115:
334:
50:
167:
776:. The iris pigment epithelium prevents damaging light scattering within the eye. Blue-eyed humans and mammals have little or no pigment in the stroma, but retain pigment in the iris pigment epithelium. If pigment is missing from both the stroma and the iris pigment epithelium, the only pigment in the eye is the hemoglobin in blood vessels. This accounts for the reddish appearance of eyes in some types of albinism.
460:
1918:
1218:
intermixed with their original hair colour. Although the rate at which horses will turn gray is variable, the amount of white hair increases with age until the coat is completely white at maturity. Pigmentation of the skin and eyes is not affected by GG. Dark skin distinguishes the gray phenotype from that of pink-skinned cremello and white horses.
635:. Champagne and cream are another pair of unrelated dilution factors that interact to produce a cremello-like coat. Champagne-creams have freckled, pinkish skin, pale eyes, and pale coats. These colors were formerly referred to as "ivory champagnes". Champagne is found in North American breeds such as the
123:
mostly pink, unpigmented skin. Some white horses are born with partial pigmentation in their skin and hair, which may or may not be retained as they mature, but when a white horse lightens, both skin and hair lose pigmentation. In contrast, grays retain skin pigment and only the hair becomes white.
122:
White horses have unpigmented skin and a white hair coat. Many white horses have dark eyes, though some have blue eyes. In contrast to gray horses which are born with pigmented skin they keep for life and pigmented hair that lightens to white with age, truly white horses are born with white hair and
388:
allele and has extensive dense white patterning, they will appear nearly white at birth, and may continue to lighten with age. In other parts of the world, these horses are called "white born." "White born" foals are less common among
Appaloosa horses than Knabstruppers or Norikers, as the extensive
1217:
The progressive loss of colour in the hair of gray horses is controlled by a dominantly inherited allele at the Gray locus (GG). Foals are born any colour depending on the alleles present at other colour determining loci. After birth, horses carrying the GG allele begin to show white hairs that are
783:
gene. No such mutation exists in horses. Albino mice lack pigment, but "...the inability of albino animals to produce pigment stems not from an absence of melanocytes...but from a deficiency and/or alteration of the structure of tyrosinase in melanocytes which are otherwise normal." This definition
1028:
Phenotypes may vary from tiny depigmentated body spots to white head and leg markings, further on to large white spotting and finally nearly complete depigmentation in white-born horses...White markings result from the lack of melanocytes in the hair follicles and the skin...A completely pigmented
552:
True white hair is rooted in unpigmented skin that lacks melanocytes. In contrast, diluted coat colors have melanocytes, but vary due to the concentration or chemical structure of the pigments made by these pigment-producing cells, not the absence of the cells themselves. There are at least five
493:
horses have the most common "white-like" coat color. However, the most noticeable difference between a gray horse whose hair coat is completely white and a white horse is skin color: most gray horses have black skin and dark eyes, white horses have light, unpigmented skin. The gray gene does not
522:
1233:
Pielberg, Gerli
Rosengren; Anna Golovko; Elisabeth Sundström; Ino Curik; Johan Lennartsson; Monika H Seltenhammer; Thomas Druml; Matthew Binns; Carolyn Fitzsimmons; Gabriella Lindgren; Kaj Sandberg; Roswitha Baumung; Monika Vetterlein; Sara Strömberg; Manfred Grabherr; Claire Wade; Kerstin
689:
All so-called "albino" horses have pigmented eyes, generally brown or blue. While true albino horses will have a pale blue or white eye. In contrast, many albino mammals, such as mice or rabbits, typically have a white hair coat, unpigmented skin and reddish eyes. The definition of
467:
Genetically white horses have unpigmented pink skin (except where a horse with a W allele may have some darker pigmented areas) and unpigmented white hair, though eye color varies. The lack of pigment in the skin and hair is caused by the absence of pigment-producing cells called
553:
known types of pigment dilution in horses, three which, as described below, can act to produce off-white phenotypes. Horses with strongly diluted coat colors usually have pale eyes (usually blue), cream-colored coats, and rosy-pink skin that contains a minimal amount of pigment.
330:. Horses with only one copy of the Sabino1 gene usually have dramatic spotting, including two or more white legs, often with white running up the front of the leg, extensive white on the face, spotting on the midsection, and jagged or roaned margins to the pattern.
