sir, thank you, said the bold auctioneer,

986:"booted and spurred, in Smithfield Market, crying ' 2253: 2189: 2027: 1856: 1757: 1655: 1425: 1345:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 76–77. 1319: 2634: 2320: 2300: 2240: 2220: 2169: 1593: 2774:The History Of Emley – A West Riding Village 2939: 2732: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1374: 1159:Burn's Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer 1715:"The Contrast, by the Author of "Yes and No"" 960: 509: 2988:Marriage, unions and partnerships in England 1907: 1606:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1380: 1288:Going! Going! I say—she is gone for ten bob. 949:changed his mind and bought her back later. 2659:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1712: 1631: 1629: 990:' , while Milady stood haltered in a pen". 2789: 2601:(illustrated ed.), Federation Press, 2526: 1713:Cave, Edward; Nichols, John (April 1832), 1591: 1567: 1513: 656:of English history. One was to sue in the 516: 502: 2733:Mansell, Wade; Meteyard, Belinda (2004), 2672: 1924:inflation figures are based on data from 1343:John Locke : selected correspondence 1313: 1286:Will bid any more? Is this not a bad job? 2909:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 2892: 2849: 2828: 2551: 2414: 2375: 2144: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2072: 1997: 1968: 1953: 1901: 1877: 1838: 1826: 1790: 1775: 1688: 1626: 1123: 1082: 964: 937:involved "eight pots of beer" and seven 636: 2750: 2737:(Third ed.), Routledge Cavendish, 2654: 2578: 2156: 2045: 1700: 1603:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1596:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1525: 1455: 1174:was asked to comment on an incident in 2940: 2771: 2632: 2614: 2596: 2467: 2449: 2339: 2259: 2009: 1889: 1814: 1635: 1579: 2807: 2780: 2714: 2560: 2536:Gendering European history: 1780–1920 2485: 2387: 2363: 2351: 2207: 2084: 2057: 2021: 1985: 1925: 1763: 1737: 1555: 1443: 1431: 1419: 1393: 1340: 1328: 1104:William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield 1094:William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield 1040: 557:sales, and there were cases of local 2696: 2508: 2399: 2195: 2033: 1865: 1850: 1802: 1676: 1661: 1165:Another form of wife selling was by 2783:Douglas Jerrold's shilling magazine 2556:, vol. 1, W. & R. Chambers 799: 660:for separation from bed and board ( 586: 13: 2879: 2836:, Merlin Press, pp. 404–466, 2813:Road to Divorce: England 1530–1987 2790:Sokol, B. J.; Sokol, Mary (2003), 2565:, University of California Press, 1284:Going for ten—is there nobody here 807:Henry Brydges, 2nd Duke of Chandos 14: 3009: 2860: 2891: 2832:(1991), "The Selling of Wives", 2597:Finlay, Henry Alan (2005), 2453:Social England Under the Regency 1182:sold his wife for a shilling in 626:Sir William Blackstone 47: 2785:, vol. 4, The Punch Office 2442: 2420: 2313: 2293: 2265: 2233: 2213: 2162: 1731: 1706: 1585: 1519: 1276: 1263: 1254: 1245: 1236: 1227: 1200: 624:. As the eminent English judge 2794:, Cambridge University Press, 2792:Shakespeare, Law, and Marriage 2772:Pobjoy, Harold Norman (1970), 2735:A Critical Introduction to Law 2719:, Cambridge University Press, 2675:"Book review: E. P. Thompson: 2513:, Cornell University Library, 1449: 1334: 769:three shillings and four pence 1: 2948:Divorce in the United Kingdom 2758:, Stanford University Press, 2637:Thomas Hardy: A Literary Life 1526:Vaessen, Rachel Anne (2006), 1375:Mansell & Meteyard (2004) 1295: 969:A French depiction of Milord 632: 2854:, W. W. Norton & Company 2776:, Ridings Publishing Company 1620:UK public library membership 1300: 929:in 1898, the purchaser paid 885:'Witness: WILLIAM CHIVERS.' 