184:
best known for producing pink-skinned all-white horses with brown eyes, though some dominant white horses have residual pigment along the topline. Some W alleles produce white spotting on horses with a predominately dark coat. Dominant white has been studied in
603:. A few Palominos have a very light hair coat is occasionally mistaken for either cremello or white. White markings and patterns are visible against the slightly-pigmented coat and skin. The cream gene is not known to be associated with any health problems.
768:, which has not been described in white horses. Vision problems are not associated with gray, dilute, or white coat colors in horses, and blue eyes in horses do not indicate poor vision. Eyes are pigmented at the front of the iris called the
472:. Some coat colors are characterized by light or white-like coats and even pinkish skin, however these white-like coats are not lacking melanocytes. Instead, white-like coat colors result from various changes in the ways melanocytes produce
1504:"No horse is eligible for registration which possesses all three characteristics which designate a horse commonly known as an albino: light (or pink) skin over the body; white or cream colored hair over the body; and eyes of a bluish cast."
799:." Horses do not have non-melanin pigments and so if they were albino, would have no pigmentation. The retained pigment of dilute horses, like cremellos, is not comparable to the retained pigment of amelanistic "albino" birds and reptiles.
215:
gene. Researchers have suggested that at least some forms of dominant white result in nonviable embryos in the homozygous state, though others are known to be viable as homozygotes. While homologous mutations in mice are often linked to
506:. Gray foals may be born any color, but the colored hairs of their coat become progressively silvered as they age, eventually giving mature gray horses a white or nearly-white hair coat. Gray is controlled by a single dominant
613:. These two distinct dilution factors interact to produce a cremello-like coat. Pearl-creams have pale but pigmented skin and blue-green eyes, and are distinctly pale cream-colored. To date, the Pearl gene has been found in
88:
is born predominantly white and stays white throughout its life. A white horse has mostly pink skin under its hair coat, and may have brown, blue, or hazel eyes. "True white" horses, especially those that carry one of the
101:
whose hair coats are completely white. Gray horses may be born of any color and their hairs gradually turn white as time goes by and take on a white appearance. Nearly all gray horses have dark skin, except under any
1029:
head or leg depends on the complete migration and clonal proliferation of the melanoblasts in the mesoderm of the developing fetus, thus ensuring that limbs and the head acquire a full complement of melanocytes
494:
affect skin or eye color, so grays typically have dark skin and eyes, as opposed to the unpigmented pink skin of true white horses. The skin and eyes may be other colors if influenced by other factors such as
579:
have rosy-pink skin, pale blue eyes, and cream-colored coats that can appear almost white. These coat colors, collectively called "double dilutes" or "blue-eyed creams", result when a horse is
713:(AQHA) described perlino or cremello horses as "albino" in rule 227(j). The AQHA later replaced the word "albino" with "cremello or perlino," and in 2002 the rule was removed entirely. Among
533:
genes, shown by DNA testing as well as visibly semi-pigmented, rosy skin and a cream-colored coat that can be mistaken for white. This same hair coat shade would be considered
1767:
1551:
Albinism results from a structural gene mutation at the locus that codes for tyrosinase; that is, albino animals have a genetically determined failure of tyrosine synthesis.
1098:
Brooks, Samantha (2005). "The SNP was found among
American Miniature Horses, American Paint Horses, Azteca, Missouri Fox Trotters, Shetland Ponies, and Spanish Mustangs."
861:, in part because they are easier to find. However, there are a few truly white horses who were used in film. One of the best-known examples was "Silver," ridden by the
447:. While carriers often exhibit the "frame overo" pattern, this is not a dispositive trait and testing is necessary, as the pattern can appear in a minimal form as normal
678:), whereas albino animals have a normal distribution of melanocytes. In other animals, patches of unpigmented skin, hair, or eyes due to the lack of pigment cells (
753:. Mice and other mammals without tyrosinase have unpigmented pink skin, unpigmented white hair, unpigmented reddish eyes, and some form of vision impairment. No
1692:
Graf, J; Voisey J; Hughes I; van Daal A (July 2007). "Promoter polymorphisms in the MATP (SLC45A2) gene are associated with normal human skin color variation".