687:on the sale. A wife sold in 675:of separation drawn up by a 7: 2495:, Oxford University Press, 611: 10: 3014: 2686:Journal of Legal Pluralism 2222:"Buying and Selling Wives" 1636:Wright, John deP. (2004), 1089:Portrait of Lord Mansfield 961:Distribution and symbolism 18: 2963:Social history of England 2850:Woodbury, George (1951), 2655:Godbeer, Richard (2002), 2552:Chambers, Robert (1864), 1396:"Wife-Selling in England" 1076:officers of the police." 988:à quinze livres ma femme! 616:Until the passing of the 550:The Mayor of Casterbridge 484:Private electronic market 2993:Human commodity auctions 2852:The Great Days of Piracy 2673:Griffiths, John (1995), 2579:Collins, Sophie (2007), 1720:The Gentleman's Magazine 1568:Sokol & Sokol (2003) 1514:Caine & Sluga (2002) 1394:Kenny, Courtney (1929), 1193: 865: 728:The Gentleman's Magazine 179:Generalized second-price 2983:20th century in England 2978:19th century in England 2973:18th century in England 2968:17th century in England 2926:Discussion and examples 2599:To have but not to hold 2474:, Chatto & Windus, 2322:"Public Sale of a Wife" 1926:Clark, Gregory (2017). 1409:(subscription required) 710: 174:Generalized first-price 2887: 2867:Listen to this article 2697:Hill, Bridget (1994), 2641:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2633:Gibson, James (1996), 2615:Gibson, Colin (1993), 1612:10.1093/ref:odnb/18369 1462:Law and History Review 1456:Leneman, Leah (1999), 1134: 1097: 1050: 978: 941:(£40 in 2024); and in 887: 845: 723: 668:Matrimonial Causes Act 649: 559:Poor Law Commissioners 229:Simultaneous ascending 2886: 2715:Jacob, W. M. (2002), 2583:, Snake River Press, 2471:Modern Street Ballads 2468:Ashton, John (1888), 2456:, Chatto and Windus, 2450:Ashton, John (1899), 1144:Mayor of Casterbridge 1127: 1086: 1045: 1028:Hartford, Connecticut 968: 870: 840: 715: 705:criminal conversation 658:ecclesiastical courts 640: 264:Vickrey–Clarke–Groves 2918:More spoken articles 2561:Clark, Anna (1997), 2509:Burn, John (2009) , 1644:, Green Bag Archives 1400:Law Quarterly Review 1341:Locke, John (2002). 1221:a vinculo matrimonii 1149:Le Marché de Londres 618:Marriage Act of 1753 144:Discriminatory price 2931:Documented examples 2756:The Sexual Contract 2581:A Sussex Miscellany 2428:"A Brutal Practice" 1208:William Henry Maule 1033:Boston Evening-Post 858:. She was taken to 654:early modern period 454:Revenue equivalence 139:Deferred-acceptance 2958:Culture of England 2888: 2617:Dissolving Wedlock 2432:New Zealand Tablet 2390:, pp. 146–147 2366:, pp. 335–336 2280:The New York Times 2147:, pp. 224–225 2123:, pp. 458–459 2060:, pp. 147–148 2024:, pp. 144–145 1922:Retail Price Index 1904:, pp. 413–414 1880:, pp. 440–441 1853:, pp. 216–217 1817:, pp. 216–217 1805:, pp. 215–216 1793:, pp. 408–409 1679:, pp. 217–218 1446:, pp. 816–817 1422:, pp. 819–820 1135: 1101:Lord Chief Justice 1098: 1041:Changing attitudes 979: 650: 224:Sealed first-price 2884: 2843:978-0-85036-411-8 2834:Customs in Common 2822:978-0-19-822651-2 2801:978-0-521-82263-3 2765:978-0-8047-1477-8 2744:978-1-85941-892-5 2726:978-0-521-89295-7 2708:978-1-85728-213-9 2677:Customs in common 2666:978-0-8018-6800-9 2648:978-0-312-15945-0 2626:978-0-415-03226-1 2608:978-1-86287-542-5 2590:978-1-906022-08-2 2572:978-0-520-20883-4 2545:978-0-8264-6775-1 2520:978-1-112-03657-6 2502:978-0-559-45406-6 1618:(Subscription or 