1109:
795:
retain their reddish and orangish hues. As a result, birds and reptiles without the ability to manufacture tyrosinase are more accurately described as "
674:" horse. There are also references in literature calling white horses "albino". Dominant white in horses is caused by the absence of pigment cells (
266:. Sabino-white was one of the earliest dominant white alleles discovered, but was not originally recognized as such, hence the different name. The
1793:
1191:
Locke, MM; MCT Penedo; SJ Bricker; LV Millon; JD Murray (2002). "Linkage of the gray coat colour locus to microsatellites on horse chromosome 25".
372:
pattern, however, can resemble white. Two factors influence the eventual appearance of a leopard complex coat: whether one copy (heterozygous
1859:
791:
apart from melanins: carotenoids, porphyrins, psittacofulvins, pterins, etc. Most commonly, reptiles with a condition homologous to human
427:
are carried to term and at birth appear normal, though they have pink-skinned all-white or nearly-white coats and blue eyes. However, the
1400:
No true albino mutation of the color gene is known among horses, though several varieties of white horse are popularly known as albinos.
1299:
Pearl is known to interact with Cream dilution to produce pseudo-double Cream dilute phenotypes including pale skin and blue/green eyes.
224:, no such effects have been observed in dominant white horses. Dominant white horses typically have white noses that can be subject to
1563:
463:
This horse is gray, not white. Its hair coat is completely white, but its underlying skin, seen around the eye and muzzle, is black.
978:
Veterinary
Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis. Web Site accessed January 12, 2008
194:
2338:
1544:
881:
368:
breeds with their spotted coats. Leopard is genetically quite distinct from all other white and white-spotting patterns. The
1605:
In the most severe form, the latter may look pink since the only pigment present is hemoglobin within the iris blood vessels
764:
Humans exhibit a wide range of pigmentation levels as a species. However, the diagnosis of albinism in humans is based on
106:
present at birth. Skin color is the most common method for an observer to distinguish between mature white and gray horses.
779:
In research mammals, such as mice, albinism is more strictly defined. Albino mice occur due to a recessive mutation of the
401:. Congenital stationary night blindness is present at birth and is characterized by impaired vision in dark conditions.
1156:
Sandmeyer, Lynne S.; Carrie B. Breaux; Sheila Archer; Bruce H. Grahn (2007). "CSNB and
Leopard Complex in Appaloosas".
710:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1598:
955:
518:. Gray horses are at an increased risk for melanoma; 70-80% of gray horses over the age of 15 have a melanoma tumor.
1852:
1737:"SLC45A2 mutation frequency in Oculocutaneous Albinism Italian patients doesn't differ from other European studies"
397:, fewspot leopard, or snowcap patterned. Homozygous leopards are substantially more prone to congenital stationary
2328:
158:
genes. However, much about the genetics behind various all-white depigmentation phenotypes are still unknown.
146:). Depigmentation phenotypes have various genetic causes, and those that have been studied usually map to the
1236:"A cis-acting regulatory mutation causes premature hair graying and susceptibility to melanoma in the horse"
989:
Rieder, Stefan; Christian Hagger; Gabriela Obexer-Ruff; Tosso Leeb; Pierre-André Poncet (2 February 2008).
865:, a role actually played by two different white horses. At least one horse who played "Topper," ridden by
34:
1820:
1845:
807:
The cream gene, which is responsible for palomino, buckskin, and cremello coat colors, was mapped to the
1768:"Great white wonder: watch how 'idol horse' Sodashi earns Breeders' Cup spot with popular Tokyo triumph"
384:
are present, and the degree of dense white patterning present at birth. If a foal is homozygous for the
2388:
2369:
2303:
389:
dense white patterning is favored for producing dramatic full leopards. Homozygous leopards have the
1431:
1087:
Horses with 2 copies of the Sabino1 gene, are at least 90% white and are referred to as Sabino-white.
787:
While mammals derive their pigments only from melanins, fish, reptiles and birds rely on a number of
1312:
885:
242:
Sabino-white horses are pink-skinned with all-white or nearly-white coats and dark eyes. They are
2358:
1736:
911:
905:
853:
Many famous horses, past and present, were alleged to be "white" by observers, but were actually
830:
773:
640:
201:, and several other breeds. There are 32 identified variants of dominant white as of 2021, plus
114:
2277:
1480:
1461:
Davis, Jeff (September–October 2007). "Color
Abnormalities in Birds: A Proposed Nomenclature".
991:"Genetic Analysis of White Facial and Leg Markings in the Swiss Franches-Montagnes Horse Breed"
694:" varies depending on whether humans, other mammals, or other vertebrates are being discussed.
648:
614:
326:
allele is not linked to any health defects, though sabino-whites may need some protection from
275:
1446:...the inability of albino animals to produce pigment stems not from an absence of melanocytes
2110:
2066:
1735:
Mauri, Lucia; Barone, Luca; Al Oum, Muna; Del Longo, Alessandra; et al. (January 2014).
1567:
990:
939:
857:
with hair coats turned fully white. Likewise, most white horses used in movies are actually
410:
198:
837:
are responsible for normal variations in skin, hair, and eye color in humans and . Although
636:
420:
287:
279:
435:, and the condition cannot be treated. Foals with Lethal White Syndrome invariably die of
8:
2163:
1970:
1282:
1234:
Lindblad-Toh; Fredrik Pontén; Carl-Henrik Heldin; Johann Sölkner; Leif
Andersson (2008).
1070:
943:
665:
644:
588:
1515:
717:
breeders, homozygous creams are called "blue-eyed creams" or sometimes "pseudo-albino".
2267:
2040:
1906:
1717:
1669:
1644:
1386:
1263:
788:
784:
of albinism in mice – the inability to make tyrosinase – is extended to other mammals.
315:
1876:
1868:
1709:
1674:
1594:
1540:
1391:
1255:
1208:
1204:
1173:
1169:
1012:
935:
765:
97:) genes, are rare. Most horses that are commonly referred to as "white" are actually
1155:
988:
973:
2262:
1960:
1748:
1721:
1701:
1664:
1656:
1381:
1373:
1267:
1247:
1200:
1165:
1134:
1002:
927:
866:
670:
Although white horses are sometimes called "albino" there are few cases of a true "
600:
337:
This "white-born" or "fewspot" Appaloosa foal has a mostly pink-skinned white coat.
307:
283:
257:
118:
True white horses have pink skin and white coats, and many have dark eyes, as here.
1917:
1235:
2177:
1889:
1040:
Kathman, Lesli(2014). "The Equine
Tapestry", p. 83, 90–94. Blackberry Lane Press.
873:
652:
428:
398:
347:
291:
271:
1232:
2105:
2076:
2056:
2015:
1894:
1752:
1377:
919:
769:
714:
698:
632:
567:
produces two types of diluted color. Horses with fully diluted colors, called
554:
530:
495:
448:
299:
175:
135:
127:
103:
90:
68:
22:
1617:
1430:
Silvers, Willys K. (1979). "3: The b-Locus and c (Albino) Series of
Alleles".
1361:
333:
21:
This article is about visually white horses. For the dominant white gene, see
2382:
2282:
2252:
2237:
2049:
1938:
1566:. The National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation. Archived from
931:
893:
622:
547:
503:
432:
303:
295:
190:
1794:"Watch: white filly Sodashi leaves crowd in raptures with Victoria Mile win"
1007:
443:. Carriers of the gene, who are healthy and normal, can be identified by a
2313:
2212:
2195:
2185:
2115:
2061:
1930:
1713:
1678:
1395:
1259:
1212:
1177:
1016:
877:
858:
854:
592:
490:
485:
394:
365:
311:
237:
202:
186:
98:
26:
1660:
1433:
The Coat Colors of Mice: A Model for
Mammalian Gene Action and Interaction
2308:
2272:
2088:
1977:
1901:
1884:
1798:
1050:
862:
796:
618:
595:, the dilution is less intense. In these cases, cream is responsible for
499:
436:
319:
221:
131:
170:
This white Thoroughbred carries W14, one of the forms of dominant white.
2142:
2035:
1947:
1705:
1645:"A mutation in the MATP gene causes the cream coat colour in the horse"
1333:
923:
738:
730:
706:
683:
679:
675:
610:
584:
580:
563:
526:
469:
243:
143:
49:
30:
2257:
930:(ruled 486–465 BC), In more than one tradition, a white horse carries
205:, each corresponding to a spontaneously-white foundation animal and a
166:
2318:
2287:
2191:
1837:
915:
702:
537:
if the horse had double cream dilution, but still would not be white.