975:Smithfield Market 646:Thomas Rowlandson 526: 525: 304:Cancellation hunt 254:Value of revenues 124:Click-box bidding 3005: 2953:Women in England 2908: 2906: 2895: 2894: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2855: 2846: 2825: 2804: 2786: 2777: 2768: 2747: 2729: 2711: 2693: 2683: 2669: 2651: 2640: 2629: 2611: 2593: 2575: 2557: 2548: 2523: 2505: 2482: 2464: 2436: 2435: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2342:, pp. 95–97 2337: 2331: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2277: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2224: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2173: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1988:, pp. 86–87 1983: 1972: 1966: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1918: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1633: 1624: 1623: 1615: 1599: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1534: 1523: 1517: 1516:, pp. 12–13 1511: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1492:, archived from 1453: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1391: 1378: 1372: 1357: 1356: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1317: 1314:Griffiths (1995) 1311: 1289: 1280: 1274: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1217:a mensa et thoro 1213:a mensa et thoro 1204: 1184:Hucknall Torkard 1172:William Harcourt 1154:The Book of Days 1059: 1021: 993:In his account, 977:to sell his wife 891: 800:Mid-19th century 732: 698: 663:a mensa et thoro 644:(1812–1814), by 606: 587:Legal background 518: 511: 504: 449:Price of anarchy 299:Calor licitantis 51: 28: 27: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3003: 3002: 2938: 2937: 2922: 2921: 2910: 2904: 2902: 2899:This audio file 2896: 2889: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2844: 2830:Thompson, E. P. 2823: 2809:Stone, Lawrence 2802: 2766: 2752:Pateman, Carole 2745: 2727: 2709: 2681: 2667: 2649: 2627: 2609: 2591: 2573: 2546: 2521: 2503: 2445: 2440: 2439: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2415:Thompson (1991) 2413: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2376:Chambers (1864) 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2181: 2179: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2145:Woodbury (1951) 2143: 2139: 2133:Thompson (1991) 2131: 2127: 2121:Thompson (1991) 2119: 2115: 2109:Thompson (1991) 2107: 2103: 2097:Thompson (1991) 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2073:Thompson (1991) 2071: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1998:Woodbury (1951) 1996: 1992: 1984: 1975: 1969:Thompson (1991) 1967: 1960: 1954:Thompson (1991) 1952: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1919: 1908: 1902:Thompson (1991) 1900: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1878:Thompson (1991) 1876: 1872: 1864: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1839:Thompson (1991) 1837: 1833: 1827:Thompson (1991) 1825: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1791:Thompson (1991) 1789: 1782: 1776:Thompson (1991) 1774: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1736: 1732: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1689:Thompson (1991) 1687: 1683: 1675: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1647: 1645: 1634: 1627: 1617: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1574: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1547: 1538: 1536: 1535:, ir.lib.sfu.ca 1532: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1497: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1392: 1381: 1373: 1360: 1353: 1339: 1335: 1327: 1320: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1188:Nottinghamshire 1073:Carmarthenshire 1061: 1052: 1043: 1019: 963: 898:Ipswich Journal 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 875: 873: 868: 813:in about 1740. 802: 734: 725: 719:Duke of Chandos 713: 696: 635: 614: 600: 598:Nicolas Toinard 589: 522: 493: 463: 428: 333: 329:Tacit collusion 278: 194:Multi-attribute 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3011: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2911: 2897: 2890: 2878: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2861:External links 2859: 2857: 2856: 2847: 2842: 2826: 2821: 2805: 2800: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2764: 2748: 2743: 2730: 2725: 2712: 2707: 2694: 2670: 2665: 2652: 2647: 2630: 2625: 2612: 2607: 2594: 2589: 2576: 2571: 2558: 2549: 2544: 2528:Caine, Barbara 2524: 2519: 2506: 2501: 2483: 2465: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2419: 2404: 2402:, p. 1025 2392: 2380: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2312: 2292: 2264: 2252: 2232: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2161: 2157:Godbeer (2002) 2149: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2062: 2050: 2046:Collins (2007) 2038: 2026: 2014: 2002: 1990: 1973: 1958: 1946: 1933:MeasuringWorth 1906: 1894: 1882: 1870: 1855: 1843: 1831: 1819: 1807: 1795: 1780: 1768: 1756: 1730: 1705: 1701:Pateman (1988) 1693: 1681: 1666: 1654: 1625: 1584: 1572: 1560: 1545: 1518: 1506: 1496:on 25 May 2012 1474:10.2307/744190 1468:(1): 161–169, 1448: 1436: 1424: 1412: 1379: 1358: 1351: 1333: 1318: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1275: 1262: 1253: 1244: 1235: 1233:£10.99 in 2018 1226: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1180:Salvation Army 1044: 1042: 1039: 999:E. P. Thompson 995:Wives for Sale 962: 959: 903:British Museum 880: 872:'Oct. 24, 1766 871: 869: 867: 864: 801: 798: 767:market, "only 739:peculiar court 714: 712: 709: 642:Selling a Wife 634: 631: 613: 610: 588: 585: 572:and historian 547:'s 1886 novel 524: 523: 521: 520: 513: 506: 498: 495: 494: 492: 491: 486: 481: 475: 472: 471: 465: 464: 462: 461: 459:Winner's curse 456: 451: 446: 440: 437: 436: 430: 429: 427: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 345: 342: 341: 335: 334: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 290: 287: 286: 280: 279: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 85: 84: 79: 74: 63: 60: 59: 53: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3010: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 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51 2005: 1993: 1986:Clark (1997) 1949: 1937:. Retrieved 1931: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1771: 1766:, p. 76 1764:Jacob (2002) 1759: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1724: 1718: 1708: 1696: 1684: 1657: 1646:, retrieved 1642:greenbag.org 1641: 1601: 1595: 1587: 1582:, p. 15 1575: 1563: 1556:Stone (1990) 1537:, retrieved 1528: 1521: 1509: 1498:, retrieved 1494:the original 1465: 1461: 1451: 1444:Bryce (1901) 1439: 1432:Bryce (1901) 1427: 1420:Bryce (1901) 1415: 1403: 1399: 1377:, p. 88 1342: 1336: 1329:Bryce (1901) 1309: 1278: 1265: 1256: 1247: 1238: 1229: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1202: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1139:Thomas Hardy 1136: 1107: 1099: 1087: 1078: 1062: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1031: 1024: 1016: 1004: 994: 992: 987: 980: 951: 912: 897: 894: 