515:
440:
361:
139:
1588:
2353:
2217:
2158:
2020:
1965:
1251:
822:
772:, and in a thin layer at the back of the iris in tissue called the
754:
691:
671:
596:
534:
444:
206:
1190:
521:
2323:
2247:
2242:
2153:
2122:
889:
809:
473:
327:
225:
720:
2127:
2025:
1642:
1164:(6). American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists: 368–375.
734:
625:. Pearl is not known to be associated with any health problems.
507:
459:
381:
250:
217:
181:
142:, and are all caused by areas of skin that lack pigment cells (
1691:
2333:
2100:
841:
is not the "albino gene"; one of many mutations of the human
792:
726:
416:
262:
211:
154:
148:
655:. It is not known to be associated with any health problems.
2348:
2343:
750:
511:
424:
1734:
737:, the diagnosis of albinism is based on the impairment of
415:
Lethal white syndrome is a genetic disorder linked to the
1199:(5). International Society for Animal Genetics: 329–337.
270:
allele, and the associated spotting pattern, is found in
29:. For horses with progressive silvering of the coat, see
1589:
Hamilton, Peter; Richard Gregson; Gary Edd Fish (1997).
454:
709:
and other cream colors as "albino." Until 1999, the
1643:Mariat, Denis; Sead Taourit; Gérard Guérin (2003).
1791:
1304:
701:still refer to "albino" horses. For example, the
934:or the world saviour in the end times, including
2380:
1765:
1593:(1 ed.). Informa Health Care. p. 151.
1228:
1226:
1521:. Connemara Pony Breeders Society of Australia.
631:occurs when a horse has one cream gene and one
609:occurs when a horse has one cream gene and one
1513:
1425:
1423:
1001:(2). The American Genetic Association: 130–6.
1853:
1223:
1107:
1034:
721:Types of albinism in humans and other animals
1516:"The Blue Eyed Cream Pony: Flawed or Value?"
1310:
557:are usually visible upon closer inspection.
451:or be masked by other white spotting genes.
1530:
1528:
1420:
1274:
1092:
910:Throughout history, white horses have been
1860:
1846:
1636:
1456:
1454:
1411:
802:
439:within 72 hours, and are usually humanely
431:of these foals cannot function due to the
48:
1668:
1385:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1326:
1184:
1006:
982:
419:(O) gene and most closely studied in the
138:are collectively known as depigmentation
1534:
1525:
1473:
1362:"The ABC of Color Inheritance in Horses"
1336:. International Champagne Horse Registry
918:reported that white horses were held as
520:
458:
404:
332:
165:
113:
1451:
1429:
845:is responsible for a form of albinism.
180:Dominant white (W) is a large group of
2381:
1867:
1582:
1405:
1359:
1348:
974:"Introduction to Coat Color Genetics"
848:
541:
341:
1841:
1507:
1460:
1101:
1064:
1062:
1060:
817:). This gene is sometimes called the
686:, not albinism nor partial albinism.
525:This "Ivory Champagne" foal has both
455:Horses that appear white, but are not
302:. Sabino 1 has not been found in the
1946:
1685:
1556:
1537:Introduction to veterinary pathology
1498:
1280:
1127:
1068:
833:type 4. However, other mutations in
629:Champagne-Cream pseudo-double dilute
352:The leopard complex, related to the
109:
1610:
1149:
725:The best-known type of albinism is
13:
1792:Masakazu Takahashi (15 May 2022).
1655:(1). INRA, EDP Sciences: 119–133.
1535:Cheville, Norman F (August 2006).
1469:(5). American Birding Association.
1289:. University of California – Davis
1077:. University of California – Davis
1057:
741:production through defects in the
711:American Quarter Horse Association
14:
2400:
956:When a white horse is not a horse
514:that regulates specific kinds of
161:
1916:
1766:Nicholas Godfrey (15 May 2022).
1514:Jeanette Gower (December 2002).
1311:Stamatelakys, Irene (May 2009).
1205:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00885.x
1170:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00572.x
890:Oka Sho (Japanese 1,000 Guineas)
607:Pearl-Cream pseudo-double dilute
54:Dominant purebred white stallion
1813:
1785:
1759:
1728:
1539:(3 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
1108:Sheila Archer (3 August 2008).