888: 883: 874: 846: 841: 815: 803: 791: 774: 768: 752: 746: 735: 726: 724: 716: 701: 685: 680: 661: 651: 641: 615: 590: 581:police court 567: 555: 548: 545:Thomas Hardy 529:Wife selling 528: 527: 379:Domain names 234:Single-price 134:Common value 25: 21:Wife selling 2400:Burn (2009) 2262:, p. 3 2196:Hill (1994) 2182:17 December 2034:Hill (1994) 1866:Hill (1994) 1851:Hill (1994) 1803:Hill (1994) 1677:Hill (1994) 1662:Hill (1994) 1638:"Wife Sale" 1539:18 December 1500:16 December 1251:MSS. 32,084 1058:(July 1797) 1010:(1817), or 910:"husband". 691:Market for 677:conveyancer 601: [ 574:James Bryce 94:Anglo-Dutch 77:Bidding fee 2942:Categories 2914:Audio help 2905:2012-04-20 1746:(2): 254, 1622:required.) 1296:References 1170:Secretary 1114:Leominster 827:bigamously 777:Manchester 633:Separation 594:John Locke 563:workhouses 349:Algorithms 249:Unique bid 204:No-reserve 2692:: 159–165 2480:463842992 2327:The Times 2307:The Times 2286:25 August 2247:The Times 2227:The Times 2176:The Times 1648:25 August 1490:144650291 1406:: 494–497 1301:Citations 1176:Sheffield 1141:'s novel 1131:cuckolded 1109:The Times 1055:The Times 984:John Bull 971:John Bull 939:shillings 856:workhouse 853:Effingham 823:shillings 819:farthings 782:Southwark 756:Maidstone 622:coverture 414:Virginity 269:Walrasian 199:Multiunit 109:Brazilian 89:Amsterdam 2998:Misogyny 2916: · 2811:(1990), 2754:(1988), 2534:(2002), 2489:(1901), 2302:"Police" 1740:Folklore 1271:gas lamp 1092:, 1783. 943:Ninfield 935:Brighton 907:Somerset 849:Poor Law 787:Plymouth 612:Marriage 489:Software 479:Ebidding 404:Spectrum 369:Children 339:Contexts 219:Scottish 189:Knapsack 184:Japanese 114:Calcutta 41:Auctions 33:a series 31:Part of 2903: ( 2874:minutes 2462:4395094 1752:1259650 1008:Preston 931:7s. 6d. 860:Croydon 765:Staines 760:guineas 747:Divorce 689:Wenlock 541:auction 533:divorce 384:Flowers 374:Players 364:Charity 324:Suicide 319:Sniping 314:Rigging 294:Shading 284:Bidding 259:Vickrey 214:Reverse 164:Forward 159:English 72:Chinese 67:All-pay 2840: 2819: 2798: 2762: 2741: 2723: 2705: 2663: 2645: 2623: 2605: 2587: 2569: 2542: 2517: 2499: 2478: 2460: 2242:"News" 2171:"News" 1750: 1616: 1488: 1482:744190 1480: 1349: 1119:Epping 1069:stocks 1065:Dublin 1012:Bolton 927:Yapton 915:Sussex 811:ostler 731:(1832) 570:jurist 537:halter 469:Online 434:Theory 409:Stamps 399:Slaves 274:Yankee 169:French 149:Double 119:Candle 82:Dollar 2682:(PDF) 2276:(PDF) 1939:7 May 1748:JSTOR 1727:: 347 1533:(PDF) 1486:S2CID 1478:JSTOR 1194:Notes 866:Venue 836:Derby 832:Essex 794:Emley 743:Thame 693:2s 6d 605:] 578:Leeds 424:Wives 389:Loans 354:Autos 154:Dutch 57:Types 2838:ISBN 2817:ISBN 2796:ISBN 2760:ISBN 2739:ISBN 2721:ISBN 2703:ISBN 2661:ISBN 2643:ISBN 2621:ISBN 2603:ISBN 2585:ISBN 2567:ISBN 2540:ISBN 2515:ISBN 2497:ISBN 2476:OCLC 2458:OCLC 2288:2011 2184:2009 1941:2024 1650:2011 1541:2009 1502:2009 1347:ISBN 1167:deed 954:Hull 921:and 919:inns 717:The 711:Sale 673:deed 419:Wine 394:Scam 309:Jump 209:Rank 1920:UK 1725:102 1608:doi 1470:doi 1022:". 947:gin 913:In 741:at 359:Art 2944:: 2872:28 2690:35 2688:, 2684:, 2530:; 2430:, 2407:^ 2325:, 2305:, 2278:, 2245:, 2225:, 2174:, 2065:^ 1976:^ 1961:^ 1930:. 1909:^ 1858:^ 1783:^ 1744:96 1742:, 1723:, 1717:, 1669:^ 1640:, 1628:^ 1600:. 1548:^ 1484:, 1476:, 1466:17 1464:, 1460:, 1404:45 1402:, 1398:, 1382:^ 1361:^ 1321:^ 1186:, 917:, 789:. 603:fr 565:. 35:on 2920:) 2912:( 2907:) 2876:) 2869:( 2679:" 1943:. 1614:. 1610:: 1472:: 1355:. 1133:. 1020:' 697:" 517:e 510:t 503:v 23:.

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