914:in many cultures. For example,
231:
1772:Thoroughbred Racing Commentary
1334:"Champagne-Cream Combinations"
1287:Veterinary Genetics Laboratory
1075:Veterinary Genetics Laboratory
1043:
967:
872:Another famous white horse is
1:
1486:. Paso Fino Horse Association
1436:. Springer Verlag. p. 59
961:
1137:(in German). Knabstrupper.de
1110:"Studies Currently Underway"
899:
705:Horse Association registers
376:) or two copies (homozygous
35:White horse (disambiguation)
7:
1821:"White Horses and Genetics"
949:
813:gene in 2003 (now known as
659:
260:, which has been mapped to
10:
2405:
2370:Category:Horse coat colors
2339:Endothelin receptor type B
2304:Equine coat color genetics
1753:10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.053
1700:(7). Wiley-Liss: 710–717.
1481:"Registration Application"
1360:Castle, William E (1948).
903:
761:gene are known in horses.
663:
545:
483:
408:
360:) gene, characterizes the
345:
235:
173:
20:
2367:
2296:
2230:
2205:
2176:
2136:
2096:
2087:
2074:
2048:
1986:
1955:
1937:
1925:
1914:
1875:
126:White colorings, whether
74:
64:
59:
47:
42:
1591:Text Atlas of the Retina
1378:10.1093/genetics/33.1.22
1283:"Horse Coat Color Tests"
1158:Veterinary Ophthalmology
1071:"Horse Coat Color Tests"
886:Hanshin Juvenile Fillies
25:. For Sabino-white, see
2359:Melanocortin 1 receptor
1823:. Archaeology.about.com
906:White horse (mythology)
831:Oculocutaneous albinism
803:Why cream is not albino
774:iris pigment epithelium
641:Tennessee Walking Horse
587:. The creme gene is an
500:white spotting patterns
479:
276:American Quarter Horses
649:American Quarter Horse
538:
464:
433:absence of nerve cells
338:
171:
119:
33:. For other uses, see
2297:Genetics and breeding
2138:Base color variations
2067:Lethal white syndrome
1412:O'Hara, Mary (1941).
1114:The Appaloosa Project
1008:10.1093/jhered/esm115
757:of the tyrosinase or
733:production. In other
524:
462:
411:Lethal white syndrome
405:Lethal white syndrome
393:genotype, and may be
336:
288:Missouri Fox Trotters
280:American Paint Horses
199:Camarillo White Horse
169:
117:
637:American Cream Draft
421:American Paint Horse
195:American White horse
1661:10.1051/gse:2002039
1564:"What is Albinism?"
1320:Paint Horse Journal
995:Journal of Heredity
849:Famous white horses
829:is associated with
697:Despite this, some
666:Albinism in biology
645:American Saddlebred
589:incomplete dominant
542:Diluted coat colors
342:White born leopards
2268:Primitive markings
1869:Equine coat colors
1706:10.1002/humu.20504
1135:"Die Farbmerkmale"
880:racehorse who won
869:, was also white.
821:gene, because one
539:
531:champagne dilution
465:
339:
316:Standardbred horse
172:
120:
2389:Horse coat colors
2376:
2375:
2226:
2225:
2172:
2171:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1988:double dilution:
1957:single dilution:
1546:978-0-8138-2495-6
1313:"Precious Pearls"
766:visual impairment
284:Tennessee Walkers
246:for the dominant
110:True white horses
82:
81:
2396:
2263:Point coloration
2206:Roaning patterns
2146:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2032:
1974:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1920:
1909:
1898:
1877:Base coat colors
1862:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1649:Genet. Sel. Evol
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1618:"Chromatophores"
1614:
1608:
1607:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1414:My Friend Flicka
1409:
1403:
1402:
1389:
1357:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1246:(8): 1004–1009.
1230:
1221:
1220:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1066:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1010:
986:
980:
971:
928:Xerxes the Great
884:races including
867:Hopalong Cassidy
729:, which impairs
272:Miniature horses
52:
40:
39:
16:Horse coat color
2404:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2363:
2292:
2222:
2201:
2188:
2178:Leopard complex
2168:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2044:
2023:
2004:
1982:
1969:(also known as
1968:
1933:
1921:
1912:
1904:
1893:(also known as
1892:
1871:
1866:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1764:
1760:
1733:
1729:
1690:
1686:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1622:Learning Center
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1459:
1452:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1421:
1410:
1406:
1358:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1292:
1290:
1279:
1275:
1240:Nature Genetics
1231:
1224:
1193:Animal Genetics
1189:
1185:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1080:
1078:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1021:
1019:
987:
983:
972:
968:
964:
952:
908:
902:
851:
805:
723:
668:
662:
653:Miniature horse
550:
544:
488:
482:
457:
413:
407:
399:night blindness
370:fewspot leopard
350:
348:Leopard complex
344:
296:Shetland Ponies
240:
234:
178:
164:
112:
55:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2402:
2392:
2391:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Splashed white
2097:
2091:
2089:Pinto patterns
2082:
2077:Horse markings
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:Dominant white
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1941:
1939:Dilution genes
1935:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1899:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1835:
1834:
1812:
1784:
1758:
1747:(1): 398–402.
1727:
1694:Human Mutation
1684:
1635:
1609:
1599:
1581:
1570:on 14 May 2012
1555:
1545:
1524:
1506:
1497:
1472:
1450:
1419:
1404:
1347:
1325:
1303:
1273:
1252:10.1038/ng.185
1222:
1183:
1148:
1126:
1100:
1091:
1056:
1042:
1033:
981:
965:
963:
960:
959:
958:
951:
948:
920:sacred animals
904:Main article:
901:
898:
850:
847:
804:
801:
722:
719:
715:Connemara pony
661:
658:
657:
656:
633:champagne gene
626:
623:Iberian horses
615:Quarter Horses
604:
555:White markings
546:Main article:
543:
540:
527:cream dilution
504:dilution genes
496:white markings
484:Main article:
481:
478:
456:
453:
449:white markings
409:Main article:
406:
403:
346:Main article:
343:
340:
236:Main article:
233:
230:
191:Arabian horses
176:Dominant white
174:Main article:
163:
162:Dominant white
160:
136:dominant white
132:white patterns
128:white markings
111:
108:
104:white markings
91:dominant white
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
69:Dominant white
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
23:Dominant white
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2401:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Bend-Or spots
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2041:Silver dapple
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1822:
1816:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1600:1-85317-226-X
1596:
1592:
1585:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1416:. Lippincott.
1415:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1136:
1130:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1088:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
979:
977:
970:
966:
957:
954:
953:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:patron saints
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
897:
895:
894:Victoria Mile
891:
887:
883:
879:
876:, a Japanese
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:
800:
798:
794:
790:
785:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
687:
685:
682:) are called
681:
677:
673:
667:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
627:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
560:
559:
558:
556:
549:
548:dilution gene
536:
532:
528:
523:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
487:
477:
475:
471:
461:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
412:
402:
400:
396:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
349:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:Arabian horse
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:
259:
256:
252:
249:
245:
239:
229:
227:
223:
219:
214:
213:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Thoroughbreds
183:
177:
168:
159:
157:
156:
151:
150:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
116:
107:
105:
100:
99:"gray" horses
96:
92:
87:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
58:
51:
46:
41:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
2354:STX17 (Gray)
2314:Horse genome
2196:Knabstrupper
2189:
2186:Varnish roan
2080:and patterns
2062:Sabino-white
2027:
2026:Blue dun or
1825:. Retrieved
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1797:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:
1761:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1621:
1612:
1604:
1590:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:the original
1558:
1550:
1536:
1509:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1475:
1466:
1462:
1445:
1438:. Retrieved
1432:
1413:
1407:
1399:
1372:(1): 22–35.
1369:
1365:
1338:. Retrieved
1328:
1319:
1306:
1298:
1291:. Retrieved
1286:
1276:
1243:
1239:
1216:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:
1103:
1094:
1086:
1079:. Retrieved
1074:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1020:. Retrieved
998:
994:
984:
975:
969:
940:Christianity
912:mythologized
909:
878:Thoroughbred
871:
852:
842:
838:
834:
826:
818:
814:
808:
806:
786:
780:
778:
763:
758:
746:
742:
724:
696:
688:
669:
628:
619:Paint horses
606:
593:heterozygous
577:smoky creams
576:
572:
568:
562:
551:
489:
486:Gray (horse)
466:
414:
395:varnish roan
390:
385:
377:
373:
369:
366:Knabstrupper
357:
353:
351:
323:
312:Thoroughbred
267:
261:
254:
247:
241:
238:Sabino horse
232:Sabino-white
210:
179:
153:
147:
125:
121:
94:
85:
83:
27:Sabino horse
18:
2309:Color breed
2164:Tricoloured
2141:(primarily
2001:Smoky cream
1978:Smoky black
1799:Racing Post
1051:"YUCHICHAN"
863:Lone Ranger
797:amelanistic
680:melanocytes
676:melanocytes
621:, and some
470:melanocytes
423:. Affected
417:Frame overo
320:Shire horse
144:melanocytes
86:white horse
43:White horse
2143:UK English
2024:(see also
1971:Isabelline
1907:Seal brown
1293:11 January
1281:UC Davis.
1119:4 November
1069:UC Davis.
962:References
924:Achaemenid
739:tyrosinase
731:tyrosinase
699:registries
684:piebaldism
664:See also:
611:pearl gene
591:, as when
585:cream gene
581:homozygous
564:Cream gene
516:stem cells
498:, certain
441:euthanized
380:) Leopard
308:Clydesdale
244:homozygous
140:phenotypes
65:Base color
31:Gray horse
2288:Tiger eye
2192:Appaloosa
2190:See also
2016:Champagne
1905:included
926:court of
916:Herodotus
900:Mythology
755:mutations
707:cremellos
703:Paso Fino
569:Cremellos
362:Appaloosa
222:sterility
2383:Category
2334:KIT gene
2319:Wildtype
2283:Mushroom
2218:Rabicano
2159:Skewbald
1991:Cremello
1966:Palomino
1961:Buckskin
1890:Chestnut
1827:29 April
1714:17358008
1679:12605854
1396:17247268
1366:Genetics
1260:18641652
1213:12354140
1178:17970998
1017:18296388
950:See also
936:Hinduism
823:mutation
789:pigments
692:albinism
660:Albinism
601:buckskin
597:palomino
583:for the
573:perlinos
535:cremello
445:DNA test
324:Sabino 1
292:Mustangs
255:Sabino 1
207:mutation
203:sabino 1
60:Genotype
2324:Melanin
2258:Pangaré
2248:Cropout
2243:Brindle
2154:Piebald
2123:Tobiano
1996:Perlino
1722:8265970
1670:2732686
1463:Birding
1387:1209395
1268:6666394
1141:20 June
922:in the
882:Grade 1
874:Sodashi
843:SLC45A2
839:SLC45A2
835:SLC45A2
827:SLC45A2
815:SLC45A2
735:mammals
474:pigment
382:alleles
354:Leopard
328:sunburn
300:Aztecas
268:Sabino1
253:at the
226:sunburn
209:on the
182:alleles
2329:Agouti
2278:Flaxen
2128:Tovero
2116:Sabino
2028:Grullo
1895:Sorrel
1805:19 May
1777:16 May
1720:
1712:
1677:
1667:
1628:7 July
1597:
1574:7 July
1543:
1490:4 July
1440:7 July
1394:
1384:
1340:4 June
1266:
1258:
1211:
1176:
1081:8 July
1022:3 July
1015:
942:, and
892:, and
770:stroma
672:albino
651:, and
575:, and
508:allele
322:. The
298:, and
251:allele
218:anemia
197:, the
193:, the
2273:Sooty
2253:Liver
2231:Other
2111:Frame
2101:Overo
2050:White
2036:Pearl
1948:Cream
1885:Black
1718:S2CID
1624:. VMS
1519:(PDF)
1484:(PDF)
1316:(PDF)
1264:S2CID
944:Islam
859:grays
855:grays
793:OCA1A
743:Color
727:OCA1A
510:of a
437:colic
429:colon
425:foals
391:LP/LP
378:LP/LP
374:LP/lp
318:, or
258:locus
149:EDNRB
78:White
2349:PAX3
2344:MITF
2213:Roan
2194:and
1931:Gray
1926:Gray
1829:2010
1807:2022
1779:2022
1741:Gene
1710:PMID
1675:PMID
1630:2009
1595:ISBN
1576:2009
1541:ISBN
1492:2009
1442:2009
1392:PMID
1342:2009
1295:2008
1256:PMID
1209:PMID
1174:PMID
1143:2009
1121:2008
1083:2009
1024:2009
1013:PMID
976:from
819:OCA4
810:MATP
751:gene
599:and
561:The
529:and
512:gene
491:Gray
480:Gray
364:and
220:and
152:and
75:Skin
2021:Dun
1902:Bay
1749:doi
1745:533
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